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NG ZIBNGOCßH L_ZG×INGC( Ln orloceclhpi `leimrçacoi lh ng Lszg÷g oihplezirçhlg 

A|lhpl leimrçacog(Ls o|gnw|clr lsorcpi. `io|elhpi i lspg`åspcog w|l his gzirpg |h `gpi i |h oihioceclhpi sibrl ln lsp|`ci `leimrçacoi( Lhprl ngs a|lhpls. fcspÿrcogs ei`lrhgs. ogbl ocpgr nis rlmcspris zgrriw|cgnls. nis olhsis. ln zg`rÿh. ln rlmcspri ocqcn. ngs lho|lspgs. lpo(@ls`l fgol scmnis. nis Lspg`is fgh chplhpg`i sgblr ln hôelri `l fgbcpghpls `l s|s plrrcpircis( Nis rlo|lhpis eçs ghpcm|is plhågh achls acsognls4 slprgpgbg `l oihiolr ng zibngocÿh zgrg rlog|`gr nis cez|lspis( Zlri lrgh sini gzrivcegpcqis. zir ni w|l hi sl oihsc`lrgh oclhpåacois(_l z|l`lh `cqc`cr lh `is pczis4

7( Ngs `lhiechg`gs fcspÿrcogs zrlolhsgnls. ls `locr. ngs ghplrcirls gn zrcelr olhsi iacocgn `l zibngocÿh w|l p|qi n|mgr lh 76<=( Ãspgs sih4 nisrlo|lhpis. lezg`rihgeclhpis. a|lmis i aims  nis rlmcspris `l bg|pctis. egprceihcis `la|hocihls w|l sl oihslrqgh lh nis grofcqis

zgrriw|cgnls(2( Ngs a|lhpls fcspÿrcogs olhsgnls. ls `locr. ngs w|l sl ibpclhlh g zgrpcr `ln g÷i 76<=( ngs o|gpri zrchoczgnls sih4g( Nis rlmcspris mlhlrgnls l zibngocÿh( Lspgs sih ngs eçs cezirpghpls( _ih bçscogelhpl prls4

c( Nis olhsis. w|l sl rlgnctgh og`g `clt g÷is. nis plrechg`is lh |hi g zgrpcr `l 7367. g w|l fgspg lhpihols sl nnlqgbghg ogbi lh nis g÷is gogbg`is lh olri. ln ônpcei `l lsg slrcl ls ln `l 73=:( ln ônpcei olhsi iacocgn w|l sl fg rlgnctg`ilh Lszgng ls ln oirrlszih`clhpl gn g÷i 2::7( ln zrÿvcei plh`rç n|mgr lh 2:77( Ln olhsi ls |h rlmcspri pipgn `l ngzibngocÿh lh ln w|l sl chon|lh h|elrisis `gpis `l og`g oc|`g`ghi &`iecocnci. slvi. l`g`. n|mgr `l hgoceclhpi. hcqln`l chspr|oocÿh‡#( _ih `gpis a|h`gelhpgnls zgrg zrlqlr znghcacogr is slrqcocis bçscois w|l hlolscpgrç &l`|ogocÿh.sgn|`. lnloocihls. lpo#(

cc( Nis zg`rihls. w|l sl rlgnctgh nis g÷is plrechg`is lh |hi lh slcs. ln ônpcei `l nis o|gnls sl fg nnlqg`i g ogbi lh2::1( ln Zg`rÿh ls ng chairegocÿh w|l sl gop|gnctg pi`is nis g÷is( Ln zrÿvcei `lbl nnlqgrsl g ogbi lh 2:77( Fgspg 7331.nis zg`rihls sl rlhiqgbgh og`g ochoi g÷is( @ls`l lsg alofg. ng z|lspg gn `åg sl fgol g|pieçpcogelhpl. mrgocgs g ngsh|lqgs plohinimågs. w|l zlrecplh fgolr |h slm|ceclhpi eçs olroghi `l ngs gnpgs bgdgs w|l sl zri`|olh lh og`ge|hcoczci( _l oihsc`lrg |h zg`rÿh oihpch|i(

ccc( Nis hielhonçpir. `io|elhpi lh ln w|l sl rlmcsprg ln ncspg`i `l zibngocÿh zir e|hcoczcis(b( Ngs a|lhpls zgrg ln eiqceclhpi hgp|rgn. z|bncog`gs zir ln CHL ln Rlmcspri Ocqcn( Ln Chspcp|pi Hgocihgn `l Lspg`åspcog &}}}(chl(ls#

olhprgnctg lh s| zçmchg b|lhg zgrpl `l ngs A|lhpls `leimrçacogs g`leçs ` lho|lspgs prgbgdis lspg`åspcois slopircgnls&Lho|lspgs `l Zibngocÿh Gopcqg ‟LZG%. Lspg`åspcogs `l Qgrcgocihls Rlsc`lhocgnls#( Ln Rlmcspri Ocqcn. orlg`i lh 76=: mlspcihg`izir ln Echcsplrci l D|spcocg( Lh ãn sl chsorcblh hgoceclhpis. la|hocihls egprceihcis(

o( Ngs a|lhpls zgrg ln lsp|`ci l nis eiqceclhpis ecmrgpircis(`( Iprgs lho|lspgs l elhir lhpc`g` sibrl ngs pgsgs `l alo|h`c`g`. eirpgnc`g`. zibngocÿh gopcqg. lpo(

@is oiholzpis a|h`gelhpgnls4 zibngocÿh `l flofi zibngocÿh `l `lrlofi(i  Zibngocÿh `l `lrlofi i `l c|rl ( Ls ng w|l lspç lezg`rihg`g lh |h n|mgr. `l aireg w|l ls gnnå `ih`l ldlrol s|s `lrlofis ocqcnls &oiei ln

qipi#

i  Zibngocÿh `l flofi i `l agopi ( Ls gw|lnng w|l sl lho|lhprg lh |h n|mgr lh ln eielhpi `ln olhsi. ch`lzlh`clhplelhpl `l sc lspçlezg`rihg`g gnnå i hi( Lspis ônpceis sih nis prghslôhpls(

Lqin|ocÿh fcspÿrcog `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing(Fcspircg `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing(

Lszg÷g zisll |hg zibngocÿh s|zlrcir g 01 ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls &01(:1?(<77 fgbcpghpls ln 7 `l lhlri `l 2::6. slmôh `gpis `ln CHL#.rlzgrpc`is lh gnmi eçs `l el`ci ecnnÿh `l kcnÿelpris o|g`rg`is. ni w|l s|zihl |hg `lhsc`g `l 32 fgbcpghpls zir Kcnÿelpri o|g`rg`i( Lh 2::= ng`lhsc`g` ls `l 63.?. e| scecngr g ng el`cg w|l lvcspl lh ng \hcÿh L|rizlg( _ch lebgrmi. ng `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh ls bgspghpl crrlm|ngr ibl`lol g gopirls fcspÿrcois. loihÿecois. onceçpcois l chon|si pgebcãh g locscihls l p czi zinåpcoi(@l pi`is lspis agopirls ln eçs cezirpghpl fg sc`i ln fcspÿrcoi(

Ln orloceclhpi rlgn l |hg zibngocÿh lzlh`l l is qgrcgbnls a|h`gelhpgnls47( ln orloceclhpi hgp|rgn4 ng `calrlhocg lhprl nis w|l hgolh nis w|l sl e|lrlh2( ln sgn`i ecmrgpirci4 calrlhocg lhprl nis checmrghpls lecmrghpls(

G|hw|l ls `caåocn zrlocsgr oÿei lqin|ocihÿ ngzibngocÿh lh ng Ghpcmþl`g`. sl z|l`l lspcegr w|l sl zri`|di|h oclrpi orloceclhpi `|rghpl ng ãziog `l ng `iechgocÿhrieghg. zlri g zgrpcr `ln scmni CCC lspl orloceclhpi sl rl`|di`lbc`i g ng orcscs loihÿecog siocgn. sibrl pi`i g og|sg `lngs chqgscihls `l nis z|lbnis bçrbgris `|rghpl ng Gnpg L`g`El`cg(

_ch lebgrmi. ls ceziscbnl sgblr oih rlngpcqg

slm|rc`g` ln hôelri `l zlrsihgs w|l qcqågh lhpihols lh ngzlhåhs|ng Cbãrcog. g w|l hi sl fg ibslrqg`i hchmôh rlo|lhpi`l zibngocÿh `l ng ãziog ghpcm|g(

Gnm|his g|pirls fgh nnlmg`i g rlgnctgr lspcegocihlsw|l an|opôgh lhprl nis ? nis = ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls. zlri slprgpg `l oçno|nis bgsg`is lh `gpis ch`crlopis w|l pclhlhgzlhgs acgbcnc`g`. `g`g ng `caco|npg` `l qgnirgr ln hôelri `lzlrsihgs w|l lh gw|lnng ãziog zi`rågh fgbcpgr lh ngZlhåhs|ng(

@|rghpl ng L`g` El`cg. ng lqin|ocÿh `leimrçacogplh`cÿ fgocg ln lspghogeclhpi. sl zri`|di |h ncmlriorloceclhpi `|rghpl nis zrcelris scmnis `l ng zrlslhocge|s|neghg lh ng Zlhåhs|ng. lh lszgocgn lh ng lpgzg `ln ogncagpi`l Oÿr`ibg &scmni V# lh nis plrrcpircis `l Gn%Gh`gn|s(

Ln chorlelhpi `l zibngocÿh `|rghpl lspg ãzioglsp|qi lh rlngocÿh oih ng gzirpgocÿh zir zgrpl `l nis

e|s|neghls `l pãohcogs hiql`isgs `l rlmg`åi i ngchpri`|oocÿh l h|lqgs lszlocls l o|npcqis w|l g|elhpgrih ln rlh`ceclhpi gmråoing(Zlri lspg scp|gocÿh ogebcÿ g zgrpcr `ln scmni VCCC. o|gh`i ng zibngocÿh lhprÿ lh orcscs oih ngs `caco|npg`ls `ln zriolsi `l ng Rloihw|cspg g

og|sg l ng chlspgbcnc`g` w|l lspl flofi s|z|si. ni w|l zriqioÿ s| lspghogeclhpi(

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5/9/2018 TEORÍA DE LA POBLACIÓN ESPAÑOLA I - slidepdf.com

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Ng `log`lhocg `leimrçacog sl golhp|ÿ sibrl pi`i `ls`l ln scmni VCQ. fgbc`i g eirpåalrgs lzc`lecgs `l zlspl oiei ng `l 7?01%7?<0( nisrlchis `l ng oirihg `l Grgmÿh a|lrih nis w|l egir cezgopi lvzlrcelhpgrih. ni w|l oihnnlqÿ |h `lsolhsi `leimrçacoi `ln w|l pgr`grih lhrlo|zlrgrsl qgrcis scmnis(

G zgrpcr `ln scmni VQC sl zri`|di |h h|lqi orloceclhpi zrizcocg`i zir ln `lso|brceclhpi `l Geãrcog &o|is lalopis ziscpcqis sibrl ngzibngocÿh. g zlsgr. chon|si. `ln an|di lecmrgpirci w|l sl chcocÿ fgocg ln H|lqi E|h`i# zir ng rlo|zlrgocÿh loihÿecog `l lsg ãzcog. zlsl g w|l hc ngsfgebr|hgs hc ngs lzc`lecgs `lsgzgrloclrih lh hchmôh eielhpi( W|ctç lh lsl zlrci`i ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing s|zlrÿ nis sclpl ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls& pgn qlt ng `l ng Zlhåhs|ng z|`i s|zlrgr nis iofi#. zlsl g ng lvz|nscÿh `l d|`åis e|s|neghls g achgnls `ln scmni ghplrcir(

Iråmlhls `l ng gop|gn `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿhLn scmni VQCC a|l. zir ln oihprgrci. |hg ãziog `l `log`lhocg `leimrçacog( H|lqgs lzc`lecgs `l zlspl oiei ng `l 7103. |hc`gs g orcscs `l

s|bscsplhocgs fgebr|hgs. arlo|lhpls m|lrrgs lh L|rizg. gså oiei lh ln chplrcir `ln zgås. ng lvz|nscÿh `l |h lnlqg`i hôelri `l eircsois lh 71:3&w|l sl fg nnlmg`i g ocargr lh olrog `l ?::(:::# |hg a|lrpl lecmrgocÿh fgocg Geãrcog. zrizcocgrih |h lspghogeclhpi i chon|si |hg rl`|oocÿh `l ng

zibngocÿh( Fgspg zrchoczcis `l lspl scmni. ng egir zgrpl `l ng zibngocÿh sl oiholhprgbg lh tihgs `ln chplrcir. a|h`gelhpgnelhpl lh ng elslpg `ln@|lri( Zlri g zgrpcr `l lsg olhp|rcg lh ngs scm|clhpls. sl chcocÿ |h zriolsi ecmrgpirci `ls`l ln olhpri fgocg ng zlrcalrcg( Ng zibngocÿh a|lgbgh`ihgh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl ng Elslpg zgrg cr oiholhprçh`isl lh ng tihg `l ngs oispgs( _ÿni f|bi |hg lvolzocÿh lh lspl zriolsi4 Eg`rc`. `lbc`i gsc oih`cocÿh `l ogzcpgn `ln Lspg`i( Lspl flofi agqirlocÿ w|l ln zriolsi ecmrgpirci sl `crcmclrg fgocg lsg oc|`g`. eclhprgs w|l sl cbgh `lszibngh`i ngszriqchocgs rlmcihls w|l ng ri`lgbgh(

@|rghpl ln scmni VQCCC sl chqcrpcÿ ng plh`lhocg sl chcocÿ |h zriolsi `l lvzghscÿh `leimrçacog( Lnni a|l `lbc`i g w|l achgnctgrih ngs mrgh`lslzc`lecgs. g w|l sl zri`|dlrih eldirgs lh ng gncelhpgocÿh mrgocgs g ngs b|lhgs oislofgs g w|l ln cezgopi `l ngs m|lrrgs sibrl ng zibngocÿh a|le|ofi eçs rl`|oc`i w|l lh lpgzgs ghplrcirls( Lh lspg ãziog sl golnlrÿ ln zriolsi `l `lszibngeclhpi `ln chplrcir `l ng Zlhåhs|ng &w|l sl fgbågchcocg`i g lh ln scmni VQCC# . g s| qlt. ln orloceclhpi `l ngs rlmcihls zlrcaãrcogs(

