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TEEB FOR AGRICULTURE & FOOD ‘SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS’

REPORT

FIRST WRITER’S WORKSHOP

CAMBRIDGE, UK

13 – 15 FEBRUARY 2017

WORKSHOP SUMMARY

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE WORKSHOP

With thanks to the generous support of the New Venture Fund (NVF), the first TEEBAgriFood writers’ workshop to develop the ‘Scientific and Economic Foundations Report’ was organized in Cambridge (UK) from 13-15 February 2017, and hosted by the UN Environment’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) at the David Attenborough Building.

The workshop brought together a core team of 35 experts and researchers working on issues related to the economic interdependencies between ecological, agricultural and human systems. During the course of the three-day workshop, participants reflected and built upon an existing report wireframe toward the design and refinement of detailed chapter outlines, identified opportunities for chapter linkages, cross-referencing and messaging, and decided on timelines, writing teams and tools for delivery of a report in December 2017.

WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

Coordinating Lead Authors (CLAs), each endorsed by the Steering Committee, then delivered presentations on initial ideas, challenges and sources of evidence for their respective chapters1, in order to develop an overall shared sense of understanding about the flow, structure and narrative of the report as well as critical linkages between chapters.

After having worked through the issues, linkages and challenges for each chapter and for the overall thread that ties the report narrative together, working groups of 2-4 people convened to develop and defend chapter outlines to the wider group, and incorporate feedback.

MAIN OUTCOMES

1. Key messages. A well-articulated list of key messages will need to be developed for each chapter, which will form the basis for the final chapter.

2. Glossary. Agreeing on well-defined terms and definitions in advance will be paramount to ensuring coherence and consistency across chapters.

3. Social equity. Concerns were raised that social equity and social dimensions are not being given adequate attention in their own right. Participants agreed that an additional chapter should be created on this topic, in order to address issues such as labor, livelihoods, working conditions, property rights, access and distribution, ethics, gender, etc.

4. Exchange/Discussion Platform. Having a tool for sharing and exchanging ideas and updates was requested in order for teams to work in parallel. The TEEB Office would develop and manage an online exchange/discussion platform for this purpose.

5. Timelines and 2nd writers workshop. Annotated outlines will be submitted for review on 7 March, and preliminary drafts will be submitted by mid-May, after which a 2nd writers workshop will be convened to assess progress, gaps, challenges and overlap.

6. Demand for end-user reports. Looking beyond the timeline of this report, participants argued for the need to build upon its ‘foundations’ and produce a series of end-user reports targeting policymakers, business, farmers and consumers.

1 Note: The numbering of these chapters would later change, with the addition of a new chapter on social equity between chapters 4 and 5.

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OPENING PRESENTATIONS

Setting the scene: Alexander Mueller, TEEBAgriFood Study Leader, opened the workshop by describing the rationale and need for a study that evaluates the (visible and invisible) impacts and dependencies between agriculture and food systems, human systems and biodiversity and ecosystems, across the entire value chain, and including both social equity and human health issues. Governance and report structure: Pavan Sukhdev, TEEB Special Adviser, discussed project activities, timelines and the management structure of TEEBAgriFood, and presented the overall narrative, structure and flow of the ‘Scientific and Economic Foundations’ (‘Foundations’) report. The ‘Foundations’ report: Pushpam Kumar, ‘Foundations’ Report Director, addressed some of the guiding principles and concerns to be considered during the report-writing process.

OPEN FLOOR

Participants raised and debated a number of important issues, including:

What will ‘success’ look like by the end of 2017? A variety of different responses to this question were offered. Besides the timely and quality delivery of the report itself, participants also identified other possible metrics of success, including:

o testing and adopting the evaluation framework, and viewing it as the new orthodoxy;

o designing and providing a useful toolkit for the research and academic community, and offering a new lens by which all decision-makers (be it a policymaker, farmer, CEO or dietician) can evaluate impacts and dependencies;

o identifying realistic policy entry points (e.g. SDG process) and theory of change;

o achieving multi- and trans-disciplinarity and including diverse sources of knowledge;

o developing the building blocks for a series of end-user reports targeting policy, business, farmers and consumers;

o demonstrating relatability with, and reliance on, other initiatives, tools and (subsets of) methodologies that allow them to be a part of a bigger picture and create a multiplier effect; and

o engagement from critics and detractors.

