Teddy LesmanaWednesday, 26 September 2012

INSTRUCTIONS: Completely define each bolded term. Provide three examples of each term. Make up your own

example, or find an example in other material (and cite the source). Then for each of your examples, clearly explain how it demonstrates the device in question. For instance, "The rock burned against my fingertips is an example of sensory imagery. This is sensory imagery because it calls on the sense of touch."

Answer any questions thoroughly. Write as much as you need to completely explain the answer. Vigorously demonstrate your understanding of each concept.

* * *Alliteration

"Alliteration is a term that describes the literary devices. Alliteration can be seen as a series of words in a row have the same first consonant sound".

The following examples describe a series of words in a row that have the same first consonant sound:

1. Becky’s beagle barked and bayed, becoming bothersome for Billy.

2. Carla cat clawed her couch, creating chaos.

3. Dan’s dog dove deep in the dam, drinking dirty water as he dove.

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though;

He will not see me stopping here,

To watch his woods fill up with snow1.

Here, the emphasis is on 'w' and 'h'.

Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/alliteration-examples.html

1 Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/consonance-examples-of-consonance.html

Page | 1

Consonance

"Consonance describes a combination of consonant sounds or two things that are in agreement".

The following examples describes consonant sounds or two things that are in agreement

1. Some mammals are clammy2. Here the emphasis on m's.2. Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile3. Here the emphasis on r's,

d, and j’s3. My grammar pays, like Carlos Santana plays4. Here the emphasis on

ay's

Assonance

"Assonance is the act of repeating a vowel sound in a phrase or sentence, often in poetry"5

The following examples describe repeating a vowel sound in a phrase or sentence:

1. Life it seems will fade away6.2. Drifting further every day7 3. “That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea8” (William Butler Yeats).

How are these three devices similar?

These three literary devices emphasize on the repetition either consonants or vowels.

How are these devices different?

The differences lie on the emphasis (either vowels or consonants).

2 Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/consonance-examples-of-consonance.html

3 Source: http://fos.iloveindia.com/consonance-examples.html

4 Source: http://fos.iloveindia.com/consonance-examples.html5 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/assonance6 Source: http://fos.iloveindia.com/assonance-examples.html7 Source: http://fos.iloveindia.com/assonance-examples.html8 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/assonance

Page | 2

Two of these devices are types of the third. Which two, and why? Alliteration and consonance (both emphasize on consonants.)

* * *Anastrophe

Anastrophe is "reversal of the usual order of the parts of a sentence; inversion (Ex.: “Came the dawn”)9”.

Anastrophe is “most often a synonym for hyperbaton, but is occasionally referred to as a more specific instance of hyperbaton: the changing of the position of only a single word10”.

Examples: 1. “Matter too soft a lasting mark to bear” (Alexander Pope)11.2. In an inaugural address of John F. Kennedy:

"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country12."

3. “It only stands / Our lives upon, to use Our strongest hands13”.—Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 2.1.50-51

* * *Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is "a word that sounds like the common sound of the object it is describing14".

Examples:

An onomatopoeia poem by Lee Emmett of Australia also illustrates much

onomatopoeia related to water15:

Water plops into pond

Splish-splash downhill

Warbling magpies in tree

Trilling, melodic thrill

9 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/anastrophe10 Source: http://rhetoric.byu.edu/figures/A/anastrophe.htm11 Source: : http://www.yourdictionary.com/anastrophe12 Source: http://fos.iloveindia.com/anastrophe-examples.html13 Source: http://rhetoric.byu.edu/figures/A/anastrophe.htm14 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/onomatopoeia15 Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/5-examples-of-onomatopoeia.html

Page | 3

* * *

Allusion

An allusion is" a statement that hints at something rather than being direct16.

Examples:

1. "Saying to someone, "boy you look really tired, have you been getting enough sleep" instead of telling someone they look old because of wrinkles under their eyes17".

2. "I violated the Noah rule: predicting rain doesn't count; building arks does." ~ Warren Buffett 18

3. "I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-El, to save the Planet Earth." ~ Senator Barack Obama19

Symbol

A symbol is "something that stands for or represents something else20".

Example:

1. Jack o' Lantern representing Halloween21.2. The character of the madwoman in the attic in the novel "Jane Eyre" is

identified in Jean Rhys's "Wide Sargasso Sea" as a symbol for women's hidden rage22.

What is the difference between an allusion and a symbol?

Allusion send a hint from historical, literary, or biblical characters while symbol rather represents an abstract idea which is not necessarily real.

