telecommunications for the future - 2
DESCRIPTION
Telecommunications for the future - 2. Pengantar Telekomunikasi D3 – Teknik Komputer. Fixed (cabled) links. Jaringan Transmisi dalam jangkauan yang luas. users. users. Jaringan Transmisi dalam jangkauan terbatas. Jaringan kabel. Transmisi Modulasi Multiplexing - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Telecommunications for the future - 2
Pengantar TelekomunikasiD3 – Teknik Komputer
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Fixed (cabled) links
Jaringan Transmisi dalam jangkauan yang luas
usersusers
Jaringan Transmisi dalam
jangkauan terbatas
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Jaringan kabel
Transmisi Modulasi Multiplexing Cross-connection / switching
Distributionthe “Local loop” Distribution to distribution frame Last “mile”
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Modulasi
Frequency ModulationPhase ModulationAmplitude ModulationPulse Modulation
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Multiplexing & Demultiplexing Multiplexing:
Menggabungkan beberapa informasi yang berbeda ke dalam satu kesatuan
DemultiplexingMenyimpan beberapa informasi dari satu kesatuan
MULTIPLEXOR DEMULTIPLEXOR
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Tipe Multiplexing
Frequency Division Time Division
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Wavelength Division (digunakan untuk optical cables)
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Frequency Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Analog signaling digunakan untuk mentransmisikan sinyal
Broadcast radio and television, cable television, dan sistem AMPS cellular phone menggunakan frequency division multiplexing
Teknik paling lama pada teknik multiplexing Dikarenakan menggunakan analog signaling,
lebih rentan terhadap noise.
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Sumber data biasanya sinkronus (dalam beberapa 10 detik (ppm) dari keadaan biasa
Membuat proses multiplexing menjadi rumit dikarenakan bit stuffing dan stripping … serta rentan terhadap kesalahan transmisi
Setiap data rate baru dalam kesatuan membutuhkan multiplexing yang baru
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
PDH Hierarchy397200 kbit/s
97728 kbit/s
32064 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
1544 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
2048 kbit/s
8448 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s
139254 kbit/s
564992 kbit/s
274176 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
x4x4
x4
x4
x4x4
x3x3
x6
x7x5
x3
x30x24
Japan
N. America
Europe
primary rate
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Sumber data sinkronus Proses multiplexing relatif lebih mudah Data rate rentdah dapat di ekstrak dari urutan
data tanpa harus melakukun proses demultiplexing
Dengan mudah dapat membenahi jaringan ring
Spesifikasinya adalah “future proof”
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
SDH Hierarchy
9953.28 Mbit/s
2488.32 Mbit/s
622.08 Mbit/s
155.52 Mbit/s
x4
x4
x4
STM-1
STM-4
STM-64
STM-16
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
SDH
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
SDH
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
SDH
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Two fibre unidirectional line switched ring
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Two fibre unidirectional path switched ring
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Menggunakan panjang gelombang yang
berbeda pada satu fibre optic Merupakan protokol yang mampu berdiri
sendiri (SDH, ATM, Ethernet…) Dikenal sebagai as Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplex (DWDM) ketika panjang gelombang saling berdekatan (hanya beberapa nm.)
untuk DWDM, 40 atau lebih panjang gelombang dapa digunakan pada satu fibre optic
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Prinsip DWDM
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Sistem DWDM
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Komponen dari DWDM
Tunable lasersWavelength adaptorsDiffraction gratingsThin film filters Bragg gratings Waveguide gratings
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Dikenal juga sebagai code division multiple access (CDMA)
Teknik yang lebih lanjut dimana memungkinkan beberapa sumber untuk melakukan transmisi pada waktu yang sama dengan frekuensi yang sama pula
Setiap mobile device memiliki kode unik 64-bit
Untuk mengirimkan biner 1, mobile device mentransmisikan kode yang unik
Untuk mengirimkan biner 0, mobile device mengirimkan kode kebalikannya
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Receiver memperoleh sinyal gabungan, mengalikannya dengan kode pada receiver, menjumlahkan seluruh nilai
Menginterpretasikan biner 1 jika hasil penjumlahan mendekati +64
Menginterpretasikan biner 0 jika hasil penjumlahan mendekati –64.
