teori tektonik keping (plate tectonic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
STAG1032: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (Geologi Fizik)
Teori Tektonik Keping(Plate Tectonic Theory)
Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan YaacobProgram Geologi, UKM
![Page 2: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 3: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
continent
Mechanism of continental drift(Wegener, 1915)
Oceanic crust
![Page 4: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Earth’s Internal Structure
![Page 5: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Earth’s Major Plates
• Lithosphere– Crust and Uppermost
mantle– Strong & Rigid layer– Plates
• Asthenosphere– Weaker layer– Mantle
![Page 6: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Lithosphere• Solid & rigid• Responds to stress by bending and
breaking• 100-150kms (below continents)• 70-80kms (beneath oceans)• Light (granitic) continental crust – SIAL
(2.7g/cm3)• Denser (basaltic) oceanic crust – SIMA
(3.0 g/cm3)• Crust & uppermost mantle
![Page 7: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Asthenosphere
• Greek “weak rock”• More plastic response to stress
(semiplastic)• Squeeze and flow• Beneath the lithosphere• 250kms thick• Less dense compared to oceanic crust
![Page 8: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
PLATES• Broken segments in lithosphere• 7 major plates : North American, South
American, Pacific (the largest), African, Eurasian, Australian-Indian, Antarctic Plates
• Move slow but continuous (slow but steady !!):5cm/50mm/2inches per year
• Movement creates : Earthquakes; volcanoes; mountains deformation
![Page 9: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007 * 7 main plates
![Page 10: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY
• Lithosphere (oceanic, continental crust, upper mantle) – called “plates” fragmentation of lithosphere
• Lithospheric plates move over the hotter/weaker semiplastic/plastic asthenosphere.
• Move-separate – mid oceanic ridge
• Plates collide– i. One plate dives underneath the other– ii. Slide past one another
![Page 11: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Plates and plate boundaries• Three types of plate
boundaries:-
• (1) Divergent Plate Boundaries– Tensional stress
• (2) Convergent Plate Boundaries – Compressional stress
• (3) Transform Faults– Shear stress
![Page 12: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 13: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(1) Divergent Plate Boundaries
• Tensional stress • Divergent : spread out (mencapah)• Constructive margins (sempadan membina)• Spreading centers; mid oceanic ridges
– High heat flow; mild volcanic activity; shallow earthquakes (<40km deep)
• Theory of Sea Floor Spreading (SFS)– Teori Pemuaian Dasar Lautan– 2-5-15 cm per year
• New oceans Form
Di = apart; vergere = to move
MOVIE
The mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge systemto create new seafloor.
![Page 14: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
OCEANIC RIDGE
1000-4000 kms
2-3 kms
70,000 kms
Rift Valley(deep downfaultedvalley)
30-50kms
<200m – 3km
The longest topographic feature on Earth’s surface
(1) Divergent Plate Boundaries
![Page 15: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Mid Atlantic ridge
trench
“The ring of fire”
Mid Indian ridge
![Page 16: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(1) Divergent Plate Boundaries
Continental Rifts
• Spreading centers• Continent • East African Rift • Initial stage of
breakup• Extensive volcanic
activity• Red sea (formed
about 20 m.a.)
Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2003. Earth Sc.