Clear objectives. In order to realize these outcomes, the objectives of the initiative need to be clear and embedded in the messaging of this (and subsequent) report(s).

Fisheries? Marine fisheries are excluded from the boundaries of ‘agriculture and food’ systems, although the impacts of agri-food systems on marine ecosystems must necessarily be within scope.

Social equity. The importance of social equity was raised, the reasons for which would later form the basis for it as an independent chapter (see ‘cross-cutting issues’ below).

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Drivers of change. The report should shed light on two directions of change: how changes in the food system can impact consumer behavior, and vice versa.

Peer review. There will be an overall review panel for the report as well as chapter review teams, which will undergo an impartial selection process, to be approved and coordinated by a subgroup of Steering Committee members. They need to be engaged early on, and should include representatives from end users, particularly civil society and government.

CHAPTER PRESENTATIONS & DISCUSSIONS

Coordinating Lead Authors (CLAs), each endorsed by the Steering Committee, then delivered presentations 2 on initial ideas, challenges and sources of evidence for their respective chapters3, in order to develop an overall shared sense of understanding about the flow, structure and narrative of the report as well as critical linkages between chapters.

The bullet points below provide a summary of key issues raised during the discussions.

CHAPTER 1: Background, rationale and objectives for TEEBAgriFood and the ‘Foundations’ report

Whetting the appetite. This chapter must do more than provide an overview of what has been done and what we set out to do; it should entice the readers to read on, and set the context for future reports.

Messaging. No normative/value/moral statements should be made (i.e. ‘goods’ and ‘bads’). Instead, we should let the data and facts paint their own picture. Our role is to ‘evaluate’ products, diets, systems, policy scenarios or accounts within the context of the framework, i.e. the impacts/externalities being assessed and how.

Which school of thought? In the debate between less and less farmers (consolidation) producing more and more food (intensification) and creating better livelihoods for small farmers, TEEB’s role is simply to improve understanding about which impacts and dependencies are unaccounted for (i.e. economically invisible), why this matters, and the economic and policy drivers that led to them.

CHAPTER 2: TEEBAgriFood in the context of related processes and the SDGs

A ‘writing-plus’ approach. In order to capture the latest developments, chapter authors will need to adopt an approach in which there is continuous interaction with policy processes.

SDGs. These were identified as a key opportunity and policy entry point for the project. TEEBAgriFood can show complexity to be a strength and help explain how agriculture cuts across and ties together 11-12 of the SDGs, not just in terms of understanding the problems, but for designing and implementing solutions as well.

2 Presentations are available upon request from the TEEB Office (teeb.agfood@unep.org).

3 Note: The numbering of these chapters would later change, with the addition of a new chapter on

social equity between chapters 4 and 5.

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SDG 2.4. This is one of the few indicators that tries to measure sustainability, although the complexity of doing so is underestimated. TEEBAgriFood should be linked to this process and assist with developing the paradigm shift required behind it.

Knowledge. Before addressing how information is used, it is important to consider what counts as information by identifying different sources of knowledge. Reference was made to IPBES ecologies of knowledge.

CHAPTER 3: Overview of today’s agriculture and food systems

Challenge of summarization. This chapter was identified as the ‘landing area’ for virtually everything that this report would cover, from system typologies and classifications to management practices and techniques to different levers of change and lock-ins to trends in technology, society, land use, etc. Most topics (with the important exception of health, covered in the following chapter) would be introduced here, but require more fleshing out in their respective chapters.

Avoiding solutions. This chapter should paint a broad picture of where we stand today and why, but avoid promoting solutions or prescribing recommendations (e.g. efficiency and urban agriculture).

Which systems? A distinction was made between food and farming systems. Caution was given about defining systems (e.g. conventional vs traditional), since most systems are hybrid/mixed/diversified and exist along a continuum; rigid definitions may also pose a challenge for providing examples in Chapter 8. Also, different farming systems have different magnitude and extent of impacts, for example on land degradation.

Lock-ins and feedback loops. These should be summarized in a box, for instance using the example of soybean production in Argentina. Reference was made to the 8 lock-ins described in the iPES-Food report ‘From Uniformity to Diversity’4.

CHAPTER 4: Farming systems, food and nutritional security and human health

Invisibility of health impacts. Participants discussed the reasons for pulling health and nutrition out of the framework as a standalone chapter, when the same could equally be done for environmental impacts, climate and social equity (see last point). Overall, the invisibility and lack of awareness about significant health impacts from agriculture was given as the justification.