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
ExampleFor simplicity, assume 8-chip spreading codes
3 different mobiles use the following codes:
• Mobile A: 10111001
• Mobile B: 01101110
• Mobile C: 11001101
Assume Mobile A sends a 1, B sends a 0, and C sends a 1.
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Signal code: 1-chip = +N volt; 0-chip = -N volt
Three signals transmitted:
• Mobile A sends a 1, or 10111001, or +-+++--+
• Mobile B sends a 0, or 10010001, or +--+---+
• Mobile C sends a 1, or 11001101, or ++--++-+
Summed signal received by base station: +3, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -3, +3.
Example
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Base station decode for Mobile A:
Signal received: +3, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -3, +3
Mobile A’s code: +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1
Product result: +3, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, +3, +3
Sum of Product results: +12
Decode rule: For result near +8, data is binary 1.
Example
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Base station decode for Mobile B:
Signal received: +3, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -3, +3
Mobile B’s code: -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1
Product result: -3, -1, -1, -1, +1, -1, -3, -3
Sum of Product results: -12
Decode rule: For result near -8, data is binary 0.
Example
Code Division Multiplexing
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Multiplexing Compared
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
20 voice signals are to be multiplexed and transmitted over twisted pair. What is the bandwidth required, in bps, if synchronous time division multiplexing is used, if we use the standard analogue-to-digital sampling rate, if each voice signal has a bandwidth of 4000Hz, and if each sample is converted into an 8-bit value?
Latihan 1
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Each voice signal is sampled at 2 times the frequency = 8000 samples per second.Each sample is an 8 bit value so: 8000 samples per sec × 8 bits = 64,000bps20 signals × 64,000bps = 1,280,000bps.
Jawaban
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Teknologi Kabel
CATVCommunity Access (or Cable) TV
ISDNIntegrated Services Digital Network
ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Optical fibre
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
CATV
“cable modem” yang mampu menyediakan bandwidth sebesar 10 Mbit/s, NAMUN :
Channel yang digunakan adalah sharring yang menyebabkan performanya bervariasi
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
ISDN
Menggunakan kabel telepon yang ada saat ini
2 * 64 kbit/s + 16 kbit /s ke pemakaiTersedia di seluruh dunia
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
ADSL
Menggunakan kabel telepon yang ada saat ini
“Asymmetric”: kecepatan jalur berbeda ke dan dari subscriber, dikarenakan: Data yang dibutuhkan biasanya berkurang dalam
arah “subscriber to network” dibandingkan kebalikannya
Mengurangi crosstalk saat pertukaran data, dimana biasanya ADSL memiliki banyak data pada saat pertukaran data
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Prinsip ADSL
Menggunakan filter untuk memisahkan frekuensi 0-4 kHz dimana mengakibatkan koneksi telepon analog menjadi tidak berubah
Menggunakan frekuensi diatas 4 kHz (sampai 1 MHz) untuk memungkinkan koneksi digital ke telepon
Pertukaran data pada telepon, koneksi dilakukan oleh ISP
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
ADSL data rates
Berbagai data rate dapat digunakan, tergantung pada : Jarak antara telepon Kualitas dari kabelnya
Rate maksimum ke subscriber adalah 6 Mbit/s, 600 kbit/s ke telepon
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Sistem Pengkabelan Pada“local loop”
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
subscribers
multi-pair cable
single pair cable
distribution frame~ 5 km
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Fibre pada local loop
FTTKFibre to the kerb Fibre mengarah ke distribution frame, pada
luar rumahFTTH
Fibre to the home Fibre mengarah pada semua keperluan
individu
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Pengantar Telekomunikasi
Fibre pada Local Loop (FITL)
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
subscribers
multi-pair cable
single pair cable
distribution frame~ 5 km
FTTH
FTTK