teoría y práctica moderna de elliott 2

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Vct}cr md Ojvtira

8+ VCT]CR MD OJVTIRA +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8 8+3+ OJVTIRAR++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8

8+3+3 Btckma rd cbchc tk ojvtira1 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 8+3+8

D|}dkroakdr dk icr vct}cr md ojvtira+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

8+3+2 Dgdjvia7 Gcww}di dk ojvtira hcgor}c+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ < 8+3+= Dgdjvia7 Cjcmdtr }dxjokckma tk ojvtira+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ? 8+3+4 VXOJDXC AKMC+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 8+3+> D|}dkroòk md vxojdxc akmc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 33 8+3+0 Dgdjvia7 Vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc dk di OHD\+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 38 8+3+3 ]DXBDXC AKMC +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3= 8+3+8 D|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc akmc++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 34 8+3+2 Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md ]dxbdxc dk di OHD\ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3< 8+3+= Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md ]dxbdxc dk Hckeok}dx+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3? 8+3+4 STOK]C AKMC++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 83 8+3+> D|}dkroòk md stok}c akmc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++88 8+3+0 Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md Stok}c dk TXHOR++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++82 8+3+< Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md Stok}c dk Dkmdrc++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8=

8+8+ IC RDXOD 3*8++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8= 8+8+3 Dgdjvia7 Rdxod 3*8 dk Okmxc+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++84 8+8+8 Dgdjvia7 Rdxod 3*8 dk Rck}ckmdx ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++80

8+2+ MOC@AKCI MD OKOBOA+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++26 8+2+3 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md Okoboa dk Dkmdrc+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 8+2+8 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md okoboa dk ]DXXC++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 8+2+2 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md okoboa dk Rck}ckmdx++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++28

8+=+ VCT]C ]DXJOKCI +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++28 8+=+3 Dgdjvia7 Vct}c ]dxjokci dk ]didnakobc++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2= 8+=+8 Dgdjvia7 Vct}c }dxjokci dk Xdvrai ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++24

8+3+ NCIIA MD STOK]C++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 8+=+2 Ic ojvax}ckboc mdi nciia +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2< 8+=+= Dgdjvia) nciia md stok}c dk HH^C++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2? 8+=+4 Dgdjvia7 Nciia md stok}c dk Dkmdrc+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=6

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}

3



8+ VCT]CR MD OJVTIRA

Di vxdrdk}d jcktci md vct}cr md ojvtira baxxdrvakmd ci rd`tkma bcvê}tia mdi iohxa std

Akmc= dr}ã vxdvcxckma+ Dk ïi ~dxãr xdndxdkbocr c a}xar bcvê}tiar+*************************************************************************************************Dk icr ro`todk}dr vãòkcr ~cjar c ~dx di vc}xòk md akmcr jãr rdkboiia md xdbakabdx ybak di std dr jãr xdk}chid avdxcx) std dr di vc}xòk md ojvtira a vct}c md ojvtira+ Dkdr}d jcktci ~cjar c ~dx icr bcxcb}dxêr}obcr md iar ojvtirar crê baja icr xdicboakdr mdvxdboa jãr bajtkdr mdk}xa md tk ojvtira dk hcrd c rt d|}dkroòk+ Bajvidjdk}cjar ic}daxêc bak ci`tkar dgdjviar xdcidr+ Dk bcmc dgdjvia rd lc jck}dkoma di xdbtdk}a y iar

bajdk}cxoar axoòkcidr yc std dxc di std rd bakromdxchc baja jãr vxahchid c vcx}ox mdic oknaxjcboòk morvakohid+

No`txc 8*3

8+3+ OJVTIRAR

Btckma Diioa}} dr}chidboò icr xdìcr std iid~ck rt kajhxd) dr}chc vdkrckma dk tkojvtira+ Dk tk ojvtira ic akmc 8 ktkbc rahxdvcrc di bajodkwa md ic vxojdxc ,xdìc 8/+Dk tk ojvtira ic akmc }dxbdxc ktkbc dr ic jãr bax}c ,xdìc 2/+ _ dk tk ojvtira ic akmc

btcx}c ka rd raicvc bak ic vxojdxc ,xdìc =/+ Dk ic no`txc 8*3 ~djar tk dgdjvia md oj*vtira omdciowcma+

Ic xdìc = }odkd d|bdvboakdr+ Mdvdkmodkma mdi `xcma md akmcr bak std dr}djar }xc*}ckma y mdi }ova md jdxbcma ,jc}dxocr vxojcr v+d+/ rd cmjo}d bodx}a raicvcjodk}a dk}xd

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}8



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

icr akmcr vxojdxc y btcx}c+ C dndb}ar vxãb}obar) bakromdxcxdjar std lcy ~oaicboòk mdic xdìc btcx}c md Diioa}} ro ic akmc vxojdxc y btcx}c raicvck rtr ba}owcboakdr md bodxxd+

Iar ojvtirar rd mo~omdk dk 4 akmcr+ Mdhoma c ic kc}txcidwc nxcb}ci mdi jdxbcma icr4 akmcr dk icr std rd rthmo~omd di ojvtira bak nxdbtdkboc rdxãk a}xa ojvtira jãr vd*

stdóa bak cvcxodkboc rojoicx+ Baja ldjar bajdk}cma) dk iar ojvtirar ic akmc 8 ktkbcxd}xabdmd di 366$ md ic akmc 3) dr mdbox std tk mahid rtdia!}dbla d|cb}a dk btck}a cvxdboa ka rdxã di bajodkwa md tk ojvtira+

Dk ic no`txc 8*8 ~djar std rodjvxd std }dk`cjar tkc rdbtdkboc md akmcr dk ic stdic }dxbdxc akmc rdc cià jãr icx`c std ic vxojdxc ok}dxvxd}cxdjar ic vct}c baja tkojvtira ,ro dr}a dr baldxdk}d bak tk xdbtdk}a md `xcma jcyax/+ Rodjvxd dkbak}xcxãrtk xdbtdk}a varohid bak akmcr \+ Vdxa mdgcxdjar drc varohoiomcm vcxc iar cbcmïjobar)ka iar drvdbticmaxdr+ Dk ic no`txc 8*8 ka dr}ã bicxa ro ic akmc btcx}c lc }dxjokcma a ro

ia std ~djar ci nokci md ic vct}c dr ic akmc ’c‚ md =+ Icr akmcr btcx}cr kaxjcijdk}d

xd}xabdmdk dk}xd di 2< y di 46$ c icr akmcr }dxbdxcr+ Kaxjcijdk}d xd}xabdmdk jdkarc icr akmcr }dxbdxcr md ia std icr akmcr rd`tkmcr xd}xabdmodxak c icr vxojdxcr+ Vax diiavcxc dk}xcx dk tkc akmc btcx}c joxcxdjar ic ci}dxkckboc y drvdxcxdjar lcr}c tk jêko*

ja mdi 2<$ vcxc dk}xcx bak no`txc md ~tdi}c+

No`txc 8*8

Ro stdxdjar rodjvxd vamxdjar ’dkbcgcx‚ tkc rdbtdkboc md 4 akmcr baja tk CHB+Rok djhcxà ka dr baxxdb}a lcbdxia crê yc std vdxmdxdjar ic bakror}dkboc md ktdr}xarxdbtdk}ar+ Mtxck}d icr }xdr vxojdxcr akmcr md tk ojvtira) ka rchxdjar bak bdx}dwc rord }xc}c md tk ojvtira a tkc baxxdbboòk) vdxa c dndb}ar md }xcmok` dr ia jorja yc std

drvdxcjar tk cibckbd jêkoja mdi 366$ md ic akmc 3 a C vcxc di nokci md ic akmc 2 a B+


2



No`txc 8*2

Dk iar ojvtirar ic akmc = ka rd raicvc bak ic 3+Jar}xcjar tk dgdjvia xdci md ojvtira dk ic no`t*xc 8*2+ Kaxjcijdk}d dr nãboi xdbakabdx tk ojvti*ra) rok djhcx`a icr ro`todk}dr vct}cr kar cytmc*

xãk bak rt omdk}onobcboòk7

D|}dkroòk) }xtkbcjodk}a) ci}dxkckboc) o`tci*mcm) bckciowcboòk) y Xc}oar Nohakcbbo md vxdboa y

}odjva rak ci`tkcr md icr ldxxcjodk}cr std dickcior}c t}oiowc vcxc baknoxjcx rtr xdbtdk}ar ystd ~dxdjar dk di bcvê}tia =+

Ic akmc 2 md tk ojvtira ktkbc dr ic jãr bax}c) y dk iar jdxbcmar md cbboakdr kax*jcijdk}d rdxã ic jãr icx`c+ Dk iar jdxbcmar md jc}dxocr vxojcr dr ic stok}c ic stdrtdid d|}dkmdxrd+ Tkc bcxcb}dxêr}obc bicxc md iar ojvtirar dr di ndkòjdka md icr d|*}dkroakdr+ Tkc d|}dkroòk rd mc dk tkc akmc 3) 2 a 4+ Rd }xc}c md tk ja~ojodk}a jtblajãr cjvioa std icr a}xcr mar akmcr md ojvtira) c jdktma bak rthmo~oroakdr }ck `xckmdrbaja icr a}xcr mar akmcr md ojvtira mdi jorja `xcma+ Vdxa icr rthmo~oroakdr y icr d|*

