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TENNESSEE HISTORICAL QUARTERLY CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ARTICLES

1962-1981 March, 1962 Shiloh National Military Park (pp 3-18) By Bernard T. Campbell Campbell summarizes the Shiloh battle and traces the movement to establish a military park there that started with a Union veterans’ group visit in 1893. By April 1895 the new commission to direct development of the park was on-site. He looks at the work of D.W. Reed and DeLong Rice and their administrations, the develop of the park into the early 1900s, New Deal activities including the CCC, and new interpretation facilities and a movie created for the Civil War Centennial. Braxton Bragg at Shiloh (pp 19-30) By Grady McWhiney Historians agree that Shiloh was a decisive battle but disagree on why the Southern forces failed to defeat their Federal opponents. An analysis of Braxton Bragg’s role may offer another view of some of the evidence and issues of the Confederate campaign. McWhiney finds Bragg gave a talented performance as Albert Sidney Johnston’s chief of staff and that Bragg had no reason to blame himself for the defeat at Shiloh. The Armstrong Raid Including the Battles of Boliver, Medon Station and Britton Lane (pp 31-46) By Harbert L. Rice Alexander Frank C. Armstrong was a brigadier general in the Confederate army, serving under Sterling Price who in 1862 commanded the Army of the West at Tupelo, Mississippi. Armstrong was placed in charge of organizing the cavalry as part of an effort to drive Buell’s Union army out of Kentucky and Tennessee. Armstrong, then a U.S. Army captain, served with the Union at the first Battle of Manassas, but then joined the CSA. Alexander documents Armstrong’s raid into West Tennessee in late August-early September 1862. Although Armstrong’s forces accomplished their mission in that they diverted Grant from sending further reinforcements to Buell, militarily speaking Armstrong was outmaneuvered by smaller forces and showed a basic lack of knowledge on tactics. But in later years he would be a trusted leader under Forrest. Unconditional Surrender: The Fall of Fort Donelson [Part 1] (pp 47-65) By Edwin C. Bearss In Part 1 of two (see the June 1962 THQ), Bearss begins his vivid description of the surrender of Fort Donelson in February, 1862, at the end of the battle’s first day, February 15. With a virtually hour by hour account, he covers communications among the Confederates, Forrest’s decision to retreat upon learning that the Union had reoccupied their positions, Buckner’s opposition to Pillow’s plan to hold the fort for one more day (including the conversation among the generals), and Buckner’s assumption of command and subsequent request to Grant for terms of surrender. By the night of February 16, Forrest’s column was twenty miles from the fort, while some Confederates at the site began a chaotic evacuation. Pillow and his staff left in a small flatboat after learning of the capitulation.

2 June, 1962 Unconditional Surrender: The Fall of Fort Donelson (Part II) (pp 140-161) By Edwin C. Bearss In Part 2 of two (see the March 1962 THQ), Bearss examines Federal action in the surrender (part one covered the Confederate actions). Again starting on the evening of February 15, 1862, the author goes through Federal communications with Buckner regarding the surrender, where Union units, including naval ships, were placed, Union soldiers reactions to the new Confederate prisoners and their motley gear, Grant’s kindness to Buckner, and the reaction of Union superiors to the surrender. September, 1962 Eugene F. Falconnet, Soldier, Engineer, Inventor (pp 219-234) By H. L. Swint and D. E. Mohler The majority of this article deals with Falconnet’s experiment with lighter-than-air travel. However, a portion (pp 219-225) deals with the Swiss émigré’s time in the Confederate army. Falconnet (1832-1887) moved to West Tennessee in 1852 in association with railroad development, and in 1861 was in Nashville as chief engineer for the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad. In May 1861 he joined Rutledge’s Battery of artillery. He served at the battles of Mill Springs, Shiloh, Murfreesboro, and Nashville. Just after the war, Falconnet worked on the Tennessee and Pacific Railroad for James D.B. DeBow, which reached from Nashville to Lebanon by 1870. December, 1962 Stone=s River National Military Park (pp 303-317) By Bob Womack The Battle of Stone’s River and its aftermath are summarized. The first efforts to mark the battlefield began with the survivors of Hazen’s Brigade, who placed a monument where their unit’s dead were buried on the field. A national cemetery was established in October 1865 and over 6,000 soldiers interred there in its first phase. Land was purchased in the 1870s and a bill introduced to establish a park in 1897. However, the military park was not dedicated until the summer of 1932 (although created in 1927). In 1962, a building program as underway at the park. The Letters of D.C. Donnohue, Special Agent for the Procuring of Cotton Seed (pp 379-386) By Truman R. Strobridge In February 1862, the U.S. Congress appropriated $3,000 to buy and distribute cotton seed in the hope of growing the war-scarce staple in northern states. D.C. Donahue was appointed to acquire the seed – five to six hundred bushels worth. Reprinted are Donahue’s seven letters to the Secretary of Interior from February-April 1862, written from West Tennessee. In his first letter, he expects to “obtain cotton seed in great abundance at low prices” and wants to open up a “brisk trade” on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Near Savannah on March 15, 1862, he writes that he will buy seed “after a battle is fought,” but that some are burning their seed as the Union army advances. In late March, he was 700-800 bushels of seed for short seasons and that he has also bought cotton. Indiana and Illinois growers are most interested in the seed, which must first be ginned from the cotton bolls.

3 Lew Wallace has assisted him in transport. On April 14 he writes from Pittsburg Landing that he got there “just as the fight commenced,” and he fears that the cotton seed will be planted to soon that spring – cotton is seldom planted in West Tennessee before May 1 or 10. On April 21, he states he cannot do anything with the seed until the army moves. In this long letter he comments on public sentiment and slavery: the poor or laboring men are the only Unionists and “say slavery caused the rebellion…” The Union military leaders are allowing Southern men to pass through the lines and hunt for slaves. Although Washington City may easily see the end of rebellion, from Savannah “it seems to have just begun.” On April 25, he writes another long letter from Hamburg, Tennessee, explaining his delay in shipment. The Rebel cavalry has burned a gin where he had 2,000 bushels of seed and they are destroying all cotton in Hardin County. He complains of the poor Union effort to contain the enemy, and comments on who deserves promotion. March, 1963 The Carter House, Focus of the Battle of Franklin (pp 3-21) By Dan M. Robison Robison describes the action of the Battle of Franklin that surrounded the Carter House at the end of November 1864, detailing the location of units. The Carter family rode out the storm of battle in the house’s cellar, and that night learned that Theodoric Carter was wounded in the field. A brother left to find him, and brought the Confederate soldier home to die. His father Fountain Branch Carter, who had built the house in 1829-30, continued living there until his death in 1871. In 1951, the Carter House was acquired by the State of Tennessee as an “historic shrine.” (Efforts began in 1890 to create a park at Franklin, but failed.) The Tennessee Historical Commission and the Carter House Association’s restoration of the house is then detailed. Dr. John Rolfe Hudson and the Confederate Underground in Nashville (pp 38-52) By Stanley F. Horn After the fall of Nashville to Union forces in February 1862, many collaborated with the Union. Others resisted the occupation. Prominent Nashville physician John R. Hudson (1800-1887) “was one of those loyal Confederates who gave the invading Federals a measure of spurious co-operation as a means of diverting suspicion from their ‘underground’ activities.” Hudson, whose home was less than a half-mile from the Tennessee Penitentiary, helped Confederate prisoners escape and smuggled goods, guns, medical drugs, and horses into Nashville. He aroused the suspicions of the Union secret police under William Truesdail, and their efforts to catch Hudson are detailed. Hudson and his wife Araminta Claiborne Napier Hudson were arrested in January 1863 and imprisoned in Nashville. Carter=s East Tennessee Raid: The Sailor on Horseback Who Raided His Own Backyard (pp 66-82) By Campbell H Brown Samuel Powhatan Carter, native of Carter County, had twenty years’ service in the U.S. Navy when the war began. Then he was loaned to the U.S. Army and made a brigadier general of cavalry. The Carter raid in East Tennessee in late December 1862 came to its climax in what is now the Tri-Cities area; its principal mission was to disrupt Confederate communications, destroy enemy property, and encourage local Unionists. Brown details the raid from Bristol through many communities to culmination with a fight at Jonesville. Carter burned three bridges, destroyed ten miles of railroad,

4 inflicted 550 casualties, and destroyed 700 stands of arms, a locomotive, and two cars, while losing ten of his men. Carter was later promoted to major general. An 1866 Letter on the War and Reconstruction (pp 83-86) Edited by James T. Bratcher A May 27, 1866, letter written for Nancy Cox of Readyville to her son in Kansas is reprinted here. (The editor identifies various Cannon County relations to Cox.) Cox asks her son to return home to help her with his father (her husband’s) estate. She tells of deaths during the war, from war wounds at the Battle of Murfreesboro and imprisonment, trouble with wartime land deals like the sell of the family’s farm after his father’s death in 1864, and what the Yankees stole (including “my sweet tater vines” and “old setting turkey”). The letter encapsulates the ordeal of a yeoman farmer family. June, 1963 The Battle of Dover, February 3, 1863 (pp 143-151) By Benjamin Franklin Cooling III At the Battle of Dover on February 3, 1863, Confederate General Joseph Wheeler sought unsuccessfully to avenge the fall of Fort Donelson one year earlier. The Chief of Cavalry had been sent by Bragg to interrupt navigation on the Cumberland as much as possible. However, the Union command suspended shipping before Wheeler arrived and the garrison at Fort Donelson came out to meet the Confederates. Forrest was against the attack, but Wheeler persevered – and was beaten. “Wheeler’s disaster marked the last attempt of the South to challenge Federal supremacy on the Cumberland.” September 1963 Belle Meade: Queen of Tennessee Plantations (pp 203-222) By Herschel Gower This history of Belle Meade includes its experience in the Civil War on pp 213-217. Owner and secessionist William G. Harding was a political prisoner during much of the war and the plantation was handled by his wife Elizabeth McGavock Harding. A letter from her is reprinted that describes many details about raising crops in wartime. Another letter excerpt tells of the pride of the house servant Susanna in getting a letter from Harding and goes on to tell of the pressures to take the oath of Union loyalty. Union troops were also sometimes quartered on the plantation and it was engulfed by the Battle of Nashville. A brief discussion of Belle Meade in the late 1860s is also provided. The Civil War in East Tennessee as Reported by a Confederate Railroad Bridge Builder (pp 238-258) By Robert Partin Richard Calvin McCalla (1826-1899) worked on railroad projects before the Civil War and was ardently pro-Southern. He joined the CSA army in October 1861 and into 1863 worked to maintain railroad bridges between Knoxville and Bristol. Forty-five of McCalla’s wartime letters were preserved, and Partin’s article is drawn from them, focusing on the period from August 1863 to December 1864. McCalla was still rebuilding burned bridges in upper East Tennessee, but he provides detailed comment on the course of the war, Confederate officers, life in the army and its

