temporal structure in phonology 1. introduc8on...pep σσ camp σ keep σ *keemp 2. phonotac8cs in...

TemporalStructureinPhonology

RachelWalkerUniversityofSouthernCalifornia

MITFebruary24,2017

1.Introduc8on

1.Introduc8on

Segmentalrepresenta8on•  Encodesspa$alandtemporaldimensions.

–  Spa8al:howandwhereconstricConsareformedinthevocaltract.

–  Temporal:sequencing,simultaneity,andparCaloverlapofconstricConacCons.

Ques8ons:•  Whatkindsofsegmentalandsub-segmentaltemporalrela$onsare

neededinphonologicalrepresentaCon?•  Iftemporalstructureisenriched,whataretheconsequencesfor

hierarchicalstructurebelowthesyllable,suchas–  Segmentsandtheirinternalstructure–  Whatgivesrisetoweightunits?

1.Introduc8on

Classicrootandfeaturebasedapproach

Root|[F]

•  PhonologicalfeaturesarelocusofspaCalstructure•  Rootnodesarelocusoftemporalstructure

Temporalorganiza8onisarela8onamongroots,notfeatures.

Temporal:Sequencing,overlap

Spa8al:ConstricConformaCon

1.Introduc8on

Classicview:Segmentstructure

•  Temporaldimension:Classicroot-basedapproach–  Eachsegmenthasarootnode.–  Linearsequenceofrootsprovidesframefortemporalsequencingoffeatures.

–  Withinasinglerootnode,featuresarenotordered.(e.g.Goldsmith1976,Clements1985,Sagey1986,Lombardi1990)

[p] [æ] [t]RootRoot Root

[-voi][Lab][+voi] [-voi][Cor]

ParCalrepresentaConforpat

1.Introduc8on

Classicview:Weight

•  Weightdimension:Moraicapproach–  Morasrepresentunitsofweightinasyllable.–  Rootnodesmaybeorganizedundermorastosignifyasegment’sweightcontribuCon.

–  Segmentsthatarenotweight-contribuCngarenotdominatedbyamora(ortheyshareamora).(Hyman1985,McCarthy&Prince1986etseq.,Hayes1989)

σ

µ µ

•••• (rootnodes) [k][l][æ][m] (IPAsymbolsstandforfeatures)

Moraicstructureforclam

1.Introduc8on

Goalsforthistalk

•  MoCvatericherunderstandingoftemporalrela$onsamongsub-segmentalelements.–  Evidencefrompar8alsegmentalbehaviorintemporaldimension.•  CasestudyofphonotacCcpaaernsinvolvingrhoCcsinGeneralAmericanEnglish.

–  InformedbyresearchonCmingofconstricCondeploymentandnewarCculatorydataonspaCalcharacterisCcsofrhoCcs.

•  ProvidemeansforunderstandingsequenCaltemporalrelaConsintherimeasapotenCalsourceofweight.

•  PursueimplicaConsforhierarchicalstructurewithinthesyllable.–  Eliminaterootnodes

Roadmap

Sec.2.PhonotacCcsinvolvingrhoCcsinGeneralAmericanEnglish

Sec.3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/

Sec.4.Real-CmeMRIdata

Sec.5.AnalysisoftemporalstructureandimplicaCons

Sec.6.AlternaCvesandclosing

2.Phonotac8csInvolvingRho8csinEnglishRimes

2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes

•  GeneralAmericanEnglish(GenAm):TypifiedbyrhoCcEnglishvarieCesspokeninregionsofU.S.midwestandwestU.S(Wells1982).

•  TrimoraicmaximumforGenAmword-finalsyllables(Hammond1999,Hall2001,2002).

•  GenAmtense/laxdisCncConcorrespondstoaquan8tydis8nc8on.–  TenseVsand“true”diphthongsare2µs–  LaxVsare1µ(Halle&Mohanan1985,Hammond1997)

•  CodaCsare1µ.