}dkroakdr rak ndkòjdkar okmdvdkmodk}dr+ Btckma lcy tkc d|}dkroòk ka kdbdrcxocjdk}dlchxã rthmo~oroòk md ic akmc d|}dkmomc+ Ia std bcxcb}dxowc c tkc d|}dkroòk dr std drtkc akmc jãr `xckmd std icr mdjãr+ Bak nxdbtdkboc tkc d|}dkroòk rdxã jcyax mdi 3>8$md ic ro`todk}d akmc jãr `xckmd+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}=



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

No`txc 8*=

Dk ic no`txc 8*= vamdjar ~dx tkc vct}c md ojvtira mdrcxxaiicmc vax Cbdxcioc+ Dr}cvct}c md ojvtira rd vcxdbd vaba c iar `xãnobar std rd dkbtdk}xck dk iar iohxar vtxc*

jdk}d }dòxobar md Diioa}}) c vdrcx md rdx xdic}o~cjdk}d nãboi md omdk}onobcx vcxc tkckcior}c+ Dk di `xãnoba md Cbdxcioc ia jãr ojvcb}ck}d dr di `xck ltdba a ’@CV‚ std cvc*

xdbd dk ic ba}owcboòk+ Dr}d @cv kar okmobc ic vxdrdkboc md tk vtk}a md ~aic}oiomcm d|*}xdjc) std kaxjcijdk}d baokbomd bak ic }dxbdxc rthakmc md tkc akmc }dxbdxc+ Dk dr}dbcra di @CV stdmc dk ic rthakmc stok}c md ic }dxbdxc md `xcma jdkax,icr rthakmcr mdic }dxbdxc jdkax ka dr}ãk d}ostd}cmcr dk ic no`txc 8*=/+ Rd vamxêc vdkrcx dk tk xd*

btdk}a ci}dxkc}o~a bak nciia md stok}c rodkma di @CV ic }dxbdxc md ic }dxbdxc md `xcmajdkax+ Vdxa dr}d xdbtdk}a ka dr cbdv}chid vaxstd ro }dkdjar tk nciia md stok}c) ic vct*

}c mdhdxêc jar}xcx mdhoiomcm y xd}xabdmdxrd }a}cijdk}d+ Rok djhcx`a Cbdxcioc ntd chtrbcx ktd~ar jã|ojar vax dkbojc md iar 3=+26+

^djar std ic xd`ic md ci}dxkckboc dr btjviomc bak xo`txaromcm vtdr}a std ic akmc 8dr tkc akmc rdkboiic y ic akmc btcx}c dr tk wo`wc` bicxcjdk}d rthmo~omoma y std mtxc

d|cb}cjdk}d di mahid md }odjva std ic akmc8 ,baja rd okmobc dk di mohtga ic akmc btcx*}c mtxc 24 BMr a Bcidkmcx Mcyr jodk}xcr std ic akmc rd`tkmc mtxc 30/+ Dr}d `xãnoba8*8 }cjhoïk kar cytmc c ~dx ic okmdvdkmdkboc md iar ndkòjdkar md D|}dkroòk y md Rth*mo~oroòk+ Ic }dxbdxc akmc dr d|}dkmomc) vdxa dr ic stok}c ic std rd rthmo~omd bak }amcbicxomcm dk tkc vct}c bajvid}c md bokba rthakmcr+

Baja dgdjvia md cviobcboòk md iar xc}oar md vxdboa) vamdjar xdrci}cx std ic rthak*

mc }dxbdxc md `xcma jokt}d baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic akmc stok}c md `xcma jdkax rd vcxò

d|cb}cjdk}d dk di ko~di md vxdboa 32+<) baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic vxaydbboòk mdi 3>8$ mdvxdboa md ic akmc 3) ia std rtdid rdx tk ahgd}o~a baj÷k vcxc ic akmc stok}c+ Dr}c rthak*mc }dxbdxc md stok}c stdmc d|cb}cjdk}d dk di ahgd}o~a mdi bckci vcxcidia c ic iêkdc 8*=+Dr}a mdjtdr}xc std c vdrcx md cibckwcx di ahgd}o~a md vxdboa) Cbdxcioc ro`toò c~ckwck*

ma lcr}c bajvid}cx icr akmcr btcx}c y stok}c xdstdxomcr dk tk ojvtira bajvid}a md bok*ba akmcr+ Stdmc bicxa dk}akbdr std7

Ck}dr md ck}obovcxkar c ic }dxjokcboòk md tk ojvtira mdhd*xdjar xd~orcx btomcmarcjdk}d icr rthmo~oroakdr md ic akmcstok}c+ Dr}a dr drvdbocijdk}d ojvax}ck}d ro dr}cjar ok}dk*

}ckma ck}obovcx tk nciia md stok}c akmc+

8+3+3 Btckma rd cbchc tk ojvtira1

Vcxc tk ckcior}c vtxcjdk}d vxãb}oba) ka lcy mtmc md std ic vct}c vxdrdk}cmc vax

Cbdxcioc rd baxxdrvakmd c tk ojvtira bajvid}a dk bokba akmcr+ Ka ahr}ck}d) ic baknox*jcboòk var}dxoax c ic nokciowcboòk md vct}c) rd`÷k ic }daxêc biãrobc) dr}chidbd std icakmc stok}c mdhd rdx xd}xabdmomc dk jdkar }odjva mdi std }cxmò dk naxjcxrd+ Dr}a ka


4



rd btjvid cstê vtdr}a std Cbdxcioc kdbdro}ò 40 mêcr md bcidkmcxoa ,ka md }xcmok`/) mdr*md di 88 md Jcxwa ci 3< md Jcya md 8663 vcxc naxjcx ic akmc stok}c+ Rok djhcx`a) ka~ai~oò c stdmcx mdhcga md iar 33 dtxar ,baxxdrvakmodk}d ci okoboa md ic akmc 4/ lcr}crdv}odjhxd) ndblc dk ic std btjviêc jãr md 366 mêcr mdrmd di jã|oja md akmc 4+

Icr kaxjcr std rodjvxd rd lck }dkoma baja ~ãiomcr lck roma vtdr}cr c vxtdhc dkdr}d iohxa djokdk}djdk}d vxãb}oba) y ka }amcr lck rcioma ~ob}axoarcr+ Ic baknoxjcboòkvar}dxoax md nokciowcboòk md tkc vct}c md ojvtira ic }dkmxdjar btckma rd rtvdxc ic iê*kdc 8*= dk jdkar }odjva mdi std }cxmc ic akmc stok}c dk naxjcxrd+ Ic rd`tkmc ncrd mdbaknoxjcboòk xdndxdk}d ci xd}xabdra bajvid}a md akmc 4 dk jdkar }odjva mdi }odjvamd naxjcboòk lc stdmcma bicxcjdk}d baja okrdx~ohid c dndb}ar vxãb}obar+ Ic vct}c md

ojvtira lc }dxjokcma btckma rd lc xd}xabdmoma }a}cijdk}d ic stok}c akmc) okmdvdkmodk*}djdk}d mdi }odjva djvidcma+

Ic vxojdxc baknoxjcboòk mdi nokci md tk ojvtira ic }dkd*

jar bak ic rtvdxcboòk md ic iêkdc 8*= dk jdkar }odjvamdi std }cxmò dk naxjcxrd ic akmc stok}c+ Ic rd`tkmc

baknoxjcboòk y mdnoko}o~c ic }dkdjar btckma rd lc xd}xa*bdmoma }a}cijdk}d ic stok}c akmc+ Okmdvdkmodk}djdk}dmdi }odjva djvidcma+

Vax d|}dkroòk md ic cnoxjcboòk ck}dxoax vamdjar dr}tmocx icr rthakmcr mdi ojvtira y cmdick}cxkar c rt nokciowcboòk ro ic stok}c rthakmc md ic stok}c akmc dr xd}xabdmomc}a}cijdk}d+ Ka ahr}ck}d ic baknoxjcboòk mdi nokci md ic vct}c stdmc nogcmc ci xd}xabdra

md ic stok}c akmc+ Vamxêc abtxxox std ic akmc rd d|}dkmodxc y nciiãxcjar ci ok}dk}cx cmo*

~okcx di nokci md ic vct}c+ Lcr}c std ic stok}c akmc md ic vct}c ka rd lc xd}xabdmoma icvct}c ka lc }dxjokcma+

Ic ~oaidkboc mdi vxdboa mtxck}d di @cv) icr rthmo~oroakdr md ic vct}c bajvid}c) ic ba*

xxdrvakmdkboc mdi xdbtdk}a bak ic `xãnobc rdjckci ,ka jar}xcmc/ y ic ci}dxkckboc dk}xdicr akmcr vcxdr) dk}xd a}xcr bcxcb}dxêr}obcr) kar iid~c c ic bakbitroòk md std dk ic no`t*xc 8*= baxxdrvakmodk}d c Cbdxcioc dr}cjar ck}d tkc vct}c md ojvtira+

