tectogrammatical annotation of english
DESCRIPTION
Tectogrammatical Annotation of English. 19.4.2007. TR_En. Sentence Representation Structure Specific Phenomena English-annotation Specific Phenomena. predicative complement/dual dependency ambiguous dependency verbal and verbless clauses grammatical ellipsis of the predicate (#EmpVerb) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Tectogrammatical Annotation of English
19.4.2007
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TR_En
• Sentence Representation Structure
• Specific Phenomena
• English-annotation Specific Phenomena
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Sentence Representation Structure
• predicative complement/dual dependency
• ambiguous dependency• verbal and verbless clauses
– grammatical ellipsis of the predicate (#EmpVerb)
– verbless clauses (DENOM)– vocative clauses (VOCAT)– interjectional clauses (PARTL)
• dependent verbal clauses – without a finite verb form– false dependent clauses– which
• coordination• parenthesis• ellipsis• comparison• restriction, exceptional
conjoining
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Predicative Complement(COMPL)
• free (non-valency) modification!!!• simultaneous modification of a noun and a verb• attribute compl.rf (green arrow to the noun)
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COMPL non-COMPL• They found their friend ill.
• I say it as a layman.• They sent the voucher as apology
for delays.
• I like coffee black.• She died young.
• He came running.• He came full of apologies.
• She was leaving defeated.
• He stood there, {having} his hands in his pockets.
• He was found guilty. EFF• He was elected president. EFF• It made him happy.EFF
• They regard him as a layman.EFF• He seems fit.PAT
• She painted the wall green.RESL• She dresses young.MANN• The door fits tight.MANN
• He went out,.CONJ {and he was} an ugly old man.
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COMPL non-COMPL
• Julia, being a nun, spent much of her time in meditation.
• Julia, who was a nun.DESCR, spent ...
• Julia,.APPS a nun, spent ...
• John, tired. DESCR, went home.
• Pierre Vinken, 50 (years old).DESCR, was elected chairman.
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Always non-COMPL
• Mary heard John cry(ing). (raised object)
• This drives me nuts.DPHR (phraseme)
• She looks good.PAT (semantically it is in fact MANN, but it is an inner participant of look in the sense of appear)
• The old man came in a shabby coat.MANN (prepositional group)
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Ambiguous Dependency
• PDT: as low in the tree as possible X PTB: as high as possible. Keep the PTB resolutions whenever possible.– (To the insurace company) He repaid his
debts (to the insurance company).– He bought (for 70 CZK) a belt (for 70 CZK).
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Ambiguous Dependency• He arrived on Thursday 5th (of) January 1997. • It is located two kilometers from the river.
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Ambiguous Dependency
• We will meet at the Central station in the hall. • Give it to our director Novak.
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Ambiguous Dependency
• There are steamboats on the Vltava river.• She was quick to shut the door.She was quick to shut the door.
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Verbal Clauses1) finite verb form, infinite verb form, contextual predicate ellipsis 2) !!! grammatical ellipsis of the predicate !!!• lexicalized glosses, typically adverbs:
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Very well/of course/... .ATT• imperative noun phrases (often + please/adverb)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED}water!/attention!/coffee!.PAT• inviting noun phrases (“would you like”/”may I offer you”)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED}cigarette?/another coffee?.PAT• noun phrases as wh-questions (What is...?)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Your name?.ACT• exclamations What a...!
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} What.RSTR a beautiful day!.ACT• exclamations, Y/N adj questions {This is...+ adj, Is it... + adj?}
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} very interesting!.PAT– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Boring?.PAT
• adverbials (with prepositions)– {#EmpVerb.PRED} In Prague.LOC, at 5 p.m.TWHEN
• formulaic expressions {Have...!/Do...! /I wish you...}– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Good evening!/Merry Christmas!/ Hands up!/All the
best!.PAT
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Verbless Clauses
• (possible) adverbials (without prepositions)– 10 years.DENOM
• exclamations with a relative clause– The clothes.DENOM she wears.RSTR!
