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Telecommunications Network Technologies
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End-user QoE Monitoring Agent for IPTV Services
Standardization of the Vision and Design Goals of Future Networks
Virtual Network Architecture Over IP-optical Network
Transport Network Technology
Drop Optical Fiber with Cicada Resistance
Higher-voltage DC Power-supply System
World’s First 1-Gbit/s Multi-user MIMO Transmission
Spectrally Efficient Elastic Optical Path Network (SLICE)
10 G-EPON OLT and ONU LSIs
Contents
What’s Hot in R&D
Technologies for establishing a base network infrastructure including optical networks, wireless and satellite, all of which are essential to guaranteed bandwidth and broadband telecommunication.
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
PBI B I B B B
We have developed a QoE*1 monitoring agent, which is software that is embedded in theSTB*2 or other user terminal to estimate the quality of service as experienced by customer(QoE) for IPTV*3. Remote monitoring of QoE data for individual customers from an operationcenter or other facility allows rapid confirmation of the situation when a customer inquiresthe audiovisual quality or performance of quality management before a customer complains.
■ Efficient service operation and management through quality monitoring for individualIPTV users without installation of special quality measuring devices
■ Specifically, (1) rapid confirmation of the situation when a customer inquires theaudiovisual quality, (2) determining the cause of failures, and (3) improved customersatisfaction through averting silent dissatisfaction
■ Represent qualitative customer opinion such as ‘distorted image' as an objectivenumerical index
■ Because quality is estimated using only packet header information, there is very littlecomputational load and the function can be embedded in the customer terminal
■ Highly accurate quality estimation compared to MDI*4 or other existing techniques isachieved by estimating the number of frames over which packet loss errors extend fordifferent types of video frames
■ Planned as a proposal for international standardization in 2011
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
*1 QoE: Quality of Experience*2 STB: Set-Top Box*3 IPTV: Internet Protocol TeleVision*4 MDI: Media Delivery Index (a measure of quality specified in RFC4445)
NTT Service Integration Laboratories
End-user QoE Monitoring Agent for IPTV ServicesIPTV, QoE, Quality management
IPTV-STB
Network interface
OSNetwork driver
Packet sniffer
Packet headeranalysis module Quality estimation module
End-user QoE monitoring agent
Packets
Quality information report module
Audiovisual signal
[Example of GOP*1 Structure in MPEG2-Video and Duration of Degraded Frames]
...
Time
*1 GOP: Group of Pictures*2 I-picture: Intra-picture*3 P-picture: Predictive picture*4 B-picture: Bi-directional predictive picture
Position of frame with lost packet
Key-frame interval: 15 frames
Duration of degraded video frames
17 video frames are degraded by one lost packet in an I-picture*2.
5 to 14 video frames are degraded by one lost packet in a P-picture*3. The number of affected frames depends on the position of the P-picture with the lost packet.
One video frame is degraded by one lost packet in a B-picture*4.
P
Note:
[Implementation Example of End-user QoE Monitoring Agent in IPTV-STB]
To qualitymanagement server
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B B P B B B B P B B P B B
Decoder
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
Research institutions around the world are carrying out search projects on future networksthat will appear in 2020 and beyond. Rather than taking an approach of incrementalimprovements from existing networks and its technologies, the studies on future networksfocus on more fundamental issues that impact various parts of the network. ITU-T launcheda new body named FG-FN, Focus Group on Future Network, in 2009, and FG-FN produced itsbasic concept . This effort results in ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001, Future Networks:Objectives and Design Goals. NTT, with its wide range of experts working in varioustechnical fields, promotes studies on future networks and has made significant contributionsto FG-FN.