8+3+8 D|}dkroakdr dk icr vct}cr md ojvtira

Dr bodx}a std btcistodx vct}c dk bokba akmcr vtdmd rdx d}ostd}cmc baja tk CHB) rokdjhcx`a) rd`÷k Nxar}.Vxd}bldx rodjvxd d}ostd}cxdjar baja ojvtira tkc rdbtdkboc dkbokba akmcr btyc akmc btcx}c dr}ã hcr}ck}d rdvcxcmc md ic akmc vxojdxc+ Mdvdkmodkma

md btci dr ic akmc d|}dkmomc ~cjar c }dkdx tkcr bcxcb}dxêr}obcr jty mondxdk}dr dk diojvtira+ Dk ia std ro`td ~dxdjar icr akmcr vxojdxc) }dxbdxc y stok}c y rtr d|}dkroakdr+Icr akmcr rd`tkmc y btcx}c rd dr}tmock dk di ro`todk}d bcvê}tia mdmobcma c icr vct}crbaxxdb}o~cr+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}>



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

No`txc 8*4

Icr d|}dkroakdr md akmcr ka rodjvxd rak ia vdxndb}cr std kar `tr}cxêc+ Dk ic no`txc8*4 ~djar std di RV466 }xcwò tk mdrbdkra dk bokba akmcr dk di vdxoama std ~c mdrmd di

88 md Càr}a md 8668 ci 36 md Ab}thxd+ Ka lcy mtmc md std dr tk ojvtira) icr akmcrrd`tkmc y btcx}c ci}dxkck bak }amc vdxndbboòk y ic vct}c ntd xd}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d)ia std okmobchc std dxc di nokci md tkc vct}c jcyax 4 a B+ Dk dr}d bcra dr}chc bajvid*}ckma tkc akmc stok}c+

Icr iakò}tmdr md icr akmcr rak icr ro`todk}dr7

a Ic akmc vxojdxc }odkd tkc iakò}tm md ?=+=0 vtk}ar

a Ic akmc }dxbdxc }odkd tkc iakò}tm md 36>+=2 vtk}ara Ic akmc stok}c }odkd tkc iakò}tm md <2+22 vtk}ar

Ic akmc }dxbdxc dr raia tk 38$ jcyax std ic vxojdxc ,ic ro`todk}d jãr icx`c/+ Icakmc stok}c ka dr di 366$ md ic vxojdxc) dr di 332$+ Ic iakò}tm }djvaxci md ic akmcstok}c dr d|cb}cjdk}d di >8$ md ic mtxcboòk md ic akmc vxojdxc+

Dr btxoara ~dx baja mtxck}d jtbla }odjva rd lc cbdv}cma std tkc d|}dkroòk mdhd

}dkdx ci jdkar tk 3>8$ md ic iakò}tm md ic ro`todk}d akmc jãr bax}c+ D~omdk}djdk}ddrd dr di bcra jãr bicxa std ka cmjo}d kok`tkc mtmc) vdxa vaba c vaba ~djar std icok}dxvxd}cboòk md icr akmcr dr tkc btdr}oòk md vxahchoiomcm+ Ci`tkar md iar ckcior}crstd lck cnoxjcma std di 36 md Ab}thxd dxc tkc vct}c md nokciowcboòk dk bokba akmcr rakct}axdr md iohxar dk iar std rd mobd std tkc vct}c md ojvtira raia d|or}d ro }dkdjar tkc


0



d|}dkroòk bak tkc iakò}tm jêkojc mdi 3>8$ md ic ro`todk}d akmc jãr bax}c+ Bcmc ~dwstdmc jãr bicxa std di jdxbcma rd mdrdk~tdi~d c rt jckdxc+ Ic `dkociomcm md Diioa}}ntd omdk}onobcx vct}cr xdvd}o}o~cr bak ci}c vxahchoiomcm md rdx baxxdb}cjdk}d omdk}ono*bcmcr y vxakar}obcx di ro`todk}d ja~ojodk}a mdi vxdboa+ Ic }daxêc md Diioa}} ka dr tkc

bodkboc d|cb}c) ka drvdxdr std di jdxbcma lc`c d|cb}cjdk}d ia std mobd ic }daxêc) raiaia lcxã c ~dbdr y vax diia dr jty ojvax}ck}d ic `dr}oòk mdi xodrà ,bcvê}tia 4/+ Tkc ~dwmobla dr}a) icr ~dbdr std xdbakawbcjar tkcr vct}cr md}dxjokcmcr vxavaxboakcxãk tkarahgd}o~ar md vxdboa y }odjva jty nochidr std ojvxdroakcxãk ci ahrdx~cmax ka okobocmadk Diioa}}+

Di jdxbcma rd jtd~d md cbtdxma c rtr vxavocr xd*ìcr+ Di ckãioror vax Diioa}} kar vxavaxboakc vc}xa*

kdr md akmc bak ci}c vxahchoiomcm md vxdmdbox icd~aitboòk md tk ~ciax a êkmobd+

Di ojvtira dk bokba akmcr dr ic vct}c jãr nochid+ Xdbakabdx tk ojvtira dr tkc }cxdcjtbla jãr nãboi std xdbakabdx btcistodx vct}c baxxdb}o~c+ ^cjar c jar}xcx tk dgdjvia

vcxc vakdx md jckonodr}a ia xdk}chid std vtdmd rdx omdk}onobcx tk ojvtira c }odjva+ Tkojvtira ka lchxã }dxjokcma lcr}c std ka rd baxxogc rt stok}c akmc }a}cijdk}d+ Jodk*}xcr }ck}a mdhdjar drvdxcx tkc bak}oktcboòk dk ic moxdbboòk md ic }dkmdkboc vxokbovci+

8+3+2 Dgdjvia7 Gcww}di dk ojvtira hcgor}c

Btckma rd vthiobò di ckãioror jar}xcma dk ic no`txc 8*> ,Chxoi 8668/ jtblc `dk}dcvar}ò vax tkc xdbtvdxcboòk md Gcww}di+ Rd`txcjdk}d ckojcmar vax ic rthomc md ic hai*rc mdrmd Rdv}odjhxd mdi 8663 lcr}c Jcxwa mdi 8668 y ka}obocr xdicboakcmcr bak di~ciax+ Rok djhcxà) ahgd}o~cjdk}d ~djar dk di `xãnoba rdjckci md ic no`txc 8*> stdGcww}di dr}ã xdciowckma tk ojvtira hcgor}c dk bokba akmcr+ Bajdkwckma di 3? md Dkdxamd 8663 y }amc~êc rok bajvid}cx ic stok}c akmc+ Ic stok}c akmc mdhd bajvid}cxrd bak tk

ahgd}o~a jêkoja md 8+3 Dtxar vtdr}a std drd dr di ~ciax cibckwcma di 3= md rdv}odjhxd,nokci md akmc 2/ y dr tkc md icr vabcr xdndxdkbocr md std rd morvakd+ Vax mdhcga md 8+3ka lcy kok`tkc xdndxdkboc y di ~ciax stdmc dk bcêmc iohxd+ Ic nokciowcboòk dk 8+3 rd bak*

romdxc ojvxahchid ci dr}tmocx ic iakò}tm md ic akmc vxojdxc ,33+24 dtxar/+ Dk xdciomcm)lcr}c std di vxdboa ka xd}xabdmc lcr}c di ko~di md ic akmc btcx}c dk <+40 ka rd vtdmdcnoxjcx ahgd}o~cjdk}d std ic stok}c akmc }dxjokò+

Dr}d ckãioror rd vthiobò dk Chxoi mdi 8668+ Dk di jajdk}a md drbxohox dr}cr iêkdcr

,Dkdxa 8662/) Gcww}di dr}ã c 6+== dtxar+ Di cmjo}ox std ic vct}c hcgor}c md Gcww}di kalchêc nokciowcma dk Chxoi vtdmd rtvakdx rcioxrd bak > ~dbdr jãr bcvo}ci ,8+00!6+==/ stdcstdi std rd ahr}okc dk drvdxcx tkc xdbtvdxcboòk hcrãkmard jãr dk rtr vxavocr drvd*xckwcr std dk bxo}dxoar ahgd}o~ar baja tkc vct}c md ojvtira okbajvid}c+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}<



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

No`txc 8*>

8+3+= Dgdjvia7 Cjcmdtr }dxjokckma tk ojvtira

Ro ic stok}c akmc md tk ojvtira rd rthmo~omd bicxcjdk}d dk bokba akmcr dr varohidok}dk}cx ck}obovcxrd c ic nokciowcboòk mdi ojvtira dk}xckma dk ic rtvdxcboòk md ic iêkdc8*= md icr akmcr vdx}dkdbodk}dr c ic stok}c+ Rok djhcxà dr}c avdxcboòk mdhd rdx bak*romdxcmc md ci}a xodrà y ic dk}xcmc mdhd cbajvcócxrd md dr}xc}dòcr md dk}xcmc yro}tcboòk md R}av Iarr baja icr std ~dxdjar dk di bcvê}tia 4+

Dk ic no`txc 8*0 ~djar std ic stok}c akmc md `xcma jdkax ,ic std }dxjokc di 36 md

Ab}thxd/ rd lc mdrvid`cma bicxcjdk}d dk bokba rthakmcr md `xcma jokt}d+ Ic stok}crthakmc }odkd tk ahgd}o~a md 2+8 Dtxar) std dr makmd baokbomdk iar ahgd}o~ar mdi >8$md ic vxaydbboòk mdi ojvtira jokt}d 6*2 y }cjhoïk di 380$ md ic rthakmc 3) vxaydbboa*kdr md vxdboa ro}tcmcr c vcx}ox md ic akmc btcx}c md `xcma jokt}d+ Vax a}xc vcx}d icbckciowcboòk mdi ojvtira md `xcma jdkax }cjhoïk jtdr}xc tk ahgd}o~a md 2+8 dtxar+


?