5 privations, and the fate of Southern sympathizers in Union-occupied territory. On December 31, 1864, he wrote, “I very much fear that all this region of Country will before the winter closes be in the hands of the enemy.” A Hoosier Regiment at Chattanooga (pp 280-287) Edited by Arville L. Funk Lt. Col. Daniel F. Griffin, Thirty-Eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, wrote two lengthy letters on December 1 and 4, 1863 (reproduced here), vividly describing his experiences at the Battle of Chattanooga that had occurred in late November. His piece of the fighting was on Missionary Ridge, later moving to Chattanooga Creek and on to Lookout Mountain. An unusual aspect is that there was an eclipse of the moon on the battle’s first night, “even as our advancing Armies were then blotting out the light of the Confederacy.” Toward the end of the battle he was detailed to care for prisoners, and then moved on to Ringgold, Georgia. December, 1963 Oaklands: A Venerable Host; A Renewed Welcome (pp 303-322) By Robert M. McBride In this profile of the Murfreesboro historic site Oaklands, pp. 315-318 chronicle the house during the Civil War. The house and its land served as headquarter for Union troops in March 1862 and was a focus of Forrest’s raid in Murfreesboro that July. Later that year, Oaklands would host Confederate leaders such as General Bragg and President Jefferson Davis – the latter on December 13, 1862. The Battle of Murfreesboro took place just days later. Retaken by the Union, Oakland’s owner Lewis Maney was arrested as a hostage on orders of Andrew Johnson. Oaklands remained a Federal headquarters for most of the remainder of the war. Nathan Bedford Forrest Accepts Counsel (pp 382-383) Edited by Enoch L. Mitchell Reproduced here, this short August 14, 1866, letter from Forrest asks Col. Harvey W. Walter to serve as his attorney in his upcoming “treson case” in Memphis, “as no one has had a Beter opportunity to watch my milatary career than your self.” Forrest states he has also sold his plantation and hopes to live again in Memphis. Forrest has been charged with treason because of his Memphis raid, indicted in September 1864. Forrest was never brought to trial, however, and he was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in July 1868. March, 1964 Chickamauga and Chattanooga: National Military Park (pp 2-23) By James W. Livingood Livingood describes the process in which Chickamauga and Chattanooga formed as military parks. Henry V. Boynton, former regimental commander of the Army of the Cumberland, and Ferdinand Van Derveer came to Chickamauga nearly twenty-five years later in 1888, and the two concluded that the field should be preserved as a western version of Gettysburg. The article gives a short history of the Battle of Chickamauga and why it was such an important turning point in the war, and because of this, the desire to preserve the area was critical. Today Chickamauga and Chattanooga National

6 Military Park is the oldest and largest laboratory of history in the country. The Gray Dragoon Wins his Final Victory (pp 38-58) By Robert Hartje This article is about the Stones River battle in 1863 and Earl Van Dorn, who was known as the Gray Dragoon. His group of cavalry, which included Nathan Bedford Forest, was among the most intimidating forces to Union troops during the war. Van Dorn was a great cavalry leader as he continued throughout the war to harass Northern forces in guerilla raids, and help lead the confederacy to victory at Thompson’s Station, and this article chronicles his participation and leadership role during the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth Stars in Nashville (pp 73-79) By Charles E. Holding For two weeks in February 1864, John Wilkes Booth appeared as the headliner in plays at the Nashville Theatre. Tickets were 25¢ and 50¢. Most local reviewers praised Booth, although some found his style of acting “too violent by half.” He played the roles of heroes and villains in Shakespearean plays and the lead in other popular dramas of the day. Booth had apprenticed in Southern theaters before the war, where he support of secession developed. A few months after his Nashville engagement, Booth would play before Lincoln and his wife a Ford’s Theater in Washington. June, 1964 The AConfederate Sins@ of Major Cheairs (pp 121-135) By Robert M. McBride Major Nathaniel Francis Cheairs (1818-1914) was tasked to take the flag of truce and deliver General Buckner’s dispatch for terms of surrender to General Grant following the Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862, McBride details that encounter and Cheairs’s military imprisonment, quoting letters written by Cheairs. Exchanged in July 1862, Cheairs became part of the Third Tennessee Infantry and later an aid to Forrest. He was captured again, as a spy, in February 1864 and escaped hanging through exchanging Masonic signs. He was sent to Camp Chase, where he remained until February 1865. His letters from prison are also used here. After the war, Cheairs was charged with treason by Tennessee’s Reconstruction government and fled his home at Rippavilla for Washington, where he was pardoned by President Johnson “for all my Confederate sins.” Edwin M. Stanton and Reconstruction (pp 145-168) By Francis W. Schruben Lincoln cabinet member Edwin Stanton has sometimes been cast as one of the chief motivators, if not a principal author, of Radical reconstruction. After Lincoln’s death, Stanton read Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction to Andrew Johnson, but the new president found it hard to favor an easy peace. Stanton favored Negro suffrage and advocated other aspects, such as a parliamentary form of government; his actions are detailed. In 1867, Johnson dismissed Stanton from the cabinet, which precipitated Johnson’s impeachment by the Radical congress.

7 Robert Hopkins Hatton: Reluctant Rebel (pp 169-181) By Charles M. Cummings Congressman Robert H. Hatton (1826-1862) returned from Washington to his home in Lebanon, Tennessee, in March 1861. His early career in law and politics is detailed – he was a member of the American (Know Nothing) Party when elected to Congress in 1854. Later he joined the Opposition Party and took part in the debates in the future of the Union. He was anguished by John Bell’s defeat in the 1860 election. Later, convinced that the majority of his constituents favored secession, Hatton left the U.S. Congress. He raised a company of men in Lebanon in May 1861, was promoted to brigadier general on May 23, 1862, in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was killed at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31, 1862. A Note on the Origin of the Ku Klux Klan (pp 182) By Ward Allen The origin of the words “Ku Klux” comes from the Greek phrase “ton kuklon tes selenes,” the circle of the moon, cited in Pausanias. Calvin Jones, a founder of the Klan, “got up a piece of Greek” to originate the name, and Allen believes Pausanias was the Greek author. September, 1964 Fort Donelson National Military Park (pp 203-220) By B. Franklin Cooling Cooling argues that because of the impact the Civil War had on the people and the land in Tennessee, it never was the same. After Governor Harris called for troops, three companies were formed during the spring of 1861, and Tennessee would change forever. Fort Donelson was a part of the chain of defense guarding the western portion of the Confederacy and was a vital part of the War. The length of the article articulates the forts importance in the war, and why it was important for the Fort to be preserved as a national military park. Cooling encourages the reader to visit Fort Donelson and help preserve the area as a national historical site. J.E. Bailey: A Gentleman of Clarksville (pp 246-268) By Franklyn McCord This profile of attorney and Whig state legislator James Edmond Bailey (1822-1885) focuses on Bailey’s experiences during the war. Isham Harris appointed Bailey to the Military and Financial Board in May 1861, tasked to raise and equip the Tennessee Provisional Army. Bailey raised a company, was elected its captain, and was at the fall of Fort Donelson. Captured and sent to Camp Chase, Bailey was exchanged in the summer of 1862. Bailey then served under Van Dorn, but left service due to illness in May 1863. In July 1984, he joined Hardee’s staff and surrendered in June 1865 in North Carolina. Bailey returned to law and politics after the war. Protestant Clergy and Union Sentiment in the Confederacy (pp 284-290) By W. Harrison Daniel Daniel argues that while the majority of Southern clergymen were in favor of the Confederacy during