■ Service awareness: Anticipating new services without additional costs■ Data awareness: Handling enormous amounts of data securely and accurately■ Environmental awareness: Less consumption of materials and energy■ Social and economic awareness: Inviting new actors into the network ecosystem
■ Virtualization that enables enabling performance optimization■ Energy reductions from the device level to the network level■ Data/content centric network architecture■ Effective and scalable IDs, ID separation with respect to roles■ Reliability and security
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
NTT Service Integration Laboratories
Standardization of the Vision and Design Goals of Future NetworksFuture Networks, Virtualization, ID separation
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Service awareness
Data awareness
Social and economic awareness
Environmental awareness
Energy ConsumptionOptimization
Service UniversalizationEconomic Incentives
Service DiversityFunctional Flexibility
Virtualization of ResourcesNetwork Management
MobilityReliability and Security
Data AccessIdentification
Four objectives and twelve design goals of Future Networks(Quoted from ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001)
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
Recent trends in telecommunication have focused on service convergence in a shared IP(Internet protocol) network. However, innovative applications in the future are expected tohave such diverse requirements that they cannot be easily accommodated in a common IPnetwork. With our technology, we aim to create multiple virtual networks upon a commonphysical network infrastructure through integrated control of optical and IP networks. Thiswill enable services to be launched quickly and operated independently.
■ Carrier backbone networks■ Large-scale datacenter networks■ Ultrawideband services in the future such as uncompressed three-dimensional (3D) and
high-definition (HD) video transmission■ On-demand wide-area virtual private network
■ Resource isolation in the physical layer avoids traffic conflicts between virtualnetworks.
■ Dedicated use of dynamic optical paths supports on-demand use of gigabit-per-second-class communication.
■ Resource allocation amounts and virtual network topology can be dynamically re-optimized in response to changes in traffic patterns.
■ The architecture can be deployed without requiring any modification to existingrouters and optical cross-connects that support the standard protocol GMPLS(generalized multi protocol label switching).
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories
Virtual Network Architecture Over IP-optical NetworkNetwork virtualization, GMPLS, Optical path
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Integrated optical-path and IP control
Dynamic reconfiguration of virtual network topologyVirtual Network B
Congestion Topology optimization by optical path reconnection
Virtual Network BVirtual Network A
Network resourcesOptical cross-connectsIP routersFibers
Physical network
Resources are allocated virtually.
IP network links are formed by optical paths set between IP router pairs.
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
To meet the demand for high-volume communication traffic, we are working on high-speedtransmission technology for 100 Gbit/s data transfer and new signal processing technologythat integrates optical wavelength cross-connection (OXC) and packet switching. Byimplementing a 100 Gbit/s integrated transport system that applies the technology, we targetthe construction of a transport network that is economical, simple and energy-efficientthrough (1) high-speed and large-capacity traffic transport, (2) reduction of IP routing load onIP core routers, (3) improved operability from hardware integration, and (4) reduction of theNE Operation systems (NE-OpS).
■ Backbone network of NTT Communications■ Metro network of NTT East Corporation and NTT West Corporation
■ Increase capacity, improve economy, simplify, and reduce power consumption forthe backbone network through R&D on an new integrated transport system
■ Ultra-fast 100 Gbit/s optical transmission by applying digital coherent technology■ Optical wavelength mesh network by applying OXC technology■ Packet transport network applies MPLS-TP*, which guarantees communication line
quality and has maintenance and management mechanisms against failures
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
* MPLS-TP: Multi Protocol Label Switching-Transport Profile
NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories
Transport Network Technology100 G optical transmission technology, Optical cross-connect, Packet switching
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(2) Increase in unnecessary IP core router processing(1) Multiple 10 G links
(1) Cost reduction through 100 G links
(2) Cut-through of IP core routers by applying new integrated transport equipment that use OXC and packet SW
Current network
Future network
Optical transport equipment(WDM and OADM)
100 G Integrated transport equipment
10 G Wavelength
Logical path(based on packet)
PacketSW
OXC 100 G Wavelength
IP core routers
IP edge router
IP edge router
IP core routers
IP core routers
IP edge router
IP edge router
IP core routers
(3) Hardware interconnections required(4) Multiple NE-OpS
(3) Cost reduction and efficient operability from hardware integration
(4) Fewer NE-OpS
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
As a countermeasure against disconnection due to a species of cicada called the “bearcicada” (which occur on optical-fiber input (“drop”) cables to houses, particularly those inwestern Japan), a “drop optical fiber with cicada resistance” has been developed.This is an optical drop fiber that maintains the workability of a conventional optical drop fiberwith non-cicada resistance as a result of optimization of the structure and sheath material ofthe fiber cable.