µµ µµµ µµµ µµµµ*

pɛp kæmp kiːp kiːmp

pep camp keep *keempσ σ σ σ


Specialstatusoffinalcoronalobstruents.•  Finalcoronalobstruentscanbenon-moraicinasyllableappendix

(Sherer1994).•  ‘Complexcoda’refersheretocodaswithoutafinalcoronal

obstruent.

µµµ

glɪmps

glimpse σ


GenAmsyllabletemplatepredic8ons:Onlylaxvowelsbeforeacomplexcoda.•  IllustraConwith[m]and[l];generallytrueofmostcodaCs

PronunciaConsarerHammond(1999)andCMUPronouncingDicConary(Weide1995witheditsbyHayes).WordsappearinginmulCplecellsarereportedashavingvariants.Note:/eː/,/oː/realizedas[eɪ],[oʊ]


•  Notense/laxvowelcontrastbeforesimplecoda/ɹ/.•  Diphthongsaaestedbeforesimplecoda/ɹ/,butnotɹCcoda.•  Only[ɑ]and[ɔ]beforeɹCcoda.

AssumpCon:wordslikeperkcontainalongrhoCcvowelorsyllabic[ɹ]ratherthanaVɹsequence(Ladefoged&Maddieson1996).


•  NeutralizaConoftense/laxcontrastbefore/ɹ/suggestscoda/ɹ/isbimoraic.

•  Impliesthatvowelsinneutralizingcontextsareshort(lax).

•  Butifcoda/ɹ/isbimoraic1.  WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not

exceedthesyllabletemplate?2.  Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?3.  Whyaresyllableswithadiphthongplussimple/ɹ/coda

acceptable?(e.g.fire,hour)

3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/


Overview:Ar8culatoryreasonsforbimoraic/ɹ/

1.   Coda/ɹ/inGenAminvolvesasequenceoftwolingualconstric8ons•  Coronal:Tonguebodyraising•  Pharyngeal:TonguerootretracCon

(Delaare&Freeman1968,Zawadzki&Kuehn1980,McMahonetal.1994,Gick1999,Gicketal.2002,Campbelletal.2010)

•  PharyngealconstricConprecedescoronalconstricConincoda.(Campbelletal.2010onNorthAmEnglish/ɹ;/Gicketal.2006onMandarin(/ɹ/)


Overview:Ar8culatoryreasonsforbimoraic/ɹ/

2./ɹ/inGenAmhashighcoar8culatorydominance•  Coar8culatorydominance=degreeofcoarCculatoryresistanceand

aggressivenessofasegment.(Recasensetal.1997,Recasens&Rodriguez2016)

•  AconsonantwithhighercoarCculatorydominancehasgreatereffectonaneighboringvowel.

•  TopreservecontrastsinqualityofaneighboringV,/ɹ/’slingualarCculaConsarephonologicallyorganizedinsequencetoanon-retractedvowelratherthanoverlappingit.(Walker&Proctor2013,Walkeretal.2016)

Root-basedtemporalstructure•  Ifrootsarethebasisfor

temporalstructureoversub-segments,andeachsegmenthasasingleroot,within-segmentorderingoverspaCalelementsisnotpredicted.

•  Ex:tradiConalfeature-geometricrepresentaConofarhoCcdoesnotrepresentsequencingofitssub-segments.(SeealsoScobbie&Pouplier2010)


FromWalshDickey1997


Phonologicalrepresenta8onfi[ngwithcharacteris8csof/ɹ/•  Gesturesaresub-segmentalphonologicalunitsspecifiedfor

–  ArCculator(e.g.lips,tongue8p,tonguebody,velum)–  GoalarCculatorystate(e.g.lipclosure,tongue8pclosureatalveolarridge,openvelum)

–  Blendingstrength(correlateswithcoarCculatorydominance)(Browman&Goldstein1986etseq.,Saltzman&Munhall1989,extensionsingeneraCvephonologyby).

•  Temporalstructure:TwotemporalrelaConsforgestures–  Synchronous:Simultaneousonsetofgestures–  Sequen8al:Onsetoffollowinggesturesequencedwithreleaseoroffsetofprecedinggesture.


Gesturesinphonologicalgrammar•  Temporalstructureovergesturesisconstrainedbygrammar.•  ImplementaConusingOTconstraints.