Doughnut economics. Reference was made to Kate Raworth’s ‘doughnut of social and planetary boundaries’5.

Diets. A point was made to emphasize healthy, nutritious and low-carbon diets, as well as health-promoting and nutrition-sensitive food production. Diets have also been adapted to local and regional zones and will not suit elsewhere (e.g. a Mediterranean diet in the Arctic).

Food loss and food waste. These two terms should be differentiated, the former more prevalent in developing countries, and the latter in developed.

Mental health. Mental health, both for producers and consumers, was highlighted as an important issue.

4 http://www.ipes-food.org/images/Reports/UniformityToDiversity_FullReport.pdf

5 https://www.kateraworth.com/doughnut/

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Typologies. The iPES-Food report on health externalities has developed a typology of five interactions (pathways) between agriculture and health, including occupational health, environmental contamination, pathogenic environment, unhealthy dietary patterns, and insufficient diets, which might be useful for structuring ideas and addressing political economies. Another broader example was given, in which production systems, food supply, and agriculture sector were displayed against socioeconomic/environmental determinants as well as health outcomes. DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) was suggested as yet another way to structure the chapter.

Examples/scenarios. A number of examples were given to help illustrate certain points, e.g. investing the savings from medical costs of healthier people into the necessary adjustments; the effect of convenience (e.g. soda vs. milk); and increasing productivity to improve quality of food.

CHAPTER 5: Systems thinking for agri-food systems, and the need for a universal and comprehensive valuation framework

A ‘transition’ chapter. This chapter is determined to be the bridge between the descriptive (operating in silos) and prescriptive (interconnected systems thinking) components of the report.

Boundaries, scale, inputs and outputs. Defining boundaries becomes important when thinking about what is internal and external to systems, as well as whether to consider things as inputs or outputs. Participants debated whether FHI360’s approach of ‘adjacencies’ (e.g. energy water, health, education, trade sectors), as well as other frameworks (e.g. doughnut economy, F-E-W nexus, social-environmental systems) could be adopted. More attention could be paid to spatial dimensions and scale (challenging beyond farm gate), and systems dynamics and resilience.

Framing/messaging. This chapter should not yet link to policies and decisions, but explain why valuation requires a systems perspective and such an approach needs to be clearly laid out. It should also set out the questions to be answered in the subsequent chapters.

CHAPTER 6: Elements of the TEEBAgriFood valuation framework

The ‘what’ of the evaluation framework. This chapter will explore the rows and columns of the framework, with attention to economic, environmental and social factors, plurality of values, working at multiple scales, and achieving universality. It will help create a paradigm shift in which partial assessments that answer specific questions will be seen within the broader context. It will be important to distinguish between the design of the framework, and the next step of using that information to answer particular questions.

Flows and feedbacks. Regarding the environment as a separate unit, it will be relatively straightforward to display flows and feedbacks in both directions.

Externalities. From an accounting perspective, the notion of externalities and ‘negative benefits’ is challenging, and becomes even more difficult when non-monetary values are brought into play. What is important to remember, and include in the narrative, is that the framework exists independent of the method of measurement.

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Distributional aspects. While these should be covered in the new chapter on equity, it also makes sense to address this topic here.

Employment. Job creation is both covered under ‘wages’ as well as a value addition to the economy (GDP) from employment. Other questions that arise include number of hours worked, productivity, decent work, etc.

CHAPTER 7: Valuation methodologies: an overview, and advances in modeling and measurement

More than a textbook. Information on valuation methodologies already exists in chapter 4/5 of TEEB ‘Foundations’, and this chapter needs to go beyond just identifying the numeraire, existing data and methods available, and tie this into the broader report narrative.

Defining ‘system’. The definition6 used by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems was proposed, though it omits non-food outputs. The original term of ‘eco-agri-food system’ (reduced simply to ‘agri-food system’), which comprised everything from the eating of food back to the farming system, was also offered as a way to guide thinking.

Valuation and evaluation. Proper usage of these terms is required, particularly since different methodologies exist for each.

Methodological challenges. More is needed to flesh these out, for example on the issue of commensurability.

Business relevance. We need to consider both upstream and downstream effects of consumer choices, in order to be relevant to the private sector.

Coordination with other chapters. Chapters 5-8 are based on a sequencing of ideas, and will need to work in parallel under tight timelines to ensure coherence and consistency across language and messaging. A Web Portal / Discussion Forum was proposed (see ‘cross-cutting issues’ below).