■ Drop cable to houses, apartment blocks, and office buildings
■ Optical-fiber core is protected from the ovipositor of a cicada by hard sheath.■ Cicada resistance is achieved without impairing fiber workability by optimizing
material hardness and cross-sectional structure.■ Compatibility with related products is assured by utilizing the same structure and
dimensions as conventional drop cable.
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories
Drop Optical Fiber with Cicada ResistanceDrop, Cicada, Hard sheath
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Drop cable with
non-cicada resistance
Developed product
Optical fiber cable Closure
Drop opticalfiber
【Distribution of cicadas】 【Cicada laying eggs】
Ovipositor
Egg
【Example of equipment configuration】
Fiber
Verification of cicada measureby developed product
Drop cable with non-cicada resistance Developed product
Cross section
Cicada resistance × ○
Sheath hardness*1 1 1.2
Sheath thickness*2 Not specified About 0.4 mm
Investigation on material that combinesworkability and cicada resistance
Comparison with non-cicada resistant drop cable
*1: Relative value *2: Thinnest part of sheath surface and core fiber
2.0 x 5.3 (mm)2.0 x 5.3 (mm)
Sheath withnon-cicadaresistance
Hard sheath
Broken
No Broken
●Examination (cage examination)Actual performance value of cicada resistance is ascertained in examination that involve capturing cicadas each morning and piecing a drop cable with the ovipositor of a cicada close to laying eggs.
●AnalysisCorrelation between parameters related to stab depth (such as casing hardness, tensile strength,coefficient of friction, modulus of elasticity, and elongation ratio) is analyzed.
Good
BadHardSoft Sheath
Optimum sheath hardnessis determined by
examination and analysis.
Cicada resistanceWorkability
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
As ICT services continue to grow in popularity, the power consumption of ICT equipmentcontinues to rise. This rise in power consumption is linked, in turn, to increased operationalcosts and environmental damage due to CO2 emission. The developed high-voltage DCpower-supply system supplies electricity (at DC 380V) to ICT equipment housed in datacenters. Implementing this system makes it possible to construct an “Earth friendly” power-supply system that is more efficient, more reliable, and more economical than conventionalAC power supplies.
■ As a result of installing the system in data centers, telecommunications buildings, and soon,- it is possible to offer “green data centers”—which have a low environmental impact.- it is anticipated that power consumption concerning ICT will be cut.
■ Thanks to the few steps involved in AC-to-DC (and vice versa) power conversion, theDC power supply- cuts power-conversion loss and reduces power consumption by about 15% in
comparison to AC power supplies.- has low fault probability and high reliability.
■ Since the high-voltage DC power supply can supply power at lower current than thatof a DC-48V power supply, it is possible to scaledown cables, cut installation costs,and improve latitude in equipment placement.
■ Voltage-fluctuation suppression technology accumulated in developing DC-48Vpower supplies is utilized, and a stable power-supply system is created.
■ In consideration of safety regarding the human body, a configuration with no exposedlive-parts is adopted.
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
- This work was performed in collaboration with NTT Facilities.
NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories
Higher-voltage DC Power-supply SystemDC power supply, Higher voltage, Energy saving
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UPS
AC system
Battery ICT equip.
CPU
3 4
Conversion STGs=4-48V DC system
Rectifier
CPU
ICT equip.
1
48Vdc
Conversion STGs=2
100~200Vac
380V DC system
CPU
Battery ICT equip.
