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Tenement Buildings in the 19th

century

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Meaning of the words "tenement" and

"apartmenthouses"

is a type of multilevel building that existed inEurope and in the Ancient Rome consisting of

a great number of smaller or bigger flats

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Forerunners of the tenements built in

the 19th century

Derived from the latin word insulae which was

a concept of a block of grouped, but separate

buildings, or a single structure in Ancient

Rome and Ostia

Insulaewere in fact tenement buildings for

the labouring class

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Starting with the 15thcentury , In Europe, we

find interesting remnants of tenement

buildings in :

-Lubeck (Northern Germany)-der Fuggerei , which is the oldest

continuous social settlement

-Edinborough

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Lubeck Gange

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Der Fuggerei

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19thcentury tenement buildings

Industrialization and the explosion of immigration

brought a mass movement of people to the cities

which led to overcrowding and the introduction oftenement housing

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Shortcomings of the rapid growth of tenement

buildings:

Unsanitary rental structures

Epidemic diseases such as diphtheria, typhoid,

cholera, smallpox,yellow fever

Cramped, poorly lit and lacked indoor plumbing

and proper ventilation

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According to the Tenement House Report of

1900, out of 3,437,202 people living in New

York City, 2,372,079 lived in tenementhousing.

In United States double-decker or dumb-

bell buildings were front and rear tenementbuildings that were joined by narrow

passageways

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The land-plot for the building was 25 feet

wide by 100 feet deep and the building it-self

was 25 feet wide and 90 feet deep. Ten feet

was left bare in the back of the building so

that the back rooms would receive some light.

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12 adults slept on the floor and infant death

rate was 1:10 which lead to a reform

Consequences of bad quality housing:

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The consequences of the epidemic diseases

among the working class determined the

philanthropic bourgeois to make noble efforts

on behalf of the health of their workers.

Societies were founded, books were written,laws debated and passed, in order to close the

sources of the ever-recurring epidemics. The

housing conditions were examined andattempts of remedy were made.

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In Europe, Edwin Chadwick called Berlin the

"most foul-smelling, dirtiest and most

pestilent" capital in the civilized world in 1872,

declaring that its citizens could be "recognized

by the smell of their clothes."

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Many apartments in the Wilhelmian Ring were very

small, only one room and a kitchen. Also, apartmentswere laid out with their rooms reached via a commoninternal corridor, which even the Berlin Architects'Association recognized was unhealthy and detrimentalto family life.

Sanitation was inadequate: in a survey of one area in1962, only 15 percent of apartments had both a toiletand a bath or shower; 19 percent had only a toilet, and66 percent shared staircase toilets. Heating wasprovided by stoves burning charcoal briquettes.

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A young woman at a communal sink in a backcourt 1925. The door behind her appearsto be that of the toilet. Outside toilets were a common feature of Govan tenements

until the late 19th century. Subsequently tenements were built with or renovated to

include a shared water closet on each stair landing. Refuse can be seen piled up in the

"midgie" (midden) at the back of the courtyard.

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The starting point of tenement building in

Budapest was at the end of 18th century,

between 1788-1790. In this time period there

were built mainly two types of tenements:

small tenements and close courtyard

buildings with an 80% built area.

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The building height limits were defined in relationto the streets width with the height-to-widthratio established as of 25:15 meters. The lot sizewas approximately 250 m2, out of which 15%, or20% in case of the five-story buildings, consistedthe courtyard. Therefore, the courtyardtenement became the main dwelling type. Theland speculation led to an exploitation which

resulted into taller buildings with smallercourtyards.

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Thank you!