8 the war years, there was a minority of those clergymen who disapproved of the political conflict between the North and the South. Daniel provides specific examples from different Southern states and different Christian denominations that prove his thesis true and provides compelling comparative ideas about succession and the church. Daniel states that the biggest amount of clerical union support was in East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, and Southwestern Virginia, and he attributes this to the fact that most people living in that mountain region were small scale farmers who did not own slave, and did not participate in commercial business, therefore negating their desire to succeed. Daniel continues his article with the argument that the biggest reasons Southern clergymen sided with the union over the confederacy was because they saw the conflict as one that could only lead to destruction. December, 1964 Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (pp 303-320) By William M. Luckett In this profile of the park, pages 308-316 are devoted to details of the Civil War activities at Cumberland Gap. Military authorities saw the strategic value of the gap from the opening days of the war. The CSA sent Albert Sidney Johnston to guard against invasion through Cumberland Gap in late 1861. After the fall of Nashville, President Lincoln asked that the gap be included in the Union’s Knoxville campaign. Control passed back and forth between the armies, but in the fall of 1863, the Union prevailed, and the gap remained in their hands until the end to the war. The Courthouse Burnin=est General (pp 372-378) By B.L. Roberson Detailed here is CSA Brig. Gen. Hylan B. Lyon’s cavalry raid from Paris, Tennessee, perhaps the last large scale Southern raid. In early December 1864, Lyon was ordered by John Bell Hood to cross the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, capture Clarksville if he could, tear up rail and telegraph lines to Nashville, and to put all mills into action, as Hood hoped to advance on to Ohio after victory in Nashville. Lyon left Paris on December 6, 1864, destroyed $1 million in federal property at Cumberland City, found Clarksville too fortified but destroyed several miles of rail and lines, then moved north to Hopkinsville. Traveling north along the Cumberland, he burned courthouses at Hopkinsville, Cadiz, Princeton, (but not Eddyville, which was his hometown), Madisonville, Hartford, Elizabethtown, Campbellsville, and Burkesville. Often pursued by Union forces, he destroyed depots, bridges, blockhouses, three steamers, and barges. After Burkesville, Lyon and his men crossed back into Tennessee and down the Old Kentucky Road, resting at McMinnville. Now going to the aid of Hood’s retreating forces, on January 8, 1865, Lyon struck one last blow at Scottsboro, Alabama, attacking the railroad depot. His raid ended with his arrival – after escaping capture – at Tuscaloosa on January 20. Nashville=s Women of Pleasure in 1860 (pp 379-382) By David Kaser The 1860 U.S. Census of Nashville is unusual in that date was gathered on the extent of prostitution in the city. 207 women were identified as prostitutes in the census, out of a total population of 13,762 free Nashvillians. Nine were listed as mulatto and the rest at white. Almost half were at least partially illiterate, 87 completely so. Twenty were widows. Ranging in age from 15 to 59, the great majority

9 were in their teens and twenties; the mean age was 23. 113 were born in Tennessee. Four were foreign born, three from Ireland and one from Canada. The article also lists brothel values and general locations. Of the 69 houses, 18 were located in the vicinity of what is now Church Street between First and Fourth Avenues, in easy proximity to Nashville’s waterfront. Spring 1965 The Human Battle of Franklin (pp 20-30) By James I. Robertson, Jr. (Robertson was director of the Civil War Centennial Commission and gave this address at the 100th anniversary of the battle in November 30, 1864.) Heavy with rhetorical flourish, this address is on the human toll of war, and nowhere in the Civil War does the human element stand out in bolder relief than the Battle of Franklin. He summarizes the action, but highlights individuals at the fight with quotes about their experiences and cites several personal incidents of bravery and sacrifice. The Wartime Experiences of Margaret McCalla: Confederate Refugee from East Tennessee (pp 39-53) By Robert Partin Margaret Eliza Lewis was born in South Carolina in 1830 and married Richard C. McCalla in 1853. A civil engineer, McCalla moved with Margaret to work on railroad projects in East Tennessee; their lived in near Morristown at the war’s start. This article draws from secessionist Margaret McCalla’s letters. She tells about the Unionist sentiments in East Tennessee in August 1861. The letters begin again in August 1863, where she is supervising their farm while her husband is in CSA service. When her area falls to Union troops that fall, Margaret loads her family, slaves, and some possessions on two wagons and flees to her family in South Carolina. Her remaining letters deal with the difficulties of the war in the Chester District. The Memphis Race Riot and its Aftermath: Report from a Northern Missionary (pp 63-69) Edited by Joe M. Richardson This piece reproduces a May 21, 1866, letter from Iowan E.O. Tade, a representative of the American Missionary Association, who was serving Freedmen in Memphis during the riot there on May 1-3, 1866, to the secretary of that organization, Michael E. Strieby. (The original is at Fisk University.) Tade believes the “riot was beyond a reasonable doubt instigated by the Irish police” of Memphis. He describes the acts of violence he saw firsthand. The Lincoln Chapel was also burned by the white mob and on May 3 and a large number of Freedmen families gather “like flocks” at the site “and tears bedewed the ashes at our feet.” Tade told them that together they would now “build two Lincoln Chapels.” He names the songs they sang the next day at their new gathering place and states they have rented space for the school – they will have 175 students in June. Clearly the African-American community was rebuilding their lives. Summer 1965 History of the Biographic Treatment of Andrew Johnson in the Twentieth Century (pp 143-156) By Carmen Anthony Notaro “Andrew Johnson’s image has changed three times in sixty years (1900-1960) of historical writing.”

10 First, he was originally depicted as ignorant and hard-headed, president by accident, and it was fortunate that his obstinacy resulted in the defeat of his program and the success of Congressional reconstruction. Second, a reverse in this view came in the 1920s: Johnson was a rags-to-riches man of the people, bravely resisting legislative intrusion. The corruption and breakdown in race relations in “Black Reconstruction” state governments proved Johnson was a man of vision. Third, in 1960, Johnson was seen as having integrity but as apolitical and incapable of compromise. Historians highlighted include John Williams Burgess, David Miller DeWitt, James Ford Rhodes, William A. Dunning, James Schouler, Robert W. Winston, Lloyd Paul Stryker, Claude G. Bowers, George Fort Milton, Howard K. Beale, James G. Randall, Eric L. McKitrick, and John H. and LaWanda Cox. Fall 1965 The Legend of “Long Tom” at Cumberland Gap (pp 256-264) By William B. Provine Cumberland Gap was heavily fortified during the Civil War, and one of the legendary aspects of its Confederate defense was the huge rifled cannon, “Long Tom.” It was supposed to fire a 60 pound projectile over five miles. The legend of this gun, mounted on “the Pinnacle” in early 1862, is recounted. During loss of the Gap to the Union in June 1862, the Confederates rolled the gun off the cliff. When Confederates occupied the gap again, they unspiked the gun. It then changed hands, ending up with the Union at the end of the war. However, the author casts doubts on the gun’s existence. Long Tom was not one gun, but instead a group of guns – the original appears to be a thirty-pound Parrott. “Soldiers, I Thank You All” (pp 281-284 Edited by Harriet C. Owsley In this June 8, 1863, letter from the collections at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, Col. William W. Teall writes his wife about his efforts to return the body of a Georgia officer to his unit across the Rappahannock River in Virginia. Winter 1965 The Sam Davis Home (pp 303-320) By Owen Nichols Meredith This article recites the events that led from Sam Davis (born 1842) joining the Rutherford Rifles in May 1861 to his military trial and hanging as a spy by Union troops in Pulaski on November 27, 1863. His family’s home in Smyrna is described and illustrations show the interior. Internecine Strife in Tennessee: Andrew Johnson versus Parson Brownlow (pp 321-340) By Ralph W. Haskins This article traces the relationship of Johnson and Brownlow, starting in the 1830s as they dealt with the disruption of Republicanism and the revolt against Andrew Jackson. Should one become a Whig or Democrat? Johnson chose the latter path, Brownlow the Whigs. Their speeches and editorials are examined. By the outbreak of the Civil War they had slowly come back together, both for the Union, both for slavery.

11 Otho French Strahl: AChoicest Spirit to Embrace the South@ (pp 341-355) By Charles M. Cummings CSA General Otho F. Strahl (1831 -1864) moved to Dyersburg in 1858 and was buried there after his death at the Battle of Franklin. This biographical sketch reflects the hard choice faced by some Northerners living in the South. Strahl moved to Somerville to study law in 1855 and later taught school in Hardeman County, joining the bat in 1858. Strahl’s upbringing and law career are outlined. In May 1861 he joined Tennessee’s Provisional Army, later the Fourth Tennessee. He quickly became lieutenant colonel and served at the battles of Belmont and Shiloh in 1862. He also took part in Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky and the Battle of Stone’s River and was a major general by July 1863. Later he fought at Missionary Ridge and against Sherman in Georgia. In late 1864, he commanded part of Hood’s Nashville campaign and was mortally wounded late in the day on November 30 at Franklin. Spring 1966 White Reaction to the Freedmen=s Bureau in Tennessee (pp 50-62) By Paul David Phillips The reaction of Tennessee whites to the Freedman’s Bureau “ranged from grudging acceptance to total rejection and denial of its constitutional and moral right to exist.” The efforts of the bureau in Tennessee to help transition Freedmen from slavery to citizenship are chronicled. Reactions from the white community, as recorded in newspaper editorials and articles, are reported. Opposing whites alleged that the bureau schools taught only Republican Radicalism, that Yankee teacher did not understand “the Negro,” and that education would make Freedmen less reliable workers. These charges are examined. Also addressed are the formation and activities of the Ku Klux Klan. The resistance of whites was modified when the bureau announced a policy for freedmen to rely on their former masters, employed Southerners as agents of the bureau, and worked to establish “amicable race relations.” Summer 1966 James C. Holt: Prisoner of War (pp 169-175) Edited by Eugene Alvarez This article is about the participation of James C. Holt during the Civil War. Holt was in the G Company of the 19th Tennessee Regiment, which began in Blountville, Tennessee, in 1861, and the following month he moved into the 19th Tennessee Confederate Regiment in Knoxville. Holt was taken prisoner at the battle of Champion’s Hill in Big Black River on March 17, 1863, and began writing letters to Andrew Johnson to appeal for release under the circumstance that he did not agree with Tennessee’s decision to succeed. Alverez includes the series of letters that he sent out to the vice president, along with letters to his family in attempt to be released from prison. Fall 1966 None Winter 1966 Gideon J. Pillow: A Study in Egotism (pp 340-350) By Roy P. Stonesifer, Jr.