Lh ln scmni VCV oielhtÿ ln zriolsi `l „prghscocÿh `leimrçacog―. g w|l prgs ng orcscs `l ng M|lrrg `l Ch`lzlh`lhocg oielhtÿ g `lsolh`lr ngeirpgnc`g`. eclhprgs w|l. zir ln oihprgrci. sl eghp|qi |hg „pgsg `l hgpgnc`g`― e| lnlqg`g. . oiei oihslo|lhocg. ln chorlelhpi `ln orloceclhpiqlmlpgpcqi( Zlsl g lnni. `|rghpl lspg olhp|rcg sl lvzlrcelhpgrih ngs ônpcegs mrgh`ls lzc`lecgs `l aclbrl gegrcnng i oÿnlrg. w|l g zlsgr `l s| cezgopihi oihscm|clrih rl`|ocr scmhcacogpcqgelhpl ln orloceclhpi `leimrçacoi( _l golhpôg ng `calrlhocg `l orloceclhpi lhprl ln olhpri ngs rlmcihls oisplrgs(Fg w|l plhlr lh o|lhpg w|l b|lhg zgrpl `l ng ch`|sprcgnctgocÿh w|l sl zri`|di lh Lszg÷g lh lsg ãziog p|qi n|mgr lh plrrcpircis `l ng zlrcalrcg&Ogpgn|÷g. Zgås Qgsoi. Gsp|rcgs‡# w|l ng hgpgnc`g` lrg e| gnpg lh ngs rlmcihls `ln s|r lh Mgncocg( Zir ipri ng`i. sibrl pi`i `|rghpl nis ônpceis`lolhcis `l gw|ln scmni. Eg`rc` chcocg |h orloceclhpi e| ziplhpl. w|l hi sl `lplh`rç fgspg ng gop|gnc`g`(

G ni ngrmi `ln scmni VV. ng plh`lhocg `l ng zibngocÿh fg sc`i ng zrizcg `l |h oconi `leimrçacoi ei`lrhi. ls `locr. golroçh`isl og`g qlt eçsgn `lhiechg`i orloceclhpi olri. g|hw|l `|rghpl nis ônpceis g÷is `cofg plh`lhocg lezltÿ g ogebcgr ncmlrgelhpl( Ng eirpgnc`g` goihpch|ÿ`lsolh`clh`i. ng hgpgnc`g` sl eghp|qi oih |his qgnirls e| lnlqg`is( Lvcspclrih zlrci`is `l rlz|hpl lh nis g÷is qlchpl. lh ng ãziog `ln`lsgrrinncsei . `ls`l 7331 fgspg ln eielhpi gop|gn( Lspg lqin|ocÿh z|l`l rls|ecrsl lh prls lpgzgs(

7( Lh ng zrcelrg. fgspg el`cg`is `ln scmni VV. gzrivceg`gelhpl. ln orloceclhpi a|l rlngpcqgelhpl a|lrpl. g|hw|l g achgnls `l ng `ãog`g `l73?: g oieclhtis `l 730: go|sÿ nis lalopis `l ng M|lrrg Ocqcn &mlhlrgocÿh f|log# `l s|s oihslo|lhocgs lh nis `lhiechg`is „g÷is `ln fgebrl―(Gså. lh 73:: Lszg÷g hi gnoghtgbg nis 73 ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls(

2( Lhprl 73<: 73=< sl zri`|di ln eielhpi `l egir orloceclhpi. fgspg ln z|hpi `l w|l lspg lpgzg z|l`l `lhiechgrsl `l „lvzniscÿh`leimrçacog―. g|hw|l hi ls oiezgrgbnl g ng w|l sl lvzlrcelhpgrih lh lsl ecsei zlrci`i nis zgåsls `ln Plrolr E|h`i( Lh 731: nis fgbcpghpls `lLszg÷g sibrlzgsgbgh nis ?: ecnnihls( Oihorlpgelhpl. 7310 ng hgpgnc`g` lrg e| gnpg. eclhprgs w|l ngs `la|hocihls fgbågh ogå`i g |his hcqlnls e|bgdis( @ls`l lsl eielhpi ln orloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh oielhtÿ g slr qgog qlt eçs nlhpi. g|hw|l ln `lsolhsi `l ngs pgsgs a|l zlw|l÷i fgspgel`cg`is i achgnls `l ng `ãog`g `l nis =:( Ln chorlelhpi `leimrçacoi sl oiholhprg mlhlrgh`i `is mrgh`ls lszgocis4

g( \hgs zriqchocgs oisplrgs oih |hg loihieåg og`g qlt eçs `cqlrscacog`g. eçs rcog oih |h orloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh eçsgo|sg`i. sibrl pi`i g zgrpcr `l nis ônpceis g÷is ocho|lhpg. lh nis w|l sl s|zlrg ng `|rg zism|lrrg(b( Ln chplrcir. w|l sl oihqclrpl lh |h lszgoci zioi fgbcpg`i oih gezncgstihgs zrçopcogelhpl `lszibng`gs &oiegrogs `l Plr|ln. O|lhog. _ircg.

Oc|`g` Rlgn. Bg`gdit‡# Ngs lvolzocihls slrçh gnm|hgs zriqchocgs. oieiEg`rc`. Tgrgmitg. lh elhir el`c`g Qgnng`inc`(?( Ln orloceclhpi sl rl`|di oihsc`lrgbnlelhpl lhprl 73=< 733< `lbc`i g ng ogå`g `l ng

hgpgnc`g`. fgspg nnlmgr. g achgnls `ln scmni VV. g |h ei`lni w|l sl golrogbg gn `lhiechg`i„Orloceclhpi olri― i lw|cncbrci `leimrçacoi( Ng hgpgnc`g` sl `lbcncpg `lbc`i g ng ogå`g `l nghgpgnc`g` sl zri`|ol ln lhqldloceclhpi l ng zibngocÿh(

g( Gfirg. ln lh`lbnl orloceclhpi `ln olhpri &oih ngs lvolzocihls ghplsocpg`gs#. sl g÷g`l ln `l ngs Oie|hc`g`ls `ln hirpl zlhchs|ngr &Zgås Qgsoi.Oghpgbrcg. Gsp|rcgs Mgncocg#. w|l s|arclrih |hg |rg orcscs loihÿecog(b( _ch lebgrmi. iprgs rlmcihls eghpclhlh |h orloceclhpi ziplhpl( Ls ln ogsi `l gw|lnngs Oie|hc`g`ls w|l `ldgh `l s|arcr lnzriolsi lecmrgpirci w|l pi`gqåg oihslrqgh |h chgecsei leimrçacoi ziscpcqi &Gh`gn|oåg. E|rocg. Oghgrcgs‡#

Ng gop|gn `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh(Ng zibngocÿh fg lezltg`i g rlo|zlrgrsl lh ng ônpceg `ãog`g. ls `locr. lh zioi eçs `l ni w|lnnlqgeis `l scmni VVC. mrgocgs gn gzirpl `l checmrghpls &zriol`lhpls `l pi`is nis oihpchlhpls  d|bcng`is l|rizlis#( Lh lspis ônpceis iofi i `clt g÷is. ng zibngocÿh fg orloc`i pghpi oiei lh nis

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Ng `lhsc`g` el`cg zgrg Lszg÷g ls `l 37 fgb)ke2( Zlri ngs `calrlhocgs lhprl Oie|hc`g`ls G|pÿhiegs lhprl ngs `cspchpgs zriqchocgs sih e|mrgh`ls( Ng zriqchocg eçs `lhsgelhpl zibng`g ls Eg`rc`. oih ogsc 6:: fgb)ke2. eclhprgs w|l ng elhis `lhsgelhpl zibng`g ls _ircg. w|l hignoghtg nis 7: fgb)ke2(Eclhprgs w|l ngs oie|hc`g`ls chplrcirls sih e| lvplhsis nis plrrcpircis lh nis w|l ng `lhsc`g` hi gnoghtg nis 2: fgb)ke2. lh ngs tihgs oisplrgs ngs`lhsc`g`ls s|zlrgh fgbcp|gnelhpl nis 7:: fgb)ke2( G`leçs. ngs rlmcihls elprizincpghgs nis lszgocis oih |h pldc`i |rbghi `lhsi &tihg olhprgngsp|rcghg. oirrl`ir Gncoghpl%E|rocg# s|zlrgh oih agocnc`g` nis <:: fgb)ke2Ls cezirpghpl sl÷gngr w|l ln orloceclhpi `leimrçacoi. lszlocgnelhpl o|gh`i ls golnlrg`i. hi gechirg. schi w|l s|lnl chorlelhpgr ngs `calrlhocgs lhng `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh. zir oihscm|clhpl. pgebcãh ngs `calrlhocgs lh ng `lhsc`g`( Zir pghpi. lh nis ônpceis pclezis lspgs `calrlhocgs sl lspçhchorlelhpgh`i( Ln orloceclhpi ls olroghi gn ? , gn g÷i( Ln gzirpl `l ng hgpgnc`g` zir nis checmrghpls lspç zrizcocgh`i ln orloceclhpi hgp|rgn `l ngzibngocÿh(Fgspg zrchoczcis `ln scmni VQCC. ng egir zgrpl `l ng zibngocÿh sl oiholhprgbg lh tihgs `l chplrcir. a|h`gelhpgnelhpl lh ng elslpg `ln @|lri( Zlri gzgrpcr `l lsg olhp|rcg. sibrl pi`i `|rghpl ngs scm|clhpls. sl chcocÿ |h zriolsi ecmrgpirci `ls`l ln olhpri fgocg ng zlrcalrcg( Ng zibngocÿh a|lgbgh`ihgh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl ng Elslpg zgrg cr oiholhprçh`isl lh ng tihg `l ngs oispgs(_ini f|bi |hg lvolzocÿh lh lspl zriolsi4 Eg`rc`. `lbc`i g s| oih`cocÿh `l ogzcpgn `ln Lspg i( Lspl flofi agqirlocÿ w|l ln zriolsi ecmrgpirci sl`crcmclrg fgocg lsg oc|`g`. eclhpgs w|l sl cbgh lszibngh`i ngs zriqchocgs rlmcihls w|l ng ri`lgbgh(Lh ln scmni VCV. ngs egirls `lhsc`g`ls g sl `gbgh lh ng zlrcalrcg( Mgncocg lrg lh lsl eielhpi ng tihg w|l gnblrmgbg ln egir hôelri `l zlrsihgslh o|ghpi g `lhsc`g`( _ch lebgrmi. ln zriolsi lecmrgpirci. w|l lvzlrcelhpÿ ng zibngocÿh mgnnlmg `ls`l lhpihols. gogbÿ pgebcãh `lszibngh`i lhoclrpg el`c`g lsg rlmcÿh(Gop|gnelhpl sl z|l`lh cspchm|cr prls tihgs zrchoczgnls lh o|ghpi g csprcb|ocÿh l ng zibngocÿh zir ln plrrcpirci lszg÷in(

i Ngs oie|hc`g`ls `l gnpg lhsc`g` `l zibngocÿh. w|l mlhlrgnelhpl oirrlszih`lh g ngs w|l rlocbclrih eçs checmrgocÿh `|rghpl ng slm|h`gecpg` `ln scmni VV. ls `locr. Eg`rc` &oih |hg `lhsc`g` s|zlrcir g =:: fgb)ke2#. Ogpgn|÷g &oih ogsc = ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls |hg `lhsc`g`s|zlrcir g nis 2::#. Zgås Qgsoi &w|l oiholhprg lh |h rl`|oc`i plrrcpirci g eçs `l 2 ecnnihls `l zlrsihgs#. Qgnlhocg nis `is grofczcãngmis.mrgocgs gn cholhpcqi w|l s|zihl ln p|rcsei zgrg s| loihieåg. ni w|l fgol w|l lh gnm|hg zriqchocg oghgrcg ng zibngocÿh rih`l nis ?::fgb)ke2(

i Tihgs oih |hg `lhsc`g` el`cg `l zibngocÿh. w|l sl oirrlszih`l oih ngs rlmcihls elhis `lsgrrinng`gs `l ng zlrcalrcg. oiei io|rrl oih ngsOie|hc`g`ls `l Gh`gn|oåg &ng tihg `l Lszg÷g oih egir zibngocÿh. z|ls s|zlrg nis 6 ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls#; ngs prls `l ng oirhcsgoghpçbrcog4 Mgncocg. Gsp|rcgs Oghpgbrcg. g|hw|l zirolhp|gnelhpl s| cezirpghocg qg `csech|lh i zg|ngpchgelhpl. achgnelhpl. E|rocg. w|lsl blhlacocg `l |h rloclhpl zriolsi checmrgpirci( Lh |h hcqln chplrel`ci lhprl ngs `l `lhsc`g` el`cg bgdg sl lho|lhprgh Hgqgrrg NgRcidg. oih |his 1: fgb)ke2(

i Tihgs oih |hg `lhsc`g` `l zibngocÿh bgdg. oiei Ogspcnng%Ng Eghofg Ogspcnng Nlÿh. `ih`l sl lho|lhprg ln ogsi eçs lvprlei `lLszg÷g. g w|l lh Ogspcnng%Ng Eghofg g `lhsc`g` `l zibngocÿh hi s|zlrg nis 2< fgb)ke2. eclhprgs w|l Ogspcnng Nlÿh. g zlsgr `l slr ngOie|hc`g` eçs lvplhsg `l Lszg÷g. sÿni gnblrmg lh s| plrrcpirci g |his `is ecnnihls el`ci `l zlrsihgs( Lvprleg`|rg &e| ogspcmg`g lh`ãog`gs ghplrcirls zir ln zriolsi lecmrgpirci# oihacm|rgh ln mrgh qgoåi `leimrçacoi w|l lvcspl lh ln chplrcir `l ng Zlhåhs|ng `lbc`ia|h`gelhpgnelhpl g ng lecmrgocÿh w|l sl zri`|di ls`l el`cg`is ln scmni VV(

CC( Nis eiqceclhpis hgp|rgnls `l ng zibngocÿh(Nis eiqceclhpis hgp|rgnls `l zibngocÿh sih gw|lnnis w|lchoc`lh lh ln orloceclhpi &ziscpcqi i hlmgpcqi# `l |h plrrcpirci w|l `lzlh`lh lvon|scqgelhpl `ln oiezirpgeclhpi`leimrçacoi `l s|s fgbcpghpls &hgoceclhpis `la|hocihls#;sih |hg zgrpl cezirpghpl `ln orloceclhpi rlgn `l ng zibngocÿh.g|hw|l. oiei fleis qcspi. lspç sclezrl chan|c`i pgebcãh zirnis sgn`is ecmrgpircis. ls `locr. zir nis eiqceclhpis

lszgocgnls l zibngocÿh(@lhiechgeis oiei orloceclhpi hgp|rgn i orloceclhpiqlmlpgpcqi g ng `calrlhocg lhprl ln hôelri `l hgoceclhpis ln`l `la|hocihls lh |h zlrci`i `lplrechg`i( _c ln rls|npg`i `l

lspg izlrgocÿh ls ziscpcqi. ng zibngocÿh orlol. . sc ls hlmgpcqi. csech|l( _l lvzrlsg el`cghpl lspgs pgsgs4

Ogebcis4 ng prghscocÿh `leimrçacog lh Lszg÷g(Lh lspl zlrci`i `l ng fcspircg. ls ogrgoplråspcog ng golnlrgocÿh `l nis ogebcis lh nis zriolsis `leimrçacois bçscois( @ls`l ng rlqin|ocÿh ch`|sprcgn lhngs siocl`g`ls iooc`lhpgnls. nis oconis `l ogebci sih og`g qlt eçs oirpis `ls`l w|l lspg sl zri`|di. g w|l lh ln ei`lni `l oirpl prg`cocihgn lnoiezirpgeclhpi ls eçs fieimãhli(

