telecommunication literally means communication over distance

7/29/2019 Telecommunication Literally Means Communication Over Distance

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Telecommunication literally means communication over distance. Quick and accurate communication is very important insociety and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph and telephone made communication fasterand easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be as technologically advanced as it is today.

However, slow and faulty communication Telecommunication literally means communication over distance. Quick and accuratecommunication is very important in society and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph andtelephone made communication faster and easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be astechnologically advanced as it is today. However, slow and faulty communication was an obstacle that America had to overcome

in its infancy.

The means of communication before the telegraph and telephone were primitive by today's standards. Before an official

postal service was established in the United States, people relied on word of mouth, whether it was person to person or through amessenger. The town crier read the community announcements until the newspaper came along.Word of mouth and newspaperswere sufficient for small towns of that time, but for long distance communication, they were impractical. As a result, a slow and

unreliable mail system evolved. People who sent letters and parcels wondered when or if what they sent got to the person theywere sending it to. For example, if a man in New England wanted to mail a letter to a relative in England, he had to put the letterin a satchel that was picked up by the captain of a ship that sailed to England. Town drunks and thieves often helped themselvesto the bags, which had money for postage in them (TCM 14). Also, the cost of sending letters was high because it was expensive

to provide a postal system to a sparsely populated area (SHMS 69). Men on horseback often carried the mail, first in the easternhalf of America, then on the western side. The mail was frequently lost or forgotten, and the ride to isolated settlements wasdangerous Telecommunication literally means communication over distance. Quick and accurate communication is veryimportant in society and to the economy, as well as to the military. The invention of the telegraph and telephone made

communication faster and easier. Without the telegraph and telephone, America would most certainly not be as technologically

advanced as it is today. However, slow and faulty communication was an obstacle that America had to overcome in its infancy.The telegraph also had its disadvantages. It created a loss of jobs by putting the Pony Express and some postal workers out of

business. Since there are two kinds of Morse codes, American and International, the United States often confused herself and the

countries she tried to communicate with by using American Morse. Not only was American Morse impractical for transatlantic

cables, the rest of the world used International Morse. The United States switched to International Morse for international

communication, and used American Morse for transcontinental communication (WRBH 137). Another disadvantage was that

only a trained user could send and receive telegraph messages (TTM 37). Also, a message could only be sent where there were

cables. But given these disadvantages, people were satisfied with the telegraph. A magazine once stated, "The function of the

telegraph in our highly organized commercial and social life has come to be as general and as important as that of the mail. In

some respects it is even more of a necessity....

Voltaic batteryBattery consisting of a number of voltaic cells arranged in series or parallel.

Voltaic \Vol*ta"ic\, a. [Cf. F. volta["i]que, It. voltaico.]

1. Of or pertaining to Alessandro Volta, who first devisedapparatus for developing electric currents by chemicalaction, and established this branch of electric science;discovered by Volta; as, voltaic electricity.

2. Of or pertaining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; as,voltaic induction; the voltaic arc.

A telegraph works by sending messages through wires using electrical signals. A person would take their message to a telegraph

operator who then imputed it into the telegraph machine and then it would be sent to the receiving telegraph office to decode for

the receiver.

The idea for the electric telegraph was not thought up in a scientific laboratory, but on the deck of a sailing ship called

the Scully, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The inventor was Samuel Finley Breese Morse, and in 1832, he wason of the most famous artists in the United States. Morse and ship passengers were talking about the invention of theelectromagnet, which looked like a horseshoe with wire wrapped around it. They talked about how electricity traveled

through the wire. Morse thought if electricity would travel a short distance through wire, it could travel long distancesthrough wire also.

Morse's idea was to string a wire between two points, maybe miles apart. A key at one end is pressed and it closes the electrical

curcuit which sends a pulse of electricity through the wire. When the key is let go very fast, the pulse of electricity sent throughthe wire is a dot. if the key is held down 3 times longer, the pulse is a dash. Dashes and dots mixed together form different letters

of the alphabet and when sent from a person at one end of the wire to another person at the other end of the wire, these dashesand dots would spell out words. Morse's idea was to string a wire between two points, maybe miles apart. A key at one end is

pressed and it closes the electrical curcuit which sends a pulse of electricity through the wire. When the key is let go very fast,


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the pulse of electricity sent through the wire is a dot. if the key is held down 3 times longer, the pulse is a dash. Dashes and dotsmixed together form different letters of the alphabet and when sent from a person at one end of the wire to another person at theother end of the wire, these dashes and dots would spell out words. In 1837, he developed his telegraph idea enough to test it.

Morse strung seventeen hundred feet of wire around his room at New York University, where he taught. It worked; his signalstraveled from one end of the wire to the other.

He showed his invention to members of Congress in the Capital by stringing 10 miles of wire around the room, and it worked.

Congress didn't think the telegraph would work for long distances, so Morse put several miles of wire through undergroundpipes. The insulation around the wire wouldn't let the electricity travel very well, so Morse decided to string the wire from poles

instead.How did the telegraph affect society?

They could send long distance messagesThe messages could be sent quickly

With the telegraph station people knew what trains were on the tracks

Why was telegraph important to society?

The telegraph was important because it allowed long-distance communication in seconds, whereas the previous method of long

distance communication was by horseback messenger.

The Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

Until the 19th century there was no way of speaking to someone unless you stood face to face. The only means of communicating

over long distances was through the use of the electric telegraph which had been invented in 1836, the message would have to be

sent in code.

In 1876 the Scotsman, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his invention which he called the telephone. This piece of

equipment allowed people to speak to each other over great distances.