(Gafos1996/1999,2002,Hall2003,Davidson2003,Tejada2012,Smith2016a,b,inprep.,Walker&Proctorinprep.)

Codaweight•  Amoramaybeassignedforeachgesturesequencedarerahead

vowelgestureinasyllable(=WEIGHT-BY-POSITION).(Browman&Goldstein2000,Nam2007;onconceptofVandCheadgesturesseeGafos2002andSmithinprep.)


LinkbetweenmorasandgesturesequencinginGenAm/ɹ/•  SequenCallingualconstricCons(pharyngeal>coronal)incoda/ɹ/

executedovertwomoras.•  PredictsneutralizaConofVquanCtydisCncConinrimeswith/ɹ/.

/ɪɹ/ear

ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB

µ µµKey:Sub-segments•  ɪ-TB=tonguebody

constricConof[ɪ]•  /ɹ/-phar=tongueroot

retracConof/ɹ/•  /ɹ/-cor=tonguebody

raisingof/ɹ/Dashedarrowrepresentssequen8alrela8on


Summingup:GesturalphonologyapproachenablesimplementaConofinsightsaboutthesequenCalproducConofbimoraic/ɹ/inGenAm,anditsneutralizingeffectonquanCty(tense/lax)contrastinaprecedingvowel.

4.Real-8meMRIStudy

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Someofourques8onsIfcoda/ɹ/isbimoraic1.  WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not

exceedthesyllabletemplate?2.  Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Real-8meMRItechnique(Narayananetal.2004)

•  EnCrevocaltractimagedinmidsagiaalplane.

•  Newcompleteimageacquiredevery80msec,reconstructedas23.2frame/secvideo(Breschetal.2008).

•  Synchronizednoise-reducedspeechaudiorecording(Breschetal.2006).

hap://sail.usc.edu/span/

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Ar8culatoryspeechproduc8onstudy•  Aim:InvesCgatetongueshapeduringrhoCcsandvowels.•  FournaCveGenAmspeakers(3F,1M;pilotwith3M).

S8muli•  CVCwords:/ɹ/inonsetorcoda,non-liquidCsarelabial/labiodental

Exx:reap,rip,beer,bare,rob,bar•  AllphonotacCcallypossiblevocalicenvironments

•  RealwordsofEnglishwherepossible

•  Targetwordselicited5CmesinisolaCon(reps2-4analyzed)

[SCmuliwith/l/andwithliquidsinaddiConalcontextsalsoacquired–analysisinprogress.]

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Vocaltractoutline•  Superimposedvocaltract

outlinegeneratedbyalgorithmthatautomaCcallyidenCfiesair-Cssueboundaries

•  ManualcorrecConwhereneeded.

•  Outlineandsemi-polaranalysisgrid(bluelines)formbasisforanalysisofarCculaCons.

(Proctoretal.2010)

5

10

15

20

25

3035

Palate

Trachea

Glottis

Velum

Imageframeatonsetofclosurefor/ɹ/in[ɑɹɑ](pilotsubject).

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

ArCculatorytrackingdemo

Iden8fica8onofar8culatorylandmarks•  Targetframeshand-idenCfied

byanalystsineachuaerance.•  Vocalictarget:Timepointwith

maximallystabletonguedorsumattargetposture.

•  Rho8ctarget:TimepointwithmaximallystablerhoCcpostureinacousCcintervalforconsonant.

4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Lips Pharynx

pool

Vtarget(green)andCtarget(blue)(meanof3uaerances)

5

10

15

20

25

3035

Palate

Trachea

Glottis

Velum

pill

Vocaltractoutlines

30

beer bare boor

bar bore

4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F1

beer bare boor

bar bore

4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–M1

beer bare boor

bar bore

Someerrorsinedgetrackingremaintobecorrectedhere

4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F2

beer bare boor

bar

4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F3 4.Real-8meMRIstudy

Summary

•  Lessdifferenceintonguerootstricturein[ɑɹ]and[ɔɹ]rimesrelaCvetootherVɹsequences.