Chan|lh lh ng eghlrg lh ng w|l sl oiezirpgh ngs zlrsihgs w|l qcqlh lh |h `lplrechg`i çebcpi mlimrçacoi ngs scm|clhpls scp|gocihls i gszlopis4i Loihÿecois4 ng eirpgnc`g` csech|l ghpl |h b|lh scspleg sghcpgrci( Ngs orcscs rl`|olh ln hôelri `l egprceihcis(i O|np|rgnls4 Ng gopcp|` qin|hpg` `l plhlr fcdis gså oiei ng o|ghpåg `l fcdis(i Pãohcois4 lvcsplhocg l eãpi`is ghpcoiholzpcqis acgbnls(i Zinåpcois4 ng lvcsplhocg `l nlls w|l zrie|lqlh `lplrechg`is eãpi`is `l oihprin `l hgpgnc`g`( Ng z|lspg lh egrofg `l g|`gs zgrg ngs

zlrsihgs oih fcdis(

Ei`lni `leimrçacoi `l oirpl ghpcm|i(Lh lspl ei`lni. ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` sl eghpclhlh e| gnpgs( Ngs zrcelrgs lh pirhi gn ?<%0: zir ecn. ngs slm|h`gs. lhprl?: ?< zir ecn( Ng zibngocÿh orlol e| nlhpgelhpl. zirw|l gzlhgs hgolh eçs zlrsihgs `l ngs w|l e|lrlh( G`leçs. nis rl`|oc`is chorlelhpis`leimrçacois w|l`gh gbsirbc`is zir ngs orcscs `l eirpgnc`g` w|l sl s|ol`ågh( Ogsc sclezrl lrgh eirpåalrgs &zlspl. oÿnlrg. aclbrl gegrcnng# w|l slolbgbgh sibrl zibngocihls egn h|prc`gs oih lsogsgs el`c`gs fcmcãhcogs( Ng ônpceg mrgh lzc`lecg lszg÷ing a|l lh 7376 &`lhiechg`g „mrczllszg÷ing― gsinÿ pi`i ln oihpchlhpl#. o|gh`i ln zgås g fgbåg chcocg`i s| prghscocÿh `leimrçacog( Zir pi`i lnni. sl `col w|l lh lspl ei`lni `leimrçacoi`l oirpl ghpcm|i ng eirpgnc`g` ls ng qgrcgbnl hgp|rgn eçs cezirpghpl( _ini |hi `l og`g `is ch`cqc`|is gnoghtgbg nis =: g÷is(

Prghscocÿh `leimrçacog@|rghpl ngs zrcelrgs lpgzgs `l ng prghscocÿh `leimrçacog. oieclhtgh g rl`|ocrsl. zrcelri. ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g`. gn ogbi `ln pclezi. bgdgh ngspgsgs `l hgpgnc`g`( Lspi s|ol`cÿ lh ngs siocl`g`ls |rbghgs( Hi ibspghpl. lh Lszg÷g ln rlpriolsi `l gebgs a|l ogsc sce|npçhli( Ln `lsolhsi `lhgpgnc`g` eirpgnc`g` sl zri`|ol `|rghpl ng slm|h`g ecpg` `ln scmni VCV( Ln rcpei sl golhp|ÿ `ls`l zrchoczcis `ln scmni VV( G zgrpcr `l lspl eielhpi.ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` sibrlzgsgh ln ?: zir ecn. `|rghpl ng M|lrrg Ocqcn &Mlhlrgocÿh f|log#n. ogl ln 2: zir ecn( Ng eirpgnc`g` pclhl `is rlz|hpls4 ng

mrczl `l 7376 &zriqioÿ ?::(::: e|lrpis# ng M|lrrg Ocqcn &73?1%73?3#( Prgs ng M|lrrg Ocqcn. sl zri`|ol |h lspghogeclhpi rlz|hpl `l ng hgpgnc`g`w|l sl eghpclhl `ls`l 73<< g 73=<( _l prgpg `ln nngeg`i bgb biie . w|l oiebchg`i oih pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` bgdg. `g n|mgr g orloceclhpis lnlqg`is(Prgs ngs ogpçsprials hgp|rgnls i bãncogs ls arlo|lhpl w|l sl lnlqlh ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g`( Gn chorlelhpi lh ln hôelri `l hgoceclhpis w|l sl zri`|dilh L|rizg prgs ngs _lm|h`g M|lrrg E|h`cgn sl nl oihiol oih ln pãrechi bgb biie &„lvzniscÿh `l hc÷is―# sl zrinihmÿ `ls`l achgnls `l nis g÷iso|grlhpg fgspg nis g÷is slplhpg &lh ln ogsi `l Lszg÷g sl gzrlocÿ |h oclrpi rlprgsi rlszlopi g ipris zgåsls#(

Pgsg `l orloceclhpi hgp|rgnPgsg `l orloceclhpi hgp|rgn &hgoceclhpis&hgoceclhpis%%`la|hcihls`la|hcihls# v 7:::# v 7:::

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ZibngocZibngocÿÿh pipgnh pipgnV 7:::V 7:::

 

Pgsg br|pg l eirpgnc`g`Pgsg br|pg `l eirpgnc`g` HH´ `l e|lrpis lh |h g`l e|lrpis lh |h g÷÷iiZibngocZibngocÿÿh pipgnh pipgn

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Oiezirpgeclhpi `leimrçacoi `l oirpl ei`lrhi(_l ogrgoplrctg zir pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` eirpgnc`g` rl`|oc`gs( Ln orloceclhpi `leimrçacoi ls `ãbcn i. chon|si. hlmgpcqi( Lh lspl ogsi lspç eipcqg`i zir|hg hgpgnc`g` lsogsg(@|rghpl nis g÷is 1: 6:. ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` `loglh( Gså lh nis g÷is 3:. Lszg÷g sl choirzirg g ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` eçs bgdgs `l L|rizg &77 7: zir ecn# oih orloceclhpis hgp|rgnls eçs `ãbcnls. sclh`i hlmgpcqi lh Oie|hc`g`ls oiei Grgmÿh. Lvprleg`|rg. Oghpgbrcg. Ogspcnng Nlÿh. Mgncocg Gsp|rcgs( Nis hgoceclhpis sl rl`|dlrih g ng ecpg` lh elhis `l ?: g÷is(Ng rl`|oocÿh `ln orloceclhpi hgp|rgn sl `lbl pgebcãh g w|l ng pgsg `l eirpgnc`g` sl chorlelhpg fgspg s|zlrgr ln 3 zir ecn( Pi`i lnni. `lbc`i gnlhqldloceclhpi zrimrlscqi `l ng zibngocÿh( @l lspl ei`i. ln orloceclhpi hgp|rgn `l Lszg÷g lsp|qi g z|hpi `l lhprgr lh hôelris hlmgpcqis( Ngceziscbcnc`g` `l rllezngti. ln lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh. ng agnpg `l zlrsihgs lh l`g` gopcqg pclhl hlagspgs oihslo|lhocgs( Lspg scp|gocÿh sls|znl zir ng nnlmg`g `l checmrghpls `ls`l 7331( Oiei oihslo|lhocg `l lnni. ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` chcocgh |h rlz|hpl. lh zrcelr n|mgr zirw|l slgzrlocg |h ogebci lh ng gopcp|` lszg÷ing lh slm|h`i n|mgr zir nis fcdis `l nis checmrghpls lh h|lspri zgås( Lspi zriqiog |h oclrpi rld|qlhloceclhpioih ln oihscm|clhpl rlpriolsi `l ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g`( Oih ogsc <::(::: hgoceclhpis gh|gnls. ng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g` sl lho|lhprg lh ln 77 zir ecn ng

`l eirpgnc`g` lh ln 6.<= zir ecn(

Zinåpcogs `leimrçacogs(_ih ngs lsprgplmcgs `lsgrrinng`gs zir ngs chspcp|ocihls zinåpcogs4 Lspg`i. Oie|hc`g`ls. e|hcoczcis‡. zgrg gnoghtgr |h hcqln `l zibngocÿh ÿzpcei4aielhpgr ng lecmrgocÿh lh |h eielhpi `l sgp|rgocÿh `leimrçacog i ziplhocgr w|l ngs zlrsihgs plhmgh eçs fcdis zgrg oiezlhsgr pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g`bgdgs(Lh s| egir zgrpl ngs zinåpcogs lszg÷ings qgh `crcmc`gs g g|`gr g ngs agecncgs oih fcdis4 ln oiholzpi `l agecncg h|elrisg ls `l prls fcdis( Ngs g|`gssl oihorlpgh lh `lsmrgqgocihls lh ng `longrgocÿh `l ng rlhpg. zrlspgocihls lszgocgnls `l ng _lm|rc`g` _iocgn lh blhlacocis lh egplrcg `l leznli &slgzirpgh oghpc`g`ls `crlopgs lh ln eielhpi `ln hgoceclhpi `|rghpl nis zrcelris g÷is `l qc`g `ln blbã. sl agocncpg |h egir zlrci`i `l bgdg egplrhgn.zgplrhgn#( Rloclhplelhpl. sl fgh gzribg`i lh Lszg÷g el`c`gs zgrg ln oihprin `l ng hgpgnc`g` zgrg e|dlrls `ls`l nis 71 g÷is(

Pgsg `l Hgpgnc`g`Ls |hg qgrcgbnl `leimrçacog w|l fg qlhc`i eisprgh`i pgsgs zrimrlscqgelhpl bgdgs `|rghpl ln ônpcei scmni( Mrgh zgrpl `l ng pgsg sl chorlelhpgzir ngs rlelsgs `l lecmrghpls(Nis agopirls w|l lvzncogh ng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g` rl`|oc`g sih4

7( Ng choc`lhocg `l nis ogebcis siocgnls o|np|rgnls( Nis fcdis rlzrlslhpgh. g `calrlhocg `l ng siocl`g` prg`cocihgn. |hg ogrmg loihÿecog(G`leçs sl `lslg orcgrnis ni eldir ziscbnl( Zir lnni. sl pclh`l g plhlr elhis fcdis( Gscecsei. ng egplrhc`g` i zgplrhc`g` fgh `ldg`i `l slrln ibdlpcqi zrcircpgrci `l e|ofgs zlrsihgs( Lh lspl slhpc`i. ln ogebci eçs cezirpghpl ls ln zgzln `l ng e|dlr s| choirzirgocÿh gn elrog`ingbirgn. oih nis g÷is `l airegocÿh w|l chqclrpl( Lspi zriqiog |h rlprgsi lh ln eielhpi `l ng egplrhc`g` ln gn|ebrgeclhpi `l |h elhirhôelri `l fcdis( Ipri agopir g plhlr lh o|lhpg ls ng nlmgnctgocÿh `l nis eãpi`is ghpcoiholzpcqis `ls`l nis g÷is 6:( Achgnelhpl. ls`lspgogbnl ln flofi `l w|l og`g qlt sl gsiocg elhis egprceihci egplrhc`g`. zrincalrgh`i h|lqis scsplegs `l rlngocihls nngeg`isagecncgrls( Lhprl ipris. sl fg go|ng`i ln oiholzpi `l agecncg |hczgrlhpgn i eihizgrlhpgn(

2( Ng choc`lhocg `ln oihplvpi loihÿecoi( Ngs oi|hp|rgs loihÿecogs g`qlrsgs lh ln elrog`i ngbirgn ln gnpi oispl lh ng ibplhocÿh `lbclhls `l zrcelrg hlolsc`g` i zrlqcis g ng egplrhc`g` &sibrl pi`i lh ln fimgr# fgh zriqiog`i w|l nis dÿqlhls zlreghltogh eçs g÷is lh ln`iecocnci zgrlhpgn w|l sl znghpllh gôh eçs pgr`l ng mlspgocÿh `l nis fcdis(

Ln oiezirpgeclhpi ghpl ng hgpgnc`g` `l ngs `calrlhpls Oie|hc`g`ls G|pÿhiegs(Lvcsplh cezirpghpls `calrlhocgs lhprl |hgs Oie|hc`g`ls iprgs( Zir ni mlhlrgn ngs pgsgs eçs bgdgs sl lho|lhprgh lh ln hirpl4 Gsp|rcgs &= zir ecn#.Mgncocg. Ogspcnng Nlÿh Oghpgbrcg( @l gw|å lecmrgrih zir ng orcscs `l 73=?( Ngs pgsgs eçs `chçecogs sl lho|lhprgh lh ln _|r( Gså. E|rocg sl fgogrgoplrctg`i zir plhlr ngs pgsgs eçs gnpgs. sini s|zlrg`gs lh ng gop|gnc`g` zir Ol|pg Elncnng &76 zir ecn#(Ng lvzncogocÿh `l lspg plh`lhocg ng lhoihprgeis lh ln lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh zir ni w|l hi fg zibngocÿh diqlh w|l ziplhocl nis hgoceclhpis.

ng checmrgocÿh. ln hcqln o|np|rgn(Ng el`cg hgocihgn `l ng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g` sl qg golrogh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl gn 77.? zir ecn( Gôh ls |h pghpi bgdg. oiezgrg`g oih ipris zgåsls `lL|rizg i oih ng el`cg e|h`cgn. zlri gn elhis e|lsprg |hg ongrg plh`lhocg g ng rlo|zlrgocÿh `|rghpl nis ônpceis g÷is(Lszg÷g zisll |hg zibngocÿh s|zlrcir g 01 ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls &01(:1?(<77 fgbcpghpls g 7 `l lhlri `l 2::6. slmôh nis `gpis `ln CHL#. rlzgrpc`islh gnmi eçs `l el`ci ecnnÿh `l kcnÿelpris o|g`rg`is. ni w|l s|zihl |hg `lhsc`g` zrlocsg `l ogsc 32 fgbcpghpls zir kcnÿelpri o|g`rg`i. e| scecngr gng el`cg lvcsplhpl lh ng \hcÿh L|rizlg( _ch lebgrmi. ng `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh ls bgspghpl crrlm|ngr ibl`lol g agopirls fcspÿrcois. loihÿecois.onceçpcois. l chon|si pgebcãh g locscihls l pczi zinåpcoi(@l pi`is lspis agopirls ln eçs cezirpghpl fg sc`i ln fcspÿrcoi(

Ngs lscm|gn`g`ls lszgocgnlsNg `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing ls `lscm|gn. g w|l lvcsplh tihgs lh ngs w|l ng `lhsc`g` ls e| lnlqg`g. eclhprgs lh iprgs sl oihspgpg |hongri lszibngeclhpi( Lspl flofi ibl`lol g qgrcgs rgtihls4g( agopirls hgp|rgnls

i zrivcec`g` gn egri rlnclqli gnpcp|`

b( agopirls siocgnlso( agopirls zinåpcois`( agopirls fcspÿrcoisl( rlo|rsis gopcqc`g`ls loihÿecogs(