12 Stonesifer argues that the reason Fort Donelson and its garrison were surrendered was because of the blunders, shortcomings, and personal enmities of the three Confederate brigadier generals who commanded the post. Among these three men, Gideon J. Pillow was the most “controversial, complex and mercurial.” Stonesifer continues the article writing about Pillow’s life and his contribution to the war, which Stonesifer sees as one of inflated ego. Stonesifer ultimately concludes that Pillow’s life does nothing more than to display a conduct that resulted in his own personal demise in an attempt to seek attention and praise for his peers and superiors, and might Pillow have been more humble and attentive, Fort Donelson might have been saved. The McKendree Chapel Affair (pp 360-370) By James E. Kirby In this article Kirby discusses the interesting and unusual episode in the Civil War that led to Methodist Bishop Matthew Simpson’s unpopularity in Tennessee. Simpson was a popular physician, preacher, teacher, college president, editor, bishop, author, and lecturer and was friend to three presidents, but because Simpson took over churches in Tennessee he was viewed by Southerner’s as a imposing pastor who was trying to sweep up the Southern Christian denomination from under their feet, and was ultimately unpopular after the Civil War. Spring 1967 None Summer 1967 Prelude to the Presidency: The Election of Andrew Johnson to the Senate (pp 148-176) By Robert G. Russell Johnson’s selection for the U.S. Senate for the Tennessee General Assembly in 1857 gave him a highly visible role in the secession crisis of 1860-1861. His pro-Union stance caught the public eye and set up his selection as Lincoln’s vice-president in 1864. Johnson chose to run for the Senate rather than a third term as governor for 1857-1859 because of presidential aspirations. Johnson’s efforts to get the senate seat are detailed Republican Politics and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (pp 177-183) Edited by James L. McDonough and William T. Alderson President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial took place in the spring of 1868, concluding on May 26. Reproduced here is a memorandum dated May 1868 from General John M. Schofield, which relates an April 21 conversation he had with William M. Ecarts, Johnson’s counsel. Schofield shares that the majority of Republicans in Congress regretted the impeachment proceedings, fearing that Johnson’s removal on frivolous charges would weaken the government and Constitution. Also, the senators feared being voted out of office after the public realized the scant evidence of their case against Johnson. One way out was for moderate Republicans to acquit Johnson, and to woe the moderates, Ewart suggests that Johnson replace Secretary of War Stanton – who Johnson had fired, precipitating the impeachment – with Schofield. This Library of Congress document names specific senators. Schofield was confirmed after the impeachment acquittal. Fall 1967

13 Life on the Common Level: Inheritance, Conflict, and Instruction (pp 304-322) By John E. Fisher A man born at an interesting time in history, Fisher argues that Thomas Burr Fisher, a native of Marshall County, Tennessee, lived an interesting life from before Civil War into the 1920s. The article chronicles the life of the man as he enlists into T.C H Miller’s company of partisan rangers, which later became Company C of the Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry, C.S.A. The article includes many excerpts from letters and diary entries from his life, and Fisher argues that looking at this man’s life provides an interesting microcosmic perspective of life from the 1840s into the 1920s. Winter 1967 None Spring 1968 “He is a Great Rascal’ a Sketch of Byrd Douglas (pp 37-39) By George H. Armistead, Jr. At the beginning of the Civil War, Byrd and Hugh Douglas were proprietors of one of the largest wholesale businesses in the South, called “Cotton Kings of Nashville.” Byrd Douglas was one of the most prominent Confederate sympathizers during the war, and before secession even occurred in Tennessee, he offered up his five boys and 5,000 dollars toward the cause. However, because of his premature loyalty he was imprisoned and his property was confiscated, but after his quick release he continued on to be one of the most influential businessmen of the war. Defeat Through Default: Confederate Naval Strategy for the Upper Mississippi River and its Tributaries, 1861-1862 (pp 62-71) By Robert V. Bogle Bogle argues that the failure of Confederate authorities and forces to provide naval support and power at Southern strongholds along the upper Mississippi River may be one of the largest reasons the Confederacy lost all of the Mississippi Valley during the Civil War. Bogle also argues that the military record on the upper Mississippi could have been enhanced through the use of naval forces, and while overall the confederate naval force deserves a great deal of respect, there are also a series of events that leads Bogle to believing that they could have executed their campaigns better. Because of this early in the war the Confederate navy gave Union forces and almost default victory. Summer 1968 A Virginian at Fort Donelson: Excerpts from the Prison Diary of John Henry Guy (pp 176-190) Edited by B. Franklin Cooling Captain John Henry Guy of Richmond, Virginia, was a former battery commander of the Goochland Light Artillery, and had been captured with most of his men at Fort Donelson on February 16, 1862. Cooling argues in his article that his prison diaries written while at Fort Donelson give an interesting and compelling perspective on the activities of Virginians during the Donelson campaign. The collection of diaries entries in included within the article. Fall 1968 None

14 Winter 1968 Chiefs of Staff in the Army of Tennessee under Braxton Bragg (pp 341-360) By June I. Gow This is a study of the Confederate staff system, its personnel, and its role in the field, focusing on the role of chief of staff in the Army of Tennessee. “Chief of staff” did not legally exist in the CSA until 1864, but Braxton Bragg established the post. Brig. Gen. Thomas Jordan was his first appointment, followed by Johnson K. Duncan and William Whann Mackall. The performance of these men are accessed, using records from the war. Forgotten Man at Fort Donelson: Bushrod Rust Johnson (pp 380-397) By Charles M. Cummings Johnson was a brigadier general at Fort Donelson in February 1862. This article closely details Johnson’s experiences from arrival on February 7, through the battle, to the surrender on February 18. Although Johnson troops were surrendered and sent to northern prisons, Johnson himself walked unchallenged through the Federal lines. Johnson defended his action, saying he had “taken no part in the surrender,” and had received no orders from Federal authorities, had been given no parole, and made no promises. Nevertheless, he would serve in the shadow of other generals through the remainder of the war. Spring 1969 None Summer 1969 West Point Classmates-Eleven Years Later: Some Observations on the Spring Hill-Franklin Campaign (pp 182-196) By James L. McDonough In this article McDonough writes about Confederate General John Bell Hood and General George H. Thomas during the Spring Hill-Franklin campaign, and the events that lead up to the fighting in Franklin. McDonough argues that the purpose of the campaign was to prevent the advancement of Hood’s army and gain time for General Thomas. Fall 1969 The Johnsonville Raid and Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park (pp 225-251) By Edward F. Williams III This article chronicles General Forrest’s last independent raid of the Civil War in Johnsonville, Tennessee. Forrest’s motive behind the raid was to break down the transfer of goods and supplies to William T. Sherman’s troops at a river-rail route that connected Nashville to the Tennessee River near Johnsonville. The end of the article is about the formation of Johnsonville’s state park dedicated to Forrest and how it was constructed, and the new developments the state park will undertake in the coming years. Winter 1969 Felix K. Zollicoffer: Tennessee Editor and Politician (pp 356-376) By James C. Stamper

15 Although it does not deal with the Civil War, this article provides information on the life and career of Zollicoffer through 1860. The Memphis Daily Appeal=s ADixie@: Civil War Capital Correspondent (pp 377-387) By Lamar W. Bridges Bridges argues that although Tennessee did not decide to join the CSA until June 1861, the Memphis Daily Appeal had given an account of the nation’s political agenda by sending a representative to Richmond, Virginia, where the new Confederate government was forming. John Barton, who was known to go under the pen name “Dixie,” was responsible for reporting all the information from Richmond to Memphis. Barton wrote almost 400 letters and telegraphic messages through 1864 and was one of the leading voices in Southern journalism during the war years. Spring 1970 Fisk University: The First Critical Years (pp 24-41) By Joe M. Richardson In June 1865, Erastus M. Cravath mustered out of the Union army in Nashville and accepted a post with the American Missionary Association. John Ogden became superintendant of the Freedmen’s Bureau in Nashville. Edward P. Smith became Middle West district secretary for the AMA. Together the three men worked to establish a school for freedmen in Nashville. With the assistance of Clinton B. Fisk of the Freedmen’s Bureau Tennessee-Kentucky district, they bought land and buildings for the Fisk Free Colored School. Opening on January 9, 1866, the school had an average daily attendance of 1,000 children and adults that year. The work of the school is described as are the challenges to faculty. By 1871, funding for the school had decreased and it faced closure. The work of the Fisk Jubilee Singers in the 1870s helped keep the school afloat. A Period of Discontent: The 31st Illinois in Tennessee (pp 49-61) By C. Peter Ripley The 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteers saw much action during the war, but from June 1862-March 1863 they served garrison duty in Jackson, LaGrange, and Memphis. This became the nadir of their morale and dedication to the Union cause. Ripley uses letters, diary entries, memoirs, and the OR to describe the soldiers’ interactions with locals (including pillaging) and their chase of Confederate raiders. In early 1863, the influence of anti-war Copperheads was felt and men tried to leave service. As they left Tennessee to join the second Vicksburg campaign, the regiment’s morale was raised by action. Summer 1970 Federal Military Hospitals in Nashville, May and June, 1863 (pp 166-175) By Aloysius F. Plaisance and Leo F. Schelver III The Nashville Dispatch published a series of articles in May-June 1863 describing Nashville’s military hospitals. The articles listed twenty-five hospitals and their locations, the officers and directors, and admission procedures. They also discussed cleanliness, the availability of chaplains, bedding, and amusements.