•  Amongperipheralvowels,pharyngealconstricConforcoda/ɹ/mostcloselyapproximatesthatofnon-highretracted[ɑ,ɔ].

4.Real-8meMRIstudy:Connec8onstoothervarie8es

Affini8esbetween/ɹ/andnon-high,non-frontVs•  Intrusive‘r’arer[ɑ,ɔ,ə]inmanynon-rhoCcdialectsofEnglish.•  [j]or[w]insertedarerhighvowels.

[ɹ] thelawis [lɔːɹɪz] thespais [spɑːɹɪz][j] thekeyis [kiːjɪz] thepayis [peɪːjɪz][w] thezoois [zuːwɪz] theshowis [ʃəʊːwɪz]DatafromUffmann(2007).Onintrusive/ɹ/seeWells(1982),McMahonetal.(1994)andKrämer(2008);seeGick(1999)foranarCculatorystudyandgesturalanalysisofliquidepenthesis.

•  OldEnglish‘r’beforeaChasaposiConallydeterminedreducConto“an[a]-likevocalizedr”(Howell1991:53).

5.AnalysisofTemporalStructure

5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure

Proposal1:Temporalstructureinrimeswith/ɹ/•  Temporalstructureinrimeswith/ɹ/issensi8vetovowelquality.•  PharyngealconstricConof/ɹ/substan8allyoverlapswith

constricConformaConofhighlysimilarvowels/ɑ,ɔ,(ə)/.•  Suchoverlapdoesnotoccurforotherperipheralvowels,which

involveconsiderablydisCnctlingualshaping.–  HighcoarCculatorydominanceof/ɹ/preventsitsoverlapwithconsiderablydisCnctvowels,whilemaintainingvowelqualitydisCncCons.

Proposal2:Moraiccontribu8onof/ɹ/•  Coda/ɹ/variablymapstooneortwomoras,dependingonthe

degreetowhichitcanoverlapwiththenuclearvowel.


Recall•  NeutralizaConoftense/laxcontrastbefore/ɹ/suggeststhat

coda/ɹ/isbimoraic,causingaprecedingVtobeshort.

[ɪɹ]µµµear

ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB

µ µµ

*[iːɹ]µµµµ

*[ɪɹk]µµµµ

ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB

µ µµ

ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB

µ µµµ

k-dor

µ


Ques8ons1.  WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not

exceedthesyllabletemplate?2.  Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?3.  Whyaresyllableswithadiphthongplussimple/ɹ/coda

acceptable?(e.g.fire,hour)

•  Insightgainedfromcomparingtemporalstructureofsyllableswithcoda/l/,whichpermitaricherrangeofvowelcontrasts.


WEIGHT-BY-POSITION:Amoraisassignedforeachgesturesequencedareraheadvowelgestureinasyllable.Temporalstructureofcoda/l/•  DorsalretracConprecedesCoronaltongueCpraising.

(e.g.Sproat&Fujimura1993,Browman&Goldstein1995,Krakow1999,Gick2003)

•  CoarCculatorydominanceofGenAm[l]<[ɹ](encodedinblendingstrength).LessercoarCculatoryeffectof/l/onaprecedingV.

•  Hence,V-TBandl-dorcanoverlapandarenotsequenced.Offsetofeachiscoordinatedtoonsetofl-cor,so/l/addsonly1µ.

[ɪl]µµill

l-corl-dorɪ-TB

µ µKey:Sub-segments•  ɪ-TB=tonguebody

constricConof[ɪ]•  /l/-dor=tonguebody

retracConof/l/•  /l/-cor=tongueCp

raisingof/l/


•  Longvowelsarealsopossiblewithcoda/l/,asarelaxvowelsbeforeacomplexlCcoda.

/iːl/µµµeel

/ɪlk/µµµilk

l-corl-dorɪ-TB

µµ µ

l-corl-dorɪ-TB

µ µ

k-dor

µ


Proposal:Specialstatusof[ɑɹ]and[ɔɹ]

•  LikethetemporalorganizaConofcoda/l/,thelingualretracCongestureof/ɹ/canoverlap/ɑ/and/ɔ/.–  /ɹ/doesnotinterfereinaneutralizingfashionwitharCculaConof/ɑ/and/ɔ/,duetosimilarityintheirlingualretracCon.