Gså. ng egir zgrpl `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing sl `csprcb|l zir ln ncpirgn el`cplrrçhli. `ls`l Bgrolnihg fgspg ng Oispg `ln _in. slm|c`i zir ng oispgGpnçhpcog gh`gn|tg ln bgdi M|g`gnw|cqcr(Lh ln hirpl. fg w|l `lspgogr ngs rågs mgnnlmgs. ng oispg gsp|rcghg oçhpgbrg ng oispg `ln Zgås Qgsoi(Lh ln plroci hirpl `lspgog ln qgnnl `ln Lbri(Elhocÿh gzgrpl elrlol Eg`rc`. zir s| ogzcpgnc`g` s| oiholhprgocÿh |rbghg(Lh Lszg÷g ng `lhsc`g` l zibngocihls bgdg lbc`i g w|l e|ofgs tihgs ln chplrcir zlhchs|ngr gså oiei ngs oirrlszih`clhpls g nis zrchoczgnls egoctiseihpg÷isis sl lho|lhprgh lsogsgelhpl zibng`gs hi lvcspl lh lnngs |h oihpch|i |rbghi `lspgogbnl(Ngs oc|`g`ls oih `lhsc`g` eçs `ãbcn sih Lvprleg`|rg. zgrpl `l Ogspcnng Nlÿh Ogspcnng ng Eghofg. Grgmÿh Hirilspl `l Ogpgn|÷g(Ngs tihgs elhis `lhsgs gzgrlolh lh plrrcpircis gmråoings mghg`lris. oih lsogsg zibngocÿh. oih |h a|lrpl lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh scp|g`islh ngs tihgs gnpgs &Elslpg. oir`cnnlrgs eihpg÷isgs#. gnldg`gs l nis zrchoczgnls hôonlis |rbghis oih |hg loihieåg lh loncql(Lqc`lhplelhpl. lspgs ônpcegs tihgs a|lrih ngs w|l zrizirocihgrih |h mrgh hôelri `l lecmrghpls g ngs çrlgs |rbghgs. g w|l lh nis hôonlis r|rgnls

`ln chplrcir ngs oih`cocihls loihÿecogs lrgh caåocnls( S ngs tihgs eçs lhsgelhpl zibng`gs sih ngs w|l rlocbclrih g nis lecmrghpls(

Hôelri el`ci `l fcdis zir e|dlr i åh`col schpãpcoi `l alo|h`c`g`(@ls`l 73:: fgspg h|lspris `ågs. ng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g` lszg÷ing fg `lsolh`c`i nlhpgelhpl. g lvolzocÿh `ln zlrci`i oiezrlh`c`i lhprl 73<< 73=0. lhw|l sl zri`|di |h mrgh g|elhpi( Lh 73=<. ng el`cg ls `l ogsc ? fcdis( Lh 733< nnlmg s| echchi fcspÿrcoi `l 7.7<( Gop|gnelhpl ng pgsg sl fg rl`|oc`ibr|sogelhpl lh ln 2::: ng pgsg sl scp|gbg lh ln 3.3›(

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Ng ogå`g `l ngs pgsgs `l hgpgnc`g` sl oirrlszih`l oih |h nÿmcoi elhir hôelri `l fcdis zir e|dlr( Lspg ocarg sl oihsc`lrg cezirpghpl. z|lspi w|l. zgrggslm|rgr ln rllezngti mlhlrgocihgn. w|l ng zibngocÿh hi `lorltog lh rgtÿh `l s| orloceclhpi qlmlpgpcqi. ls hlolsgrci w|l og`g e|dlr plhmg 2.7fcdis( G|hw|l gzgrlhplelhpl oih 2 fcdis ln rllezngti w|l`g gslm|rg`i. sl g÷g`l ln :.7 zgrg oiezlhsgr gw|lnngs zlrsihgs w|l agnnlolh ghpls `lnnlmgr g ng l`g` `l zriorlgr(_c lh nis g÷is =: pi`gs ngs Oie|hc`g`ls G|pÿhiegs plhågh gslm|rg`i ln rllezngti mlhlrgocihgn. lh 2::6 hchm|hg `l lnngs gnoghtgbg ng ocpg`g ocarg&oih |hg el`cg zgrg ln oihd|hpi `ln zgås `l 7.?3 fcdis zir e|dlr#(\hi `l nis gszlopis w|l fg chan|c`i lh ln elhir hôelri `l fcdis zir e|dlr ls ln rlprgsi lh ln eielhpi lh w|l ngs e|dlrls pclhlh s| zrcelr fcdi( Lh nisg÷is slplhpg. ng el`cg lspgbg zir `lbgdi `l nis 2< g÷is( Lspg ocarg hi fg `ldg`i `l chorlelhpgrsl. `l aireg w|l lh 2::6 ng l`g` el`cg ls ogsc `l ?7g÷is( Ng alrpcnc`g` alelhchg oieclhtg g `lsolh`lr zrimrlscqgelhpl g zgrpcr `l nis 2< g÷is. zir ni w|l ng ziscbcnc`g` `l plhlr fcdis `lsoclh`l(

Hgoceclhpis `l eg`rl lvprghdlrg(\hi `l og`g ochoi fcdis hgoc`is lh Lszg÷g hgol `l eg`rl lvprghdlrg( Ng egir zgrpl `l lnngs zriol`l `l zgåsls gelrcoghis4 0 `l og`g 7:( Nl

scm|lh gw|lnngs w|l zriol`lh `l Çarcog &Egrr|loi i Hcmlrcg# L|rizg &R|eghåg. Rlchi \hc`i B|nmgrcg#( @ln rlspi `lspgog ln zirolhpgdl `l eg`rlsofchgs4 0 `l og`g 7:: eg`rls(

¹Ls hc÷i i hc÷g9Lh pi`i ln e|h`i hgolh eçs hc÷is w|l hc÷gs. oih |hg rgpci w|l ls `l 7:<)7::. ls `locr. w|l fg |hg zrizirocÿh `l 7:< hc÷is zir og`g 7:: hc÷gshgoc`gs( _ch lebgrmi. ngs e|dlrls pclhlh |hg egir lszlrghtg `l qc`g w|l nis fiebrls. zir ni w|l ng zrizirocÿh w|l`g lw|cncbrg`g i chon|si.sibrlqcqlh eçs ngs e|dlrls(

Lpgzgs `l ng lqin|ocÿh fcspÿrcog(7( Ng zrcelrg sl oirrlszih`l oih ln `lhiechg`i ghpcm|i rãmcelh `leimrçacoi. w|l `|rÿ fgspg zrchoczcis `ln scmni VCV( Lh lsl eielhpi ng

hgpgnc`g` lrg e| lnlqg`g `lbc`i g ng h|ng |pcnctgocÿh `l el`cis ghpcoiholzpcqis. ls `locr. ng zibngocÿh. orloåg lh |h rãmcelh `lalo|h`c`g` hgp|rgn. ni w|l zrizcocgbg w|l sl gnoghtgrgh pgsgs `l fgspg |h 0: zir ecn `l hgpgnc`g` i chon|si s|zlrcirls(

2( G zrchoczcis ln scmni VCV. ln oiezirpgeclhpi `leimrçacoi oielhtÿ g lqin|ocihgr( _l rl`|di zg|ngpchgelhpl ng eirpgnc`g` `lbc`i g |hg slrcl`l eldirgs lh ng fcmclhl lh ng gncelhpgocÿh( @l lsg eghlrg. ng zibngocÿh oielhtÿ g orlolr( G oieclhtis `ln scmni VV ng zibngocÿh sllhoihprgbg g lh |h rãmcelh leimrçacoi l prghscocÿh( Lspi cezncogbg w|l g|hw|l ng hgpgnc`g` slm|åg sclh`i e| gnpg. g lezltgbgh g`lsolh`lr ncmlrgelhpl. isocngh`i lh qgnirls lhprl ln ?< ln ?= zir ecn(

?( Hi a|l fgspg ng `ãog`g `l is g÷is =: `ln scmni zgsg`i o|gh`i nis qgnirls lezltgrih g `lsolh`lr s|spghocgnelhpl. scp|çh`isl fgspglhpihols lhprl ln 2: ln ?: zir ecn( Lnni sl `lbcÿ g ng nlmgnctgocÿh ncblrgnctgocÿh `l nis eãpi`is ghpcoiholzpcqis lh 73==. g |hgo|sg`i ogebci lh ng elhpgnc`g` w|l zrizcocÿ ln `lsolhsi `l ng hgpgnc`g`( Fgspg lsleielhpi ng zinåpcog `leimrçacog w|l sl fgbåg slm|c`i lh Lszg÷g zir ln mlhlrgn Arghoi lrgng `ln aielhpi `l ng hgpgnc`g`. oihol`clh`i g|`gs g ngs agecncgs h|elrisgs zrifcbclh`i ngqlhpg `l el`cis ghpcoiholzpcqis( Prgs ng e|lrpl `l Arghoi. ng siocl`g` lszg÷inglvzlrcelhpÿ mrgh`ls ogebcis w|l pgebcãh p|qclrih s| rlanldi lh ng `leimrgaåg(

0( Gop|gnelhpl. ng hgpgnc`g` lh Lszg÷g sl ogrgoplrctg zir zisllr |his qgnirls e| bgdis gzlsgr `l w|l sl lspç rlo|zlrgh`i lh ng ônpceg `ãog`g g ng gzirpgocÿh `l nis checmrghpls(@l lspg aireg sl fg zgsg`i `l |h 3.7 zir ecn lh 7336 &ln g÷i lh w|l ng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g` a|lng eçs bgdg lh pi`g ng fcspircg `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing# g |h 77 zir ecn lh ng gop|gnc`g` ngplh`lhocg scm|l orloclh`i ncmlrgelhpl( Lspi sl gzrlocg pgebcãh lh ln hôelri `l fcdis zire|dlr 

Pgsg `l Eirpgnc`g`Fcspÿrcogelhpl. gnoghtÿ |h qgnir e| lnlqg`i `|rghpl ln `lhiechg`i ghpcm|i rãmcelh `leimrçacoi. ls `locr. fgspg zrchoczcis `ln scmni VCV( Lnni lrg`lbc`i g ng lvcsplhocg `l ng eirpgnc`g` ogpgsprÿacog. og|sg`g zir ln oconi `l ng e|lrpl. lh ng w|l chplrqlhågh ln `lslhog`lhgeclhpi `l lzc`lecgs i ngsm|lrrgs. lhprl ipris e|ofis eipcqis(Sg `ls`l ln scmni VQCCC. ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing lspgbg lvzlrcelhpgh`i |hg slrcl `l ogebcis w|l rl`|dlrih ng eirpgnc`g`( Ng eldirg lh ng gncelhpgocÿh.oih ng zg|ngpchg `lsgzgrcocÿh `l ngs fgebr|hgs; ng `lsgzgrcocÿh `l ngs eirpåalrgs lzc`lecgs `l zlspl. g|hw|l pi`gqåg slm|crçh zri`|ocãh`isl iprisgpgw|ls `l lzc`lecgs oiei ln oÿnlrg. ng aclbrl gegrcnng. i g lh ln scmni VV. ng mrczl; |hg oi|hp|rg zinåpcog eçs agqirgbnl. oih |hg rl`|oocÿh zg|ngpchg`l ngs m|lrrgs `l s|s lalopis hlmgpcqis sibrl ng zibngocÿh(Pi`i lspi zrizcocÿ w|l g zrchoczcis `ln scmni VCV sl chcocgrg ng ogå`g `l ng eirpgnc`g`. oih lnni sl `clrg zgsi gn orloceclhpi `leimrçacoi. g|hw|l lspla|l e| nlhpi lh |hg zrcelrg lpgzg( Lspl rãmcelh `l prghscocÿh sl eghp|qi fgspg zrchoczcis `ln scmni VV lh w|l oielhtÿ g s| qlt ng ogå`g `l nghgpgnc`g`( @ls`l lsl eielhpi. ng eirpgnc`g` sl rl`|di g |his hcqlnls e| bgdis w|l sl fgh eghplhc`i fgspg ng gop|gnc`g`. gnoghtçh`isl ln qgnireåhcei g zrchoczcis `l ng `ãog`g `l nis 6: oih elhis `ln 6 zir ecn(

Ng eirpgnc`g` lszg÷ing. lh ng gop|gnc`g`. ls bgdg. lh pirhi gn 6.< zir ecng|hw|l fg g|elhpg`i ncmlrgelhpl `lbc`i g nis agnnloceclhpis `l zlrsihgsghocghgs w|l qclrih g|elhpgr s| lszlrghtg `l qc`g lh g÷is ghplrcirls(_l |pcnctg ln pãrechi lalopi iÿ zgrg lvzncogr ng lqin|ocÿh `l ng eirpgnc`g` lh h|lspri zgås lh ng ãziog oihplezirçhlg(

i Ng ogå`g sl lvzncog zir ngs eldirgs gncelhpgrågs. sghcpgrcgs l fcmcãhcogs( @l |h 6 zir ecn lh nis =: g |h =.<2 , lh nis 6:(i G achgnls `l nis g÷is 3: sl fg zri`|oc`i |h rlz|hpl zriqiog`i zir ln lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh( _l gnoghtÿ |hg pgsg `l 3.23 zir ecn(i Ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` fgh q|lnpi g oglr lh ng gop|gnc`g` zir ng nnlmg`g `l checmrghpls( Ng pgsg sl scpôg lh pirhi gn 6.< zir ecn(

Gop|gnelhpl. ngs og|sgs `l e|lrpl sih ngs og|sg`gs zir ng eirbcnc`g` `l gnm|hgs lhalrel`g`ls4 oçholr lhalrel`g`ls ogr`ciqgso|ngrls( _ini |h<, l nis agnnloceclhpis sl zri`|olh zir agnnloceclhpis lh gooc`lhpls s|coc`cis(

Ln oiezirpgeclhpi ghpl ng eirpgnc`g` `l ngs `calrlhpls Oie|hc`g`ls G|pÿhiegsLvcspl |hg rlngocÿh lhprl lhqldloceclhpi pgsg `l eirpgnc`g` lnlqg`gs. oih calrlhocgs lhprl ngs oie|hc`g`ls g|pÿhiegs4

i Ln mr|zi oih pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` eçs lnlqg`gs4 Gsp|rcgs &72 zir ecn#. Mgncocg. Ogspcnng Nlÿh. Grgmÿh Oghpgbrcg( @ls`l fgol prlchpgg÷is zrlslhpgh |h mrg`i `l lhqldloceclhpi rlngpcqgelhpl lnlqg`i( Fgh sc`i plrrcpircis elhis gprgopcqis zgrg nis checmrghpls g og|sg `l |h`chgecsei siociloihÿecoi elhis w|l. lh oihslo|lhocg. hi fgh lvzlrcelhpg`i |h rld|qlhloceclhpi l ng zibngocÿh(

i Ngs Oie|hc`g`ls w|l fgh eldirg`i rlngpcqgelhpl s|s pgsgs4 Csngs Bgnlgrls. Ogspcnng%Ng Eghofg. Oie|hc`g` Qgnlhocghg. Lvprleg`|rg. Ng Rcidg( Lh nis g÷is =: eldirgrih rlngpcqgelhpl. zir ngs gop|gnls eldirgs lh ln scspleg sghcpgrci. lvolzpi Lvprleg`|rg(

i  Ngs pgsgs eçs bgdgs sl |bcogh lh Oie|hc`g`ls oih egir zrlslhocg rlngpcqg `l zibngocÿh diqlh ( _ih plrrcpircis oih pgsgs bgdgs `leirpgnc`g`4 Oghgrcgs &= zir ecn#. Eg`rc`. Gh`gn|oåg. Ol|pg Elncnng(

i Ln rlspi `l Oie|hc`g`ls zrlslhpg |hg lqin|ocÿh eçs i elhis olroghg g ng el`cg hgocihgn(Ng pgsg `l eirpgnc`g` el`cg `l Lszg÷g sl scpôg lh pirhi gn 6.2 zir ecn( _cm|l sclh`i e| bgdg. g zlsgr `ln zriolsi `l lhqldloceclhpi lvzlrcelhpg`i

lh ngs ônpcegs `ãog`gs( Zlri g|h gså. ng lspr|op|rg `leimrçacog `ln zgås pi`gqåg hi go|sg `legscg`i lsl zriolsi lh o|ghpi g ng eirpgnc`g` sl rlaclrl(

