TELEMETRY WIRELESS CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE

TELEMETRY WIRELESS CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE• Introduction

• Medical uses

• Electronics involved

• Working

• Advantages

INTRODUCTION

Endoscopy:•Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope, an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.

INTRODUCTION

Capsule Endoscopy: •Capsule endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine.

•The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera.

•After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.

•The primary use of capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of the small intestine that cannot be seen by other types of endoscopy.

INTRODUCTION

MEDICAL USES

• Unexplained bleeding,

• Unexplained iron deficiency,

• Unexplained abdominal pain,

• Polyps, ulcers and tumors of small intestine,

• Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease etc.

ELECTRONICS INVOLVED

The capsule is equipped with:

•Sensor interfaces,

•LED’s

•Camera lens,

•Signal conditioning,

•Microprocessor core,

•Digital signal processing (DSP) and

•Wireless transmission technology.

ELECTRONICS INVOLVED

• The major component of this device is a (2.6 cm x 1.1 cm in length and only 4 grams in weight) disposable capsule which contains a miniature metal oxide semiconductor imager, light emitting diode illuminators, and a transmitter with antenna.

• It is made of specially sealed biocompatible material that is resistant and impervious to the stomach acid.

• Microminiaturization has been facilitated by replacing the ordinarily power hungry charge coupled vision sensing semiconductors with lower power complementary metal oxide semiconductors.

ELECTRONICS INVOLVED

• Telemetry capsule includes transmitting and receiving antennas, a demodulator, decoder, four LEDs, and CMOS image sensor, along with their driving circuits.

WORKING

• The telemetric capsule system represents a wireless, cable-free endoscopic imaging device that is swallowed, and then travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

• It takes 50,000+ color images and transmits these colour images to a small recorder unit, located on a belt worn by the patient's waist using radiofrequency to receiving antennas.

• The images are then transferred to a data storage component worn on a belt pack. Several wires are placed on the abdomen like ECG leads and are connected to the worn data recorder.

• Computer software translates the images into a video, allowing gastroenterologists to see the entire length of the small intestine and making it easier for them to diagnose abnormalities.

WORKING

• The receiver demodulates the received signal radiated from the external control unit.

• Next, the decoder receives the stream of control signals and interprets five of the binary digits as an address code.

• Thereafter, the remaining signal is interpreted as four bits of binary data.

• Consequently, the proposed telemetry module can demodulate external signals so as to control the behavior of the camera and four LEDs during the transmission of video images.

WORKING

• The capsule sends digitized information via radio link to the body mounted antenna pickups connected to the belt mounted data recorder.

• The proposed telemetry capsule can simultaneously transmit a video signal and receive a control signal determining the behavior of the capsule itself.

WORKING

• After the capsule has traversed the colon, the patient returns the data recorder to the physician's office where it is connected to its workstation computer then the data are downloaded, viewed and analyzed then transformed into a digital movie for interpretation by the physician.

• The data are processed into a visual format of still photos and streaming video presented with time and location information.

ADVANTAGES

• Improved imaging of small intestine,

• Replaces traditional endoscopy which is a long and thick tube,

• Small in size,

• Yields from 38 to 83%,

• Reduces risk of retention.