• exclamations You and your...– You.DENOM and.CONJ your statistics.DENOM! revision
• exclamations – n./adj. phrases, approval/disapproval {This is a....!}– Charming couple! Excellent meal! REVISION – not adj. phrases
• assertion, conveying info, warning, forgetfulness– False alarm./No news./Fire!/The cake!/Mom’s birthday!.DENOM
• noun phrases as yes/no questions – except offers/invitations– New hat?/Good flight?/Any luck?.DENOM
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Vocative Clauses
• George!.VOCAT
• You.RSTR idiot!.VOCAT
• the inscription: Brothers.ID!
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Interjections
• not limited to sounds!!!– Oops!/Wow!/Oh!.PARTL– Yes/No/Sorry/Well/Hello/Bye!.PARTL
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Dependent Clause - Infinite Verb• predicative complement
– The professor, inspired.COMPL by the article,...• copula/phase predicate
– He remains inspired.PAT by...• adverbial clause (prep.+partic.)
– The house, although indebted.CNCS, ...• dependency on a noun
– two possibilities how to get.PAT money• verb control
– He told her to leave.PAT• incongruent participial constructions
– Judging/judged.COND by his face, he was angry. (incongruent participles)
– Frankly/Strictly/Technically speaking.COND, bla bla• partic. constructions frozen into subordinators
– <including>, <excluding>, ... see list of Subordinators.
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Adjective Introduced by a Subordinator
He has always been an influential, though controversial figure.
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False Dependent Clause (DESCR)
• He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him.
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False Dependent Clause (AIM)
He left, never to come back again.
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False Dependent Clause (COND)
If I seem angry sometimes, it’s usually because I’m tired.
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Which
1. (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with a modification
2. (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with the predicate
3. which + be in apposition with a modification4. which + be + why coreferent with the predicate5. which + be + wh-word coreferent with the
predicate6. which + be + wh-word modifying a modification7. which + be + wh-word in apposition with a
modification
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1. Which + Relative Clause Modifying a Modification
• He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him. NB: This sentence is ambiguous. It could also be resolved as a relative
clause depending on the predicate (“running into an elephant killed him”).
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2. Which + Relative Clause Coreferent with the Predicate
We have not answered your question completely, for which we apologize.
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3. which + be in Apposition with a Modification
He’s got five points, which was the maximum.
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4. Which + be + why Coreferent with the Predicate
She's poor, which is why she had to come to Arthur. -The same TR representation also applies to:She's poor, that's why she had to come to Arthur. <Which/that, is/was> why.CM
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5. Which + be + wh-word Coreferent with the Predicate
In the process, the uranium (loses, or) is depleted(,) of almost half its radioactivity, which is how depleted uranium gets its name.
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6. Which + be + wh-word Modifying a Modification
This is where you find Ogden Utah, which is where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in 1869.
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7. Which + be + wh-word in Apposition with a Modification
To be successful, the formula is this reach combined with frequency, which is how often viewers will receive.
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Coordination
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Coordination/Ellipsis – change!!!
The presidents of Greece and (of) Austria were present at the ceremony.
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Parenthesis• the entire subtree: [is_parenthesis=1]1. syntactically incorporated (all functors)2. syntactically non-incorporated (functor PAR)3. lexicalized (functor ATT)
To think.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]....!What the hell.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]...?The court, as it seems.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today.
The court, I think.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today.I think (that) the court will make. PAT[is_parenthesis=0] no decision today.
It’s been annoying, to say.PAR the least.To conclude. AIM [is_parenthesis=0], let us look at the figures.
Oh God. PARTL [is_parenthesis=0], what should we do?Frankly speaking.COND [is_parenthesis=0], she has chosen a wrong partner.
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Ellipsis (Selection)• constituent coordination: as low as possible:
– before: He bought red {wine} and white wine.– now: He bought red and white wine.
• Contextual ellipsis of a multi-word predicate
Do you know him? I <don’t> {know}.PRED {#Neg.RHEM} {#PersPron}.PAT
I <do> {#VerbPron}.PRED {#PersPron}.PAT.
Do you have to go?
I <do>#VerbPron.PRED #VerbPron.PAT #Cor.ACT #OblFm.DIR1. (NEW, REVISION PROPOSAL!!!)
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Let’s go!