* * *Metaphor

A metaphor is a "word or phrase used to compare two unlike objects, ideas, thoughts or feelings to provide a clearer description23".

Example: “She is all states, and all princes, I., a metaphysical poet John Donne24 

16 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/allusion17 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/allusion18 Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/example-of-allusion.html19 Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/example-of-allusion.html20 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/symbol21 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/symbol22 Source: http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/symbol.htm23 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/metaphor24 Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-metaphors-in-poems.html

Page | 4

Simile

A simile is "a figure of speech where two unlike things are compared, generally by using the word like or as25.

Example:

"He is as hungry as a horse26."

What is the key difference between and metaphor and a simile?

While metaphor does not use terms "like" or "as", simile does.

* * *

Call and response

Call for response is "a statement quickly followed by an answering statement27".

Example:

“I AM THE OTHER 98%!” — Call and Response Speech Raise your hand :- if you’re a Wall Street banker.- if you got a $10 million dollar bonus this year.- if you’ve got an army of lobbyists in Washington.- if you destroyed the economy — and then got a bailout from the Fed28.

* * *Foreshadowing

Foreshadow means" to give a hint beforehand that something is going to happen29".

Example:

25 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/simile26 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/simile27 Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/call-and-response28 Source: http://other98.com/sample-speech/ http://other98.com/sample-speech/ 29 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/foreshadow

Page | 5

"In dramatic literature, [foreshadowing] inherits the name Chekhov's Gun. In a letter he penned in 1889, Russian playwright Anton Chekhov wrote: 'One must not put a loaded rifle on the stage if no one is thinking of firing it.' . . .30

* * *Hyperbole

Hyperbole is "a description that is exaggerated for emphasis31".

Example:

I could sleep for a year or this book weighs a ton32.

What is a one-word synonym for hyperbole?

Amplification

* * *

Personification

Personification is "giving human characteristics to non-living things or ideas33".

Following are the examples of personification34:

1. "The sun smiling on a field of flowers35"

2. The wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers and

Kicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand

And said he'd kill and kill and kill,And so he will! And so he will!(James Stephens, "The Wind")

3. "Only the champion daisy trees were serene. After all, they were part of a rain forest already two thousand years old and scheduled for eternity, so

30 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/foreshadowingterm.htm31 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/hyperbole32 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/hyperbole33 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/personification34 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/personifterm.htm35 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/personification

Page | 6

they ignored the men and continued to rock the diamondbacks that slept in their arms. It took the river to persuade them that indeed the world was altered."(Toni Morrison, Tar Baby, 1981)

4. "The small waves were the same, chucking the rowboat under the chin as we fished at anchor."(E.B. White, "Once More to the Lake," 1941)

5. "The road isn't built that can make it breathe hard!"(slogan for Chevrolet automobiles)

6. "Unseen, in the background, Fate was quietly slipping the lead into the boxing gloves."(P.G. Wodehouse, Very Good, Jeeves, 1930)

* * *Asyndeton

Asyndeton is "the practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements36".

Following are the examples of asyndeton37:1. "He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac."

(Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957)

2. "Joona walks through the Christmas market in Bollnäs Square. Fires are burning, horses are snorting, chestnuts are roasting. Children race through a stone maze, others drink hot chocolate."(Lars Kepler, The Hypnotist. Trans. by Ann Long. Picador, 2011)

3. "Speed up the film, Montag, quick. Click, Pic, Look, Eye, Now, Flick, Here, There, Swift, Pace, Up, Down, In, Out, Why, How, Who, What, Where, Eh? Uh! Bang! Smack! Wallop, Bing, Bong, Boom!"(Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451, 1953)

4. "She was young, she was pure, she was new, she was nice,She was fair, she was sweet seventeen.He was old, he was vile, and no stranger to vice,He was base, he was bad, he was mean.He had slyly inveigled her up to his flatTo view his collection of stamps."(Flanders and Swann, "Have Some Madeira, M'Dear")

36 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/asyndeton37 Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/asyndeton

Page | 7

5. "Why, they've got ten volumes on suicide alone. Suicide by race, by color, by occupation, by sex, by seasons of the year, by time of day. Suicide, how committed: by poisons, by firearms, by drowning, by leaps. Suicide by poison, subdivided by types of poison, such as corrosive, irritant, systemic, gaseous, narcotic, alkaloid, protein, and so forth. Suicide by leaps, subdivided by leaps from high places, under the wheels of trains, under the wheels of trucks, under the feet of horses, from steamboats. But Mr. Norton, of all the cases on record, there's not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train."(Edward G. Robinson as insurance agent Barton Keyes in Double Indemnity, 1944)