•  Asaresult,coda/ɹ/addsonly1µtoasyllablewith/ɑ/or/ɔ/.

[ɑɹ]µµare

ɹ-corɹ-pharɑ-phar

µ µ

/ɑɹk/µµµark

ɹ-corɹ-pharɑ-phar

µ µ

k-dor

µ


Diphthongsbeforecoda/ɹ/•  Rimeswitha“true”diphthong([ɑɪ],[ɑʊ])and/ɹ/expectedto

contain4µ.

•  Infact,speakerstendtoratewordslikefireandhouras1.5or2syllablesinlength(Lavoie&Cohn1999,Cohn2003,Cohn&Tilsen2015).

•  Other(C)Vɹsequencesusuallyjudgedasonesyllable–  Exx:peer,pear,par,pour–  Vsthatarelaxorlacktense/laxcontrastinthiscontextplus/ɹ/

•  BimoraicrepresentaConof/ɹ/isconsistentwiththesepaaerns.–  fire,hourwouldhaveanextramora.(asproposedbyLavoie&Cohn1999,Cohn2003).

–  Monophthongs+/ɹ/couldconformwith3µstructure.

•  Monophthongvariantsbefore/ɹ/inAmericanmidlandregions–  fire[fɑɹ],tower[tar]or[tɑɹ](Wells1982).


Overlongsyllableswithcoda/l/•  Somesyllableswithcoda/l/canalsoberatedas1.5or2syllables

–  Exx:peel,pale,pool,pile,owl,foil–  LongVsanddiphthongsplus/l/

•  Other(C)Vlsequencesusuallyjudgedasonesyllable–  Exx:pill,bell,pal,pol,hull,pole,paul–  Vsthatarelaxorlackatense/laxcontrastplus/l/

•  Inwordsratedas1.5–2syllables,/l/behavesaspoten8allycontribu8ng2µ.


Connec8ontocomplextemporalstructureof/l/

•  Coda/l/inGenAminvolvesasequenceofadorsalgesturefollowedbyacoronalgesture.

•  Yetcoda/l/usuallycontributes1µ,becauseitsweakerlevelofcoarCculatorydominanceenablesl-dortooverlapprecedingV.

•  Incontextswhere/l/appearstopotenCallycontribute2µ,thenuclearvowelisorcanbediphthongal,forsomeVsasarealizaConofdisCncCvelength:–  [ij],[uw],[eɪ],[ɑɪ],[ɑʊ],[ɔɪ]

•  GlideporConofdiphthongcouldbeantagonisCctodorsalgestureof/l/,prevenCngoverlap.–  AntagonisminconstricCondegree,andfor[ɪ]/[j],inlocaConofconstricCon.

5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure:Summary

Temporalstructureforcoda/ɹ/

•  Within/ɹ/:ɹ-phar>ɹ-cor

•  Vandɹ-cor:V-TB>ɹ-cor

•  Vandɹ-phar:CoordinaConofVandɹ-pharisvariable;dependsonsimilarity.(ForOTanalysis:Seeappendix.)

Temporalstructureforcoda/l/

•  Within/l/:l-dor>l-cor

•  Vandl-cor:V-TB>l-cor

•  Vandl-dor:CoordinaConofVandl-dorissomewhatvariable.Generally,l-dormayoverlapprecedingV,butitcanbecoordinatedinsequencetoaglide-finaldiphthong.

5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure:Summary

Moraicstructure•  Vowelgesturespecifiedforoneortwomoras(shortorlong)•  EachgesturesequencedarerV’sheadgestureinrimegivesrisetoa

mora.Temporalrela8onsinvolvepar8alsegmentbehavior•  Gesturesequencingwithinasegment•  Cruciallackofsequencingofsomegesturesacrosssegments

Rela8onbetweengesturalsequencingandmorasNewclaim:Weightbyposi8oniscruciallynon-segmental

•  Gesturesequencingwithinasegmentcangiverisetoaµ(asincaseofɹ-phar>ɹ-corinawordlikebeer).