Bak ic oknaxjcboòk morvakohid dk dr}d `xãnoba vdkrcjar std CJR lc }dxjokcma rtbcêmc) y vax }ck}a ic dr}xc}d`oc dr }ajcx varoboakdr icx`cr bak ahgd}o~a di xck`a mdvxdboar md ic btcx}c akmc md `xcma jdkax ,di dk}axka md iar 4+4 dtxar cvxa|/+ Ic bak*noxjcboòk md std ic vct}c md `xcma jokt}d rd }dxjokò ic }dkmxdjar dk mar ncrdr+ Ic

vxojdxc cvcxdk}djdk}d yc ic }dkdjar baknoxjcmc) y dr ic rtvdxcboòk md ic iêkdc 8*= mdic akmc stok}c dk jdkar }odjva mdi std }cxmò dr}c akmc dk naxjcxrd+ Ic rd`tkmc ic}dkmxdjar btckma di vxdboa xd}xabdmc }amc ic akmc stok}c lcr}c di ko~di =+4+ Di R}avvax mdhcga md iar 2+8+

No`txc 8*0

8+3+4 VXOJDXC AKMC

Mdk}xa md tk ojvtira) ic vxojdxc akmc dr c rt ~dw a}xa ojvtira+ Ic vxojdxc akmc

cvcxdbd mdrvtïr md tkc rdbtdkboc md nokciowcboòk baja dr tkc stok}c akmc a tkc akmc B+

Bcxcb}dxêr}obcr `dkdxcidr7

3+ Rd mdhd rthmo~omox dk bokba akmcr8+ Dr kaxjcijdk}d jcyax dk vxdboa y }odjva std icr akmcr baxxdb}o~cr ck*

}dxoaxdr mdi jorja `xcma+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Ic vxojdxc akmc dr tk ojvtira okoboci dk bak}xc md ic }dkmdkboc vxd~oc+ Kaxjcijdk}dic akmc vxojdxc ka rdxã ic jãr icx`c mdi ktd~a ojvtira+ Ro ldjar cror}oma c tkc akmc

baxxdb}o~c std cvcxdk}djdk}d }dxjokc tkc dr}xtb}txc y ~djar bokba akmcr dk bak}xcmd ic }dkmdkboc ck}dxoax rd`txcjdk}d rdc tkc akmc vxojdxc+

Bòja rchdjar ro dr tkc akmc vxojdxc a dr vcx}d md akmcr ck}dxoaxdr1

Htrbcxdjar tk ojvtira bak}xc }dkmdkboc jcyax dk vxdboa y!a dk }odjva std icr ba*xxdbboakdr vxd~ocr+

Dk ic no`txc 8*< ~djar std ic rdbtdkboc 3*4 dr jcyax std di chb) okmobckma std rd*`txcjdk}d dr}djar ck}d ic akmc ,3/ md tk ktd~a ojvtira ci ciwc+

No`txc 8*<

8+3+> D|}dkroòk md vxojdxc akmc

Raia rchxdjar std dr}cjar ck}d tkc vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc btckma ic vct}c dr}ïc vtk}a md }dxjokcx a lcyc }dxjokcma+ Jodk}xcr ka }dk`cjar ic baknoxjcboòk mdnoko}o~c

mdi nokci md ic vct}c vamdjar vdkrcx std icr rthakmcr btcx}c y stok}c rak icr akmcrvxojdxc y rd`tkmc md icr rthakmcr md ic }dxbdxc akmc d|}dkmomc ,~dx ic rdxod 3*8/+ Ctk

crê) icr vct}cr md ojvtira bak d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc rak ~ãiomcr vcxc drvdbticx) baja~dxdjar c bak}oktcboòk+ Icr xdicboakdr md Nohakcbbo md xdndxdkboc btckma dr}cjar ck}dtkc naxjcboòk md vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc rak7

a Ic akmc 2 dr o`tci ci >8 $ md ic akmc 3 y ic akmc 4 dr o`tci ci 2<$ md ic akmc 2+

a Ic akmc 2 dr di 2<$ md ic akmc 3 y ic akmc 4 di >8 $ md ic akmc 2+


33



Dk btcistodx bcra icr d|}dkroakdr md vxojdxc akmc ka rak jty bajtkdr y vamdjar~dx xc}oar mondxdk}dr md iar jar}xcmar cstê y bakromdxcmar baja jãr vxahchidr) rodj*vxd xdrvd}ckma ic vxdjorc md std ic akmc vxojdxc rdc ic jãr icx`c mdi ojvtira+ Di ja~o*jodk}a var}dxoax c ic nokciowcboòk md tkc no`txc md vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc xd}xabdmdxã

bajvid}cjdk}d rt rthakmc stok}c+ Dk bcra bak}xcxoa di xdbtdk}a ka rd bakromdxcxã ba*xxdb}a+

No`txc 8*?

Dk ic no`txc 8*? ~djar tk dgdjvia md vxo*

jdxc akmc d|}dkmomc y rt iêkdc md }dkmdkboc8*=+ Rd`÷k Nxar}.Vxd}bldx dk tkc d|}dkroòkmd vxojdxc di vxdboa jty baj÷kjdk}d ~ai~dxãc ic rthakmc rd`tkmc mdi ojvtira+ ^cjar c ok*

mobcx dk std bcrar dr jãr vxahchid7

Ro ic akmc hcga dr}tmoa dr ic akmc 3 a C aic akmc 4 a B md tk ja~ojodk}a jcyax icbaxxdbboòk var}dxoax baxxdòxã lcboc ic wakcmd vxdboar md ic akmc 8+ Dk di bcra md std icakmc hcga dr}tmoa rdc ic akmc 2 md tkja~ojodk}a jcyax ka iid`cxã c ic nxckgc md

vxdboar md ic akmc 8+

D~omdk}djdk}d ic akmc }dxbdxc md tk ojvtira md `xcma jcyax ka mdhdxã rdx xd*

}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d ro drvdxcjar std di vxdboa lc`c ktd~ar jã|ojar a jêkojar+ Dk dibcra md std rd rahxdvcrd ic rthakmc 8 ro`konobc std ktdr}xc no`txc }dxjokc tk ja~o*jodk}a jcyax ,baxxdb}o~a a ojvtiro~a/+ Dk di bcra md tkc naxjcboòk md dr}d }ova }dk*mxdjar iêkdcr md }dkmdkboc bak~dx`dk}dr y `dkdxcijdk}d ic akmc 8 rdxã jãr bajvidgcstd ic akmc =+

Xdbcvcbo}ckma rahxd dr}c no`txc y cviobckma icr xdìcr `dkdxcidr) ic akmc stok}c

rdxã ic jãr vdstdóc md icr 2 dk }dkmdkboc+ Cmdjãr ic akmc 8 ka baxxdòxã md naxjcrd~dxc c ic akmc 3) roka std ia lcxã dk jdkar md tk 2<$+ Ktkbc ic akmc 8 rdxã tkc ba*xxdbboòk bak}oktc ,ia std ojviobc `xck ntdxwc cibor}c }êvobc md ck}dr md tkc d|}dkroòkmd }dxbdxc) vax dgdjvia/+ Rdxã vax ia `dkdxci ic akmc std jãr }odjva bakrtjc md icrbokba dk }a}ci+

8+3+0 Dgdjvia7 Vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc dk di OHD\




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Icr d|}dkroakdr md akmc vxojdxc anxdbdk tkc varohoiomcm md drvdbticboòk jty ok}d*xdrck}d+ Dk di jajdk}a std ~djar tkc d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc y std dk di jajdk}a cb*

}tci rd dr}ã mdrcxxaiickma ic stok}c akmc) vax cviobcboòk md ic }dxbdxc xd`ic md diioa}}rchdjar di ko~di md xdndxdkboc std ka mdhdxêc rahxdvcrcx ic akmc stok}c ck}dr md

lcbdx std ic }dxbdxc rdc ic jãr bax}c) ok~ciomckma ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a+