![Page 17: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries
con = together; vergere = to move
• Compression stress• Subduction (sub=under; duct =lead) (subduksi)• Destructive margins (memusnah)• Convergent (towards the same point)
• Oceanic-oceanic • Continental-oceanic• Continental-continental
• Ocean Trench (parit lautan)
![Page 18: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Anda di sini
Subduction zones-lithosphere is descending (being subducted) into the astenosphere
A
B
Long: thousands of KmsDeep: 8-12 kmsWide:50-100 kms
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries
![Page 19: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Plat A Plat B
A B
Lithosphere (oceanic)- High density
Lithosphere (continental)- Less dense
AsthenosphereAsthenosphere(less dense)
Direction of plate movementDeep ocean trench
Destructive plate margin(subduction zone)
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries
Angle of descent(ب )
SFS
The leading edge
Partial melting(peleburan separa)- Generate 10% molten material;intermixed with unmelted mantle rockTeardrop-
shaped structure
100km
![Page 20: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries
(AVERAGE angle)
45o
A few degrees
90o
Angle of descent depends on DENSITY
Close from spreading centre-Young lithosphere-Warm and buoyant
Far from spreading centre-Ages (old) lithosphere-Cool, thicken and more dense
oceaniccontinent
![Page 21: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
A. Oceanic – continentaleg. Andes; Western USA
B. Oceanic – Oceaniceg. Japan ; Indonesia
C. Continental – continentaleg. Himalaya
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries Continental volcanic arch
![Page 22: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007MOVIE
(2) Convergent Plate Boundaries
![Page 23: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(3) Transform Faults
• Shear stress• Two plates grind past each other• Only earthquakes; no volcanic• Ocean basin : cut the spreading
centers• Continental crust:
– i. San Andreas Fault of California– Ii. Alpine fault of New Zealand
![Page 24: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
(3) Transform Faults
![Page 25: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Conservative: San Andreas Fault(3) Transform Faults
movie
![Page 26: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 27: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
EVIDENCE OF PLATE TECTONICS MODEL
![Page 28: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
1. PALEOMAGNETISM
• “FOSSIL” magnetic field– Study of ancient earth’s magnetic field– Iron bearing minerals align themselves with
earth magnetic field• Magnetometer [World War II (1941-45)]
– sensitive devices for detecting magnetic fields (measure intensity of magnetic field).
• i. Polar wandering (continental drift hypo)
• ii. Magnetic reversals and sea floor spreading
![Page 29: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
i. POLAR WANDERING
• The migration of magnetic pole through time
• 500 m.y. : wandering of magnetic north pole from Hawaii – Siberia – present spot.
• Why ? (i) Plate tectonic or (ii) Polar wandering
• “If the magnetic poles remain stationary, their apparent movement was produced by the drifting of the continents”.
![Page 30: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
i. POLAR WANDERING
North America
North America
EurasiaEurasia
AfricaAfrica
The positions of wandering paths when the landmasses are reassembled in their predriftlocations
Polar Wandering of the earth magnetic pole. Same age with different pole positions (???)
![Page 31: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
ii.Magnetic reversals and sea floor spreading
Evidence that support SEA FLOOR SPREADING THEORY
Earth’s magnetic field periodically reverses polarity; i,e, the north magnetic pole becomes the south magnetic pole, and vice versa
![Page 32: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 33: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
2. EARTHQUAKE PATTERNS
• Global distribution of earthquakes and their close association with plate boundaries
![Page 34: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
3. OCEAN DRILLING
• Drilling into ocean-floor sediment• “Deep Sea Drilling Project” – using
drilling ship• Taking sediment samples and determine
their age (fosil / radiometric dating).
• Result: – (1) the age of sediment increased with the
increasing distance from the ridge.– (2) the thickness of sediments increased
from the ridge
![Page 35: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
3i. Crustal Age
younger older
![Page 36: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
4. HOTSPOTS
• Hotspot: a location on the earth’s surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time.
• Age Radiometric dating increases with increasing distance from Hawaii Rising plume of mantle is located below Hawaii (i.e. HOTSPOT)
• 40-50 hotspots
![Page 37: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Hawaiian chain of islands
![Page 38: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Fixed / stationary hotspot !!)
![Page 39: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 40: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
THE DRIVING MECHANISM
![Page 41: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
The Driving Mechanisms
• 1. Thermal convection– Rising convection
current– Descending
convection current
• 2. Gravity driven “slab-pull” or “ ridge-push”
Arus Olakan Haba
Analogy for slab-pullPage 148:Dutch et al
![Page 42: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 43: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
![Page 44: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
Thermal convection current
![Page 45: Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory)pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag1032/sesi200607... · Teori Tektonik Keping (Plate Tectonic Theory) Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050801/5afae8107f8b9a19548e90d7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
dzwzy2006_2007
THE END