• Allow someone to do something:
(John.VOCAT,) please, {#PersPron.ACT} let.PRED us.PAT (=me and Mary) go.EFF!
• Imperative for the 1st person plural:
<Let>’s. ACT go.PRED!
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Reciprocity
<each other/one another>.#Rcp.PAT
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#Gen, #Cor, #Unsp
= #NewNode
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Comparison (CPR)
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Comparison
Mary sang like John. = Mary sang “equally” like John sang.
Mary sang like John did. = Mary sang “equally” like John #VerbPron.
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Comparison
He is fit as a fiddle. = He is fit as a fiddle is fit.Mary is the same as John. = Mary is the same as John is “some”.Mary is like John = Mary is “equal” like John is “some”.
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Restriction (RESTR)
except, with the exception of, excluding, (all/none) but, beyond, apart from, unless, bar, barring, besides
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Restriction
• totalizer: no/every/.../#Total– The worst period of my life, apart from the war,...
• “normality”, “regular state”– Except this week I’ll be teaching regularly.
• unless, apart from the fact that– We do not share e-mail addresses with third parties
unless required to do so by law.
• exceptional conjoining (besides)– Besides {going} to Rome, they also went to Venice.
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Restriction
She does nothing but complain all day long. (totalizer) Except this week I'll be teaching regularly. (normality, regular state)
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Restriction –Totalizer Insertion
Except for dates, ordinals should be written in words.
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Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb• restrictive subordinator introducing a prepositional phrase: Reformists have no access to free media except to the Internet. = Reformists have no access to free media except that they have access to the
Internet.
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Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb• restrictive subordinator introducing when, where, what
(not governed by #EmpNoun):I hardly.EXT ever.THO get the chance to study except {that I do
get the chance to study} when the children have gone to bed.
Hardly ever: ever=totalizer.
• revision: No subtypes with #EmpNoun! The following is to be resolved as totalizer ellipsis:
BEFORE (current manual): The scan looks very good <apart from> #EmpNoun.RESTR where the error occurred.RSTR.
PROPOSED: The scan looks very good {#Total.LOC (= everywhere)} apart from that it looks {#Neg.RHEM} good.RESTR where the error occurred.
No #EmpNoun like {the places} where the error occurred. Cf. which/that is where is neither resolved as which/that is {the
place} where.RSTR... but <which/that, is> where.LOC/DIR3
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Restriction – Negation Insertion
• when the restrictive subordinator introduces a prepositional group/wh-word
• apart from: sometimes ambiguous; semantic interpretation up to the annotator!Lane closures will effect Castle Boulevard and Castle Bridge Road,
access is maintained apart from to the Castle
= (...), access is maintained {#Total.LOC(everywhere)} apart from that access is {#Neg.RHEM (not)} maintained to the Castle.
And have you ever been in the hospital as a day patient apart from when you were having a baby?
= And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were in the hospital when you were having a baby?
≠ And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were not in the hospital when you were having a baby?
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Also Resolved as Restriction
• We can but guess at the extent of the problem.
• Mary, John and Peter, to name but a few.
• I never take a bath but the phone rings.
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Not Resolved as Restriction
• But for John, we would have lost this match.
• Barring accidents, we will be there on time.
• He did all but strangled me.
• I’d be glad to help, except that I’m going to be away this weekend.
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Consecutive Clauses (RESL)
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Consecutive Clauses
• #AsMuch• enough in a copula-predicate: EXT
– Fumes are often enough.EXT to activate the alarm.
• enough as a semantic adjective: EXT– People with AIDS have enough.EXT #EmpNoun.PAT
to bear.RSTR– (flowers) Given the variety available there are
enough.EXT #PersPron.ACT to fill our summer with colour.
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Non-RESL
• Postponed attributes:They had the votes necessary.RSTR to defeat.AIM
the amendment.
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Negace
• zatím totálně zanedbaná.