Experimentation in this type of communication had been previously been carried out by other people including German, (Philip

Reis), an Italian, (Meucci), and at the same time as Bell, (Elisha Gray). It was whilst he was in Canada that Bell became

interested in electricity and specifically how words may be turned into electrical impulses and transmitted through a wire.

Bells first prototype consisted of a thin sheet of metal (called a diaphragm) held infront of an electromagnet. When the sound

(caused by his voice) struck the diaphragm, electricity was generated in the coils of the electro-magnet. These electric currents

were transmitted to a telephone in another room along a wire.

When they passed through the coils of an identical electro-magnet in the other room (the receiver) they caused the receiver

diaphragm to vibrate and create the sound. His assistant Watson heard Bell shouting, ''Mr Watson , come here I want you' '.

The first conversation took place between London and Europe in 1891 and by 1923 it was possible to telephone someone from

London to New York.

Evolution of the Telegraph into the Telephone

The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone

came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph.

When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code, was basically limited toreceiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of musicenabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the

idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as apossible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneouslyalong the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Early in the 19th century, Michael Faraday, an English physicist,demonstrated that an electrical current could produce a magnetic field.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelegraph.htmhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/faradaycageexperiments.htmlhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/faradaycageexperiments.htmlhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelegraph.htm


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In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a professor of experimental physics at Cambridge, proved mathematically that any electricaldisturbance, that generates an electromagnetic field, could produce an effect at a considerable distance from the point at which it

occurred and predicted that electromagnetic energy could travel outward from a source as waves moving at the speed of light.

In 1888 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that Maxwells prediction was true for transmission over a short distance.

In 1901 the Italian physicist, Guglielmo Marconi, perfected a radio system that transmitted Morse code over the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1906 the American physicist Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube which amplified radio signals that were received byantenna, thus much weaker signal could be transmitted over longer distance. The vacuum tube was also used to generate radiowaves and soon become the main component of radio transmitter.

After World War II more advancements were made: The replacement of the vacuum tube by the transistorand of wires byprinted circuits drastically reduced the power that radio equipment needed to operate enabling radio components miniaturization

and more reliability.

During the years claims were made that as a matter of fact not Marconi invented radio but Oliver Lodge, Alexander (Aleksandr)Popov orNikola Tesla , had sent wireless messages before Marconi got his patents (British 7777, US 763,772).

In 1943, in a celebrated 1943 Supreme Court decision, Marconi's 1904 US patent No. 763,772, was found to be invalid. As aresult, some claim that this decision proves that Nikolai Tesla is the inventor of radio.

It does not really matter. What Marconi undoubtedly did invent was an entirely new science-based industry. In his hands anobscure and, to most people, unintelligible branch of physics became a consumer product like no other. We are used to being toldthat some new technology will change the world. Marconi's is one of the few that did.

Boolean Algebraan abstract mathematical system primarily used in computer science and in expressing the relationships between sets (groups ofobjects or concepts). The notational system was developed by the English mathematician George Boole c.1850 to permit analgebraic manipulation of logical statements. Such manipulation can demonstrate whether or not a statement is true and show

how a complicated statement can be rephrased in a simpler, more convenient form without changing its meaning. In his 1881treatise, Symbolic Logic, the English logician and mathematician John Venn interpreted Boole's work and introduced a newmethod of diagramming Boole's notation; this was later refined by the English mathematician Charles Dodgson (better known asLewis Carroll -this method is now know as the Venn diagram. When used in set theory, Boolean notation can demonstrate the

relationship between groups, indicating what is in each set alone, what is jointly contained in both, and what is contained inneither. Boolean algebra is of significance in the study of information theory, the theory of probability, and the geometry of sets.

The expression of electrical networks in Boolean notation has aided the development of switching theory and the design ofcomputers.

Modern data processing began with the inventions of American engineer, Herman Hollerith. In 1881, Herman Hollerith began

designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. The U.S. Census Bureau hadtaken eight years to complete the 1880 census, and it was feared that the 1890 census would take even longer. Herman Hollerithinvented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Herman Hollerith's great breakthrough was hisuse of electricity to read, count, and sort punched cards whose holes represented data gathered by the census-takers. His machines

were used for the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly ten years of hand tabulating. In 1896 ,Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company to sell his invention, the Company became part of IBM in1924.Herman Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets.For his tabulation machine he used the punchcard invented in the early 1800s, by a French silk weaver called Joseph-Marie

Jacquard. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns ofholes in a string of cards.Hollerith's punch cards and tabulating machines were a step toward automated computation. His device

could automatically read information which had been punched onto card. He got the idea and then saw Jacquard's punchcard.Punch card technology was used in computers up until the late 1970s. Computer "punched cards" were read electronically, the

cards moved between brass rods, and the holes in the cards, created a electric current where the rods would touch.

Vacuum tube

Vacuum tubes were critical to the development of electronic technology, which drove the expansion and commercializationofradiobroadcasting, television, radar,sound reproduction, large telephone networks, analog and digital computers, and

industrial process control
http://www.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/james_maxwell.htmlhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/hertzexperiment.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/morsetelegraph.htmlhttp://www.electro.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/lee_de_forest.htmlhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popovhttp://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_whoradio.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-end_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-end_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_whoradio.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popovhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.htmlhttp://www.electro.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/lee_de_forest.htmlhttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/morsetelegraph.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/hertzexperiment.htmlhttp://www.patent-invent.com/electricity/inventors/james_maxwell.html


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GRAHAM BELL


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SAMUEL F.B MORSE


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GEORGE BOOLE


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HERMAN HOLLERITH


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telecommunication literally means communication over distance

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