•  ParCaloverlapofsegmentsduetolackofsequencingofsomegesturesmaynotgiverisetoaµ(ɑ-phar,ɹ-pharinawordlikebar).

5.2Implica8onsforsegments

Recall:Classicsub-syllabichierarchicalstructure

(µ) |Root |[F]

Temporal:sequencing,overlap

Spa8al:constricConformaCon

Weight:length,weightcontribuCon


Wheretemporalstructureresides•  AccountofphonotacCcspresentedinthistalkreliesontemporal

rela8onsatgesturallevel,notsegmentallevel.•  Temporalroleofrootnodeinsufficientandobviated.Shortcomings

involvetemporalstructuredeployedoverpartofasegment.

ProposalEmployagestureset-basedapproachtosegment-hood

EliminaterootnodeInspiredbyset-basedapproachtofeatureclasses(Padgea2002)andotherworkthatreducessegmentalhierarchicalstructure(e.g.Steriade1988,Hayes1990).


Setsasanapproachtopar8algroupbehavior•  ParCalfeatureclassbehaviorinTurkish(Padgea2002).•  ClassofColorfeatures([back],[round])spreadsinvowelharmony.

–  AllmembersofclassspreadwhentargetVishigh.–  Only[back]spreadswhentargetVisnon-high.–  Spreadingof[+round]toanon-highvowelisblockedbyageneralprohibiConinTurkishnaCveformson[o,ø]inanon-iniCalsyllable.

Stem Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Glossip ip-in ip-ler ‘rope’kɨz kɨz-ɨn kɨz-lar ‘girl’jyz jyz-yn jyz-ler ‘face’pul pul-un pul-lar ‘stamp’

Hightarget Nonhightarget


•  Failureofnode-basedapproachtoparCalfeatureclassbehavior:

•  Set-basedapproachtoparCalfeatureclassbehavior–  FeatureclassColor=def{[back],[round]}–  SPREAD(Color):

•  Forallfeaturesf∈Colorinaprosodicword,iffislinkedtoanysegment,itislinkedtoallsegments.

•  Foreachf∈Colorintheword,aviolaConisassignedforeverysegmenttowhichthatfeatureisnotlinked.

pul-un

Color

[+back] [+round]

*pul-lor

Color

[+back] [+round]

*pul-ler

Color

[+back] [+round]


•  Reduc8onofhierarchicalstructure–  “Boale-brush”structure;nofeature-geometricnodes.

–  In[pul-lun],allfeaturesofColorclasscanspread.–  In[pul-lar],onlybackfeatureofColorclasscanspread(duetoprohibiCononnon-iniCal[o]).

–  SPREAD(Color)favorsthemaximalspreadingofColorfeaturespossible,whilerespecCngprohibiCononnon-iniCal[o],favoring[pul-lar]over*[pul-ler]

[+back] [+round]

Root

[-nasal][+son]

[+voice][+high]


Proposal:Segmentsasgesturesets•  Takeset-basedapproachtopar8alsegmentbehavior.

–  Eachsegmentcomposedofasetofgestures,norootnode.(PossibilityconsideredbyPadgea2002:98-99)

•  Inputcontainslinearorderovergesturesets.

•  Outputrepresentstemporalcoordina8onrela8onsovergestures(synchronous,sequenCal)withinandacrosssegmentalsets.–  Enforcedbyphonologicalgrammar.–  TemporalcoordinaConowingtoinputlinearorderovergesturesetsisviolable,withaviolaConcomputedforeachgestureintheset.

–  AllowsparCalsegmentbehaviorintemporaldimension.(cf.Byrd1996,Byrdetal.2009onsegmentsasgesturalmolecules)


/bɪn/bin Input:

Output:

1{labialclosure}i

2{TBpalatalnarrow}j

3{TTalveolarclosure,

velumopen}k

/bɪɹ/beer

Input:

Output:

TTalvclokvelopenk

TBpalnarj

labcloi

µ µSolidline=synchronous

Dashedarrow=sequenced

1{labialclosure}i

2{TBpalatalnarrow}j

3{TRretracted,TBraised}k

TRretrkTBpalnarj

labcloi

µ µ

TBraisk

µ


Nextsteps•  Considerothersegment-basedphenomenainlightofset-based

approachExx:DeleCon,inserCon,metathesis–  Constraintsdrivingthesephenomenawouldtargetsegmentsetsofgestures.