16 Fall 1970 The Diary of an AAverage@ Confederate Soldier (pp 256-271) By Lowell H. Harrison Harrison’s article is about a foot soldier, Lozenzo Jackson Sanders, who served in the Tennessee Confederate Army Company K of the 30th Tennessee Infantry in Robertson County. Harrison argues that his importance is in his insignificance -- that while he never became an important Tennessee figure, he represents many of the men who fought during the war for their country. Harrison examines his diary and the events of his life during the war. Harrison describes Sanders’s place in the war as representing the bulk of the fighting strength during the war. Although Sanders was never wounded, killed, or injured during the war, he never missed a battle, and should be remembered as part of the undying fame of Tennessee military history. William Faulkner=s General Forrest and the Uses of History (pp 287-294) By Elmo H. Howell Howell’s article discusses Faulkner’s use of Nathan Bedford Forrest as a key character in his novels on the Civil War. Faulkner’s fictitious character Colonel John Sartoris, a farmer from middle Mississippi, is one of Faulkner’s main characters in his Civil War novels and is said to be one of Forrest’s deputy commanders. Howell argues that while sometimes Faulkner’s dates do not match up to the true history, his portrayal of the war and Forrest’s importance is very accurate, and his success as a writer is due to his identity with his region (Mississippi) and involvement with his state’s own history. Winter 1970-71 Attitude of the Tennessee Press Toward the Presidential Election of 1860 (pp 390-395) By David L. Potter This article briefly describes the positions taken by urban Tennessee newspapers during the election campaign and attempts to assess their influence. The author establishes definitions for categories of influence and then applies them in a table of the eight newspapers sampled (four from Memphis, three from Nashville, and the Knoxville Whig.) Five of the journals had decisive or considerable influence and two showed little or none. However, John Bell received more support from the press that the state electorate. The Union Side of Thompson=s Station (pp 396-406) By William M. Anderson Anderson writes an extensive article about Major General William Rosecrans and his halted pursuit of the Confederates when his army occupied Murfreesboro and the union perspective at the campaign in Thompson’s Station. Anderson argues that the faults at Thompson’s Station were mostly due to the supporting cavalry, the artillery, and Bloodgood’s portion of the 22nd Wisconsin for cowardly retreating when faced by the enemy. Ultimately Anderson believes that from Rosecrans’s perspective, it confirmed his initial concern about the superiority of Confederate cavalry, and for Coburn and his men, it confirmed the realities of war. A map of the engagement is included.

17 Spring 1971 Tennessee and the Nashville Conventions of 1850 (pp 70-82) By Thelma Jennings When Southern leaders decided that a convention in 1850 was needed to “devise and adopt some mode or resistance” to “northern aggression,” Nashville was selected as the location. A radical state like South Carolina was to be avoided, and the site would also encourage upper South states toward southern nationalism. 175 delegates met at McKendree Methodist Church, one hundred from Tennessee. The make-up of the Tennessee delegation and their actions are examined. The Tennessee resolutions at the convention were for perpetuating the Union, and the state’s reluctance to secede would be demonstrated again in eleven years. Capt. Andrew Hull Foote and the Civil War on Tennessee Waters (pp 83-93) By James M. Merrill Merrill argues that there has not been any efficient scholarship on naval leaders during the Civil War. He dissects the history written on Foote and how his biographers shortly after the war, made him much more valiant than he might have truly been. Merrill argues that Foote was actually more of a complainer and participated in a lot less action then he was perceived to do. The article takes a close examination of what Foote actually did in the war and how he responded to certain situations as Merrill chronicles his actions during the war. Summer 1971 La Grange-La Belle Village (pp 133-153) John H. DeBerry A history of this Fayette County community is given, including the impact of the Civil War. Federal troops occupied the town on February 13, 1862, and remained through the war, largely to guard the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Homes and public buildings were taken by the military. Some were headquarters to Sherman and Grant, while some became temporary hospitals. Manuscript materials are quoted for descriptions. Approximately forty homes were burned by 1865. LaGrange never recovered its antebellum prosperity. Fall 1971 Cavalry Raids in the West: Case Studies of Civil War Cavalry Raids (pp 259-276) By Reginald C. Stuart Civil War cavalry raids illustrate the shifting role of mounted troops in nineteenth century military practice. The strategy and tactics that emerged were closer to World War I and II than the Napoleonic conflicts. Cavalry now operated independently and had importance outside the context of major battles. Stuart accesses Union and Confederate military views on use of cavalry and how these changed during the war, especially in regard to raids. The long-range cavalry expedition was the result of the interaction of tradition and practical necessity. Reconstruction in Nashville, 1867-1869 (pp 277-286) By Gary L. Kornell

18 Kornell debates whether Reconstruction was “the most gross political debacle in Nashville’s history.” Examining Nashville’s elections and state legislation, he focuses on the election of Republican A.E. Alden as mayor in September 1867. The city’s financial problems presented his opponents with much fodder, including a demand for his resignation. However, the real Democratic opposition lay in Alden’s efforts to help poor blacks. Winter 1971 None Spring 1972 The Confederate Veteran Magazine (pp 45-60) By Reda C. Goff Confederate Veteran appeared between January 1893 and December 1932. Bedford County native Sumner A. Cunningham (1843-1913) began the publication. A veteran himself, Cunningham joined the Richmond Gentrys in October 1861, was captured at Fort Donelson, exchanged at Vicksburg, and fought at Chattanooga, in the Atlanta campaign, and in Hood’s advance on Nashville in late 1864. After the war, Cunningham worked on newspapers; he began the CV for communication among veterans and those interested in them. The long life of the magazine was due to support from major Southern organizations, such as the SCV and the UDC. One of its successes was relating the personal experiences of the ordinary soldier. The contents of the magazine are analyzed. After Cunningham’s death, his portrait by Cornelius Hankins was given to the Tennessee Historical Society. He was buried at Willow Mount Cemetery in Shelbyville, where his grave is marked by a granite and bronze monument by Guiseppe Moretti. Summer 1972 None Fall 1972 Wilbur Fisk Foster, Soldier and Engineer (pp 261-275) By Wilbur F. Creighton, Jr. Wilbur Foster (1834-1922) was the son of a New England civil engineer and came to Tennessee in 1851 to help survey a rail line. He worked his way into engineering on the Edgefield and Kentucky (later L&N) and worked especially on trestle bridges. As the Tennessee legislature voted on secession on April 25, 1861, Foster was joining the Rock City Guards (First Tennessee Regiment), reporting to Bushrod Johnson. That spring Foster did surveys and plans for fortifications and then joined the Confederate Engineer Corps. During the course of the war he worked on fortifications and defenses at Cumberland Gap, Knoxville, the Atlanta campaign, and Hood’s Nashville campaign. Foster surrendered in May 1865. After returning to Nashville, he engineered much of the city’s urban infrastructure. Winter 1972 AAn Extraordinary Perseverance,@ The Journal of Capt. Thomas J. Taylor, C.S.A. (pp 328-359) Edited by Lillian Taylor Wall and Robert M. McBride Taylor’s journal is printed in its entirety, covering February 1862-January 1, 1865. Taylor (1829-1894)served in the Forty-Ninth Alabama Regiment. The journal begins shortly after the fall of Fort

19 Donelson, as Taylor is retreating toward Murfreesboro. He fights at Corinth, comments on the Conscript Act, and goes on to Port Hudson/Vicksburg, where he is besieged. There Taylor surrendered in July 1863 and he was sent to POW camp at Johnson Island in Ohio. The remainder of the journal details camp life and its entertainments and comments on the progress of the war, on politics, and hopes of exchange. Spring 1973 None Summer 1973 Colonel John A. Fite=s Letters from Prison (pp 140-147) By Raymond D. White This article discusses Fite’s letters from Union military prison at Johnson Island after his capture at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Fite (1832-1925) was in the Seventh Tennessee Infantry Regiment nad practiced law in Carthage; he served the Confederacy after May 1861 along with his four of his six brothers. John Fite was exchanged in March 1865. The letters comment on the weather, animals (rats to dogs to hunt the rats), his friends there, letters from home, and his health. After the war, Fite served as a judge on the Fifth Judicial Circuit. Barbour Lewis: A Carpetbagger Reconsidered (pp 148-168) By Walter J. Fraser, Jr. Barbour Lewis (1818-1893) was a Union army officer and lawyer who settled in Memphis in the 1860s and became “the most powerful Radical Republican leader in West Tennessee.” His critics believed he epitomized the carpetbagger politician. Born in Vermont and raised in Illinois, Lewis was an abolitionist from the 1830s. Lewis raised several hundred mounted troops and volunteered in August 1861, inducted as Company 6, First Missouri Cavalry. Capt. Lewis arrived in Memphis in January 1863 and became chairman of the Republican Party there in 1866. His experience during the May 1866 race riot led to his testimony before Congress. Afterward he worked with black citizens and he received appointments from Gov. Brownlow. His political career through 1870 (and the loss of Radical control) is detailed, as well as his election to Congress in 1872. Fall 1973 No Civil War/Reconstruction, but this article may be of interest: Black Legislators in Tennessee in the 1880's: A Case Study in Black Political Leadership By Joseph H. Cartwright (pp 265-284) Winter 1973 Anatomy of a Unionist: Andrew Johnson in the Secession Crisis (pp 332-354) By George C. Rable Why did Andrew Johnson remain loyal to the Union while his Southern colleagues joined the Confederacy? This article examines Johnson’s positions on slavery, abolition, and the nature of the federal Union, as well as what produced his strong ideological and political stand against secession. His speeches and letters are extensively used. Johnson’s Jacksonian view of the Union, his distrust of aristrocracy, his new Whig friends and patronage ties to Lincoln, the denunciation he suffered from fellow Tennessee Democrats, and his desire for national political prominence all were factors in his