• Not na slovese = #Neg.RHEM
• no, not any, none, nobody, nowhere atd.: RSTR a ostatní funktory
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Specific Phenomena
• multi-word predicates
• numbers and numerals
• identifying expressions
• the functor SM – multi-word subordinators
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Multi-word Predicates
• auxiliary
• modal
• phase
• quasi-modal/quasi-phase
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Auxiliary Predicates
• do not have their own node on TR, attached as auxrf to a lexical verb– be going to– be (+present participle)– be (+past participle)– will– would– shall– should– have (+past participle)– have been (+present participle)
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Modal Predicates
• do not have their own node on TR, attached as auxrf to a lexical verb– can– could– may– might– shall– should– must– ought to– will (when expressing volitionality - rare)
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Phase Predicates
• phase verbs have their own nodes on TR, combinations with lexical verbs treated as verb control (#Cor)– begin, start, stop, become, turn, grow, get,
cease, keep, come to... etc.
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Quasi-Modal/Quasi-Phase Predicates/ Support Verb Constructions
• quasi-modal/phasi-phase/support verbs have their own nodes on TR, combinations with predicate nouns treated as quasi-control (#QCor)
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Copula Predicates
• copula verbs have their own node on TR– be– seem– appear– + phase verbs
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Numbers and Numerals
• with a countable object: RSTR– I have 5.RSTR houses.
• without a countable object: syntactic noun. – They had 5.PAT of them.DIR1.
• containers: 1) they govern of x.MAT 2) “half my life.MAT”.
• labels: ID– The new Golf 500.ID
• adverbials: THO, TWHEN, EXT, RSTR....
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Identifying Expressions
• articles fully integrated in proper nouns (the Kremlin, The Hours) have their own TR node with the functor INTF. Why?– <a> new “The.INTF Hours” (= a novel exactly
as good as The Hours, “replacing” The Hours)
• names of companies: not analyzed, [is_name=1] each node in the subtree
• Kent.ID cigarettes
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Identifying Expressions
• Descriptor which is not integral part of the name:– the city of Prague
• Explicative of-attribute:– the issue/concept/notion... of time.ID– the person of Christ.ID
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Subjunction Modifiers
• preposition – noun (± determiner, adjective) – preposition acting as subordinator (functor SM)
1. Does it act as a preposition?2. Can it be paraphrased with a preposition?3. It cannot be regarded as a predicate noun in
a support verb construction.4. Its combination with a governing verb cannot
be paraphrased with a verbal expression.5. Is it coordinated with a preposition?
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English-annotation Specific Phenomena
• infinitive clause• gerundial clause• it• one (pro-form)• modifiers • nominalizations
• object-subject transposition
• cleft sentences
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Infinitive – Copula-like Verbs
John seems to understand.
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Infinitive-Raised Object
John expects Mary to leave.John hears Mary cry.
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Infinitive Governed by a Predicative Attribute
John is eager to please.
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Object-Subject Transposition
[objsubj=osub3]: John is difficult to please.
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[objsubj=osub1/2] Crystal breaks easily. (/at the slightest touch.COND)
Object-Subject Transposition
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[objsubj=osub4] This flat must have cost a lot to furnish.
Object-Subject Transposition
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Manner adverbial adjectiveShe was quick to shut the door.
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Likely
• paraphrased as That X does Y is likely.She was likely to leave.
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Infinitive Governed by a Predicative Adjective
She was lucky to get that job.
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Gerund/Present Participle
• can also be used as adjective or noun (see PTB tags)
• modified by – an adverb = gerundial clause, verbal frame – an adjective = noun, noun frame (not existent
yet)
• transitive verbs: direct object without of = gerundial clause
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Gerundial Clauses
His leaving no address was most inconvenient.I hate killing animals.
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Gerund in Existential Constructions
• inherits the verbal frame: There will be singing.
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Gerunds as Nouns
• aging of/in the population.REG
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The Pronoun it
• anaphorical - own TR node: – a hat – it.
• deictic/exclamative - own TR node: – It/They is/are my kid(s).– It’s me!
• anticipatory/expletive – auxrf at the predicate verb:– <It> is a pleasure to be here.ACT.– I find <it> a pleasure.EFF to be here.PAT
• prop– auxrf at the predicate verb:– <It> is late.TWHEN
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Cleft Sentences
• John broke a window. / It was John that broke the window.
• It was a window John broke.