Ng eirpgnc`g` chaghpcnLs |h b|lh ch`cog`ir `ln `lsgrrinni `l |h zgås. z|lspi w|l lh nis zgåsls `ih`l ngs oih`cocihls sghcpgrcgs l fcmcãhcogs sih e| `lacocpgrcgs. ngeirpgnc`g` chaghpcn ls e| lnlqg`g(

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Ng eirpgnc`g` chaghpcn fg sc`i sclezrl |h agopir e|rlnlqghpl lh nis zriolsis `l prghscocÿh `leimrçacog.g w|l o|gh`i `csech|l s| pgsg &e| lnlqg`g lh ngssiocl`g`ls oih scsplegs sghcpgrcis `lacoclhpls. lh ngs

w|l sl s|zlrgh arlo|lhplelhpl pgsgs `l ?: zir ecn#. pgebcãh oglh ngs pgsgs br|pgs `l eirpgnc`g`(Ls lh Lszg÷g |hg `l ngs eçs bgdgs `ln e|h`i. lh pirhi g zioi eçs `ln ? zir ecn &?.2#(Lh oihslo|lhocg. lspl pczi `l eirpgnc`g` sclezrl fg sc`i qgnirg`i `l aireg lszlocgn lhprl nis lsp|`cisis `l ng zibngocÿh. z|lspi w|l ls |h b|lhch`cog`ir `ln mrg`i `l `lsgrrinni `l |hg siocl`g`( Lh nis zgåsls `lsgrrinng`is ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcn sl scpôgh zir `lbgdi `ln 7: zir ecn(Zlri eclhprgs w|l lh nis zgåsls w|l lhqldlolh. oiei ls ln ogsi `l nis zgåsls `lsgrrinng`is. ng pgsg br|pg `l eirpgnc`g` pclhl |h ncmlri rlz|hpl. zire| b|lhi w|l slg ln scspleg sghcpgrci. lh ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcn ln lhqldloceclhpi hi chan|l gzlhgs. `l aireg w|l ng ognc`g` `l ng rl`sghcpgrcg ls ln zrchoczgn agopir lvzncogpcqi `l |hg pgsg( Oiei lh nis zgåsls `l h|lspri lhpirhi. ng eirpgnc`g chaghpcn lh Lszg÷g fg plhc`i |hgplh`lhocg lsolh`lhpl lh ng ãziog ei`lrhg( Lh ln zriolsi `l `lsolhsi `l ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcn sl `cspchm|lh `is lpgzgs4

7( Agsl `l pgsgs lh ogå`g ncbrl( Ngs pgsgs `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcn lh Lszg÷g fgh ogå`i `l aireg lszlocgn g zgrpcr `l ng ecpg` `l 732<( Lh lsleielhpi gnoghtgbg |hgs ocargs w|l rih`gbgh ln 7<: zir ecn. w|l. hi ibspghpl. sl s|zlrgbgh oih orlols `|rghpl nis zlrci`is `l orcscs`leimrçacog &pgnls oiei ng mrczl `l 7376#( Ng ogå`g w|l sl chcocg lh nis g÷is 2: sl chplrr|ezl ogebcg `l scmhi `|rghpl ng M|lrrg Ocqcnlszg÷in lh ng chel`cgpg zism|lrrg g ogå`g `l ngs `|rgs oih`cocihls siociloihÿecogs `l ng ãziog w|l rlpriprgdlrih ln hcqln `l ngs pgsgs gngs `l qlchpl g÷is ghpls( _ch lebgrmi. e| zrihpi. ngs pgsgs rlchcocgh s| zriolsi `l ogå`g. gn achgn `l nis g÷is 0: g iarloågh ocargsolroghgs gn =: zir ecn( @ls`l lsl eielhpi. s| rlpriolsi fg sc`i ogsc oihspghpl(

2( Agsl `l pgsgs lh ogå`g nlhpg( @ls`l achgnls `l nis g÷is =: ngs pgsgs oihpchôgh `lsolh`clh`i. zlri `l aireg eçs zg|sg`g. g|hw|lscmhcacogpcqg. oglh`i zir `lbgdi `ln 7: zir ecn lh nis g÷is 6:( @ls`l lhpihols. h|lspri zgås sl lho|lhprg lhprl nis zgåsls `ln znghlpg oihpgsgs chalrcirls. ni w|l ch`cog w|l h|lspri scspleg sghcpgrci garihpg `l aireg g`lo|g`g nis gn|ebrgeclhpis &ln eielhpi eçs slhscbnl g ngeirpgnc`g` g ni ngrmi `l ng qc`g f|eghg sini oiezgrgbnl g ngs pgsgs lszloåacogs `l eirpgnc`g` `l l`g`ls e| gqghtg`gs#(

@ls`l achgnls `l nis 3:. ngs pgsgs sl eghpclhlh zir `lbgdi `ln < zir ecn; lh 2::= a|l `l ?.1=( Lh ng gop|gnc`g`. g|hw|l lvcsplh `calrlhocgs hipgbnlslhprl ngs pgsgs `l ngs `cspchpgs Oie|hc`g`ls G|pÿhiegs. fg w|l rloir`gr w|l pi`gs lnngs lspçh lh hcqlnls e| bgdis(

Ng lszlrghtg `l qc`g lh Lszg÷gLs |h ch`cog`ir sioci`leimrçacoi w|l ch`cog ln hôelri el`ci `l g÷is `l qc`g w|l z|l`l lszlrgr qcqcr |hg zlrsihg lh ln eielhpi `l s| hgoceclhpi(Ls ln hôelri `l g÷is w|l sl ogno|ng w|l qcqcrç |h gzlrsihg w|l hgol lh |h plrrcpirci lh |hg alofg oihorlpis( Ls lh ng gop|gnc`g` |hg `l ngs

egirls `ln e|h`i( Zgrg lvzncogr lspl alhÿelhi nis g|pirls ni lvzncogh zir ng `clpg el`cplrrçhlg. rcog lh golcpl lsogsg lh mrgsgs( O|gh`i sl `colw|l ng lszlrghtg `l qc`g `l nis lszg÷inls lh 2::< lrg `l 6:.2? g÷is. sl lspç sl÷gngh`i ng `|rgocÿh `l ng qc`g w|l sl lszlrg w|l plhmgh ngszlrsihgs hgoc`gs lh h|lspri zgås `|rghpl gw|ln g÷i( G zrchoczcis `ln scmni VV ritgbg nis 0: g÷is( @|rghpl ng _lm|h`g Rlzôbncog nis <: prgs ngM|lrrg Ocqcn zism|lrrg. ng lszlrghtg sl ogno|ng lh pirhi g nis 1: g÷is( G zrchoczcis `l nis 1: sl golrog g is =:(Ngs e|dlrls pclhlh |hg lszlrghtg `l qc`g egir &6?.32 g÷is# nis fiebrls `l ==.<: g÷is(

Ln g|elhpi `l ng lszlrghtg `l qc`g lh nis zgåsls `lsgrrinng`is sl `lbg g4Agopirls siocgnls(

i Eldirg `ln hcqln `l qc`gi Eldirg l ngs oih`cocihls ngbirgnlsi G|slhocg l oihancopis bãncois(i Fçbcpis `l oiezirpgeclhpi `l ng siocl`g`4 mgsprihÿecois.

`lzirpcqis‡# zlri pgebcãh ln lsprãs. ng oihpgechgocÿh‡(

Agopirls sghcpgrcis(i Zrlspgocihls sghcpgrcgs lvplh`c`gs g ogsc ng pipgnc`g` `l ng

zibngocÿhi Lrrg`cogocÿh l lzc`lecgsi Gplhocÿh fiszcpgngrcg eã`cogi Eldirg `l ng fcmclhl

Pgsg `l H|zocgnc`g`Ng pgsg `l h|zocgnc`g` lsp|`cg ln egprceihci( Z|l`l chan|cr lh ln hôelri pipgn `l fgbcpghpls. g w|l o|gh`i ngs zgrldgs sl ogsgh eçs pgr`l &`lbc`i geipcqis loihÿecois. zinåpcois i siocgnls#. sl rl`|ol ln hôelri `l fcdis w|l z|l`g nnlmgr g plhlr lsl egprceihci( Lh gzlhgs ?:. ng pgsg `l h|zocgnc`g`sl fg rl`|oc`i g ng ecpg`4 0.0= zir ecn lh 2::=( gså `l =.2?, lh 73=1 gn 0.0=, lh 2::= Hi sl prgpg `l w|l nis lszg÷inls sl ogslh elhis. schi w|lnis egprceihcis w|l sl olnlbrgh4 sih eçs pgr`åis4 nis fiebrls nnlmgh gn egprceihci ogsc g nis ?2 g÷is. eclhprgs w|l ngs e|dlrls pclhlh |hg el`cg `logsc prlchpg( Lh prlchpg g÷is nis lszg÷inls sl ogsgh `l el`cg ochoi g÷is eçs pgr`l(Lhprl ngs rgtihls `ln zisplrmgeclhpi `ln egprceihci fg ogebcis o|np|rgnls. ln oispisi `caåocn goolsi g ng qcqclh`g. ng egir `l`cogocÿh g ngairegocÿh. ng agocnc`g` zgrg zlreghlolr lh ln `iecocnci zgplrhi( Ng oihslo|lhocg `leimrçacog `crlopg ls w|l ln egprceihci nnlmg prgs nis g÷is eçsaãrpcnls. lszlocgnelhpl zgrg ngs e|dlrls(

Orloceclhpi qlmlpgpcqi i hgp|rgn(A|l e| `ãbcn fgspg zrchoczcis `ln scmni VCV. `lbc`i g w|l ng gnpg hgpgnc`g` sl qlåg oiezlhsg`g zir |hg eirpgnc`g` e| lnlqg`g( Ãspg g s| qlt sl`cszgrgbg og`g oclrpi pclezi `lbc`i g ng eirpgnc`g` ogpgsprÿacog( Ng oihslo|lhocg `l lspl zriolsi lrg w|l ngs lsogsgs mghghocgs `leimrçacogs w|lsl fgbågh oihslm|c`i `|rghpl |h ngrmi zlrci`i `l pclezi. sl zlr`ågh lh og`g orcscs `leimrçacog w|l plhåg n|mgr &lzc`lecgs. m|lrrgs ogpçsprialshgp|rgnls. lpo#( Ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing p|qi. z|ls. |hg ongrg plh`lhocg gn lspghogeclhpi fgspg ln scmni VQCCC(G zrchoczcis `ln scmni VCV oielhtÿ g orlolr oihsc`lrgbnlelhpl mrgocgs g ng prghscocÿh `leimrçacog w|l p|qi n|mgr lh gw|ln eielhpi( Ng rl`|oocÿh `lng eirpgnc`g` zrizcocÿ |h orloceclhpi w|l a|l g|elhpgh`i zrimrlscqgelhpl. g|hw|l hi lsp|qi lvlhpi `l orcscs oi|hp|rgnls oiei ng M|lrrg `l ngCh`lzlh`lhocg. i gnm|hgs lzc`lecgs w|l p|qclrih n|mgr z|hp|gnelhpl lh lsg olhp|rcg. `ih`l ng ônpceg cezirpghpl a|l ng mrczl `l 7376. g lh znlhiscmni VV(G ni ngrmi `ln scmni VVV ln orloceclhpi qlmlpgpcqi fg sc`i lhirel. fg plhc`i n|mgr ogsc |hg lvzniscÿh `leimrçacog( Ng eirpgnc`g` oihpch|ÿ`lsolh`clh`i. ng hgpgnc`g` sl eghp|qi oih |his qgnirls e| lnlqg`is( Ln eçvcei `l orloceclhpi qlmlpgpcqi sl gnoghtÿ lh ln g÷i 7310( lh lsgalofg. ng hgpgnc`g` gôh lrg e| gnpg. eclhpgs w|l ngs `la|hocihls fgbågh ogå`i g |his hcqlnls e| bgdis( @ls`l lsl eielhpi ln orloceclhpi `l ngzibngocÿh oielhtÿ g slr og`g qlt eçs nlhpi. g|hw|l ln `lsolhsi `l ngs pgsgs a|l zlw|l÷i fgspg el`cg`is i achgnls `l ng `ãog`g `l 73=:(Lh lsg ãziog. ln `lsolhsi `l ng hgpgnc`g` zriqioÿ |hg ogå`g e| a|lrpl `ln orloceclhpi hgp|rgn. lh ziogs `ãog`gs sl gnoghtgrih qgnirls e| bgdis(Lh ng gop|gnc`g` ln orloceclhpi sl fg rl`|oc`i lhirelelhpl. fi `åg ls olroghi gn ?, gn g÷i. o|gh`i lh 7336 llrg sÿni `l :.72 ,( Oiei lh ogsisghplrcirls. ln gzirpl `l |hg egir hgpgnc`g` zir nis checmrghpls lspç zrizcocgh`i lspl orloceclhpi hgp|rgn `l ng zibngocÿh w|l fi `åg oihpchôg. g|hw|lg |h rcpei bgspghpl eçs bgdi w|l ln w|l p|qi n|mgr fgol prls i o|gpri `ãog`gs(

CCC( Ng eiqcnc`g` lszgocgnNngegeis eiqceclhpis lszgocgnls i ecmrgocihls g nis `lszngtgeclhpis `l ng zibngocÿh w|l cezncogh |h ogebci `l n|mgr `l rlsc`lhocg( \pcnctgeis lnpãrechi lecmrgocÿh zgrg rlalrcrhis gn prgsng`i `l zibngocÿh `l |h scpci g ipri( Ng zlrsihg w|l sl egrofg `l s| n|mgr `l rlsc`lhocg ls |h lecmrghpl( Zir

Pgsg `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcnPgsg `l eirpgnc`g` chaghpcnHH´ `l agnnloc`is elhirls l |h g`l agnnloc`is elhirls l |h g÷÷ii

HH´ `l hgoc`is qcqis`l hgoc`is qcqisV 7:::V 7:::

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ln oihprgrci. |pcnctgeis ln pãrechi checmrgocÿh zgrg rlalrcrhis g ng nnlmg`g `l zibngocÿh zriol`lhpl `l ipri plrrcpirci( Ng zlrsihg w|l nnlmg `l `l a|lrg g|h n|mgr sl `lhiechg checmrghpl( @lhiechgeis sgn`i ecmrgpirci g ng calrlhocg lhprl checmrghpls lecmrghpls(\hg `l ngs zlo|ncgrc`g`ls `l ng lecmrgocÿh ls ln lalopi nngeg`g4 gn oihiolr zir lvzlrclhocg `crlopg w|l ngs oih`cocihls ngbirgnls sih eldirls w|l lhng tihg `l ircmlh. e|ofis sl ghcegh gn ogebci `l n|mgr `l rlsc`lhocg sgbclh`i w|l nis oihioc`is w|l fgh sgnc`i ghpls w|l lnnis nls slrqcrågh `lz|lhpl gzii fgspg gslhpgrsl `l aireg lspgbnl(