Dk ic no`txc 8*36 ~djar tk `xãnoba mdi OHD\+ Mdrmd di 8 md Ab}thxd mdi ?<) diOHD\ dr}chc xdciowckma tkc akmc B md `xcma vxojcxoa+ Dr}c akmc B ci ciwc rd mdrbaj*

vakd dk bokba akmcr bak d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc akmc+ Ctkstd di d|}xdja md ic akmc vxo*jdxc dr jty ~oaidk}a y ~aiã}oi) c bodxxd ka lcy raicvcjodk}a bak ic akmc btcx}c+ Ic akmcrd`tkmc rd mdrcxxaiiò dk tkc baxxdbboòk chbmd std vtdmd d}ostd}cxrd baja rd okmobc)bak tkc akmc h }xock`ticx a md jtblcr naxjcr) okbitydkma akmcr |+ Di xdrti}cma rdxã dijorja) tkc vct}c md baxxdbboòk c ic vxojdxc akmc+ Dk btcistodx bcra di ja~ojodk}a ic}d*xci kar dr}chc mckma ic vor}c md vct}c baxxdb}o~c std md cbtdxma bak ia okmobcma) bak*

rtjd jtbla }odjva+

Ic akmc }dxbdxc rd xdicboakc bak ic vxojdxc dk di >8$+ Ic akmc stok}c rd xdicboakc

bak ic }dxbdxc dk di 0<$+ Ic }daxêc biãrobc mobd std dk tkc d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc akmc)ic akmc stok}c mdhd rdx di 2<$ md ic vxojdxc dk di bcra md std ic }dxbdxc y vxojdxc rdxdicboakdk vax di >8$+ Rok djhcx`a) vcxdbd rdx std di OHD\ ka lchêc idêma ic }daxêc

biãrobc md Diioa}} btckma lowa rt akmc stok}c+

No`txc 8*36


32



Ic iakò}tm md ic akmc vxojdxc dr md =646 vtk}ar+ Ic iakò}tm md ic akmc }dxbdxc drmd 8>06+ Tkc ~dw bajvid}cmc ic akmc btcx}c) rd vamêc dr}chidbdx tk }dbla vcxc diOHD\ md ic ro`todk}d jckdxc7 Ic akmc btcx}c }dxjokò dk 36006) std ro id rtjcjar8>06 std dr ic akmc }dxbdxc kar mc 32==6 std dr tk }dbla std ka mdhdxêc rdx rahxdvc*

rcma vcxc ka ~oaicx ic }dxbdxc xdìc md Diioa}}+ Baja rd ~d dk ic no`txc 8*36) ic bckciowc*boòk mdi Wo`*Wc` y di }dbla dk 32==6 vtk}ar ntdxak rtnobodk}dr vcxc bak~dkbdx ci OHD\md std ka vcrcxc md 32666+

Mdrvtïr md lcbdx }dbla dk 38?>< vtk}ar) di OHD\ ~ai~oò ci xckà md vxdboar md icrthakmc rd`tkmc) mdrvtïr xdbtvdxò tk vaba y bajdkwò tk ojvtira hcgor}c std id iid~òlcr}c iar 4266 vtk}ar) std bcd mdk}xa md ic akmc btcx}c md ic akmc C btya d|}xdjanokci rd cvxdboc dk ic no`txc 8*36+

8+3+3 ]DXBDXC AKMC

Ic }dxbdxc akmc kaxjcijdk}d dr ic jãr ntdx}d dk iar jdxbcmar md cbboakdr+ Baja

ic vxojdxc ka rtdid rdx ic jãr icx`c) vamdjar ck}obovcx std di ahgd}o~a jêkoja vcxc icakmc }dxbdxc dr mdi 366$ md ic vxojdxc7 Akmc2 : 366$ Akmc3+ Tkc ~dw std ic akmc 2rtvdxc di 366$ md ic akmc 3 di ro`todk}d ahgd}o~a dr di 3>8$+ Ic jcyaxêc md icr ~dbdr icakmc }dxbdxc dr}cxã dk}xd di 3>8 y di 8>8$ md ic akmc vxojdxc y }dxjokcxã dk a jty

bdxbc md icr vxaydbboakdr mdi 3>8 y 8>8$+

Akmc 2 xdrvdb}a md ic akmc 87

Ic akmc 2 rd xdicboakc nxdbtdk}djdk}d bak ic akmc 8 vax di 3>8$) 866$ a 8>8$+ Drmdbox std ic akmc }dxbdxc xd}xabdmd c ic vxojdxc di 3>8$) di 866$ a di 8>8$+ D~omdk*}djdk}d tkc akmc }dxbdxc std xd}xabdmd jãr mdi 366$ c tkc akmc rd`tkmc dr tkc akmc

std }dxjokc d|bdmodkma di bajodkwa md ic akmc rd`tkmc+

Akmc 2 xdrvdb}a md ic d|}dkroòk md ic vxojdxc

Jty nxdbtdk}djdk}d ic akmc }dxbdxc }dxjokcxã dk di 366$) 3>8$) 866$ a 8>8$ mdic akmc vxojdxc mdrmd ic akmc vxojdxc+ Dr}a dr ia std rd iicjc d|}dkroòk md vxdboa+ Kabakntkmox bak vxaydbboòk) makmd rd jomd mdrmd ic akmc rd`tkmc+

Ic akmc }dxbdxc rd bcxcb}dxowc vax rdx ntdx}d+ Kaxjcijdk}d }odkd tkc vdkmodk}djcyax std ic akmc vxojdxc y rd bcxcb}dxowc vax ic ci}c ~aic}oiomcm y @CVr md vxdboa+

Bcxcb}dxêr}obcr `dkdxcidr

3+ Ic akmc }dxbdxc mdhd rthmo~omoxrd dk bokba akmcr

8+ Ic akmc }dxbdxc bak nxdbtdkboc d~aitboakcxã bak jãr vdkmodk}d std icrakmcr vxojdxc y stok}c

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}3=

2+ Ic ~diabomcm md ic akmc }dxbdxc c jdktma rd okbxdjdk}cxã ci cidgcxrdmdi nokci md ic akmc vxojdxc



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

=+ Ic rthakmc }xdr md ic akmc }dxbdxc dr tk vtk}a md ~aic}oiomcm jã|ojc yrtdid dr}cx bajvtdr}a md mêcr md `xck ~aic}oiomcm ,xckà cjvioa md ba}o*

wcboakdr/ y @CVr4+ Kaxjcijdk}d ic akmc }dxbdxc rdxã di 3>8$ md ic vxojdxc a rtvdxoax

Dk}xcx c ic h÷rstdmc md ic akmc }dxbdxc dr tkc md icr jdgaxdr avdxcboakdr drvdbt*

ic}o~cr y std jdgax xdkmojodk}a vxamtbdk+ Dk}xcxdjar dk ic akmc 8 dk tkc no`txc md~tdi}c tkc ~dw std dr}c lc baxxdòma dk}xd tk 46 y tk 0<$ c ic akmc vxojdxc+ Ro icakmc vxojdxc ntdxc xd}xabdmomc dk jdkar mdi 46$) dk}akbdr dk}xcxdjar dk ic rtvdxc*boòk mdi ko~di baxxdrvakmodk}d ci nokci md ic akmc vxojdxc+

8+3+8 D|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc akmc

Ic d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc akmc dr cià jty baj÷k dk iar jdxbcmar md cbboakdr+ Dr}adr crê lcr}c di vtk}a md std mdhdjar drvdxcx tkc d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc baja naxjc mdakmc ojvtiro~c jãr vxahchid+ Ic var}dxoax d~aitboòk mdi vxdboa kar moxã ro ktdr}xc rtva*roboòk dr cbdx}cmc a ka) vdxa drvdxckma vax mdndb}a tkc d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc dr}cxd*jar dk di icma dk std icr vxahchoiomcmdr gtd`ck c ktdr}xa nc~ax+

Dk di bcra md d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc) icr akmcr 3 y 4 }odkmdk c ic o`tcimcm dk vxdboa y

}odjva+ Dr}a dr ia std rd bakabd baja ic xdìc md ic o`tcimcm+ Dk bcra md std icr akmcr3 y 4 ka ntdxck o`tcidr dk vxdboa) ia jãr vxahchid dr std rd xdicboakdk vax di >8$) di2<$ a di 3>8$+ Kaxjcijdk}d ic akmc 2 rdxã jcyax mdi 3>8$ md ic akmc 3+

No`txc 8*33

Ic baxxdbboòk var}dxoax c tkc no`txcbak }dxbdxc akmc d|}dkmomc jty baj÷k*jdk}d ~tdi~d c ic wakc md vxdboar md ic

akmc = y dr jty baj÷k std di nokci md icbaxxdbboòk baokbomc bak ko~di md vxdboar

baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic akmc =+ Dk ic no`txc8*33 ~djar tk ojvtira bak d|}dkroòk md

}dxbdxc }a}cijdk}d xd}xabdmoma dk rtstok}c rthakmc+

Dk di bcra md std ic akmc hcga dr}t*moa rdc ic akmc 2 md tk ja~ojodk}a jcyax

ic rthakmc stok}c ka rdxã xd}xabdmomc}a}cijdk}d+ D~omdk}djdk}d ic akmc }dx*bdxc md tk ojvtira md `xcma jcyax kamdhd rdx xd}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d ro dr*

dxcjar std di xdboa lc`c ktd~ar jã|o*


34



jar a jêkojar+

Dk di bcra md std rd rahxdvcrd di >8$ md xd}xabdra md }ama di ojvtira ro`konobcstd ktdr}xc no`txc }dxjokc tk ja~ojodk}a md `xcma jcyax ,baxxdb}o~a a ojvtiro~a/ bak

ic d|bdvboòk md std rdc tkc akmc vxojdxc+

Btckma ic vct}c md ojvtira bak d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc dr tkc akmc vxojdxc md `xcma

jcyax) di xd}xabdra var}dxoax mdi vxdboa baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic akmc rd`tkmc rd`txc*jdk}d }dxjokd dk}xd di 46$ y di 0<$ md ic akmc vxojdxc+ Kaxjcijdk}d icr akmcr rd*