CHAPTER 8: Using the framework: challenges and examples

Applying the framework. This chapter will demonstrate the potential applications of the framework, for example for business analysis, dietary comparison, farm typology comparison, policy evaluation or national accounting. It offers an opportunity to benchmark an approach in which several methods of sustainability have converged to develop a universal valuation framework.

Searching for examples. Outreach needs to be undertaken to comb the world of relevant and applicable examples and case studies, not just in the context of this chapter, but to reinforce the entire report narrative. Some criteria will also need to be developed to decide how to select them.

Processing/distribution. Few examples exist in this space. Actors in the food/beverage industry (e.g. Natural Capital Coalition) need to be leveraged. The metrics for agreeing sustainability labels and brands could also be highlighted here.

6 “Gathers all the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.)

and activities that relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, and the outputs of these activities, including socio-economic and environmental outcomes.”

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Link to policy. It will be useful to link applications to decisions, and how the framework could enable those decisions.

Validating the framework. This chapter should bring back information generated by assessments that applied the framework, as part of a feedback system.

Zooming back out. This chapter will compile data to better understand local/farm-level, but we should also scale this back up to be able to link to issues and priorities at the national level, which will relate better to chapter 2.

Other criteria. Referring to the table that considers examples across the value chain (3 stages) and by scale (local, national, regional, global), it would be useful to somehow indicate the time/effort required, expectations on what can be achieved, and how these tools can contribute to awareness at the local level.

CHAPTER 9: TEEBAgriFood’s theory of change

Key message. This chapter will look at how changing the way we measure the performance of agricultural and food systems (including significant interacting systems such as land use, freshwater management, demographics and labor) can catalyze a broader paradigm shift in evaluation, accounting, education and communication towards changes in policymaking, business and consumer behavior. It is the key linking chapter to the next volumes focusing on actors and end users.

Types of theories of change. Two types were identified: (i) top-down, in which we target governments and international organizations to induce them to change legislation and regulations; and (ii) bottom-up, in which we target consumers, business and civil society to change (or reinforce) their mindset/behavior. A suggestion was made to distinguish between these and consider how each can be supported, as well as address how they relate to and interact with each other.

Case studies. Two examples were illustrated: (i) a moratorium on soybeans from deforested areas, and (ii) taxation of sugar-based drinks in Mexico and US.

Business. A methodology and approach for a business theory of change already exists, and should be built upon.

Drivers of change and enabling environments. Change is constant, driven by technology, consumer choice, profit, etc., and so this chapter should reflect on (changing) drivers of change and enabling environments.

Investors. Attention needs to be paid to the impacts of the investor community in commodity stocks, including but not limited to food commodities.

CHAPTER 10: Key messages and further explorations

Wrapping up and looking forward. This chapter will incorporate the key messages of the previous chapters, while underlining the critical role that this report could play, as well as linking it to different end users, and whetting the appetite for a series of reports that target them specifically.

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CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

Key messages. A list of well-articulated key messages will need to be developed for each chapter, which will form the basis of the final chapter.

Glossary. Agreeing on well-defined terms and definitions will be paramount to ensuring coherence and consistency across chapters.

Social equity. Concerns were raised that social equity and social dimensions are not being given adequate attention in their own right. Participants agreed that an additional chapter should be created on this topic, in order to address issues such as labor, livelihoods, access and distribution, health and safety regulations, gender, etc.

Exchange/Discussion Platform. Having a tool for sharing and exchanging ideas and updates was requested in order for teams to work in parallel. The TEEB Office would develop and manage an online exchange/discussion platform for this purpose.

PRESENTATIONS FROM CHAPTER WORKING GROUPS

After having worked through the issues, linkages and challenges for each chapter and the overall narrative thread that ties the report together, working groups of 2-4 people convened to develop and defend chapter outlines to the wider group, and incorporate feedback from peers.

The bullet points below provide a summary of the feedback raised after the presentations7.

Chapter 1: Background, rationale and objectives for TEEBAgriFood and the ‘Foundations’ report

Diversity of systems. Important to include diversity of agricultural systems into this chapter, and touch upon how governance structures affect them differently.

Chapter 2: TEEBAgriFood in the context of related processes and the SDGs

SDGs. This chapter presents an opportunity to provide a leading example of how focusing on food and agriculture allows us to bridge across the SDGs, thereby avoiding the tendency to operate in silos and create tradeoffs between SDGs.