6. "It is a northern country; they have cold weather, they have cold hearts."Cold; tempest; wild beasts in the forest. It is a hard life. Their houses are built of logs, dark and smoky within. There will be a crude icon of the virgin behind a guttering candle, the leg of a pig hung up to cure, a string of drying mushrooms. A bed, a stool, a table. Harsh, brief, poor lives."(Angela Carter, "The Werewolf." The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, 1979)

7. "I have found the warm caves in the woods,filled them with skillets, carvings, shelves,closets, silks, innumerable goods"(Anne Sexton, "Her Kind")

8. "In some ways, he was this town at its best--strong, hard-driving, working feverishly, pushing, building, driven by ambitions so big they seemed Texas-boastful."(Mike Royko, "A Tribute")

9. "Anyway, like I was saying, shrimp is the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Dey's uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo. Pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried. There's pineapple shrimp, lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper shrimp, shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp burger, shrimp sandwich. That--that's about it."(Bubba in Forrest Gump, 1994)

10."Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls deified among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city. Fog on the Essex marshes, fog on the Kentish heights. Fog creeping into the cabooses of collier-brigs; fog lying out on the yards and hovering in the rigging of great ships; fog drooping on the gunwales of barges and small boats. Fog in the eyes and throats of ancient Greenwich pensioners, wheezing by the firesides of their wards; fog in the stem and bowl of the afternoon pipe of the wrathful skipper, down in his close cabin; fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering little 'prentice boy on deck. Chance people on the

Page | 8

bridges peeping over the parapets into a nether sky of fog, with fog all round them, as if they were up in a balloon and hanging in the misty clouds."(Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1852-1853)

Polysyndeton

Polysyndeton is” a rhetorical term for a sentence style that employs many coordinating conjunctions38” 

Following are the examples of polysyndeton39:

1. [I]t is respectable to have no illusions--and safe--and profitable--and dull."(Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim, 1900)

2. "Most motor-cars are conglomerations (this is a long word for bundles) of steel and wire and rubber and plastic, and electricity and oil and petrol and water, and the toffee papers you pushed down the crack in the back seat last Sunday."(Ian Fleming, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Magical Car, 1964)

3. "He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him and folded it and carried it out to the grocery cart and packed it and came back with their plates and some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag and a plastic bottle of syrup."(Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006)

4. "Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly--mostly--let them have their whiteness."(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)

5. "I don't care a fig for his sense of justice--I don't care a fig for the wretchedness of London; and if I were young, and beautiful, and clever, and brilliant, and of a noble position, like you, I should care still less."(Henry James, The Princess Casamassima, 1886)

6. Count Olaf: Looks like you could use a little assistance.Klaus Baudelaire: You're going to need assistance when we get back to town! Aunt Josephine's going to tell everyone what happened!Count Olaf: [sarcastically] And then I'll be arrested and sent to jail and you'll live happily ever after with a friendly guardian, spending your time inventing things and reading books and sharpening your little monkey teeth, and bravery and nobility will prevail at last, and this wicked world will slowly but surely become a place of cheerful harmony, and everybody will be singing and dancing and giggling like the littlest elf! A happy ending! Is that what

38 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/polysyndterm.htm39 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/polysyndterm.htm

Page | 9

you had mind?(Jim Carrey and Liam Aiken in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, 2004)

7. "Standing still, I can hear my footstepsCome up behind me and go onAhead of me and come up behind me andWith different keys clinking in the pockets,And still I do not move."(W.S. Merwin, "Sire." The Second Four Books of Poems. Copper Canyon Press, 1993)

8. "There was much game hanging outside the shops, and the snow powdered in the fur of the foxes and the wind blew their tails. The deer hung stiff and heavy and empty, and small birds blew in the wind and the wind turned their feathers. It was a cold fall and the wind came down from the mountains."(Ernest Hemingway, "In Another Country," 1927)

9. "By seven o'clock the orchestra has arrived, no thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos, and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors, and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside, until the air is alive with chatter and laughter, and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot, and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other's names."(F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925)

10."And she pushed St. Peter aside and took a keek in, and there was God--with a plague in one hand and a war and a thunderbolt in the other and the Christ in glory with the angels bowing, and a scraping and banging of harps and drums, ministers thick as a swarm of blue-bottles, no sight of Jim [her husband] and no sight of Jesus, only the Christ, and she wasn't impressed. And she said to St. Peter This is no place for me and turned and went striding into the mists and across the fire-tipped clouds to her home."(Ma Cleghorn in Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Grey Granite, 1934)

11."There were frowzy fields, and cow-houses, and dunghills, and dustheaps, and ditches, and gardens, and summer-houses, and carpet-beating grounds, at the very door of the Railway. Little tumuli of oyster shells in the oyster season, and of lobster shells in the lobster season, and of broken crockery and faded cabbage leaves in all seasons, encroached upon its high places."