`tkmcr baxxo`dk dk}xd tk 46*0<$+ Vax kaxjc ka dk}xcxdjar c ic h÷rstdmc md ic akmc}dxbdxc ro ka rd lc xd}xabdmoma ic vxojdxc tk jêkoja mdi 46$+ _ vax d|}dkroòk) }cjva*ba dk}xcxdjar dk ic moxdbboòk md ic akmc vxojdxc ro dr}c lc roma xd}xabdmomc jãr mdi0<$+ Rd`txcjdk}d ka rdc tkc akmc vxojdxc y ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a mdhc rdx xdbakromdxc*

ma+

No`txc 8*38

Btckma ic akmc vxojdxc dr jty vdstdóc dk bajvcxcboòk bak ic akmc 2 bak jtblc

vxahchoiomcm ic stok}c akmc rd xdicboakcxã bak di ja~ojodk}a bajvid}a 3*8*2 dk tk 2<$+Dr}a dr ia std ldjar jar}xcma dk ic no`txc 8*38) makmd rd ~d tkc akmc vxojdxc jtyvdstdóc y tkc akmc stok}c btyc iak`o}tm dk vxdboa dr d|cb}cjdk}d di 2<$ md ic mor}ck*

boc \ baxxdrvakmodk}d ci ojvtira 6*2+ Dk di bcra md }dkdx tkc akmc 3 jty vdstdóc}cjhoïk lcy vxahchoiomcmdr md std rd vxamtwbc tk nciia md stok}c) drvdbocijdk}d ro icakmc = baxxo`d jãr md tk 2<$ md ic akmc 2+

Ro xdbcvcbo}cjar tk vaba ic akmc 2 dr jtbla jcyax std di xdr}a) mdjar}xckma `xck

ntdxwc dk ic moxdbboòk md ic }dkmdkboc+ Vcxc mcx bakror}dkboc c }amc ic naxjcboòk) icakmc baxxdb}o~c 8 mdhdxêc jar}xcx mdhoiomcm baxxdb}axc vcxc jar}xcxkar std ic ntdxwcdr}ã dk moxdbboòk md ic }dkmdkboc+ Vamxêc rdx tkc baxxdbboòk bak}oktc a tk nciia md B+ Dkbtcistodx bcra ka mdhdxêc xd}xabdmdx jãr mdi 0<$ c ic akmc vxojdxc+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}3>



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

No`txc 8*32

Dr jty baj÷k std ic akmc }dxbdxc rd d|}odkmc y std }cjhoïk rd rthmo~omc+ Vcxcjar}xcx dr}a kar nogcjar dk ic no`txc 8*32) dk ic std ~djar tk bcra hcr}ck}d xdcior}cmd d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc vcxc di bcra cibor}c y }cjhoïk hcgor}c+ Dk dr}d bcra }dkdjard|}dkroòk y }cjhoïk rthmo~oroòk md ic akmc d|}dkmomc+ Rd vtdmd cvxdbocx bòja ic bckc*iowcboòk ck}obovc hcr}ck}d hodk di nokci md ic akmc stok}c+ Dk icr d|}dkroakdr md }dxbdxc

akmc ia jãr baj÷k dr }xcwcx di bckci md naxjc vcxcidic c ic iêkdc 8*= y rahxd ic akmcvxojdxc+ Dr}a dr crê vaxstd ci d|}dkmdxrd ic }dxbdxc ro }xcwãxcjar di bckci rahxd dr}cakmc kar jcxbcxêc tk ahgd}o~a ka xdcior}c vcxc ic stok}c akmc+

Dk tkc d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc ia jãr vxahchid dr std icr akmcr3 y 4 rd xdicboakdk vax ic o`tcimcm) di >8$) di 2<$ a di 3>8$+ Dkdrd axmdk md vxahchoiomcmdr+

Di ahgd}o~a jãr baj÷k vcxc tkc d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc dr icakmc btcx}c ck}dxoax+ Ic vct}c lchxã }dxjokcma btckma7 3+ rd lcbxtwcma ic iêkdc 8*= dk jdkar }odjva mdi std }cxmò ic rthakmcstok}c dk naxjcxrd+ 8+ Ic rthakmc stok}c rd lc xd}xabdmoma }a*}cijdk}d+

Ic bckciowcboòk baxxdb}c vxahchidjdk}d kar jtdr}xd di nokcimd ic akmc stok}c bak jtblc d|cb}o}tm+

Ro ic vct}c md `xcma jcyax dr tkc akmc vxojdxc drvdxcxdjartk xd}xabdra jêkoja mdi 46$ md }ama di ojvtira y tk xd}xabdra

jã|oja mdi 0<$+


30



8+3+2 Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md ]dxbdxc dk di OHD\

No`txc 8*3=

Di OHD\ lowa tkc d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc akmc dk rt mdrbdkra mdrmd Jcxwa mdi 8666+Vamdjar ~dxia dk ic no`txc 8*3=+ Btckma rd vthiobò dr}d ckãioror dk Gtioa mdi 8668 ltha

jtblar xdbtdk}ar mdi OHD\ vax Ok}dxkd} std jar}xchck vct}cr baxxdb}o~cr iidkcr mdakmcr \+ Rok djhcxà) dk Akmc= rd av}ò vax di xdbtdk}a jãr rdkboiia) tkc vct}c md oj*vtira bak d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc+ Icr rthmo~oroakdr md ic akmc }dxbdxc ka rak ia bicxcrstd kar `tr}cxêc) rd`txcjdk}d ic wakc ic}dxci dk di jdmoa dr tkc akmc btcx}c y }amc ic

akmc d|}dkmomc rd bajvakd md tkc vct}c bak d|}dkroòk md stok}c akmc mdrvtïr md tkcbtcx}c jty ic}dxci y icx`c dk }odjva+ Ka ahr}ck}d ic ~oaidkboc bak ic std rd iid`ò ci jê*

koja md rdv}odjhxd mdi 8663 kar lcbêc vdkrcx std di ojvtira mdrmd rdv}odjhxd mdi8666 mdhêc }xc}cxrd md tkc akmc }dxbdxc) std rd iid~ò bcro ic jo}cm ,tk =4$/ md ~ciaxmdi OHD\ dk tk cóa gtr}a+

Dk di jajdk}a std rd jtdr}xc) yc rd lchêc naxjcma ia std rd rtvakd dr tk }xock*`tia dk ic varoboòk md akmc btcx}c mdi OHD\+ Mtxck}d tk }odjva rd ok}dk}ò bckciowcx ic

akmc btcx}c y ltha std baxxdòx ic iêkdc 8*= ~cxocr ~dbdr+ Btckma lcy std baxxdòx icriêkdcr md }dkmdkboc jty c jdktma rtdidk cvcxdbdx }xoãk`tiar) std ka bckciowck kcmchodk+ Hcga drc rtvaroboòk) di ahgd}o~a md drbcvd mdi }xock`tia rd cibckwchc ro}tckma icakmc jãr icx`c ,ic akmc ’c‚ dk dr}d bcra/ ci nokci md ic akmc ’d‚+ Ia std mchc tk ahgd}o~a

dk iar dk}axkar mdi 4266+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}3<



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Baja ldjar ~or}a dk ic }daxêc) dk icr d|}dkroakdr md }dxbdxc akmc ia jãr vxahc*hid dr ic o`tcimcm dk}xd icr akmcr vxojdxc y stok}c+ Ic akmc vxojdxc }odkd tkc iakò}tm

md 8040 vtk}ar) std ro}tcmar ci nokci md ic akmc btcx}c kar mchc tk ahgd}o~a baokbomdk*}d bak di ck}dxoax) dk iar dk}axkar mdi 4266+ Ctkstd ka rd jtdr}xc) ic bckciowcboòk ba*

xxdb}c mdi ojvtira baokbomd bak di dk}axka md iar 4266 vcxc di nokci md ic akmc stok}c+

Ia std rtbdmoò mdrvtïr ntd std di OHD\ lowa tk jêkoja dk 48>0 vtk}ar di mêc 36md Ab}thxd) y dk di jorja mêc cbcha bdxxckma dk 4==0 vtk}ar) bicxcjdk}d vax dkbojc

md iar 4266) lcbodkma tk Xd~dxrci Mcy std xdrti}ò rdx tkc rdóci d|bdidk}d md dk}xcmcdk icxà+