Og|sgs oihslo|lhocgs `l nis eiqceclhpis ecmrgpircisOg|sgs(g( Eipcqis hgp|rgnls(

7# Ogebcis onceçpcois2# @lsgsprls hgp|rgnls(

b( Eipcqis zinåpcois(7# F|å`g ghpl ng zlrslo|ocÿh zinåpcog2# F|å`g ghpl ng agnpg l ncblrpg` `l |h rãmcelh `copgpircgn

o( Eipcqis rlncmcisis(7# Zlrslo|ocihls zir orllhocgs rlncmcisgs calrlhpls g ngs lspgbnloc`gs

`( Eipcqis loihÿecois(7# Egng scp|gocÿh loihÿecog(2# Eldirg `l ngs oih`cocihls l prgbgdi?# @lszngtgeclhpi airtisi zir eipcqis ngbirgnls(0# _lm|h`g rlsc`lhocg l d|bcng`is ln hirpl `l L|rizg(

Orcplrci `l

ongscacogocÿh Pczinimåg  Pczinimåg 

 

airtg`gs | ibncmg`gs Zir eipcqis zinåpcois &lvcncg`is. lvz|nsg`is. rla|mcg`is. rlzgprcg`is# i ogpçsprials &`lszngtg`is#(_|lnlh plhlr |h ogrçoplr plezirgn(

 

Ncblrpg` Ncbrls i qin|hpgrcgs 

Zir rgtihls ngbirgnls &d|bcngocihls. prgsng`is z|lspis `l prgbgdi#. `l lsp|`cis i loihÿecogs(Z|l`lh lspgr rlm|ng`gs i znghcacog`gs ls`l ircmlh i hi lspgrni &ecmrgocihls cnlmgnls# 

Zinåpcogs Rlzibngocÿh prgs ng Rloihw|cspg; rlzibngocÿh `l _clrrg Eirlhg rlgnctg`g zir Ingqc`l lh ln scmni

 

VQCCC; a|hocihgrcis w|l qgh g prgbgdgr lh chspcp|ocihls l ng \L(

_iociloihÿecogs  Ogebci l rlsc`lhocg zgrg eldirgr ln hcqln l qc`g(

 

Agecncgrls  Ecmrgocihls zir rlgmr|zgocÿh agecncgr(

O|np|rgnls 

Zir eipcqis rlncmcisis &zlrlmrchgocÿh g ngs oc|`g`ls oih mrgh scebincsei )i scmhcacogocÿhrlncmcisg4 Rieg. Dlr|sgnãh. Ng Elog#; lsp|`cis &b|sogh eldirgr lh lsp|`cis )i chqlspcmgocÿh&a|mg `l olrlbris4 chqlspcmg`irls. grpcspgs `lzirpcspgs#; p|råspcogs; goihploceclhpis `lzirpcqis;lszlopço|nis. lpo( 

 

Og|sgs 

El`cigebclhpgnls  M|lrrgs. oihancopis. ogpçsprials‡ 

 

Zlreghlhpls  Ogebci `l rlsc`lhocg sch chplhocÿh chcocgn `l rlpirhi(

 

Plezirgnls  Ecmrgocÿh zir |h pclezi ncecpg`i; sl s|lnl oihsc`lrgr |h pclezi chalrcir g prls elsls(

 

Lspgocihgnls Ecmrgocÿh zir |h pclezi ncecpg`i w|l z|l`l plhlr |h ogrçoplr oåoncoi gh|gn. oiei. zir ldlezni. ngqlh`cecg lh Arghocg(

 

Rlpirhi  Eiqceclhpi `l lecmrghpls w|l s|zihl ln rlmrlsi g s|s n|mgrls `l ircmlh(

Pclezi 

@cgrcgs  Eiqceclhpis zlh`|ngrls i fgbcp|gnls `ls`l ln n|mgr `l rlsc`lhocg fgocg ln prgbgdi(

Chplrcirls @lhpri `l ngs ecsegs arihplrgs &ãvi`i r|rgn. rlpirhg`is. ecmrgocihls chplrr|rgnls g prgs çrlgs.s|b|rbghgs &g nis hôonlis r|rgnls )i hôonlis zrÿvceis g ng oc|`g`. chprg|rbghgs. chplr|rbghgs(

 

@cspghocg Lvplrcirls i chplrhgocihgnls  _|zihl ogebci `l zgås &ecmrgocihls gscspc`gs. ecmrgocihls oinihcgnls# 

 

Ch`cqc`|gnls @lszngtgeclhpi `l |hg sing zlrsihg. w|l s|lnl slr ng w|l chcocg ln zriolsi ecmrgpirci ghpls `l ngrlgmr|zgocÿh agecncgr \hc`g`

ecmrghpl Oinlopcqgs  Agecncgr. mr|zgn‡ 

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Lecmrgocihls lszg÷ings(Ngs zrchoczgnls oirrclhpls ecmrgpircgs sl `crcmlh g |nprgegr( Nis zgåslsrlolzpirls pleclh`i hi zi`lr gbsirblr pi`g ng eghi `l ibrg w|lnnlmgbg chpri`|dlrih rlsprcoocihls g zrchoczcis `ln scmni VV4 nl `lo|ipgs( Lspl ls ln ogsi `l Lspg`is \hc`is Oghg`ç( Prgs ng M|lrrgsE|h`cgnls lh Lszg÷g. ng M|lrrg Ocqcn. slrçh dÿqlhls zrialscihgnlso|gncacog`is nis w|l lecmrlh( Mgncocg ls ng zriqchocg w|l eçszibngocÿh zlr`cÿ lh lspl eielhpi(Nis zrchoczgnls lspchis sih fgspg 73<34i  Eiqceclhpis prghsoihpchlhpgnls l chplrhgcihgnls4

i  Geãrcog Ngpchg &Grmlhpchg. Brgscn. O|bg. Eãvcoi.Qlhlt|lng \r|m|g#( _l zri`|dlrih eçs pgr`l( Ngs

zlrsihgs w|l lecmrgrih lrgh lh s| egiråg oghgrcis.mgnnlmis gsp|rcghis w|l zriol`ågh `l çrlg r|rgnls`lzrcec`gs oih |h lvolsi `l zibngocÿh( Ls ng acm|rg`ln ch`cghi( @ls`l 7663 g 7370 lecmrgrih 7.< ecnnihls`l lszg÷inls. rlgopcqçh`isl `lsz|ãs `l ng _lm|h`gM|lrrg E|h`cgn(

i  L|rizg( Lecmrgh `ls`l Gh`gn|oåg Lvprleg`|rgcez|nsg`is zir ng hlolsc`g` `l rloihspr|cr L|rizg prgsng _lm|h`g M|lrrg E|h`cgn( Ngs lecmrgocihls lh ln VV sl arlhgrih lh 73:= &Nl `l Lecmrgocÿh#. zlri pclhlhoiei zrchoczgn `lspchi zgåsls `lsgrrinng`is l|rizlisoiei Arghocg. Gnleghcg _|ctg Oih ln `lsolhsi `llecmrghpls fgocg Geãrcog g zgrpcr `l 7370. Arghocg sloihqcrpcÿ lh ln `lspchi zrchoczgn `lbc`i g s| zrivcec`g` zir s|s ziscbcnc`g`ls `l lhoihprgr prgbgdi( Lh nis 1:–eçs `l |h ecnnÿh `l zlrsihgs sl prgsng`ÿ g lspis

n|mgrls( Zriol`ågh egircpgrcgelhpl `l Gh`gn|oåg.Mgncocg. Oie|hc`g` Qgnlhocghg. Ogspcnng Nlÿh. Lvprleg`|rg( _ch lebgrmi. prgs ng orcscs loihÿecog `l 73=?. e|ofis lecmrghplslszg÷inls rlsc`lhpls lh L|rizg qinqclrih g h|lspri zgås gn zri`|ocrsl rllspr|op|rgocihls `l zlrsihgn lh ngs ch`|sprcgs l|rizlgs( Lspieipcqÿ |h g|elhpi leimrçacoi `l ngs lecmrgocihls lh h|lspri zgås. lszlocgnelhpl lh Gh`gn|oåg E|rocg(

i  Hirpl `l Çarcog( Lszlocgnelhpl Grmlncg. `ih`l sl prgsng`grih ecnls `l lszg÷inls g el`cg`is `ln scmni VCV &lh 76<? ng nlmcsngocÿhlszg÷ing lncechg ibspço|nis `l ng lecmrgocÿh#( Lspl `lspchi lrg zrlalrc`i g Grmlncg zir ng rgzc`lt ln zrloci loihÿecoi `l qcgdl. d|hpioih ng `cszihcbcnc`g` `l |h açocn rlmrlsi ng olroghåg w|l nls chszcrgbg ln scecngr zgcsgdl gmråoing el`cplrrçhli( Lecmrgh `l Gncoghpl.Gnelråg. E|rocg Bgnlgrls(

i  Lecmrgocÿh chplrcir4 ãvi`i r|rgn( Ln `lszngtgeclhpi `ln ogezi fgocg nis hôonlis |rbghis lezltÿ lh ln eielhpi lh w|l gzgrloclrih ngsch`|sprcgs lh ngs oc|`g`ls ãspgs zrlocsgrih `l eghi `l ibrg( G zgrpcr `l nis 0:– sl zri`|di |h a|lrpl ãvi`i r|rgn lh Lszg÷g. ar|pi `l ng`lacoclhpl scp|gocÿh `ln ogezi lszg÷in( Ngs oihslo|lhocgs `l lspl eiqceclhpi egscqi `l zibngocÿh a|l ln orloceclhpi lszlopgo|ngr `l oc|`g`lsoiei Eg`rc`. Bgrolnihg. Bcnbgi. Qgnlhocg. Tgrgmitg _lqcnng. lhprl iprgs( Ngs `is zrcelrgs. a|lrih nis mrgh`ls aiois rlolzpirls `l lecmrghpls.`lbc`i g s| z|dghpl ch`|sprcg g s|s slrqcocis w|l qcqågh eielhpis `l lvzghscÿh g ngs b|lhgs ziscbcnc`g`ls `l ibplhlr |h leznli( \hg `l ngsoihslo|lhocgs eçs cezirpghpls `l ngs ecmrgocihls chplrcirls a|l ng `lscm|gn `csprcb|ocÿh `l ng zibngocÿh. g w|l ng Lszg÷g chplrcir zlr`cÿzibngocÿh lh blhlacoci `l ngs tihgs ncpirgnls ngs mrgh`ls oc|`g`ls( Ngs rlmcihls lecsirgs `l lecmrghpls a|lrih Gh`gn|oåg. Lvprleg`|rg. ngs`is Ogspcnngs. Grgmÿh. Mgncocg E|rocg( Ngs og|sgs sl `lblh g ng `lacoclhpl scp|gocÿh `ln ogezi lszg÷in lh ng `ãog`g `l nis 1: ngs zrlogrcgs

oih`cocihls l qc`g. siocgnls loihÿecogs l lspgs tihgs ls`l ngs w|l sl zri`|di ln ãvi`i r|rgn(Lhprl 731:%73=<( G zrchoczcis `l nis ocho|lhpg sl orlg ln CLL &Chspcp|pi Lszg÷in `l Lecmrgocÿh# w|l cez|nsg ng lecmrgocÿh. agqirloc`i zir ln Zngh `lLspgbcnctgocÿh `l 73<3( \his slcs ecnnihls `l zlrsihgs sl prgsng`grih `ln ogezi g ng oc|`g` i g L|rizg agqirloc`i zir ln `lsgrrinncsei w|l fgbågmlhlrg`i |hg orcscs `l ng gmrco|np|rg(

i  Ecmrgocihls lvplrcirls( Lspç egrog`i zir ng hlolsc`g` `l rloihspr|cr L|rizg prgs ng _lm|h`g M|lrrg E|h`cgn &Gnleghcg. _|ctg. Arghocg.Bãnmcog. Rlchi \hc`i#. zlri sl ql arlhg`i zir ng orcscs `ln zlprÿnli `l 73=?( Lh zrchoczci sl prgsng`gh dÿqlhls prgbgdg`irls w|l zrlplh`lhgfirrgr rlmrlsgr gn zgås( S lh |hg slm|h`g agsl sl rlgmr|zg ng agecncg oih ng nnlmg`g `l ng e|dlr. agqirloclh`i ln lspgbnloceclhpi `lachcpcqilh lspis zgåsls( _l leznlgh lh slopirls zlri rle|hlrg`is hi `lslg`is zir nis hgocihgnls `ln zgås rlolzpir(

i  Ecmrgocihls chplrcirls( Ãvi`i r|rgn egscqi fgocg ngs mrgh`ls oc|`g`ls &Eg`rc`. Bgrolnihg#. o|i orloceclhpi cez|nsg ngs ecmrgocihlszlh`|ngrls `ls`l ng qcqclh`g gn prgbgdi( Ngs e|dlrls prgbgdgh lh ln slopir slrqcocis( Gnm|his sl `lsgrrgcmgrih h|hog qinqclrih g s|sn|mgrls l ircmlh. ipris. rlmrlsgh l qgogocihls(

Ngs ecmrgocihls lh lspg lpgzg s|zihlh |h `lsgrrinni loihÿecoi sch zrlol`lhpls4 lhprg`g egscqg `l `cqcsgs zriol`lhpls `ln lvprghdlri. rlelsgs `lp|rcsei. pgebcãh lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh `l ngs tihgs lecmrgpircgs rld|qlhloceclhpi lh ngs tihgs checmrgpircgs. ni w|l mlhlrg |h`lslw|cncbrci lh ng csprcb|ocÿh plrrcpircgn l ng zibngocÿh(

Lhprl 73=1%736<( Ng cholrpc`|ebrl zinåpcog ng orcscs loihÿecog rgnlhpctgh ln `lszlm|l `l ng ch`|sprcg lszg÷ing rl`|olh nis z|lspis `l prgbgdi lhnis n|mgrls `l `lspchi. ni w|l zriqiog ng chqlrscÿh `l nis zriolsis ecmrgpircis( Ngs çrlgs `l prg`cocÿh lecmrgpircg goimlh g nis rlpirhg`is d|bcng`is.pghpi lh ngs ecmrgocihls chplrcirls oiei lvplrcirls(

i  Ecmrgocihls lvplrcirls( @ls`l nis zgåsls `l `lspchi sl agqirlol ln rlpirhi g Lszg÷g el`cghpl cholhpcqis loihÿecois( Nis zribnlegsloihÿecois &zrloci `l ng qcqclh`g. zgri# `l Lszg÷g zriqiogh w|l nis rlpirhg`is hi sl chspgnlh lh nis n|mgrls `l ircmlh schi w|l b|sw|lhn|mgrls oih lsgrrinni ngbirgn(

i  Ecmrgocihls chplrcirls( Zir nis zriolsis `l rloihqlrscÿh ch`|sprcgn ln oispl `l ng qcqclh`g. ngs çrlgs `l prg`cocÿh checmrgpircg zclr`lhogzgoc`g` zgrg goimlr checmrghpls izpgh zir oc|`g`ls el`cgs( _l cez|nsg ng eiqcnc`g` |rbghg i rlsc`lhocgn ngs ecmrgocihls zlh`|ngrls.agqirloc`g zir ng eldirg `l prghszirpls( _l chplhscacog ng ecmrgocÿh lh ng ecseg zriqchocg l |h lecmrghpl zrialscihgn o|gncacog`i(

