technology roundup - programming languages & paradigms

© Acism Software Private Limited

Technology Roundup

Historical Perspectiveto Understand

New Age TechnologiesBetter

Ashish Belagali,Acism Software Private Limited,Punehttp://www.acism.com@Ashish1IT


Agenda

The rise of Programming Languages Paradigms Takeaways


The Rise of Programming Languages


FORTRAN (1956)

Developed at IBM Proposal by John W Backus to develop high

level language for mainframe (against Assembly)

Reduced lines of code by a factor of 20


ALGOL (1958)

The dawn of structured programming (as against goto spaghetti code)

Developed jointly by a committee of European and American scientists at a meeting at Zurich


LISP (1958)

History− Invented by John McCarthy while he was at MIT

− First implemented by Steve Russel on IBM 704 computer

− First LISP compiler written in LISP in 1962 Interchangeability of data and code Connection with AI


COBOL (1960)

Proposed to Pentagon in 1959 Max use of English, machine independent Almost dead before it was born


Imperative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

StructuredALGOL

1958


Basic (1964)

Beginner's language – aimed at students from non-computer background

Developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz Based on Fortran II and ALGOL 60 Grew in minicomputer and microcomputer era Lost to C and C++ in the era of Shrink-wrap

applications (later half of 1980s) Revived again in VB and VB.Net


SIMULA (1967)

Stands for Simula 1 and Simula 67 Developed at Norwegian Computing Center at

Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard Superset of ALGOL 60 Simula 67 the first Object Oriented language Introduced objects, classes, inheritance and

subclasses, virtual methods, coroutines, discrete event simulation and garbage collection


Pascal (1970)

Designed by Niklaus Wirth to honor French mathematician Blaise Pascal

Based on ALGOL 60 and enabled programmers to define their own complex data types− Records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically

allocated variables with associated pointers and sets

Allows nested procedure definition Object Pascal powers Delphi IDE


Prolog

Designed by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel

A logic programming language – associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics

Completely declarative specify rules and make queries

EU AI researchers favored Prolog (while American AI researchers favored LISP)


Imperative

Declarative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

Structured

Objectoriented

Pascal1970

BASIC1964

Prolog1972

SIMULA1967

ALGOL1958


C (1973)

Created at Bell labs by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thomson

Low level and a high level language Portable – Write Once Compile Anywhere

(WOCA) Unix kernel reimplemented


Ada (1980)

Extends from Pascal Strong typing (variable ranges), modularity

mechanisms (packages), runtime checks, parallel processing, exceptions, generic dispatch

Ada 95 added object orientation Designed for developing very large software

systems Strong compile time, run time checks, memory

management type-safe Due to safety-critical support features, it is used

in military applications and mission-critical commercial applications.


Objective C (1983)

Developed by Brad Cox and Tom Love at their company StepStone

Adding Smalltalk style messaging to C


C++ (1983)

Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting 1979 Standardized in 1998 Superset of C language Enhancing C language with Simula-like

features


Imperative

Declarative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

C1973

Structured

C++1983

Objectoriented

Pascal1970

Ada1980

BASIC1964

Prolog1972

Objective C1983

SIMULA1967

ALGOL1958


Matlab (1984)

Developed by Cleve Moler at Univ of New Mexico - started in early 1970s

Intention was to give students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without learning FORTRAN

Mathworks company was formed in 1984 4th Generation language

Mathematical computations Image processing


Perl (1987)

Derived ideas from unix shell scripting, awk and sed

Started the trend of dynamic languages

– Powerful text processing

– Loose typing Widely used in CGI scripting prior to PHP


Haskell (1990)

Functional programming language – following a start in 1985 (Miranda)

Originated by a committee formed in 1987 at Portland, Oregon

Functions do not have side effects− distinct construct for side effects orthogonal to

functions Lazy evaluation, pattern matching, list

comprehension, type classes & type polymorphism


Visual Basic (1991)

Language and IDE Rapid Application Development (RAD) Easy to learn, Drag and Drop Final release in 1998, unsupported since 2008


Python (1991)

Developed by Guido Van Russon as a hobby Readability, Fewer LOC Supports multiple programming paradigms

Object oriented Functional Procedural

Dynamic types and automated memory management

JVM variant Jython


Ruby (1995)

Developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto Purely object oriented Supports multiple programming paradigms

Functional Object oriented Imperative


PHP (1995)

Rasmus Lerdorf began to maintain his personal homepage

There was no intent to write a programming language

Dynamic, easy-to-use Perl-like variables, form handling and HTML

embedding Object orientation added in v5 No written specification existed till 2014. The

effort is now on.