Conversion STGs=2
380Vdc
AC/DC
DC/AC
1 2
AC/DC
DC/DC
Battery
AC/DC
DC/DC
2
1
AC/DC
DC/DC
2
- Higher efficiency- Higher reliability
- Lower installation cost- Flexible installation
Rectifier
■ Merits of Higher-voltage DC Power-supply System
■ Main Technical Developments
15% of total lossescan be reduced
ICT equipment
Generator Batteries
Rectifier PDC
Transformer
200Vac 380Vdc
Development of rectifiers for HVDC
Development of power distribution cabinet for HVDC
Optimizing power distribution conditions
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
The wireless home network is desirable as a means of connecting various individualterminals to an optical fiber that run into the subscriber’s home. Home networks requirestable transmission of high-volume video traffic, etc. To meet this requirement, NTTLaboratories developed a multi-user MIMO*1 transmission prototype that enablesimultaneous transmission of data to multiple destination terminals at the same time and onthe same radio frequency without cross-interference (SDMA*2) for the next-generation high-speed wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11ac). The prototype employs a recursive weight calculationalgorithm and a compressed CSI*3 feedback technique. Thus we achieved real-time multi-user MIMO transmission at over 1 Gbit/s for the first time in the world.
■ Simultaneously video viewing of high-definition contents of IPTV distributed over theoptical fiber network and for HD video players by family members in different rooms onwireless TV sets and computers.
■ Networking by wireless connection of diverse types of terminals in the home, rangingfrom high-speed high-volume communication devices such as high-definition TVs torelatively low-speed devices such as sensors.
■ A maximum total of 1.62 Gbit/s real-time wireless transmission to 6 terminalsmultiplexed by SDMA with multi-user MIMO technique.
■ Recursive weight calculation algorithm that reduces circuit scale to about 1/6 in orderto implement beam-forming control that has the accuracy needed for multi-user MIMOin an FPGA*4.
■ Compressed CSI feedback technique capable of reducing CSI data volume to about 2/3when a terminal sends the CSI to an access point for beam-forming control, thusshortening the overhead time.
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
*1 MU-MIMO: Multi-user, Multiple Input, Multiple Output*2 SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access*3 CSI: Channel State Information*4 FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories
World’s First 1-Gbit/s Multi-user MIMO TransmissionHome network, Wireless LAN, MIMO
- Holds promise as core technology for cell throughput of 1 Gbit/s or more.
- Adoption for IEEE 802.11 ac expected.
WLAN AP beam forming control achieves SDMA communication with diverse terminals.
A WLAN AP and terminals share the same radio frequency by TDMA.
WLAN AP
Single use MIMO (convertional) Multi-user MIMO (proposed)
- Cell throughput depends on the number of antennas of a terminal.
- Adopted to IEEE 802.11n, WiMAX, LTE, etc.
WLAN AP
TDMA(Time division multiple access)
Terminals Up to 6
Transmission streams Up to 6
Bandwidth Up to 80 MHz
Per-stream data rate(physical layer) Up to 270 Mbit/s
Total data rate(physical layer) Up to 1.62 Gbit/s
Data transmission rate Up to 1.37 Gbit/s
Server(content storage)
Terminals (6 in one case)Multi-user MIMO
transmission(6 terminals multiplexed)
Channel state information
WLAN access point
Video streaming
Simultaneous receiving of high volume
content
Data
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1 2 3 4 5 6
Up to 1.62 Gbit/s
Tota
l dat
a ra
te [G
bit/s
]
Number of Terminals
Without multi-user MIMO
With multi-user MIMO
UP
2
1
0
SDMA(Space division multiple access)
Compressed CSI feedback⇒ shorter overhead time
Beam forming control using recursive weight calculation ⇒ smaller circuit scale
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
Sustaining the growth of data traffic will require a more efficient and scalable opticaltransport platform for links of 100 Gbit/s and beyond. We devised a novel, spectrum-efficientand scalable optical transport network architecture, called the spectrum-sliced “elasticoptical path” network (SLICE), and demonstrated its feasibility. Conventional opticalnetworks allocate fixed bandwidth to every optical path regardless of its actual traffic volumeand path length on the basis of the worst-case design policy. In contrast, SLICE appliesadaptive spectrum allocation to an optical path according to the traffic volume and pathlength. Together with adaptive modulation format selection and elastic channel spacing,SLICE provides significant spectral resource savings; it would be a cost-effective means ofoptical transport in the coming 100 Tbit/s /fiber era.