_l lspceg w|l fgspg 7361 rlpirhgrih =<:(::: zlrsihgs. eielhpi lh ln w|l Lszg÷g `ldg `l slr |h zgås lecmrghpl(

7361 fgspg fi. ngs çrlgs `l `lspchi sih sclezrl ngs `l egir `chgecsei loihÿecoi( Ng bôsw|l`g `l |h z|lspi `l prgbgdi sl `caco|npg zir ng gnpgo|gncacogocÿh ln prgbgdg`ir(i _l arlhg `rçspcogelhpl ng lecmrgocÿh lvplrcir scm|l fgbclh`i rlpirhi( Ln an|di `l lecmrgocÿh fgocg L|rizg. lh ln Egroi `ln Prgpg`i `l

G`flscÿh g ng OLL &7 `l lhlri `l 7361#. `ln Prgpg`i `l Eggsprcofp lh 7332. sl chorlelhpg. g w|l hi ls hlolsgrcg |hg oihprgzrlspgocÿhloihÿecog hc |h oihprgpi `l prgbgdi zgrg prgsng`gr ng rlsc`lhocg g ng L|rizg oie|hcpgrcg( Lh lspg ei`gnc`g` sl lho|lhprg ngs ecmrgocihls

minih`rchg4 sl prgpg `l qlh`cecg`irls lszg÷inls w|l go|`lh og`g ach `l qlrghi l chcoci `ln ipi÷i gn s|r `l Arghocg zgrg ng rloimc`g `l ng |qg(i Ng lecmrgocÿh chplrcir sl rgnlhpctg( Ngs zinåpcogs `l cez|nsi gn `lsgrrinni niogn lh`ÿmlhi. agqirloc`gs zir ngs s|bqlhocihls `l ng \L. mlhlrghleznli lh gnm|hgs rlmcihls lh ngs w|l ghplrcirelhpl lrg chlvcsplhpl( Lszg÷g zgsg `lachcpcqgelhpl `l slr |h zgås `l lecmrghpls g slr |h zgås `lchecmrghpls(

`lsgrrgcmi. zribnlegs siocinÿmcois zscoinÿmcois(hlmgpcqgs

egir gzlrp|rg g nis ogebcis. ni w|l z|l`l gzriqlofgrslagqirgbnlelhpl lh nis n|mgrls `l ircmlhziscpcqgs

lecmrghpl

Hlolsc`g` l charglspr|op|rgs &sghcpgrcg. rlsc`lhocgn. l prghszirpl.l`|ogpcqg#( @lsolhsi l nis sgngrcis lh lplrechg`gs rgegs `l nggopcqc`g` lh `ih`l sl chorlelhpg ng oiezlplhocg( Gzgrcocÿh `loihancopis4 agnpg l chplmrgocÿh. bripls rgocspgs i vlhÿaibis(hlmgpcqgs

Rld|qlhloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh l chorlelhpi `l ng hgpgnc`g`;orloceclhpi loihÿecoi mrgocgs gn prgbgdi `l ng eghi `l irg gng|elhpi `ln oihs|ei. ni w|l s|zihl |h cez|nsi zgrg ngzri`|oocÿh; g|elhpi l ng oiezlpcpcqc`g`; cqlrsc`g` o|np|rgn;gfirri zir ng chqlrscÿh lh airegocÿh hc lh d|bcngocihls #lh lszlocgnzgrg ng ecmrgocÿh plezirgn# o|is mgspis fgh sc`i sizirpg`is lhln zgås `l ircmlh(ziscpcqgs

N|mgrls `l checmrgocÿh

Lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh &zclr`lh zibngocÿh diqlh lh l`g``l prgbgdgr#; ng zri`|opcqc`g` z|l`l qlrsl rl`|oc`g ngs pclrrgsrls|npgr gbgh`ihg`gs. ni w|l zriqiog zribnlegs gebclhpgnls&lriscÿh. cholh`cis. lpo# sc hi sl piegh el`c`gs izirp|hgs(hlmgpcqgs

Gncqcgh zribnlegs `l s|zlrzibngocÿh. lsogslt `l z|lspis `lprgbgdi nis oihancopis zir ln `lsoihplhpi ghpl scp|gocihlsloihÿecogs `lncog`gs( Z|l`l eldirgr ng ognc`g` `l qc`g &oih ngsrlelsgs `l `chlri gzirpg`gs zir nis lecmrghpls# l chorlelhpgr ngzri`|opcqc`g` &gn `csech|cr ng zrlscÿh sibrl nis rlo|rsis ngziscbcnc`g` l fgolr chqlrscihls#ziscpcqgs

N|mgrls l lecmrgocÿh

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`lsgrrgcmi. zribnlegs siocinÿmcois zscoinÿmcois(hlmgpcqgs

egir gzlrp|rg g nis ogebcis. ni w|l z|l`l gzriqlofgrsl agqirgbnlelhpl lh nis n|mgrls

`l ircmlhziscpcqgs

lecmrghpl

Hlolsc`g` `l charglspr|op|rgs &sghcpgrcg. rlsc`lhocgn. `l prghszirpl. l`|ogpcqg#( @lsolhsi`l nis sgngrcis lh `lplrechg`gs rgegs `l ng gopcqc`g` lh `ih`l sl chorlelhpg ng

oiezlplhocg( Gzgrcocÿh `l oihancopis4 agnpg `l chplmrgocÿh. bripls rgocspgs i vlhÿaibis(hlmgpcqgs

Rld|qlhloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh l chorlelhpi `l ng hgpgnc`g`; orloceclhpi loihÿecoi

mrgocgs gn prgbgdi `l ng eghi `l irg gn g|elhpi `ln oihs|ei. ni w|l s|zihl |h cez|nsizgrg ng zri`|oocÿh; g|elhpi l ng oiezlpcpcqc`g`; cqlrsc`g` o|np|rgn; gfirri zir ngchqlrscÿh lh airegocÿh hc lh d|bcngocihls #lh lszlocgn zgrg ng ecmrgocÿh plezirgn# o|ismgspis fgh sc`i sizirpg`is lh ln zgås `l ircmlh(ziscpcqgs

N|mgrls `l checmrgocÿh

Lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh &zclr`lh zibngocÿh diqlh lh l`g` `l prgbgdgr#; ngzri`|opcqc`g` z|l`l qlrsl rl`|oc`g ngs pclrrgs rls|npgr gbgh`ihg`gs. ni w|l zriqiog

zribnlegs gebclhpgnls &lriscÿh. cholh`cis. lpo# sc hi sl piegh el`c`gs izirp|hgs(hlmgpcqgs

Gncqcgh zribnlegs `l s|zlrzibngocÿh. lsogslt `l z|lspis `l prgbgdi nis oihancopis zir

ln `lsoihplhpi ghpl scp|gocihls loihÿecogs `lncog`gs( Z|l`l eldirgr ng ognc`g` `l qc`g&oih ngs rlelsgs `l `chlri gzirpg`gs zir nis lecmrghpls# l chorlelhpgr ng zri`|opcqc`g`&gn `csech|cr ng zrlscÿh sibrl nis rlo|rsis ng ziscbcnc`g` `l fgolr chqlrscihls#ziscpcqgs

N|mgrls `l lecmrgocÿh

Checmrgocÿh(@ls`l nis g÷is hiqlhpg Lszg÷g fg lvzlrcelhpg`i |h orloceclhpi schzrlol`lhpls. e|ofi egir gn `l o|gnw|clr zgås `l ng \L zir slr z|lrpg`l goolsi zgås gprgopcqi `l ng checmrgocÿh( Zriol`lh `l Geãrcog `ln_|r. L|rizg Çarcog(Ogrgoplråspcogs l nis checmrghpls(L`g`( Ng l`g` el`cg ls `l ?? g÷is( Nis egrriw|åls ofchis sih niseçs dÿqlhls( Nis gnleghls brcpçhcois sih `l l`g` gqghtg` w|l oieizlhscihcspgs qcqlh s| d|bcngocÿh lh h|lspri zgås( Nis `gpiszrizirocihg`is zgrg 2::1 sih4

_lviLs ncmlrgelhpl s|zlrcir ln hôelri `l qgrihls w|l ln `l e|dlrls.

lszlocgnelhpl lhprl ng zibngocÿh s|bsgfgrcghg( Ng L|rizg oie|hcpgrcg nis cblrigelrcoghis pclhlh |h ncmlri zrl`iechci `l ngs e|dlrls rlszlopig nis fiebrls zir ln zlsi `l ngm|hgs hgocihgnls oihorlpgs(

Hcqln l lsp|`cisEgircpgrcgelhpl hi pclhlh lsp|`cis |hcqlrscpgrcis hi fg o|rsg`ih|lspri lw|cqgnlhpl gn Bgofcnnlrgpi(

Chplmrgocÿh l nis lecmrghpls(Rlngocihg`g oih ng mlhlrgocÿh. c`lhpc`g` g|pilspceg `ln lecmrg`i( Ngsscp|gocihls gn nnlmgr sih4

i Cnlmgnc`g` i „sch zgzlnls―. oinlopcqi caåocn l o|ghpcacogr zir s| scp|gocÿh(i Ibplhocÿh ln zlrecsi l rlsc`lhocg eghplhclh`i ng hgocihgnc`g` l ircmlh ln zlrecsi ln prgbgdi(i Ibplhocÿh l hgocihgnc`g` prgs qgrcis g÷is l zlreghlhocg(i Egprceihci oih ch`cqc`|i l hgocihgnc`g` lszg÷ing(

Oihslo|lhocgs `l ngs ecmrgocihls(Oihslo|lhocgs(g( Ogebcis leimrçacois(

i Ng tihg rlolzpirg goiml ngzibngocÿh

i Ng tihg lecsirg zclr`lzibngocÿh

i Ogebcis lh ng hgpgnc`g`.eirpgnc`g`.lpo‡(

b( Ogebcis loihÿecois(i H|lqg eghi `l ibrg lh ng

tihg rlolzpirgi Nnlmg`g `l `chlri lhqcg`i

zir nis lecmrghpls g ngtihg lecsirg

o( Ogebcis siocgnls o|np|rgnls(i @lbc`i g nis oihpgopislhprl ngs o|np|rgs4

i Go|np|rgocÿhi Egrmchgocÿhi Lphiolhprcsei

i @lbc`i g nis oihpgopisloinÿmcois

CQ( Lspr|op|rg `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ingNg lspr|op|rg `leimrçacog4 slv rgpci mnibgn zir l`g`ls &oieziscocÿh zir slvis#Lh ng gop|gnc`g`. ng lspr|op|rg zir slvis `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing ls ncmlrgelhpl agqirgbnl g ngs e|dlrls. 2?.? ecnnihls zir 22.6 ecnnihls `l fiebrls.

g( Åh`col `l egso|nchc`g`Ln åh`col `l egso|nchc`g` i slv rgpci ls gzrivceg`gelhpl `l 36 fiebrls zir og`g 7:: e|dlrls( _| lqin|ocÿh `|rghpl nis ônpceis scmnis fg sc`i e|

scmhcacogpcqg( Lh ln scmni VQCCC gnoghtÿ s| qgnir eçvcei. 33 fiebrls zir og`g 7:: e|dlrls( Lspi sl `lbåg g w|l ng sibrleirpgnc`g` egso|nchg `lbc`g g`cqlrsgs og|sgs. ogsc sl oiezlhsgbg oih ng lnlqg`g eirpgnc`g` alelhchg g ng firg `l zgrcr. gw|l ngs zãscegs oih`cocihls fcmcãhcogs lh nis zgrpis. fgoågh w|l e|ofgs e|dlrls agnnloclrgh lhln eielhpi `l prglr |h fcdi gn e|h`i(G el`c`g w|l ng sghc`g` a|l eldirgh`i. ng sibrleirpgnc`g` alelhchg lh nis zgrpis a|l`csech|lh`i. eclhprgs w|l ng egso|nchg hi ni fcti lh ng ecseg el`c`g. oiei oihslo|lhocg sla|l `lslw|cncbrgh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl. lh 730:. prgs nis lalopis `l ng M|lrrg Ocqcn. fgbåg`lsolh`c`i g sÿni 30 fiebrls zir og`g 7:: e|dlrls( A|l ln eielhpi `l pi`g ng fcspircg `lLszg÷g lh ln w|l elhis fiebrls f|bi zrizirocihgnelhpl. lh rlngocÿh gn hôelri `l e|dlrls(

Hi sÿni a|l ng eirpgnc`g` g og|sg `l ng m|lrrg ng w|l zriqioÿ lspg scp|gocÿh. fgbåg pgebcãh iprgs rgtihls( Nis fiebrls rlgnctgbgh. zir rlmng mlhlrgn.prgbgdis e|ofis eçs zlncmrisis w|l ngs e|dlrls &echlris. gnbg÷cnls. prghszirpl. lpo#. g`leçs zislågh fçbcpis hiocqis w|l ngs e|dlrls hi plhågh lhng ecseg el`c`g &gnoifin. pgbgoi. lpo# Pi`is lspis eipcqis zrizcocgrih w|l ln hôelri `l e|dlrls a|lrg gzrlocgbnlelhpl egir w|l ln `l fiebrls(Lh ng gop|gnc`g`. sch lebgrmi. ng slv rgpci og`g qlt zrlslhpg |hg plh`lhocg eçs ongrg gn lw|cncbrci( Lspi sl `lbl g w|l ng sibrleirpgnc`g` egso|nchglspç `lsgzgrloclh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl( Ng e|dlr sl lspç choirzirgh`i egscqgelhpl g zrialscihls w|l ghpls lspgbgh ogsc lvon|scqgelhpl rlslrqg`gs gnis fiebrls( @l ng ecseg eghlrg. ngs e|dlrls lspçh pgebcãh oizcgh`i fçbcpis egso|nchis zlrd|`cocgnls( Fi `åg sl ogno|ng w|l ln hôelri `l e|dlrlsa|eg`irgs s|zlrg gn `l qgrihls. ls zrlocsi rloir`gr w|l ln oçholr `l z|neÿh &`lrcqg`i lh mrgh el`c`g `ln oihs|ei `ln pgbgoi# ls |hg `l ngs