20 decision to remain loyal. The Tragic Dilemma of a Border-State Moderate: The Rev. George E. Eagleton=s Views on Slavery and Secession (pp 360-373) Alden B. Pearson, Jr. Presbyterian minister and teacher George Ewing Eagleton (1831-1899) was one of many reluctant supporters of the Confederacy. His diaries’ references to slaves and slavery, abolitionists, North-South differences, and secession and war trace the movement from Unionist (Eagleton was raised and schooled in an antislavery and pro-Union environment) to his decision to support the South after Lincoln’s call for troops from Tennessee to coerce other states. Eagleton volunteered in the Forty-Fourth Tennessee Infantry on November 1861 and later fought at Shiloh. “Despite his moral opposition to slavery and secession, he ultimately fought to preserve both.” Spring 1974 Tennessee Gubernatorial Elections: 1869, The Victory of the Conservatives (pp 34-48) By James C. Parker This article describes the events, starting in 1865, which led to the August 1869 election, when more than 175,000 Tennessee men voted. The 1869 election ended Radical rule in Tennessee and a year later a convention would yield a new state constitution. The efforts of William G. Brownlow to retain control, of the Ku Klux Klan to suppress the black vote, the campaigns of DeWitt Senter and William B. Stokes, and the state’s voting patterns are included. Letters from Nashville, 1862: A Portrait of Belle Meade (pp 70-84) By Ridley Wills, II Family letters portray the details of life at William G. Harding’s plantation during his six-month incarceration at a Federal prison at Fort Mackinaw Island, Michigan, from April 1862 to September 1862. His wife Elizabeth McGavock Harding ran the place with the help of farm manager J.A. Beasley and stock manager William Hogue, caring for family members and 125 slaves. Hay and grains were raised, and in addition to cattle, farm animals, and blooded horses, bison and elk were stocked on the farm. There was sickness to treat in the slave quarter and visitors to entertain. Harding’s daughters visited Bosley’s sulphur spring, took carriage drives through the deer park, and continued their classes in music and French. The letters also contain military news and political arrests. Late in the summer, Federal soldiers take horses, slaves, and hay. Mrs. Harding’s nephew, Randal Ewing, wrote Harding, “I am of the opinion that you are happier in your Northern prison than we are here…Imprisonment is hard to bear, but degradation and misery is still harder.” Letters from Nashville, 1862: ADear Master@ (pp 85-92) By Randall M. Miller Susanna (Harding?) was the enslaved personal maid of Elizabeth McGavock Harding; she wrote two letter to William Harding during his incarceration at a Federal prison at Fort Mackinaw Island, Michigan, from April 1862 to September 1862. Her letters of June 3 and August 25 are reproduced here. On June 3, Susanna writes about accompanying Harding’s daughters on a visit to Franklin (she

21 took her baby along, who fell ill there), gives news of the progress of crops and livestock, the deaths of slaves Alek and Isabel, serving now ripening strawberries, and how much they miss him. In August, she writes that she received her letter from Harding and that Randal Ewing is writing this letter for her in exchange for glasses of cordial and wine. She comments on family members who have visited and that many servants have run away, but none of Harding’s. She is trying to take care of Mrs. Harding as he has directed. She then details the depredations of the occupying army on the farm. Summer 1974 Recollections of Some Tennessee Slaves (pp 175-190) By Lowell H. Harrison The Library of Congress holds twenty-six slave narratives from Tennessee (22 from Nashville and 4 from Knoxville) recorded in the 1930s. Most of the persons interviewed were children or youths at the start of the Civil War. The interviews discuss food, clothing, housing, punishment, slave sale, religion, freedom, and post-war work. Harrison provides excerpts from the narratives concerning these subjects. Fall 1974 The 12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment in West Tennessee (pp 255-264) By Dennis K. McDaniel McDaniel argues that the place of the actions during the Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry’s stay in Tennessee is crucial to the regiment’s role during the Civil War. The article chronicles their role during the war and the campaigns that they experienced. The few months that the infantry was in several West Tennessee counties in 1862 represented the infantry’s first approach to battle. The Wisconsin infantry later participated in Vicksburg in 1863, the battle of Atlanta in 1864. The article includes three watercolors (in color) painted by John Gaddis of the Twelfth: one of a newly built railroad trestle near Troy in Obion County, one of Humboldt in Gibson County, and one of a cavalry charge at a skirmish just south of LaGrange in Fayette County, at Lamar/Coldwater, Mississipi (part of an expedition from LaGrange to Holly Springs. Winter 1974 Reflections of an East Tennessee Unionist (pp 429-435) Edited by James W. McKee, Jr. A June 7, 1861, letter from John Fouche Henry (1808-1884) to his son-in-law Nathaniel T. Jackson candidly discusses the divided loyalties among East Tennessee families, the attitude of Unionists at the start of the war, and the futility of efforts to prevent secession – which he would vote against the next day. (Jackson wanted to join the CSA army and had written Henry asking that Henry let Elizabeth Henry Jackson and their children live with her father.) Henry, a state legislator, writes the he had foreseen an overthrow of the government by “democracy” as early as 1847 and that secession is “the most dangerous and damnable doctrine ever introduced.” He has “given up all as lost.” But he then gives his views on Jackson’s volunteering – his first duty is to his wife and children, and that is he is wanting to fight for glory, “it is a bubble;” money, there’ll be none; health and morals, they’ll be “worse of the wear.” However, Henry will care for Jackson’s wife and children. (Jackson did volunteer for the Confederacy and died of a self-inflicted wound in late October, 1861.)

22 Spring 1975 Civil War Letters to Wynnewood (pp 32-47) By Walter T. Durham During 1861-1865 the Wynnes at Castalian Springs received a large amount of letters dealing with the impact of the war on various members of their family. (Seventy-five are preserved and most are in the THS collections.) The letters include accounts of war, military training, battles, train rides, sickness, injury, victories, death anxiety, imprisonment, and defeat. The article includes many excerpts from the collection of letters and provides interesting first-hand insights into life during the war. West H. Humphreys and the Crisis of the Union (pp 48-69) By Kermit L. Hall West H. Humphreys (1806-1882) was a Tennessee Democratic politician who was commissioned as U.S. Federal Judge for Tennessee in 1853. He held this post until 1862, even though he was also commissioned as a Confederate judge – for which he was impeached and ousted by the Federals. Humphreys’ support of secession in late 1860 marked the culmination of a thirty-year evolution on his thinking about government, political parties, and the place of the South in the Union. He moved from opposing nullification in the 1830s to becoming a spokesman for disunion after the election of 1860. His actions on the bench during the war are detailed as well as his impeachment trial in 1862. Congress broadened grounds for impeachment in order to oust Humphreys, grounds Congress would use again against his antebellum political ally Andrew Johnson. Summer 1975 Forrest and the Battle of Parker=s Crossroads (pp 154-167) By Lonnie E. Maness During 1862, Nathan Bedford Forrest was ordered to move into West Tennessee to do as much damage as possible to Grant’s Union supply lines. While Forrest had not yet established his military excellence, this campaign provided him with it. He captured 148 men and officers, two 3-inch steel Rodman guns, and 300 small arms. Also his force captured a full supply of ammunition, and about two hundred horses and several wagons. It was through these first campaigns that Forrest won great distinction in the Confederate army and soon rose to become one of the vital tools of the Confederacy. Maness argues that this specific campaign was the most important and critical in the life and work of Nathan Bedford Forrest. The Conservative as Radical: A Reconstruction Dilemma (pp 168-187) By Peter H. Argersinger William Alfred Peffer (1831-1912) was served as an Illinois volunteer during the Civil War and was stationed in Tennessee at Clarksville. At war’s end he moved his family to that city and opened a law office. Peffer became active with the Conservative Unionists, endorsing Andrew Johnson’s position on Reconstruction. Afterward, Peffer became involved in opposing Brownlow’s Reconstruction agenda, and although he supported the Civil Rights Act, he opposed the 14th Amendment. His

23 activities, race relations, and the politics in Clarksville are detailed. Peffer ran for state office, but was defeated in 1867 and 1869. Targeted as a radical and a carptebagger, Peffer moved his family to Kansas in 1870, where he became the first Populist elected to the U.S. Senate in 1890. Fall 1975 None Winter 1975 The Cult of the ALost Cause@ (pp 350-361) By John A. Simpson Simpson examines how, starting in the late 1880s, the South attained the goals of resurrecting its regional pride and self-confidence through the use of Confederate nostalgia. The formation the United Confederate Veterans’ Association in 1889 was a crucial step for many ex-Confederates to “illuminate the positive aspects of their lost dreams and ambitions:” “the only cure for their special dilemma of defeat required a total revision of the Southern role in American history.” In 1898 their historical committee provided a six-plank platform for a renaissance in Southern historicism. Simpson looks at the need for myth-making around Jefferson Davis, the hey-day of monument erection, and the role of reunions. By 1913, the fiftieth anniversary reunion at Gettysburg, “Southerners satisfied themselves and the North that the cult of the ‘Lost Cause’ merited universal respectability.” Black Reconstructionists in Tennessee (pp 362-382) By Walter J. Fraser, Jr. Focusing on Tennessee and especially the Memphis region from 1867-1874, this paper looks at the questions of who were black officeholders at the local level, did they resist intimidation and terrorism, did they articulate the desires of the masses, and what was their relationship to white politicians. Among the black leaders examined are Capt. Hannibal C. Carter, William Kennedy, Edward Shaw, and Giles Smith. They worked mainly with the white Barbour Lewis-John and Lucien Eaton organization because they believed it to be the most expeditious route to office for themselves and for rights for the black masses. However, they would be betrayed by the Radical Republican bias against black men holding important public offices. Spring 1976 None Summer 1976 None Fall 1976 Glory Can Not Atone: Shiloh- April 6, 7, 1862 (pp 279-295) By James L. McDonough This article presents some little known experiences of the common soldiers in both armies at Shiloh in April 1862.. McDonough presents the emotions they felt, from pathos to romance, to reveal the tragedy of war. Letters, diaries, and memoirs are quoted, from soldiers aged 10 to 70. Reasons for fighting are revealed as are thoughts of loved ones, desire for plunder, lack of experience, confidence and demoralization, loneliness and sickness, and the sense of loss after the fight. On April 21, James