–  Full-segmentalbehaviorrepresentsfullenforcementofrelevantconstraints.

–  ParCal-segmentalbehavioralsopredicted;possiblyphenomenalikedebuccalizaCon,featuralmigraCon

–  Perhapssomephenomenapreviouslyanalyzedassegmentalcouldbeanalyzedasinvolvingsinglegestures,suchasepentheCcgloaalstopsandfricaCves.

6.Alterna8vesandClosing

6.1Alterna8ves

One-root,onetemporalnode•  Segmentrootisclassiclevelforsequencingofsub-segments.

(Clements&Hume1995;seeSagey1986,1988,Hammond1988fordiscussionoffeatureCming).

•  FallsshortforrepresenCngintra-segmentalphonologicalsequencing.

Node-basedintra-segmentalsequencing•  Variousproposalshavebeenmadetoobtainwithin-segment

sequencingofsub-segmentsviaasequenceofstructuralnodes.–  Two-rootContours(Clements1987,Piggoa1988,Rosenthall1988).

–  ApertureTheory:SequencesofapertureposiCons(closureandrelease)instops(Steriade1992,1993a,b,1994).

–  Q-theory:SegmentsastriparCtesequencesofquanCzedsubsegments(Shih&Inkelas2014,Inkelas&Shihtoappear).

6.1Alterna8ves

Node-basedintra-segmentalsequencing

•  ProblemspresentedbyparCalsegmentbehaviorinvolvingcodaliquidphonotacCcs:–  SegmentsthatareparCallyoverlappedandparCallysequencedwithanothersegment

–  ComputaConofweight-by-posiCon

•  Issuesillustratedherewithtwo-rootapproach.

6.1Alterna8ves:Two-rootapproach

•  Two-rootanalysisemploysasequenceoftworootnodesunderasingleskeletalposiCon.

•  Thisapproachcanrepresenttemporalorderinginternaltoasegment.

•  Appliedto/ɹ/and/l/inGenAmcodas:

x

root root

[Pharyngeal] [Coronal]

[ɹ]x

root root

[Dorsal] [Coronal]

[l]


•  Capitalizingonitssegment-internalsequencing,thebimoraiccharacterof/ɹ/wouldbeaaributedtoitstwo-rootstructure.

•  However,tyingmoraicstructuretosequencedrootnodesintherimeoverpredictsbimoraicity.

•  FaultypredicConsaboutsomerimeswithacodaliquid.

–  Whydoes/ɹ/notpapernasbimoraicfollowing/ɑ/and/ɔ/?–  Whydoes/l/notusuallypapernasbimoraic?


•  Whetherskeletalslots,rootsorsomeothernodeidenCfiessegments,spa8alelementsareorderedacrosssegments.

•  FailstorepresentoverlapbetweenVandpharyngealsub-segmentofcoda/ɹ/,andlikewisebetweenVanddorsalsub-segmentof/l/,wherenon-sequencedsub-segmentsbelongtoseparatesegments.

x

root

[RTR]

/ɑ/x

root root


/ɹ/> [RTR]of/ɑ/representedas

preceding[Phar]of/ɹ/:Predictsbimoraic[ɹ]

(andsimilarly,bimoraic/l/)


•  Autosegmentalspreadingcanrepresentakindofsub-segmentaloverlapinaroot-centeredapproach.

•  Spreadingrepresentsthatasub-segmentiscoextensivewithassociatedrootnodes.

•  Butspreadingacrosssegmentsdoesnotaltertheroot-nodecount,andthereforeisnotpredictedtoaffectthecomputaConofweight.

x

root

[RTR]

/ɑ/x

root root


/ɹ/Spreading

[Pharyngeal]fromtwo-root/ɹ/predictsitwillremainbimoraic

6.1Alterna8ves:Sonority-basedmoraicity

•  SonorantcodaCscanbemoraicinsomelanguages,incontrasttoobstruents.

