technology options for dsm in interior...
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Technology options forDSM in interior lighting
SHAILESH K R
Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal University
07-Dec-2016
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Scope
I Interior lighting - Offices and Residential applicationsI Understanding energy efficiencyI Performance assessment measuresI Selection of lamps and luminaires
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Figure: IYL 2015 Image credit : EPS
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OverviewIntroduction
Background
Light sourcesLuminous efficacySpectral eye sensitivity curveSpectral power distribution
Lighting DesignEnergy EfficiencyLumen method of Lighting design
Performance assessment of lighting systemsLighting Power DensityInstalled Load Efficacy RatioLighting Energy Numerical Indicator
DSM strategies in lighting
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Introduction Background
Lighting engineer is different
I Biology - Physiology - PsychologyI Electrical - Electronics - Mechanical - Control -
MathematicsI EconomicsI Creativity
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Introduction Background
Lighting is about
I Functional aspectsI Aesthetic aspectsI Visual comfort
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Introduction Background
Lighting - growing demand
I 25% global population - liquid fuelI Service sector - 45% - Residential - 25% - Roads - 10%I Cost effective - reduce carbon emissions - IndiaI LED lighting - integration into other building systems
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Introduction Background
Matters of concern
I Energy efficiencyI DaylightingI Control - DimmingI Lighting QualityI Emissions - Life cycleI Economics - ROI
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Introduction Background
Lighting quality
I High quality luminous environment - Application specificI Visual aspects - Color - GlareI Psychological aspects - Mood - trigger emotionsI Non-visual aspects - Human body clockI User expectations
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Introduction Background
Lighting and Productivity
Luminous environmentI Lighting levelsI Luminance distributionI Glare - FlickerI SPD - ColorI DaylightingI Type - Direct / IndirectI Control
Human performance andproductivity
I Visual comfortI Visual acuityI Visual task performanceI Social interactionI Eye strainsI Circadian Rhythms
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Introduction Background
Lighting standards and codes
I Minimum illuminance - working planeI SurroundingsI Luminance distribution / ratiosI Glare ratingI Surface reflectance
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Light sources Luminous efficacy
Luminous efficacy
Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light sourceproduces visible light.
It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens perwatt in SI.
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Light sources Luminous efficacy
Quiz - Match the following
Light sources
I Incandescent lamp 300WI LED lamp 20WI CFL lamp 20WI Sodium Vapor lamp 100W
Luminous efficacyI 85 lm/WI 62 lm/WI 55 lm/WI 20 lm/W
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Light sources Luminous efficacy
Quiz - Answers
Light sources
I Incandescent lamp 300WI LED lamp 20WI CFL lamp 20WI Sodium Vapor lamp 100W
Luminous efficacyI 20 lm/WI 55 lm/WI 62 lm/WI 85 lm/W
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Light sources Spectral eye sensitivity curve
Spectral eye sensitivity curve
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 555nm505nm
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
ese
nsiti
vity
Day vision V (λ)
Night vision V ′(λ)
Figure: Human eye spectral sensitivity curves CIE 1931 V (λ)(photopic / day), CIE 1951 V ′(λ) (scotopic / night)
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Light sources Spectral power distribution
Spectral Power Distribution
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
ein
tens
ity
IncandescentSunV (λ)
Figure: Incandescent,Sun,V (λ)
P =
∫λ
P(λ)dλ (1)
Φ = 683∫λ
V (λ)P(λ)dλ (2)
Luminous efficacy =Φ
P(3)
Luminous efficiency =Φ
VI(4)
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Light sources Spectral power distribution
Spectral Power Distribution
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
ein
tens
ity
IncandescentSunV (λ)
Figure: Incandescent,Sun,V (λ)
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength (nm)R
elat
ive
inte
nsity
LED lampV (λ)
Figure: LED lamp,V (λ)
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Light sources Spectral power distribution
Spectral Power Distribution
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength (nm)
Rel
ativ
ein
tens
ity
HPS lampV (λ)
Figure: HPS 85lm/W,V (λ)
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength (nm)R
elat
ive
inte
nsity
CFL bulbV (λ)
Figure: CFL lamp 62lm/W,V (λ)
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Light sources Spectral power distribution
Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) - Observations
I Radiant power emitted at each wavelengthI Visual profile of the color characteristicsI For illuminated surface SPD = SPD source X reflectance of
surface (Spectroscopy)
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Light sources Spectral power distribution
Spectroscopy applications
I Medical diagnosisI Chemical analysis -
AdulterationI Fraud detectionI Material properties
Figure: Spectroscopy applications,Image credit:AutonomousLearning Laboratory
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
What is energy efficient lighting?