Page | 10

(Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, 1848)

12."He moved very fast and pain flared in my arm as the pressure came on--he was going to break it and I curved a thumb-shot for the eye and missed and struck again and missed and went on striking until his head rolled back and I felt the softness of the eye and struck and dragged my arm free and went for the throat."(Adam Hall, The Sinkiang Executive, 1978)

13."Oh, my piglets, we are the origins of war--not history's forces, nor the times, nor justice, nor the lack of it, nor causes, nor religions, nor ideas, nor kinds of government--not any other thing. We are the killers."(Katharine Hepburn as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter, 1968)

* * *

Anaphora

Anaphora is “a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses40.

Following are the examples of anaphora41:

1. "I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country. What I had was a coat, a hat and a gun."(Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, 1940)

2. "I don't like you sucking around, bothering our citizens, Lebowski. I don't like your jerk-off name. I don't like your jerk-off face. I don't like your jerk-off behavior, and I don't like you, jerk-off."(Policeman in The Big Lebowski, 1998)

3. "It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the place."(Holden Caulfield in J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, 1951)

Epistrophe

Epistrophe is repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect (as Lincoln's “of the people, by the people, for the people”)42.

Following are the examples of epistrophe43:

40 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anaphora.htm41 Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anaphora.htm42 Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epistrophe43 Source:

Page | 11

1. "A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of fellowship, but it is not this day. An hour of woes and shattered shields, when the age of men comes crashing down! But it is not this day! This day we fight!"(Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, 2003)

2. "Don't you ever talk about my friends! You don't know any of my friends. You don't look at any of my friends. And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to any of my friends."(Judd Nelson as John Bender in The Breakfast Club, 1985)

3. "For no government is better than the men who compose it, and I want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best."(Senator John F. Kennedy, speech at Wittenberg College, Oct. 17, 1960)

4. "And close your eyes, child, and listen to what I'll tell you.Follow in the darkest night the sounds that may impel you.And the song that I am singing may disturb or serve to quell you."(Jerry Merrick, "Follow," as sung by Richie Havens on the album Mixed Bag, 1967)

* * *

Sensory imagery

For this term, provide three examples for each of the five senses, for a total of fifteen examples and explanations. Following are some examples of words specific to the five sensory systems44:

Visual

pictureflash

brightsharpclear seelightdarklargeblue

Auditory

screamshoutlistentone

whisperringutternasal

squealquiet

Kinesthetic

feelwarmgraspsharp

peacefulcold

ruggedjoyfulfuzzyhard

Olfactory

pungentfragrantsweetdank

rich aromastinkymustyrottenodor

essence

Gustatory

sweetsoursaltybitterfreshjuicyblandburntzestytangy

The following examples will take you through all the senses and will guide you to evoke specific imagery internally. For best results, close your eyes during visualization.

Visual

44 Source: http://www.stress-relief-tools.com/types-of-imagery.html

Page | 12

A shape: circle, triangle, squareAn oak treeA roseA sailing boatA buttonA computer

Auditory

The wind blowing through the treesThe ring on your telephoneThe sound of your computer keyboardScales played on a guitarWater lapping on a lake shore

More examples on auditory imagery45

1. The eerie silence was shattered by her scream.2. He could hear the footsteps of doom nearing.3. The music coursed through us, shaking our bodies as if it came from within

us.

Olfactory

Petrol fumesNewly baked breadChlorineNew mown grassFreshly brewed coffee

Gustatory (taste)

SugarBananasSaltLemonToothpaste

Kinesthetic

Kinesthetic imagery can be further divided into: sense of touch, temperature, movement, and feelings.

Touch - imagine the feelings of:Standing barefoot on a sandy beachRunning your fingertips on satin fabricHolding a smooth pebble

45 Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-imagery.html

Page | 13

Temperature:Sunlight falling over your armHolding an ice cubeStepping into a warm bath

Movement:SwimmingRunning on grassThrowing a ball

Feelings:PeacefulAngrySadCalmHappy

END

Page | 14