•  Analyzedwithconstraintrequiringaµtodominate[+son](Zec1995).•  CouldperhapsbeadaptedtoGenAmrhoCcstoenforcebimoraicity

overcoda/ɹ/,asthemostsonorantcodasegment.

Problems•  Empirical:FailstopredictthatmoraiccontribuConof/ɹ/willbe

sensiCvetoprecedingvowel–  Expectbimoraic/ɹ/following/ɑ/and/ɔ/.

•  Conceptual:MissesconnecContosequencingoflingualconstricConsincoda/ɹ/.–  Notclearwhycoda/ɹ/mustbebimoraic,whilevariousmoresonorantvocalicsegmentscanbemono-moraic.

6.2Closing:Represen8ngtemporalstructure

•  Phonotac8csinvolvingtemporallycomplexcodaliquidsmoCvaterepresenCngtemporalstructureatlevelofsub-segments.–  TwobasictemporalrelaCons:synchronous,sequenCal–  FitswithgesturesasrepresentaConofsub-segmentalunits

•  RootnodeaslocusoftemporalstructurefailstomakeappropriatepredicConsabouttemporalcoordinaConandcontext-dependentmoraicityofsegmentswithsequenCalsub-segments.

•  Par8alsegmentbehaviorwithrespecttotemporalorganizaConofsub-segmentswithinandacrosssegmentscanbeaddressedbyrepresenCngsegmentsasgesturalsets,ratherthannode-based.

•  Moraicstructureinducedthroughweight-by-posiConisunderstoodasbasedonsequencingamongsub-segments,notacountoverrootnodes,orsomeotherstructuralslots.

Thankyou

Collaborators

Shri Narayanan USC

Caitlin SmithUSC

Mike ProctorMacquarie

Tünde Szalay Macquarie

Ewald EnzingerMacquarie

Louis GoldsteinUSC

Appendix

SketchofOTanalysisoftemporalstructureofrimeswith/ɹ/(Forfullerdetails,seehandoutsfrommini-course)

•  SensiCvetoqualityofnuclearvowel

Constraints•  3µ

AssignaviolaContoeverysyllablewithmorethan3moras(Hammond1999,Hall2001,2002)

•  SEQ-VɹAssignaviolaConforanylingualretracCongestureof/ɹ/thatisnotinasequenCaltemporalrelaConwithanimmediatelyprecedingnon-retractedheadvowelgesture.

•  Weight-by-Posi8onAssignaviolaContoeverygestureinasyllablethatlacksanassociatedmorathatissequenceddirectlyorbytransiCvityareraheadvowelgesture.

Appendix

/iː1ɹ2/eari-TB1µµɹ-cor2ɹ-phar2(=TBµµPalNar1TBRais2TRRetr2)

3µ WBP SEQ-Vɹ MAX-µ

a.!µµµ[ɪɹː]|||i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor

*

b.µµµµ[iːɹː]\/||i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor

*!

c.µµµ[iːɹ]\/|i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor

*!

d.µµµ[iɹːɹ]\/|i-TBɹ-corɹ-phar

*!

Trimoraicstructureforan[ɪɹ]rime:Bimoraic/ɹ/andenforcedshortV

Appendix

/ɑ1ɹ2k3/arkɑ-phar1ɹ-cor2ɹ-phar2k-dor3(={TRretr1}{TBRais2TRRetr2}{TBVelClo3})

3µ MAX-SEG

SEQ-Vɹ MAX-µ

a.!µµµ[ɑɹk]|||ɑ-pharɹ-cork-dorɹ-pharb.µµµµ[ɑɹːk]||||ɑ-pharɹ-pharɹ-cork-dor

*!

c.µµµ[ɑɹː]|||ɑ-pharɹ-pharɹ-cor

*!

Trimoraicstructureforan[ɑɹk]rime:/ɹ/addsjustoneµ

temporal structure in phonology 1. introduc8on...pep σσ camp σ keep σ *keemp 2. phonotac8cs in...

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