Rule of thumb : 500 Lux at 12 W/m2
Reference: Module 19 Energy efficiency in Buildings,Sustainable Energy Regulation and Policymaking for Africa
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Need for energy efficiency
Table: Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting
Environment Reduced GHG emissionsGovernment Reduced public expenditure, energy security
Utility Peak load and Capital cost reductionConsumer Energy savings / incentives
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency : Important parameters
I Illuminance levelsI Luminous efficacyI Lumninous efficiencyI Room Index / Room Cavity Ratio - Utilization FactorI Maintenance factor
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Target luminous efficacy
Required illuminance levels on the working plane due to
I Best luminous efficacy of sourceI Lumninous efficiencyI Room surface reflectanceI Mounting height
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Room Index
Height
Width
Length
Working Plane
Luminaire Plane
Figure: Room parameters used for Room Index calculations
Room Index (RI) =Horizontal areas
Vertical areas
=Length × Width
Hm(Length + Width)
(5)
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency
I Min. of 20 lux on the working planeI Background illuminance 33% of Ave. illuminanceI Background illuminance never too excessive
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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency
Luminous intensity distribution
0
30
60
900
0.5
1
(a) LED Troffer (S/Hm = 1.2)
0
30
60
900
0.5
1
(b) LED down-lighter (S/Hm = 0.6)
Figure: Luminous intensity distributions of a troffer and a down-lighterused in interior lighting
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Lighting Design Lumen method of Lighting design
Lumen method of Lighting design
Eideal =Φinstalled
Area(6)
Eactual =(N × Φluminaire)
A× UF × MF (7)
Uniformity ratio =Minimum Illuminance
Average Illuminance(8)
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Performance assessment of lighting systems Lighting Power Density
Lighting Power Density
Lighting Power Density (LPD)
=Total lighting circuit wattage
Work plane area
(9)
Typical LPD values for offices is around 10W/m2 and forschools it is around 13W/m2 as per ECBC 2007.
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Performance assessment of lighting systems Installed Load Efficacy Ratio
Installed Load Efficacy Ratio
Installed Load Efficacy(ILE) =Eav
LPD(10)
Installed Load Efficacy Ratio(ILER)
=ILE
Target Illuminance per W/m2(11)
Annual energy wastage (in kWh)
= (1 - ILER) × Total load (kW)
×annual operating hours (h)
(12)
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Performance assessment of lighting systems Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator
Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator (LENI)
Very Complex !!
WL =∑ PLFC(tDFDFO + tNFO)
1000(13)
WP =∑ [PC(8760 − tD − tN)] + PE tE
1000(14)
W = WL + WP (15)
LENI =WA
(16)
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DSM strategies in lighting
DSM strategies in lighting
I DaylightingI Solar passive designsI Energy efficient equipmentI Performance parametersI Lighting control - Occupancy basedI Quantity and Quality - Spacing criteriaI Regular Maintenance
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Future : Illuminate and Communicate
Figure: Li-Fi Image credit : Visible Light Communications
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Activity
Lighting design using three luminaires
Performance assessment using LPD and ILER
Take Away - Understanding Photometric Test Reports
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Thank You!
Questions ?