Beyond regulatory. This chapter should look beyond regulatory frameworks, e.g. the voluntary ‘pledge and review’ process of the Paris Agreement.

Link to UNFCCC. Linkages should be made with UNFCCC nationally determined contributions (NDCs) on agriculture and soil.

Chapter 3: Overview of today’s agriculture and food systems

Overarching chapter. The two subsequent chapters on health/nutrition and equity are essentially offshoots from this chapter, so care should be taken to avoid duplication.

7 Presentations are available upon request from the TEEB Office (teeb.agfood@unep.org).

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Material externalities. Significant attention should be paid to employment and some of the major impacts/externalities (climate, health, nutrition, etc.).

Food security. The FAO definition, in which four dimensions (availability, access, utilization and stability) are captured, should be applied here.

Levels of regulation. Two levels of regulations exist: (i) those made by official regulation bodies, and (ii) those established by large private companies (and not governed by WTO).

Structure, key terms and messaging. More thought is required on how to structure this chapter, whether by DPSIR or one of the other suggestions made earlier, while the importance of a glossary and well-articulated key messages was reiterated.

Greenhouse gases. Virtual land and water are mentioned, but not virtual GHGs.

Chapter X: Social equity

Chapter snapshot. Some of the basic ideas and a structure of how this chapter might be organized were presented, looking at issues of equity on the production side, on distribution and access, on gender, on food procurement, on labor, on food justice, and on equity as a platform for achieving the SDGs.

Section on solutions. This section would address policies, their impacts, and the distribution/equity of impacts.

Institutional drivers on supply side. This chapter could expand upon the impact of private financing and (lack of) social investments, for example the decision to invest in environment (in the case of water efficiency) versus gender equality.

Equity and equality. This distinction should be made in this chapter.

Consensus on creating a chapter. Participants agreed that it was important to showcase equity issues in a standalone chapter.

CHAPTER 4: Farming systems, food and nutritional security and human health

Quality of life and mental health. The impact of urbanization and distance from green infrastructure (including agro-biodiversity) on quality of life and mental health should be addressed. Another example related to mental health is the occurrence of farmer suicides in India from pesticides, seed prices/debt, genetic modification, groundwater depletion, etc.

Animal feed and waste. Linkages should be highlighted between waste management and animal feed, as it represents an important entry point for contaminants into the food chain (e.g. mad cow disease).

Zoonotic diseases. Linkages should be highlighted between intensive livestock production and certain zoonotic diseases (e.g. areas in Asia becoming a perfect breeding ground for Avian influenza).

Cancer. Although little evidence exists, there are examples of linkages between increases in cases of cancer to agricultural expansion (e.g. soybean production in Argentina, banana production in Central America).

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Linking to framework. On the consumption side, it is relatively straightforward to link negative health outcomes to what you eat, but less so on the production side. This needs to be fleshed out.

Positive impacts. It is important not to lose sight of the positive health impacts, which is imperative for painting a complete picture.

CHAPTER 5: Systems thinking for agri-food systems, and the need for a universal and comprehensive valuation framework

Conceptual model. A visual aid was introduced to illustrate both the complexity and the need for systems thinking. The diagram consisted of the three stages of the value chain, inputs and outputs, related dimensions (i.e. social, economic, environmental), and interactions within and between the above.

Boundaries. The parameters set in this model would represent the status quo, in which not everything is accounted for, and which would set the tone for subsequent chapters. Tweaking these parameters would represent specific policy interventions.

Other frameworks. In order to explain why a systems approach is an improvement, it will be important to consider the performance of other frameworks in dealing with consistency, comparability, universality, etc.

Cross-referencing. Participants underlined the need to have opportunities to align the narrative and verbiage of other chapters with this diagram, reinforcing the usefulness of an Exchange/Discussion Platform.

CHAPTER 6: Elements of the TEEBAgriFood valuation framework

‘Four capitals’ approach. The concept of capitals (i.e. produced, natural, human, and social (cultural/institutional)) was introduced as a way to monitor stocks in terms of their quantity and condition, investment and depreciation. This should be considered as an evolution (versus change) from the earlier conceptualizations of the framework.

Link to inclusive wealth. The above characterization is consistent with the Inclusive Wealth report, which shows the same four capitals laid out across three categories: private ownership, community ownership, and public ownership, with social capital as the binding glue.