Imperative

Declarative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

C1973

Structured

C++1983

Objectoriented

Pascal1970

Ada1980

BASIC1964

VB1991

Functional

Perl1987

DynamicProlog1972

Matlab1984

Python1991

Ruby1995

PHP1995

Objective C1983

SIMULA1967

ALGOL1958

Haskell1990


Java (1995)

Created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems

Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA) Secure, configurable security Java applets for web Semi-interpreted, Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Performance: JIT Automatic memory management Technologies: Applets, Servlets, JSP, Swing 200+ languages now support JVM Google chose Java for Android development


Javascript (1995)

Designed by Brendan Eich at Netscape Prototype-based scripting language, with

dynamic typing and first-class functions Multi-paradigm

Object oriented Imperative Functional


Imperative

Declarative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

C1973

Structured

C++1983

Objectoriented

Pascal1970

Ada1980

JVM languages

BASIC1964

VB1991

Functional

Perl1987

DynamicProlog1972

Matlab1984

Python1991

Ruby1995Javascript

1995

PHP1995

Objective C1983

Java1995

SIMULA1967

ALGOL1958

Haskell1990


.Net Framework (2002)

Common Language Runtime (CLR) Rivals JVM− Managed vs native code

− Ahead of time compilation using native image generator

Collection of languages:VB.Net, Fortran.Net, C#

.Net Compact framework for Windows mobile


Scala (2003)

Designed by Martin Odersky Previously he was in the Java compiler team

Both Object oriented and Functional Statically typed, smaller in size


Imperative

Declarative

Lowlevel

FORTRAN1956

AssemblyCOBOL

1960

LISP1958

C1973

Structured

C++1983

Objectoriented

Pascal1970

Ada1980

JVM languages

.Net2002

BASIC1964

VB1991

Haskell1990

Functional

Perl1987

DynamicProlog1972

Matlab1984

Python1991

Ruby1995Javascript

1995

PHP1995

Scala2003

Objective C1983

Java1995

SIMULA1967

ALGOL1958


Paradigms


Object Oriented Programming

Based on objects containing data fields Use encapsulation and data hiding Can be further classified into

Class based (object blueprint) Prototype based (object cloning) Separation of concerns such as Aspect oriented


Dynamic Languages

Loose typing (duck typing) Evolved as scripting languages – quick and

dirty Mostly interpreted languages

Fast programming cycle Compiler advantage lost


Domain Specific Languages

Declarative languages Useful, still not general purpose (Turing-

complete) Examples

Markup languages: HTML, MXML, XSL etc Yacc input language Make or Ant specification language

Hybrid (also have imperative part) SQL Regex


Functional Programming

Computation is evaluation of mathematical functions

Functions are without side effects Even logging – but some of these exceptions are

often admissible Many popular languages –not labeled as

functional– can be used in functional programming style


JVM Languages

Produce Java bytecode, targeted to run on Java Virtual Machine

JVM handles security, memory management Also, can use Java's library Java 6 onwards dynamic languages can run

faster


4th Generation Languages

Background 2GL – Assembly 3GL – C, C++, Java, Javascript, C# etc

4GL language operate with large collection of information rather than bits and bytes

DB management, report generation, mathematical optimizations, GUI development or web development

Libraries like 4GL features are developed with most popular 3GL languages. Also some advanced 3GL languages include some 4GL features.


Visual Programming

Visual representation of the flow Typically at a high level Examples

Case tools Business process modeling Scratch


Takeaways

Business inclinations, developer preferences go into a language.

Good developers know at least 5 languages Current trends

Mixing of paradigms 4GL, Visual


Thank You

Ashish Belagali,Acism Software Private Limited,Punehttp://www.acism.com@Ashish1IT