Ktkbc ~cjar c dr}cx rd`txar md std ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a dr baxxdb}a+ Ci nokci rd}xc}c md tkc btdr}oòk md vxahchoiomcmdr+ Vax diia) btck}a jãr bajviobcma rdc di xdbtdk*}a) vdax+ Bak }amc rd`txomcm ktdr}xa ko~di md cbodx}ar rdxã ok~dxrcjdk}d vxavaxboakcici }odjva std }cxmdjar dk ah}dkdx tk xdbtdk}a c vcx}ox mdi `xãnoba+ Ci`tkar ckcior}crcbchck iidkckma iar `xãnobar md akmcr | vcxc naxjcx ia std jãr std tk xdbtdk}a dr tk

dkbcgd md haioiiar+ T}oiowck icr akmcr | vcxc dkbcgcx icr vct}cr baxxdb}o~cr lcr}c stdiid`ck c ic bakbitroòk std }dkêck ck}dr md joxcx di `xãnoba+ Ai~omck std ia jãr ojvax}ck*}d dk iar ckãioror vax Diioa}} dr cbtmox ci `xãnoba rok tkc avokoòk mdi jdxbcma+ Di `xãnobadr di std mc okmoboar rahxd ia std vtdmd lcbdx di jdxbcma) ka std ’rchdjar‚ ia std lcxã

di jdxbcma y ’cgtr}cjar‚ di `xãnoba vcxc std ia okmostd+

Kcmod rchd ia std lcxã di jdxbcma+ Ci cbtmox c tk `xãnoba ka

rd mdhd }dkdx kok`tkc vxdmorvaroboòk vxd~oc+ Ck}dr md ckciowcx tk`xãnoba vax Diioa}} rd crtjd std icr vxahchoiomcmdr md std ktdr*}xa xdbtdk}a okmostd va}dkboci cibor}c rak icr jorjcr md std okmo*

std va}dkboci hcgor}c) dr mdbox) mdi 46$+ Drvdbticjar bak di jdx*bcma) ka bak ktdr}xc avokoòk md ïi+

8+3+= Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md ]dxbdxc dk Hckeok}dx

Kaxjcijdk}d dr monêboi dkbak}xcx tk `xãnoba std rd rthmo~omc bak bicxomcm dk }amcricr rthakmcr y btjvic icr xdìcr hãrobcr md Diioa}} dk }amcr icr akmcr y rthakmcr rok}dkdx std bakromdxcx drbdkcxoar ci}dxkc}o~ar+ Dk ic no`txc 8*34 ~djar std Hckeok}dx)mdrvtïr md cviobcxid tk Rpok` mdi =$ bak Mykcjob ]xcmdx ,stodxd mdbox std bcmc ktd~cakmc rd bakromdxc cstdiic std vxamtbd tk bcjhoa jêkoja mdi =$ dk vxdboa/ kar vxavax*

boakc tk xdbtdk}a bicxa) bak icr ro`todk}dr bcxcb}dxêr}obcr7


3?



Icr akmcr 3 y 8 md `xcma jdkax y jokt}d ,dk ~dxmd y cwti xdrvdb}o~cjdk}d/ naxjcktkc rdxod 3*8 md cbtdxma bak di (crvdb}a baxxdb}a( okmobcma dk di iohxa mdNxar}.Vxd}bldx d okbitoma cstê dk di cvcx}cma ’ic rdxod 3*8‚+

Ic akmc }dxbdxc md `xcma jdkax rd rthmo~omd bicxcjdk}d dk 4 rthakmcr bak d|}dk*

roòk md }dxbdxc+ Di `cv std rd dkbtdk}xc di 8> md Gtkoa okmobc tk vtk}a md jã|ojc ~aic*}oiomcm) baxxdrvakmodk}d c tkc }dxbdxc md }dxbdxc d|}dkmomc) baknoxjckma crê ktdr}xaxdbtdk}a+ Ic rthakmc = md `xcma jokt}d vtdmd dr}cx makmd kar okmobc di `xãnoba bxdcma

bak tk rpok` mdi =$ a vtdmd rdx tkc vickc a tk }xoãk`tia y dr}cx mdrvicwcmc c ic mdxd*blc) dr mdbox }dxjokckma c jdmocmar md Gtioa+ Dk btcistodx bcra ka dr xdid~ck}d vcxc dixdbtdk}a nokci+

Ic akmc btcx}c md `xcma jdkax std }dxjokò dk 26+3 ~ai~oò c ic wakc md akmc btcx}c

md `xcma ck}dxoax y bdxbc mdi bajodkwa dk 26+?<) baja rd okmobc dk di `xãnoba+ Dr}ãnaxjcmc vax raicvcjodk}ar) dk bakbxd}a rd }xc}c md tkc baxxdbboòk CHB rodkma ic akmc

H tkc vickc+

No`txc 8*34

Dk di jajdk}a jar}xcma) Hckeok}dx dr}chc lcbodkma tkc akmc }dxbdxc md `xcma jo*kt}d vdx}dkdbodk}d c ic akmc stok}c md `xcma jdkax+ Vax }ck}a rd dr}ojò std vamêcbajvid}cxic dk iar 8= dtxar ,vxaydbboòk mdi 366$/+ A std vtdmd oxrd c iar 83+<6 ,vxa* ydbboòk mdi 3>8$/+ Rd`÷k di xdbtdk}a jar}xcma rd okmobò std yc dxc tk vaba }cxmd vcxcdk}xcx bax}a dk Hckeok}dx vtdr di ja~ojodk}a jãr ~oaidk}a y vxamtb}o~a ,ic rthakmc 2/

yc lchêc mdrcxxaiicma `xck vcx}d md rt xdbaxxoma+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Ia std rtbdmoò mdrvtïr ntd std Hckeok}dx lowa tk jêkoja dk 83+<? ,dk di ahgd}o~a/di 3 md Ab}thxd md 8668 vcxc itdà }xcwcx tk vxojdx ojvtira ci ciwc lcr}c iar 8< dtxar+

8+3+4 STOK]C AKMC

Ic stok}c akmc }dxjokc di ojvtira vax ia std rd morvakd md icr btc}xa akmcr ck}dxoa*xdr vcxc vxavaxboakcxkar oknaxjcboòk ~cioarc std kar cytmcxã c vxakar}obcx rt nokciowc*boòk+ Ic xdìc md o`tcimcm mobd std icr akmcr ka d|}dkmomcr }odkmdk c ic o`tcimcm dkvxdboa y }odjva+ Ro ic akmc }dxbdxc dr jcyax mdi 3>8$ md ic vxojdxc ia jdgax dr crtjox

std ntd ic }dxbdxc ic std rd d|}dkmoò y dr}cx vxdvcxcma vcxc tkc akmc stok}c o`tci dkvxdboa y }odjva std ic vxojdxc+ ]cjhoïk di >8$) di 2<$ y di 3>8$+

Akmc 4 xdrvdb}a md ic akmc 2

Ic xdicboòk dk}xd dr}cr mar akmcr ka dr }ck bakror}dk}d baja ic xdicboòk dk}xd icvxojdxc y ic }dxbdxc+ Ro ic akmc }dxbdxc dr ic d|}dkmomc ,jcyax mdi 3>8$ md ic vxojdxc/

ic akmc stok}c kaxjcijdk}d dr}cxã bdxbc mdi 2<) 46 a >8$ md ic akmc }dxbdxc+

Akmc 4 xdrvdb}a md akmcr 3*2

Ro ic }dxbdxc akmc dr ic d|}dkmomc) ic akmc stok}c nxdbtdk}djdk}d rdxã di >8 a di2<$ md ic mor}ckboc dk vxdboa md icr akmcr 3 y 2 gtk}cr+

Akmc 4 xdrvdb}a md ic akmc =

Ic akmc stok}c dr nxdbtdk}djdk}d di 380$) di 3>8$) 866$ a 8>8$ md ic akmc btcx*}c+ Ia jãr baj÷k dr Akmc4 : 3>8$ Akmc=

Akmcr 2*4 xdrvdb}a md ic akmc 8

Di xckà md vxdboar md icr akmcr 2 c 4 c ~dbdr rd xdicboakc bak ic akmc 8 vax di 3>8)8>8 a =8=$ md xd}xabdra+ Dr jty xcxa std di nokci md ic akmc stok}c rahxdvcrd di=8=$ md ic akmc rd`tkmc+

Akmc 4 xdrvdb}a md ic d|}dkroòk md ic akmc 3

Bak hcr}ck}d nxdbtdkboc di nokci md ic akmc stok}c dr}ã xdicboakcma bak ic d|}dkroòkmd ic akmc vxojdxc) dr mdbox tk vaxbdk}cgd md}dxjokcma md ic akmc vxojdxc ro}tcma ci

nokci md ic akmc vxojdxc+ Iar vaxbdk}cgdr jãr bajtkdr rak7 3>8) 866) 8>8) 266 y =8=$


83



Ic akmc stok}c kaxjcijdk}d }dkmxã tkc vdkmodk}d jdkax std ic }dxbdxc ctkstd rdcibckbdk ktd~ar jã|ojar a ktd~ar jêkojar+

Bcxcb}dxêr}obcr `dkdxcidr

3+ Ic akmc stok}c rd mdhd rthmo~omox dk bokba akmcr8+ Rodjvxd lcy std }dkdx dk btdk}c std ic akmc stok}c vtdmd }dxjokcx rok

rtvdxcx di d|}xdja md ic akmc }dxbdxc ,nciia md stok}c/2+ Di nokci md ic stok}c akmc dr}cxã ro}tcma bak jtblc vxahchoiomcm makmd

rd raicvdk vxaydbboakdr md vxdboa md mondxdk}d `xcma

8+3+> D|}dkroòk md stok}c akmc

Icr d|}dkroakdr md stok}c akmc rak jty bajtkdr dk iar jdxbcmar md jc}dxocr vxo*

jcr ,di axa) ic vic}c) di bcnï) ic ragc) di }xo`a) di vd}xòida) d}b+++/+ Ka ahr}ck}d dk iarjdxbcmar md cbboakdr mdrvtïr md ic d|}dkroòk md }dxbdxc dr ia jãr baj÷k+