24 A. Garfield wrote his wife, “No blaze of glory, that flashes around the magnificent triumphs of war, can ever atone for the unwritten and unutterable horrors of the scene of carnage.” In Dusty Files a Coruscation (pp 296-305) By Leo M. Kaiser These excerpts come from forty-seven letters at the Chicago Historical Society written by approximately fifteen Union soldiers between April 1861 and April 1865. The excerpts contain a wide variety of observations on secessionists, camp life, foraging from Tennessee farms, Shiloh, contraband, generals, the siege at Vicksburg, and USCT troops. (No interpretive framework is included.) The Sultana Disaster (pp 306-325) By Wilson M. Yager On April 27, 1865, the steam packet Sultana exploded and burned on the Mississippi River a few miles above Memphis. At least 1,250 of the more than 2,000 passengers and crew were killed. Most of the dead were Union soldiers recently released from Confederate military prisons. The ship, passengers, and their last days are described as well as the aftermath of the disaster – still the greatest marine disaster in U.S. history. Winter 1976 Footnotes on the Death of John Hunt Morgan (pp 376-388) By Forrest Conklin Surprised by Union soldiers, John Hunt Morgan was killed in Greeneville on September 4, 1864, while preparing a raid on Federal troops at Bull’s Gap. Conklin looks at the circumstances of Morgan’s death, including his stay at the Dickson-Williams’ house, the role of Lucy Williams, Alvan Gillem’s Union troops, differences in the accounts of Morgan’s shooting, and the treatment of Morgan’s body afterwards. Spring 1977 A Community at War: Montgomery County, 1861-1865 (pp 30-43) By Stephen V. Ash This case study looks at Montgomery County and Clarksville from 1860 to 1865. Despites its location on the Kentucky-Tennessee border, as a major tobacco market, the county/city had strong economic ties with the lower South, especially New Orleans. Unionism in the county “evaporated overnight” in April 1861, and some saw the war as an economic blessing. However, the area fell to Union forces in February 1862 and was occupied for the rest of the war. Three years of occupation and guerilla warfare disrupted the institutions and established social and economic patterns of Clarksville, essentially isolating the town. Shortages and inflation took a heavy toll on citizens: “to some it must have seemed that the whole fabric of society had been rudely shredded and scattered.” Summer 1977 Charley Schreel=s Book: Diary of a Union Soldier on Garrison Duty in Tennessee (pp 197-207) By Edward F. Keuchel and James P. Jones

25 Charles Schreel (1842-1912) served in the Seventy-First Ohio Infantry. He kept this diary, reproduced in full, from January 7, 1863-May 9, 1863, while he was on duty at forts Henry and Donelson. It reflects the boredom of routine duty (he had been at the Battle of Shiloh), and comments on poor discipline and desertions, amusements, rumors of Rebel raids, and Confederate prisoners Postwar Recovery: Montgomery County, 1865-70 (pp 208-221) By Stephen V. Ash Ash continues his case study, begun in the Spring 1977 issue. Anti-Union sentiment continued for most in the county throughout the war, and large numbers had fought for the CSA. However, an assembly in Clarksville condemned the assassination of Lincoln in April 1865. The city turned to rebuilding and reconstituting local government. Business activity grew as trade reopened, and the local economy stabilized. A major adjustment had to be made to the new freedmen, but major social change would not come. Public schools received a greater commitment after the war than they had prior to 1860. A new development was the establishment of separate black churches. Fall 1977 John W. Burgess: A Unionist in Tennessee (pp 352-366) By Lonnie Manness John W. Burgess (1844-1931), born into a Whig family in Cornersville, is called the father of modern American political science. But in his youth, he was a Tennessee soldier for the Union. Tennessee’s political scene on the eve of the Civil War is described. Although he entered Cumberland University in September 1861, Burgess left in March 1862 as Middle Tennessee fell to the Union. At home in Giles County, he was marked as a Unionist and in June 1862 Confederates tried to impress him into service. He fled toward Shiloh and Union troops, where he volunteered for service. He served with the occupying army in West Tennessee and Georgia until July 1864, when he was discharged due to illness. Because of his Union record, he chose to go to Amherst College in Massachusetts after the war, rather than remain in Tennessee. Winter 1977 None Spring 1978 Tennessee Returns to Congress (pp 49-62) By Constance J. Cooper In July 1866, Tennessee was the first state to be readmitted to the Union. Ten men were elected to fill the state’s seats in Congress, and they are assessed here. The eight representatives were Nathaniel G. Taylor, Horace Maynard, William B. Stokes, Edmund Cooper, William B. Campbell, Samuel M. Arnell, Isaac R. Hawkins, and John W. Leftwich. The senators were David Patterson (Andrew Johnson’s son-in-law) and Joseph Fowler. ANorthern, Military, Corrupt, and Transitory,@ Augustus E. Alden, Nashville=s Carpetbagger Mayor (pp 63-67) By Robert M. McBride

26 Governor William G. Brownlow selected Augustus Alden to serve as mayor of Nashville, and Alden served from 1867-June 1869, when he was ousted by a court injunction. Alden was born in Maine in 1837 and enlisted in the Second Minnesota Volunteer Infantry in July 1861. He served most of the time in Tennessee, and he moved to Nashville after the war, working in the “claims business.” Nashville’s poor finances ultimately ended Alden’s local political career, but he sought support of newly enfranchised blacks while he was mayor. He moved to Washington, D.C., in 1871, and then to Seattle, where he died in 1886. McBride believes Alden’s corruption is unproven. Summer 1978 ARemorse and Repentance@: The Death of General Felix K. Zollicoffer (pp 170-174) Contributed by Rebecca Hunt Moulder An 1885 article is reprinted here and tells the story of an experience in the Cumberland Mountains. The writer meets an old Unionist blacksmith, who was the man who killed Zollicoffer. Taken into the blacksmith’s home, the writer describes the scene and the man’s stories of suffering from guerilla warfare and Champ Ferguson. The blacksmith had gone to Taylor’s store and taken his squirrel rifle for protection. Caught in a charge by Zollicoffer on nearby Union (German) troops, the man feared he would be shot next by the general and fired his rifle at him, killing him. Although a Col. Frye took credit for the deed, the old man deeply regretted what he had done and was haunted by his act. The Hornet=s Nest at Shiloh (pp 175-189) By Donald F. Dosch Dosch examines the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, specifically detailing the action at the Hornet’s Nest (down to “a terrified rabbit burst from the woods.”) He attributes the Confederates failure to overrun the Sunken Road to the dense vegetation that kept them from knowing the exact strength and position of the Union troops. The Confederate also had difficulty coordinating and maneuvering large bodies of inexperienced troops across the broken and wooded terrain – and they were also outnumbered by the Union defenders due to the piecemeal attack. Dosch concludes that the Hornet’s Nest can be viewed as a microcosm of the entire Civil War struggle. A Kentucky Physician Examines Memphis (pp 190-202) By Nancy C. Baird Dr. Lunsford P. Yandell, Jr. (1837-1884), practiced medicine in Memphis from April 1859 until May 1861. He practiced from and lived in the Gayoso Hotel. Yandell’s letters are used to illustrate his experiences in Memphis. He complains of the expensiveness of the city and critiques new acquaintances, especially women, but also former Mississippi governor Henry Foote and Tennessee governor James C. Jones. He describes the dust and the mud of Memphis streets, the importance of cotton to the town (“Disunion and southern rights are forgotten. Nobody thinks or talks about anything but cotton…”), and his efforts to help the Memphis Medical College. In early 1860, he writes about the celebration in Memphis of South Carolina’s secession, and he begins to think of joining the army as a soldier rather than a surgeon. He did join the Shelby Grays, and vaccinated CSA recruits for smallpox. However, because he did not like Gideon Pillow, Lunsford applied for a surgeon’s commission – leaving Memphis -- and served with William J. Hardee through the rest of

27 the war. Fall 1978 Andrew Johnson and the Election of William G. (AParson@) Brownlow as Governor of Tennessee (pp 308-320) By William G. Miscamble From the 1830s to the 1870s, Tennessee politics were affected by the bitter, personal struggle between Johnson and Brownlow. Temporary allies during the Civil War, they opposed each other again over the Fourteenth Amendment. However, this examination of the circumstances of Brownlow’s nomination and election as governor in 1865 reveals Johnson’s important role through his support and political maneuvering. Winter 1978 None Spring 1979 Memphis Riots: White Reaction to Blacks in Memphis, May 1865-July 1866 (pp 9-33) By Bobby Lovett The bloodiest reaction to black freedom just after the Civil War was the Memphis Riot of May 1866. The great increase in black residents in Memphis – thousands of slaves poured into the Union-occupied city during the war – led to a change in race relationships. In 1865, over 16,000 of the cities almost 28,000 residents were freedmen. Whites reacted to what they saw as efforts to take over their city, socially and economically. The Freedmen’s Bureau became a symbol of this change, and newspapers inflamed public sentiment. White police and firemen also resented the USCT troops occupying the city. On Tuesday, May 1, the black troops were mustered out of service and a celebration began among the black citizenry. White policemen intervened, and a riot erupted as a white mob attacked. By May 3, 2000 blacks had been arrested, most beaten, and 46 blacks killed (and only 2 whites.) Congress investigated the riot later in May. Lovett concludes that the basic problem and cause of the riots was not black troops but urban blacks whose behavior conflicted with the traditional race rules of the city. The white brutality satisfied their desire to reduce the number of blacks in the city and to strike back at a symbol of Radical Republicanism and Unionism. Summer 1979 Samuel Ringgold: A Missionary in the Tennessee Valley, 1860-1911 (pp 204-213) By Paul G. Ashdown Like many clergymen in the South during the war, Ringgold (1825-1911) had difficulty carrying out his duties when confronted with the policies of the invading armies. He served Episcopal congregations in Bowling Green, Ky., and Clarksville. One of his churches was seized and destroyed by the Union. In Clarksville, Federal troops interfered with his burial of a Confederate soldier. He tried to be apolitical, but was often viewed as partisan. One of his encounters was with Capt. Mary Walker, the first woman physician in the U.S. Army, at one of his services in Clarksville. After the war, Ringgold served in Clarksville until 1874 and then went to a parish in Knoxville. Fall 1979 The Civil War Diary of Louisa Brown Pearl (pp 308-321)