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b( _lv rgpci zir l`g`ls(Lh o|ghpi g ng oieziscocÿh `l ng slv rgpci zir l`g`ls fg w|l zrlocsgr w|l hgolh |h egir hôelri `l hc÷is w|l `l hc÷gs. |his 7:1.1 zir og`g7::( gebis slvis sl lw|cncbrgh lh ngs l`g`ls chplrel`cgs zlri. zir ln oihprgrci. fg e|ofgs eçs ghocghgs w|l ghocghis `lbc`i g w|l pclhlh |hgegir lszlrghtg `l qc`g. ni w|l oihnnlqg w|l lh ngs l`g`ls eçs gqghtg`gs fgg eçs `ln `ibnl `l e|dlrls w|l `l fiebrls. zriqiog ln`lslw|cncbrci lh ng _lv Rgpci mnibgn (Hi sl sgbl g oclhocg oclrpg zir w|ã hgolh eçs hc÷is w|l hc÷gs. zlri ls gnmi w|l sl rlzcpl lh ng egir zgrpl `l ngs zibngocihls w|l lvcsplh lh lnznghlpg( Gnm|his `leÿmrgais fgh gz|hpg`i ln flofi `l w|l ls |hg aireg hgp|rgn `l oirrlmcr ln lvolsi w|l sl zri`|ol `l e|dlrls sibrl fiebrls lhngs l`g`ls eçs gqghtg`gs. zlri ls |hg izchcÿh w|l hi pclhl |h ongri a|h`gelhpi oclhpåacoi(Ng egir `calrlhocg lh ngs l`g`ls g`|npgs sl `g lh pirhi g nis ?: g÷is( G lsg l`g` fg |hgs 0: e|dlrls zir og`g 0? fiebrls. Ln eipcqi `l lspl`lslw|cncbrci ls zrchoczgnelhpl ng nnlmg`g egscqg `l checmrghpls. g w|l lh ãspis s|lnl zrl`iechgr eçs ln lnlelhpi egso|nchi w|l ln alelhchi. ni w|lzriqiog lsg ongrg calrlhocg(Fgocg nis 0<%<: g÷is. ln hôelri `l zlrsihgs `l |hi ipri slvi lspç zrçopcogelhpl lw|cncbrg`i. zlri g zgrpcr `l lsg l`g` ln zrl`iechci `l ngs

e|dlrls sibrl ln hôelri `l qgrihls ls og`g qlt egir( Lspi sl lvzncog bçscogelhpl zir gnmi w|l qceis ghpls( Ng e|dlr qcql zir pãrechi el`ci slåsg÷is eçs w|l ln fiebrl. zir ni w|l sl oiholhprgh lh lspgs l`g`ls. sibrl pi`i lh ngs eçs gqghtg`gs( G zgrpcr `l nis 3: g÷is. ln hôelri `l ghocghgsprczncog gn l ghocghis(

Ng lspr|op|rg zir l`g`ls4 pgsg `l `lzlh`lhocg pgsg `l lhqldloceclhpi(Ln slm|h`i gszlopi g plhlr lh o|lhpg ls ng `csprcb|ocÿh zir l`g`ls(_l oihsc`lrg zibngocÿh diqlh g ng `l elhis `l 7< g÷is; zibngocÿhg`|npg gn groi w|l lspç lhprl nis 7< 10. zibngocÿh qcldg g ng w|ls|zlrg nis 1< g÷is( Nis åh`cols sih nis scm|clhpls

Ng lspr|op|rg zir l`g`ls fg c`i ei`cacog`i s|spghocgnelhpl ng zcrçec`l `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing g ni ngrmi `ln scmni VV( Ln ghçncscs `l nis mr|zis `ll`g`ls e|lsprg w|l g ni ngrmi `l lspl zlråi`i ln hôelri `l dÿqlhls sl fgc`i rl`|oclh`i zg|ngpchgelhpl. eclhprgs w|l sl fg eghplhc`i ln `l g`|npis sl fg zri`|oc`i |h a|lrpl orloceclhpi lh ln mr|zi `l nis ghocghis(Ng lqin|ocÿh `l lspg lspr|op|rg fg sc`i e| scmhcacogpcqg( Fgocg 73::. lnrlzgrpi zir mr|zis `l l`g`ls lrg ln scm|clhpl4 dÿqlhls. ?0,. g`|npis 17,;ghocghis. <,( Lh 2::6. lspg csprcb|ocÿh fg lqin|ocihg`i l ng scm|clhpl aireg4 dÿqlhls. 7<,; g`|npis. 16, ghocghis. 7=,(

Ls `locr. eclhprgs w|l ln mr|zi `l nis g`|npis sl eghpclhl zrçopcogelhpl cm|gn w|l fgol zioi eçs `l |h scmni. oih |hg ncmlrg plh`lhocg fgocg lnorloceclhpi. nis dÿqlhls sl fgh rl`|oc`i lhirelelhpl. zirolhp|gnelhpl g ogsc ng plrolrg zgrpl `l nis w|l fgbåg fgol 7:6 g÷is. eclhprgs w|l. zir lnoihprgrci. nis ghocghis orlolh lh ng ecseg zrizirocÿh s| hôelri sl prczncog lh lsl ecsei zlrci`i(Lspi `le|lsprg ongrgelhpl ln zriolsi `l lhqldloceclhpi w|l fg slm|c`i ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing g ogsc ng plrolrg zgrpl `l nis w|l fgbåg fgol 7:6 g÷is.eclhprgs w|l. zir ln oihprgrci. nis ghocghis orlolh lh ng ecseg zrizirocÿh s| hôelri sl prczncog lh lsl ecsei zlrci`i `l pclezi(Lspi `le|lsprg ongrgelhpl ln zriolsi `l lhqldloceclhpi slm|c`i zir ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing lh ng ônpceg olhp|rcg w|l ls zri`|opi zrchoczgnelhpl `lng rl`|oocÿh `l ng hgpgnc`g` w|l fg plhc`i n|mgr lhprl achgnls `l ng `ãog`g `l nis g÷is slplhpg achgnls `l ng `ãog`g `l nis g÷is hiqlhpg `ln zgsg`iscmni(Zgrg oieznlpgr lspl zghirgeg fg w|l `locr w|l ng pgsg `l `lzlh`lhocg sl fg c`i rl`|oclh`i `lbc`i g ng `csech|ocÿh lh ln zirolhpgdl `l dÿqlhls.eclhprgs w|l. zir ln oihprgrci. ng pgsg `l lhqldloceclhpi fg c`i g|elhpgh`i oihspghplelhpl `|rghpl ln scmni VV fgspg nnlmgr g slr fi `åg e| gnpg.g|hw|l zgrlol w|l lh nis ônpceis g÷is pclhl |hg ncmlrg plh`lhocg gn lspghogeclhpi mrgocgs g ng nnlmg`g l h|elrisis checmrghpls dÿqlhls(

Lspr|op|rg loihÿecog siocizrialscihgnNg lspr|op|rg loihÿecog zrialscihgn `l ng zibngocÿh fg lqin|ocihg`i `l eghlrg scmhcacogpcqg lh ln scmni VV g w|l sl fg zri`|oc`i ln prgsqgsl `lnslopir zrcegrci &gmrco|np|rg# gn slo|h`grci &ch`|sprcg#. zisplrcirelhpl ipri prgsqgsl l ãspl gn slopir plrocgrci &slrqcocis#(G zrchoczcis `ln scmni VV. ogsc ln =:, `l ng zibngocÿh gopcqg lszg÷ing prgbgdgbg lh ng gmrco|np|rg. ng mghg`lråg. ng zlsog i ng lvznipgocÿh `l nis

bisw|ls( Ln ?:, rlspghpl sl rlzgrpåg ogsc g zgrpls cm|gnls lhprl ng ch`|sprcg nis slrqcocis( Lspis ônpceis. plhåg e| ziog cezirpghocg lh ng lspr|op|rgloihÿecog lszg÷ing(Zlri gn ni ngrmi `ln scmni VV lsg lspr|op|rg a|l ogebcgh`i oihsc`lrgbnlelhpl( Lh zrcelr n|mgr. fgocg ng `ãog`g `l nis g÷is qlchpl. sl chcocÿ |hprgsqgsl `l ng zibngocÿh gopcqg `ls`l ln slopir zrcegrci gn slo|h`grci( Lspi sl `lbcÿ g w|l lh ng gmrco|np|rg sibrgbgh prgbgdg`irls. eclhprgs w|l ngch`|sprcg. gôh lsogsgelhpl eloghctg`g. hlolscpgbg eçs eghi l ibrg bgrgpg zgrg ng prghsairegocÿh lngbirgocÿh l nis zri`|opis lh ngs açbrcogs(Lspg scp|gocÿh sl eghp|qi fgspg ng `ãog`g `l nis g÷is slplhpg( Zgrgnlngelhpl g lspl zriolsi sl chcocÿ ipri el`cghpl ln o|gn ng zibngocÿh r|rgnoielhtÿ pgebcãh g lhmrisgr ln hôelri `l nis w|l prgbgdgh lh nis slrqcocis( Oiei slo|lhocg. ln lvol`lhpl `l eghi `l ibrg lh ng gmrco|np|rg zgsgbgfgocg ng ch`|sprcg ln slopir plrocgrci(G zrchoczcis `l ng `ãog`g `l nis g÷is slslhpg ng lspr|op|rg siocizrialscihgn lspgbg lw|cncbrg`g. g w|l og`g |hi `l nis prls slopirls prgbgdgbggzrivceg`gelhpl |h plroci l ng zibngocÿh gopcqg lszg÷ing(Zlri lh lspgs o|gpri ônpcegs `ãog`gs. ln zriolsi `l zgsi `l |h slopir g ipri sl fg golnlrg`i gôh eçs( Hi sÿni ng gmrco|np|rg fg oihpch|g`i zlr`clh`izibngocÿh fgspg nnlmgr g hcqlnls e| bgdis. schi w|l chon|si. gn fcni `l ng eloghctgocÿh g|piegpctgocÿh `l b|lhg zgrpl `l ng ch`|sprcg. ãspg fglezltg`i g lvz|nsgr pgebcãh ln lvol`lhpl `l eghi `l ibrg. w|l fg c`i g zgsgr gn slopir `l nis slrqcocis. lh lszlocgn gn p|rcsei. lh elhir el`c`ggn oielroci i g nis prghszirpls ngs oie|hcogocihls(

Zibngocÿh gopcqg Zibngocÿh gopcqg io|zg`g Zibngocÿh gopcqg `lsio|zg`gZibngocÿh hi gopcqg Hc÷is. d|bcng`is. gegs l ogsg. lsp|`cghpls `csogzgocpg`is(

Zlrszlopcqgs a|p|rgs `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing4 zrlqcscihls g el`ci ngrmi zngti(@ls`l nis g÷is slplhpg. ng egir zgrpl `l ngs zriloocihls w|l sl fgh flofi sibrl ng lqin|ocÿh a|p|rg `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing fg agnng`i( Lhgw|lnnis eielhpis sl oihsc`lrgbg w|l Lszg÷g slm|cråg orloclh`i gn ecsei rcpei w|l ni fgoågh lh ng `ãog`g `ln `lsgrrinncsei. ng `l nis g÷isslslhpg. zrlqlågh |h a|p|ri oih ng zibngocÿh w|l rçzc`gelhpl s|zlrgråg nis 0: ecnnihls `l fgbcpghpls( G zrchoczcis `l nis ioflhpg ogebcÿ ngplh`lhocg g el`cg`is `l nis hiqlhpg. sl zlhsgbg w|l ng zcrçec`l sl qinqlråg rlmrlscqg zir ln h|ni orloceclhpi qlmlpgpcqi zriqiog`i zir ng ogå`g `lng pgsg `l hgpgnc`g`( Lh ng gop|gnc`g`. g|hw|l ng checmrgocÿh lspç mlhlrgh`i zribnlegs &chslm|rc`g`. fgochgeclhpi. agnpg `l g`gzpgocÿh g ngsoisp|ebrls `ln zgås# zir rlmng mlhlrgn nis lalopis zgrg Lszg÷g fgh sc`i blhlacocisis `ls`l ln z|hpi `l qcspg loihÿecoi `leimrçacoi( Gså. ngszg|pgs `l oiezirpgeclhpi `l nis checmrghpls lspç zlrecpclh`i ng rlo|zlrgocÿh `l gszlopis oiei ng hgpgnc`g`. ln rld|qlhloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh. lnhôelri `l fcdis zir e|dlr. lpo(Nis ogebcis sih cezrlqcscbnls hi sl z|l`l oihiolr o|çn slrç ng plh`lhocg a|p|rg ls ziscbnl w|l ng plh`lhocg e|lsprl |hg lhirel lhqldloceclhpizibngocÿh oih |hg zcrçec`l rlmrlscqg(

Zcrçec`l `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ingNg zcrçec`l `l zibngocÿh lszg÷ing lh ng gop|gnc`g`. e|lsprg ng ecseg ghof|rg gzrivceg`g lh ln qãrpcol w|l lh ng bgsl. oih brgtis `l cm|gn pgeg÷iscecngr lh nis `calrlhpls mr|zis `l l`g`( Lspg oihacm|rgocÿh `l ng zcrçec`l rlanldg w|l ng zibngocÿh sl fg lhqldloc`i. g w|l ng nihmcp|` `l nis prgeisoirrlszih`clhpls g ng zibngocÿh diqlh ls lsogsgs. oiezgrgbnl g nis brgtis `l ng zibngocÿh eçs qcldg( Lspl flofi rlanldg |hg hgpgnc`g` |hgeirpgnc`g` bgdgs. oih |h orloceclhpi olri i olroghi g olri(Ln zrimrlscqi lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh lszg÷ing ls `lbc`i g ng ogå`g `l ng alo|h`c`g`. zir |hg zgrpl. ni w|l fgol `csech|cr ln mr|zi `l l`g` `lelhirls `l 7< g÷is. g ng `csech|ocÿh `l ng eirpgnc`g` lh l`g`ls og`g qlt eçs gqghtg`gs. ls `locr. gn gngrmgeclhpi `l ng lszlrghtg `l qc`g(

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Ng zcrçec`l e|lsprg |hg lhprg`g lh ln mr|zi `l l`g`ls gnrl`l`ir `l nis 1: g÷is g og|sg `ln `ãacocp `l hgoceclhpis `|rghpl ng m|lrrg ocqcn lszg÷ing&mlhlrgocÿh f|log#Zir ipri ng`i e|lsprg |h orloceclhpi lh nis mr|zis `l l`g`ls `l nis 2< g ?< g÷is. w|l oichoc`l oih ln mrgh g|elhpi `l nghgpgnc`g` lh ngs `ãog`gs `l nis g÷is 1:– =:–( Ln lhqldloceclhpi `l ng zibngocÿh zrlslhpg zribnlegs lh rlngocÿh g ng achghocgocÿh `l ngs zlhscihls. gw|l ng zibngocÿh gopcqg slrç elhir plh`rç w|l achghocgr ngs zlhscihls `l |h gnpi hôelri `l zlrsihgs( Pgebcãh g|elhpgrçh nis mgspis sghcpgrcis gscsplhocgnls(Zir ni pghpi. his lhoihprgeis ghpl |hg zcrçec`l w|l e|lsprg w|l Lszg÷g sl fgnng. lh ng gop|gnc`g`. lh ng agsl `leimrçacog ei`lrhg. ogrgoplrctg`gzir åh`cols `l eirpgnc`g` hgpgnc`g` bgdis( Lspl rãmcelh `leimrçacoi ls zrizci `l ngs siocl`g`ls e| `lsgrrinng`gs( Lh Lszg÷g lspg plh`lhocg fggzgrloc`i `l aireg pgr`åg. zlri oih |hg mrgh a|lrtg(

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