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Page 1: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

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Page 2: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. The competitive NGL based feedstocks have spurred a new wave of investment in ethane based ethylene production in NA.  

2. So far there have been seven cracker expansion projects and six new crackers under construction with eight more in feasibility studies.

3. Based on IHS Markit’s projection, in US alone there will be around 11 million tons of ethane based ethylene production capacity added from 2016‐2022.

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Page 3: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. The corresponding ethane demand for the ethylene capacity increase is expected to grow around 14 million tons/yr (or 0.68 mbd)  from 2016 to 2022.

2. From 2016 to 2018, the demand from chemical is expected to be around 0.33 mbd and additionally 0.20 mbd for exports.

3. Currently, around 0.6 mbd of ethane is being rejected. The industry’s expectation is that the production will naturally keep up with the demand with more ethane recovery.  

4. But, is it necessarily so?  Will there be surprises?

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Page 4: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. To look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection2. This graph shows midstream companies’ NGL operations‐ separator vs. fractionator3. Treated gas (after water and acid gas removal) goes to separation unit where ethane is 

either rejected and sold as part of pipeline gas or recovered with other NGLS to be transported through the pipeline to a fractionating unit to fractionate the major components: natural gasoline, n‐butane, isobutane, propane, and ethane, if ethane is recovered in the separation unit.  

4. Usually Separation and Fractionation are operated by different companies, and the price of separated NGLs is negotiated between the two companies.  

5. But the overall economics needs to be favorable to both companies.  So in this analysis,  we will treated it as an integrated unit to remove the need for arbitrarily assigning NGLs value and pipeline transport cost. 

6. The major material cost in this integrated unit is Gas Shrinkage= Heating value of rich gas‐ Heating value of NGLs separated in the Separation unit.

7. When ethane is rejected and sold as part of sales gas, it’s valued as natural gas.  When it recovered, it’s valued at ethane’s market price.  Therefore, ethane/ natural gas price ratio becomes critical in determining whether the overall economics favors recovery or rejection.

8. In this study, we will look at the production economics comparison of three separation technologies, three wet (rich) gas compositions, and two oil price scenarios‐ at high oil price of $100/bbl as in Q1 2104 and low oil price of $42/bbl as in Q4 2015.

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Page 5: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1.  There are three main NGL separation technologies which can recover different % or ethane.  2. Cryogenic turbo‐expanders are used in most modern, large gas plants3.  We are going to concentrate on three turbo‐expander technologies in this analysis;  Conventional, Gas Subcooled, and Cold Residue Recycle turbo‐expanders.

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Page 6: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. Feed gas goes through a cold box (containing a series of heat exchangers), a flash separator, then turboexpander.  From demethanizer, methane (main component of natural gas) is separated, cooled down in the cold box, compressed and delivered as sales gas.

2. NGLs also cooled down in the cold box and recovered.  

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Page 7: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1.  In the Gas Subcooled, a additional heat exchange and flash separator are added.  

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Page 8: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor  process configuration.2. The degree of sophistication increases from conventional,  gas subcooled, and recycle 

split vapor

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Page 9: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. General description of fractionation process.

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Page 10: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

Three wet gases are compared Rich A (highest in ethane), Rich B (highest in propane) and Rich C (highest in natural gasoline), compared to a typical lean (dry) gas.

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Page 11: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

Capex of three turboexpanders increases slightly with degree of sophistication.

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Page 12: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

This graph compares feedstock, product, and utility prices during the two high and low oil price period. 

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Page 13: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. This graph compares the production economics of recovery and rejection of Rich B gas with three turboexpander technologies during the high oil periods in Q1 2014 (crude =$100/bbl)

2. Economics compared at five different levels:  variable……..3. Ethane rejection is favor with all three technologies.

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Page 14: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. This graph compares the production economics of recovery and rejection of Rich B gas with three turboexpander technologies during the high oil periods in Q4 2015 (crude =$42/bbl)

2. Economics compared at five different levels:  variable……..3. Again,  ethane rejection is favored over recovery with all three technologies in the low 

oil period

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Page 15: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. This graph compares the production cost of ethane recovery vs. rejection for Rich A, B, C using conventional turboexpander

2. Rich C overall has the lowest production costs due to high value of natural gasoline.3. Again, for all three rich gasese, rejection is favored over recovery.

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Page 16: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. Now let’s take a long view.2. This graph shows the historical NGL prices from Q1 2000 to Q4 2016 in comparison 

with oil and natural gas prices. 3. Before 2008 financial crisis, NGL prices were in sync with oil and natural gas prices.4. All prices recovered since 2008.  First it seems in sync but there were three main 

events:  the price spreads widened, natural gas price started it long declined around 2010, and ethane price collapsed around 2012. 

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Page 17: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. This graph shows the correlation of NGL prices including natural gasoline, n‐butane, isobutane, propane, and ethane with oil price from 200‐2016.

2. The slope shows value of each NGL relative to oil where the correlation coefficient R2s show how strong was the correlation.

3. Among NGLs, ethane was valued and correlated the least relative to the oil price.

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Page 18: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1.  This graph shows the cash margin (total NGL market price – production cash cost)  of ethane recovery for the three rich gases.2.  Margin of Rich A which has the highest ethane content was lowest esp. in recent years, punished by the low ethane market price.

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Page 19: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. Section of turbo‐expander technology has relatively little influence on the cash margin.

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Page 20: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

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Page 21: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

1. So how the ethane/natural gas price ratio needs to be adjusted to favor recovery?2. The light green curve shows the historical ethane/natural gas price ratio in recent years.3. The red dotted line show the minimum ethane/natural gas price ratio required to 

equalize the profitability (at 15% ROI) of ethane recovery of Rich A gas to that of ethane rejection

4. Overall, ethane/natural price ratio needs to be raised 15‐25% from the level in the recent years. 

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Page 22: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

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Page 23: Technology Seminar Ethane Separation Final RJChang · PDF fileTo look at production economics of ethane recovery vs rejection 2. This ... This slide shown Recycle Split Vapor process

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