■ Metro transport networks that support a per-channel capacity of 100 Gbit/s and beyond ina highly economical manner
■ Core transport networks that support a per-channel capacity of 100 Gbit/s and beyond in ahighly economical manner
■ Optical virtual private line service with a wide variety line rates
■ Adaptive spectral resource allocation to an optical path according to traffic demandand path length to achieve significant savings of network resources
■ Multi-rate, multi-reach (modulation format) optical transponders that generate thenecessary minimum spectral width
■ Bandwidth-variable ROADM*1s and WXC*2s that establish end-to-end elastic opticalpaths
■ Elastic channel spacing by using the frequency slot concept instead of the currentITU-T fixed frequency grid
■ A routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithm that accommodates varioustraffic demands in a spectrally efficient manner
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
*1 ROADM: Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer*2 WXC: Wavelength Cross-Connect
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories
Spectrally Efficient Elastic Optical Path Network (SLICE)Optical network, Spectral efficiency, Adaptive resource allocation
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Fig. 2. Spectral resource savings achieved by squeezing out stranded spectral resources that have not been fully utilized
400 Gbit/s(3 hops)
100 Gbit/s(3 hops)
CBA
Fig. 1. Concept of SLICE
PathA
PathB
PathC
f
f
Total spectral resource
Adaptive spectral allocation by slicing of the necessary spectral resource Elastic optical paths in SLICE
200 G 16 QAM 16 QAM
400 G400 G 100 G 400 G 100 G
1,000 km 200 km
ITU-T grid
ITU-T grid
Excess transmission margin
Elastic channel spacing
Flexible grid
Superchannel
100 G x 3 300 GUnnecessary guard bands
Unused client
bandwidth
f
f
f
f f
Excess channel-spacing
Excess transmission margin
node
100 Gbit/s(1 hop)
fiber
Copyright © 2011 NTT
NTT Research and Development 2011 Review of Activities
What’sHot in R&D Telecommunications Network Technologies
We have developed a system LSI that integrates the main functions of the 10 G-EPON (10-Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) on a single chip. It enables construction of anIEEE standard next-generation optical access network to which migration from the currentGE PON using the current optical distribution network is easy. It is a chipset whose maincomponents are a compact and inexpensive OLT*1 and ONU*2, which enable 10 Gbit/scommunication, 10 times as fast as even the FLET’S optical system that is currently inservice.
■ Increased speed and capacity of Internet services (for houses and condominiumbuildings)
■ Network services for corporations■ Mobile backhaul network
■ The OLT-LSI can accommodate both GE-PON ONU and 10 G-EPON ONU in the samesystem (handles dual rates)
■ The ONU-LSI provides two modes, 10 G symmetrical upward and downward, andasymmetrical 10 G down with 1 G up
■ Fast and efficient dynamic allocation of upward bandwidth by hardware and softwarecombination
■ Software sleep control reduces power consumption when the equipment is not beingused
■ VLAN*3 function allows flexible handling of diverse services
Overview
Features
Application scenarios
*1 OLT: Optical Line Terminal*2 ONU: Optical Network Unit*3 VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network
NTT Microsystem Integration Laboratories
10 G-EPON OLT and ONU LSIsOptical distribution system, 10 G-EPON, Network LSI
10 G-EPON ONULSI for
10 G-EPONONU
Ultra-high-speed
Internet
Multi-channel, high-definition
video transmission
Optical IP telephony
service
10 G-EPON OLTLSI for
10 G-EPONOLT
Customer
CustomerExisting optical fiber network
Optical Splitter
Existing1 G-ONU
NTT Building
1 Gsignal
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