© PDST Home Economics

MouthContains a muscular tongue and a set of teeth.

Chemical ( enzymes) and mechanical (teeth) digestion of food takes place in the mouth

Secretes a juice called saliva from the salivary glands. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase.

• Primary teeth / milk teeth begin to grow during a baby’s first/second year and last until around age 7.

• No molars present

• Permanent teeth (32 teeth) begin to grow at age 7-8, replace milk teeth and should last a lifetime.

Healthy teeth and gums are important because:

• They help digest food properly.• They add to your general

appearance.• For good health – bad teeth can

cause problems such as stomach upsets, bad breath etc…

• They enable you to speak clearly.

Upper Jaw -- Teeth

Our 4 types of teeth

Functions of the teeth

• Incisors: bite food.

• Canines: cut and tear food.

• Molars and pre-molars: grind food.

Crown

Root

Pulp cavity has nerves and blood vessels.

Tooth DecayTooth Decay

TOOTH DECAY

• Tooth decay is caused by PLAQUE which forms a sticky film on the teeth between washing.

• Plaque consists of BACTERIA and ACID formed by the breakdown of food in the mouth.

• Plaque eats away the ENAMEL on the teeth, until it reaches the softer dentine which decays very quickly.

• TOOTHACHE occurs when the decay reaches the nerves in the pulp cavity

Care of teeth

• Clean teeth thoroughly each day using a fluoride toothpaste.

• Use a good quality toothbrush and replace when necessary.

• Visit your dentist regularly.

• Limit the amount of sweet foods and drinks you eat.

• Eat foods rich in calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D e.g. milk, cheese to help strengthen teeth.

• Fluoride is a mineral which strengthens tooth enamel so it can resist plaque which causes decay.

• Fluoride is often added to the water supply and is found in toothpaste and dental rinses.

• Don’t eat between meals.• Eat calcium rich foods.• Never abuse your teeth.• Try to avoid sugary foods.• Insist on brushing teeth after each

meal.• Shop for a good quality toothbrush

and replace it regularly.• Toothpaste containing fluoride is best

for your teeth.• Visit your dentist every 6 months.

• Begin at back of lower jaw. Brush outer edges.• Brush inner surfaces.• Repeat this process for upper jaw.• Brush the biting surface of both lower and upper

teeth.

Brushing your teeth

GoodHealthguide

Get enough restand sleep. Have good

personal hygiene

Try to avoid smoking, drug abuse and excessive consumption of alcohol.

Take regular exercise

Be happy. Always look on the bright side of life.Eat a balanced diet.

Advantages of Exercise

• Exercise helps your body to look good.• Improves muscle tone.• Your heart, lungs and circulation work more

efficiently.• It keeps weight down.• Reduces stress.• Keeps the body youthful, and delays problems of old

age such as heart disease.

Rest and relaxation• Rest and relaxation restore energy and relax the

mind.• Rest and sleep give us more energy.• We look and feel better.• Concentration improves. • Leisure is a time away from work, school and study.• Leisure time allows you to get fit.• Keeps your brain active.• You can help someone e.g. babysit.

Precaution against illness

• Immunisation or vaccination. • Health and development checks for children.• Health checks for adults e.g. breast checks.• Take steps to avoid cancer e.g. don’t smoke,

avoid over-exposure to sunlight etc…

Mental health

• Mental health is concerned with the mind and how we think and feel.

• Attitude and self esteem.• People with high self esteem have a positive

attitude to life.• Those with low self esteem have a negative

attitude.

Emotions • Love – being loved makes us secure and happy. The

most important person to love is yourself. • Fear – this can help us keep safe and away from

danger e.g. walking through a park late at night.• Anger –normal emotion. How we deal with our

anger shows whether or not we are emotionally mature.

• Stress – a little stress can be useful, it can make us work for exams or hurry to meet deadlines at work.

• To relieve stress:• Cut our workload• Learn to relax, take time out• Learn meditation• Take exercise• Get plenty of rest and sleep

• Functions of Each Part:

o Epidermis: Protective upper layer of dead skin cells

o Dermis: Inner layer of living cells which contains many other parts

o Fat Cells: Beneath the dermis, acts as an energy reserve and help keep us warm

o Sweat Gland: Removes waste and excess water from the blood via a pore

o Oil Gland: Attached to hair, lubricates the skin and keeps the hair in good condition

o Nerve: With which we feel and touch

o Hair: Role in maintaining body temperature

o Blood vessels: Help control body temperature and nourish the skin

• The skin is made up of two layers the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath these layers is the subcutaneous tissue, which contains fat-rich cells, called the adipose tissue.

The epidermis• The epidermis is a thin layer which protects the

dermis. The surface of the epidermis is composed of flattened dead cells which are constantly being lost through wear and tear.

• As the dead cells are being lost they are replaced by a layer of rapidly dividing living cells directly underneath them.

• The malpighian layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis and its cells contain a pigment (melanin) which is responsible for the colour of the skin.

The dermisThe dermis tissue contains• Nerves which allow us to feel sensations e.g. heat,

cold, touch.• Blood vessels, which supply the skin with oxygen

and nutrients.• Hairs, the roots of the hairs are found in the dermis,

each hair grows up through a structure called the hair follicles and can be seen on the surface of the skin

• Glands – sweat glands produce sweat which is lost from the body through pores in the skin

• Sebaceous/oil glands produce an oily substance called sebum which lubricates the hairs and keeps the skin soft.

• Adipose tissue is a layer of fat cells that insulates the body.

• Protection• Prevents loss of body fluids• Vitamin D production• Food store • Sense organ - nerves• Excretion• Temperature regulation - sweat

To Keep the Skin Healthy

1:Keep your Skin and Body clean.

2:Get plenty of Sleep.

3: Get lots of Fresh Air & Exercise.

4: Eat healthy foods (Lots of Fruit & Vegetables)

5: Avoid Alcohol & Cigarettes.

6: Remove make-up at night.

Skin careCleanse To remove dead skin

cells, dirt, bacteria, make up etc.. Which would block pores and cause skin problems such as blackheads.

Use soap and water or cleansing milk or lotion.

Tone To close pores after cleansing.

Use cold water or a toning lotion.

Moisturise To soften the skin and keep in good condition.

Use a moisturiser which suits your skin type.

Care of hair

• Wash hair at least once a week using shampoo which suits your hair type. Use conditioner if necessary.

• Use a good quality hair brush and do not allow others to use your brush.

• Keep brush clean.• Too much heat damages hair so avoid using very hot

water or holding the dryer very near the hair.

Care of feet • Wash daily and dry thoroughly• Have a pedicure regularly, cut toe nails straight

to avoid in growing• Change socks or tights regularly • Wear shoes well designed to support the feet.

They should be comfortable and give the feet room to grow.

• Guard against verrucas by wearing protective shoes in swimming pools.