28 By James A. Hoobler Pearl (1810-1886) was the wife of Joshua Fenton Pearl, first superintendant of schools in Nashville. Pearl’s husband, a Unionist, left for Detroit in 1861 with the couple’s two daughters. Their son, John, joined the First Tennessee Infantry, CSA. Pearl decided to stay in Nashville, as she hoped to “save something from the wreck of our property & … do something for my son who is in the army fighting for the South.” Her diary of September 1, 1861-March 22, 1862, is reproduced. She recorded rumors of battles, worries about her family, changing occupations of other cities, the funerals of Maj. Henry Fogg and Gen. Felix Zollicoffer, worries over the approaching Union army and then the Confederate abandonment of Nashville – and the accompanying destruction, and the arrival of the new occupying army. Winter 1979 The Civil War and its Aftermath in Putnam County (pp 436-461) By Mary Jean DeLozier Putnam County, established in 1854, turned pro-Confederate by April 1861. However, the war and its aftermath delayed the organization of government institutions, set back its economy, and disrupted schools and churches. The county’s population in 1860 is analyzed as is the impact of the 1860 presidential election and secession in 1861. Although troops traversed the county, the only known skirmish was at Dug Hill near the Calfkiller River, when USCT troops out of Sparta engaged Confederate guerillas under John M. Hughes. Putnam County saw vicious activity from guerillas and bushwhackers, including the Confederate Champ Ferguson and the Unionist “Tinker” Dave Beatty. This lawlessness marked the county for years to come. The establishment of the Freedman’s Bureau in Putnam County is included along with voting patterns in the Upper Cumberland from 1865-1869. Spring 1980 Did Nathan Bedford Forrest Really Rescue John Able? (pp 16-26) By William S. Fitzgerald Fitzgerald examines a portion of the Forrest legend regarding his single-handed rescue of Able from a lynch mob in Memphis in 1857. He concludes that although Forrest did pay a minimal role, several men intervened and Able’s mother did more than anyone to save him. A Gathering of Tories: The East Tennessee Convention of 1861 (pp 27-48) By Charles F. Bryan, Jr. In May and June 1861 pro-Union conventions were called in Knoxville and Greeneville, each attended by hundreds of men. Bryan’s analysis places the East Tennessee Convention as an integral part of the events of 1861 in Tennessee, looking at the people and factors surrounding the convention and placing them within the context of the divided region. He examines the demographic and socio-economic make up of the delegates, as well as the resolutions they passed. One outcome of the conventions was the decision by the Confederate government to occupy upper East Tennessee, another was to maintain East Tennessee’s support of the Union. The conventions “demonstrated that most East Tennesseans saw little future in joining a rebellion in which they had little at stake and much to lose.”

29 Summer 1980 None Fall 1980 Nashville Jewry during the Civil War (pp 310-322) By Fedora Small Frank In 1860, there were 105 Jewish households in Nashville, out of a total population of 16,988. Among these households, only seven slaves were owned. There are only three printed opinions pro-secession from Nashville Jews: Rabbi Samuel Raphael defended slavery with Biblical arguments, Louis Powers offered free rent to anyone fighting the “Lincoln hordes,” and Simon Sickles suffered property damages during occupation because he was a “rebel.” Approximately twenty Jews volunteered for the Confederacy in May 1861, with more volunteers that summer and fall. The service of some of these men is described. The affects of Union occupation on the community is also discussed, and includes an excerpt from the diary of Hayman Herzberg. In 1866, 225 Jewish names appeared in the city directory, a 100% increase over 1860, and a new reform congregation had joined the antebellum orthodox synagogues. New Jewish organizations were also formed. In 1868, the community opposed the candidacy of U.S. Grant for president because of his order in 1863 to remove all Jews from the Department of Tennessee. There were also a few incident of KKK action against Jews in 1868. Winter 1980 Wartime Scenes from Convent Windows: St. Cecilia, 1860 -1865 (pp 401-422) Edited by Sister Aloysius Mackin, O.P. Mother Frances Walsh (ca. 1842-1921) was one of the original four Dominican Sisters who can to Nashville from Ohio in 1860 and the sections of her Annals of St. Cecelia Convent, 1860-1881 pertaining to the war years are reprinted here. The siting of the convent and academy at the “Mt. Vernon Garden” and the first year of school is described. Walsh discussed the coming of the war and worry over how St. Cecilia would survive economically. However, in 1861, student enrollment increased and building continued. She describes the Confederate evacuation and Union occupation of Nashville. Father Abrahm Ryan visited more than once (“beautiful were his sermons.”) She relates anecdotes of the occupation and wartime excursions, such as to mass at the St. Mary’s cathedral, to “the Acklen Place,” Belmont, to a picnic at Belle Meade, and to the Capitol, where one young pupil confuses Andrew Johnson with the [THS] mummy they were going to see. Although there were privations, the school grew during the war years. However, a new orphanage they had built was destroyed in the Battle of Nashville, but later rebuilt with the help of Federal officers. The end of the war in 1865 brought reduced student roles, as fortunes had been ruined. In turn, St, Cecelia was bankrupted and its convent property sold at auction in 1867. In 1880, solvency was achieved and a living wing for the sisters added to the academy building. Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks, 1862-65 (pp 459-470) By John Cimprich Although proslavery before the Civil War, his service as military governor turned Andrew Johnson into a committed emancipationist. Johnson perceived secession as a conspiracy between sectionalists and aristocrats to gain control of Southern government, not as simply an essential effort to preserve slavery. Staying with the Union, Johnson had no where to turn but to Northern Republicans. After

30 returning to Tennessee as military governor in 1862, Johnson had to deal with large numbers of slaves seeking refuge in Union areas. At first he issues permits for masters to search for fugitive slaves, but the government gradually moved toward an emancipation policy. However, Johnson signed a petition to Lincoln seeking exemption of Tennessee from the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, which succeeded. By August 1863, Johnson declared himself in favor of immediate emancipation in the state. Still, Johnson opposed turning former slaves into soldiers and he tried to discourage increasing contraband numbers by refusing to issue them tents for shelter. Because of his efforts to build a Unionist local government, including an election, Johnson eventually realized that these ardent Lincoln freedmen could serve his purpose not only locally, but enhance his national popularity for the 1864 election. He then developed a very personalized commitment to enacting emancipation in Tennessee before entering the vice-presidency in 1865. The Tennessee Republicans in Decline, 1869-1876, Part I (pp 471-484) By F. Wayne Binning Tennessee Radicals under William Brownlow controlled Tennessee politics from 1865-1869, especially as the franchise was limited to those who were unconditional Union men during the war. The Ku Klux Klan was one reaction to this. However, when Brownlow resigned to take a senate seat, the Radicals developed a schism over who to elect as governor in 1868 – acting governor DeWitt Senter or William B. Stokes. Democrats did not run a candidate, but instead looked for the more moderate Radical. When Senter stated in a debate that he favored universal suffrage, he immediately won support. Senter used the disfranchising machinery that set up by Brownlow to bring ex-Confederates into the electorate – he won by a 2-1 margin. Senter’s reasons for doing this are analyzed and the events leading to the 1870 Constitutional Convention described. After 1870, Republicans had to act on moderate lines. Spring 1981 The Last Day at Stones River -- Experiences of a Yank and a Reb (pp 3-12) By James L. McDonough The experiences of Union Col. James Fyffe and Confederate William McKay illustrate the action of the battle on January 2, 1863. Fyffe’s brigade was on the high ground above McFadden’s Ford, opposite Brig. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, where McKay was a soldier. Letters from Fyffe to his wife are included and McKay’s memoirs (held at the Tennessee State Library and Archives) are cited. Fyffe suffered mainly from lack of supplies, while McKay was wounded by a bursting shell. Summer 1981 None Fall 1981 Outfitting the Provisional Army of Tennessee: A Report on New Source Materials (pp 257-271) By Dillard Jacobs This article draws from the correspondence and telegrams of the Military and Financial Board of the State of Tennessee from April 27-December 23, 1861. Charged with the administration of recruiting, provisioning, and equipping the Provisional Army of Tennessee (later a part of the CSA), the MFB was not actually established by legislation until May 6, Tennessee did not secede from the Union until June 8, and the Provisional Army was transferred to the CSA on July 31. The three board

31 members were Neil S. Brown, William Giles Harding, and James E. Bailey. Short terms were also served by Gustavus A. Henry and Felix Zollicoffer. Correspondence includes negotiations for arms and ammunition manufacture with Tennessee companies, the planning and construction of defensive fortifications and military camps, and the acquisition of uniforms. Winter 1981 The Remarkable Harriet Whiteside (pp 333-347) By Kay Baker Gaston Four pages of this biographical sketch of Harriet Straw Whiteside (1824-1903) deal with her experiences during the Civil War. At the start of the Civil War, Col. James A. Whiteside, her husband, was perhaps the wealthiest man in Chattanooga; he had begun development of Lookout Mountain in 1857. The Whitesides were ardent secessionists, but family affairs fell on Harriet when James died suddenly in November 1861. Harriet Whiteside boarded some Confederate refugees and later, after the fall of Chattanooga to the Union, boarded a few Union officers so she might gain commissary privileges. In early 1864, Whiteside was among Confederate sympathizers sent north to Ohio. Returning to Chattanooga in the fall of 1865, she began work to establish ownership and control over her husband’s estate – a task that would take the next twenty years. The Cause of the Union in East Tennessee (pp 366-380) By Martha L. Turner Upper East Tennessee Unionists endured two years of attacks – editorially and physically – at the start of the war. The leadership of William Brownlow, Andrew Johnson, and Thomas A. R. Nelson helped strengthen their resolve. Anti-aristocrat and anti-negro attitudes also helped sustain their Unionist views. The Confederate army occupied Knoxville and the counties to the north, as rebellion by the Unionist was a real possibility, as underscored by bridge burnings. Union guerilla action triggered retaliation, leading to loss of life and property. In September 1863, the Union army took the region, liberating the Unionists. However, the Federal troops proved to be as lawless as the Rebel soldiers.