Narrative with Chapters 5 and 7. Where Chapter 5 states that policy interventions are needed to change trends, this chapter can identify flows (or co-flows) that can be modified by policy, while Chapter 7 would provide examples.

Treatment of knowledge. Knowledge products (e.g. software, patents, licenses, etc.) are treated under physical capital, whereas intellectual property is regarded as human capital. Genetic diversity should also be included in this space. Valuation of these capitals is, however, complicated.

Pre-production and post-consumption (waste). Both parts need to be included as part of a full value chain analysis.

Carbon. The issue of carbon was raised, as it can be treated as either an inflow or an outflow depending on its context.

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CHAPTER 7: Valuation methodologies: an overview, and advances in modeling and measurement

The ‘toolbox’ chapter. This chapter should provide the universe of options for those wanting to determine the range of impacts across the value chain based on changes to certain stocks or flows (inputs or outputs), as well as the data required and limitations associated with those tools and methodologies.

End users. One possible way to consider this chapter is to set the context for the different end users and the applications that they will be interested in, in order to set up the basis for the next chapter.

Attribution. It is important to attribute values accurately across the value chain, perhaps borrowing from the extensive literature on life cycle assessment.

IPBES work on valuation. A useful reference will be IPBES deliverable 3d8 on policy support tools and methodologies, including monetary and non-monetary.

CHAPTER 8: Using the framework: challenges and examples

Examples of applications. This chapter will showcase examples grouped around the five different ‘families’ of applications, i.e. management systems, diets, policies, businesses and accounting systems. The previous chapter must describe the same methodologies.

Call for Case Studies. Chapter authors proposed developing a Call for Case Studies, akin to an earlier TEEB process in which a template was used to collect stories that were structured into a general format. Ideally, examples would include as many parameters of the framework as possible, looking at most of the major impacts. The idea is to prevent partial studies from presenting themselves as the final answer.

Collecting examples. A number of chapter authors offered examples from the EU Business & Biodiversity Platform, Natural Capital Coalition, the TEEB Quantitative Assessment, and others on specific diets (e.g. Mediterranean, pescatarian, vegetarian)

‘Polite but not shy’. This chapter, and possibly others, will face the risk of presenting others’ work as failures since they give only partial assessments. To avoid this, it was suggested to engage in discourse that reinforces two points: (i) that no single study is comprehensive (and that the final picture is a composite), and (ii) that there is an opportunity for all studies to link up and be part of something bigger and more integrated.

Need for additional pilot studies. It would be useful to commission additional framework-testing studies to promote the utility of our approach.

A hypothetical study. Participants agreed that working through a hypothetical comprehensive assessment would be extremely beneficial to illustrate that it can be done.

CHAPTER 9: TEEBAgriFood’s theory of change

An ‘actors’ approach. A schematic was introduced in which groups of allies/ influencers toggle with different drivers of change, which in turn have different

8 http://www.ipbes.net/work-programme/values

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impacts on different actors. Interactions between actors could be better explained. Also, within each of the actors, different tools and messages are required depending on level (e.g. minister, department head or analyst in government)

Dependencies. More attention could be paid to reflecting dependencies as a driver of change.

Agricultural research community was added to the list of allies/influencers.

Lifestyle and culture was added as a driver of change.

Health. The idea of framing a discussion around ‘health-promoting agriculture’, which links to the Common Agricultural Policy and thus our theory of change, was suggested.

Role of certification and labeling. Food labeling could become a major game changer (see example of universal labeling of electronics). Certification labels for organic food exists, but no labels are placed on cheap food – this needs to be demystified.

Role of media. We need to bring on board ‘messengers’ who can help us to disseminate these messages and act as their own rightful actors.

Correlation with end-user reports. This chapter should point out where the subsequent reports fit in within the theory of change.

TIMELINES AND NEXT STEPS

In terms of timelines, the project management team proposed the following schedule of activities over the next few months:

7 March: submission of annotated outlines (3-6 pages)

8-14 March: internal review of outlines

14 March: feedback presented

15 March-15 May: development of first drafts

15 May: deadline for submission of first drafts

30 May-1 June: 2nd writers workshop (location tbd)

The following outputs will be developed and circulated in due course:

Template for outlines (including word count)

Note on writing tone and style

Glossary

Exchange/Discussion Platform, and accompanying guidance sheet