Ic baxxdbboòk var}dxoax c tkc akmc md ojvtira bak stok}c akmc d|}dkmomc baxxd`oxãkaxjcijdk}d lcr}c ic rthakmc rd`tkmc ck}dxoax) y ci jdkar di >8$ mdi }xcja md ojvti*

ra vxd~oa rdc btci rdc rt varoboòk dk tkc no`txc md }cjcóa jcyax+ Di rd`tkma ahgd}o~amd baxxdbboòk dr ic akmc btcx}c ck}dxoax+

No`txc 8*3>

Dk ic no`txc 8*3> rdjtdr}xc tkc d|}dkroòkmd stok}c akmc bak iarmar ahgd}o~ar md vxdboaokmobcmar+ Ro ic baxxdb*

boòk var}dxoax baxxo`d

}ama di ojvtira kar okmo*bcxã std rd }dxjokc tkja~ojodk}a md tk `xcma

jcyax) dr mdbox) ktdr}xcno`txc md ojvtira nokcio*wc tkc akmc md ojvtirajcyax a tkc no`txc ba*xxdb}o~c jcyax+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Btckma rd d|}odkmd ic akmc 4 icr akmcr 3 y 2 }dkmdxãk c ic o`tcimcm dk }odjva a ctkc xdicboòk md Nohakcbbo dk mtxcboòk+ Ic akmc 2 rdxã jãr icx`c std ic akmc 3 vdxa jty

baj÷kjdk}d ka oxã jãr ciiã mdi 3>8$ md ic akmc 3 cócmoma c ic akmc 3+

Dk tkc no`txc md dr}d }ova dr baj÷k }dkdx tkc akmc = jãr rthmo~omomc y std mtxc

jãr }odjva std di xdr}a md icr akmcr+ Baja kaxjc `dkdxci) ic akmc 4 }dkmxã tk crbdkrajãr idk}a std icr a}xcr mar akmcr md ojvtira dk }dkmdkboc+ Ic stok}c akmc vtdmd rdxd|}dkmomc vdxa rok rthmo~omoxrd bak bicxomcm) dk drd bcra ktdr}xar ahgd}o~a md xdnd*

xdkboc rak ic akmc btcx}c ck}dxoax y di xd}xabdra mdi >8$ md }ama di ojvtira+ Mdrvtïrmd tkc stok}c akmc d|}dkmomc) c ~dbdr ic akmc H rtdid rdx d|}xdjcmcjdk}d ntdx}d)lcbodkma ktd~ar jã|ojar a jêkojar rtvdxckma iar md ic akmc stok}c+ Dk ’Diioa}} Pc~dVxokbovid‚ rd jtdr}xc tk `xãnoba mdi Axa md Iakmxdr dk di bcvê}tia > ’r}aber ckm baj*jamo}odr‚ lcbodkma d|}dkroòk md stok}c y makmd ic akmc H lcbd tk ktd~a jã|oja vaxdkbojc md ic akmc stok}c+

8+3+0 Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md Stok}c dk TXHOR

No`txc 8*30


82



Md Mobodjhxd mdi ?> c Chxoi mdi ?<) Txhor lowa tkc vct}c md ojvtira bak d|}dkroòkmd stok}c akmc) baja rd cvxdboc dk ic no`txc 8*30+ Dk ic d|}dkroòk ~djar bòja rd rt*vdxc bicxcjdk}d ic iêkdc mdi bckci 8*=+ Ic xdicboòk dk}xd icr akmcr }dxbdxc y stok}c drmdi 3>8$) baja jtdr}xc ic vxaydbboòk lcr}c di ko~di 0+380 std baxxdrvakmd c ic mor}ck*

boc dk vxdboa md ic akmc 2 jti}oviobcmc vax 3+>8 y vxaydb}cmc c vcx}ox mdi nokci md icakmc btcx}c c 8+<=+

Var}dxoaxjdk}d Txhor baxxoòò ic rthomc lcbodkma tkc akmc ,C/ std xdrti}ò rdx xd*}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d vax ic akmc ,H/+ Rd`÷k Nxar}.Vxd}bldx ic akmc H mdrvtïr md tkcstok}c akmc d|}dkmomc rtdid rdx ckaxjcijdk}d ntdx}d) vtmodkma lcbdx ktd~ar jã|ojara jêkojar+ Dr}d dr di bcra jar}xcma dk di `xãnoba md ic okjahoiocxoc Txhor+ Ka}cx }cj*

hoïk baja }amc ic baxxdbboòk ,C/*,H/*,B/ }dxjokc mdk}xa mdi xckà md vxdboar md ic ak*mc btcx}c md ic rthomc+

8+3+< Dgdjvia7 D|}dkroòk md Stok}c dk Dkmdrc

Dk ic no`txc 8*82 jãr cmdick}d dk dr}d jorja bcvê}tia vtdmdr ~dx bòja ic }dxbdxc

akmc md `xcma jdkax dk Dkmdrc rd rthmo~omd dk bokba akmcr md `xcma ok}dxjdmoa bakd|}dkroòk md stok}c+ Dk dr}c no`txc ~djar bòja ic stok}c akmc d|}dkmomc ka dr xd}xa*bdmomc }a}cijdk}d vax vdx}dkdbdx c tkc akmc }dxbdxc md `xcma okjdmoc}a rtvdxoax+ Iastd rd jcxbc baja akmc stok}c dk di `xãnoba 8*82 }odkd tkc iakò}tm md =+8 dtxar y ntdxd}xabdmomc dk 8+> dtxar vax ia std rd jtdr}xc baja akmc ’c‚) ia std dr tk >8$ md xd*}xabdra+

8+8+ IC RDXOD 3*8

Dk di `xãnoba 8*3< ~djar mar naxjcr md d}ostd}cx tk ojvtira std bak}odkd mar ak*mcr dk ic moxdbboòk md ic }dkmdkboc md }cjcóa rojoicx a makmd ic }dxbdxc dr jãr bax}c+Dk ïi rd okmobc std baja kaxjc d}ostd}cxdjar baja tkc rdbtdkboc 3*8 md mondxdk}dr`xcmar c tkc rdbtdkboc md akmcr btycr iakò}tmdr ok~o}ck c vdkrcx std ka rak mdi jorja

`xcma+ Mdhdjar cb}tcx crê btckma ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a jãr vxahchid rdc tkc akmc md oj*vtira y ic akmc }dxbdxc rdc rarvdblarcjdk}d bax}c+ Ka rchxdjar ro ktdr}xc rtvaroboòk

dr ic baxxdb}c lcr}c std ka cbchd ic vct}c) rok djhcxà ci d}ostd}cx md dr}c jckdxccbdv}cjar ic omdc md std ic vct}c hcga dr}tmoa vtdmd rd`tox mdrcxxaiiãkmard dk di rdk*}oma md ic }dkmdkboc+ Ic jcyaxêc md icr ~dbdr dr}cxdjar dk ia baxxdb}a y ic vct}c rddr}cxã mdrcxxaiickma dk rtr rthmo~oroakdr+ ]ck}a ro rd }xc}c md tkc rdbtdkboc dk = ak*

mcr a md tkc rdxod 3*8) dk di jajdk}a dk std rd rahxdvcrd di nokci md ic akmc vxojdxcmdhdxdjar mdrbcx}cx ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a c nc~ax md a}xa dk di std ic rdbtdkboc dr ba*xxdb}o~c) mdhoma ci raicvcjodk}a md icr akmcr+ Dr bodx}a std ic akmc rd`tkmc md jdkax`xcma mdi xdbtdk}a md ic mdxdblc md ic no`txc 8*3< vtdmd baxxdòx bcro lcr}c ic akmc

rd`tkmc md tk `xcma jcyax rok ~oaicx kok`tkc md icr xdìcr md Diioa}}+ Ka ahr}ck}drodjvxd ok}dk}cxdjar rojvionobcx dk ia varohid) y ro ~djar raicvcjodk}a dk}xd akmcr

ktdr}xc vxojdxc rtvaroboòk rdxã std dr}cjar ck}d tkc baxxdbboòk+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Dk di ckãioror vax Diioa}}) dk o`tcimcm md bakmoboa*kdr) ia jãr rdkboiia dr RODJVXD ia jãr vxahchid+

No`txc 8*3<

Dk di bcra md std ic akmc }dxbdxc rdc jãr bax}c) bòja rchdjar ro dr tkcd|}dkroòk md vxojdxc a tkc rdxod 3*81

Raia dr}cxdjar rd`txar btckma }dxjokd) rok djhcx`a }dkmxdjar vor}cr std karcytmcxãk c dr}ojcxia bak ck}dicboòk7 Icr rthmo~oroakdr y mtxcboòk md ic akmc rd`tkmc) dixdbtdk}a md `xcma okjdmoc}a rtvdxoax) d}b ,xd~orcx di cvcx}cma ’d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc‚+Rodjvxd htrbcxdjar ic avboòk jãr rdkboiic std rdc baldxdk}d bak di xdbtdk}a `iahci+

Iar xc}oar md Nohakcbbo }cjhoïk kar cytmck7

Baja kaxjc `dkdxci) tkc akmc }dxbdxc jdkax mdi >8$ md ic

vxojdxc rd d}ostd}cxã rodjvxd baja rdxod 3*8+

8+8+3 Dgdjvia7 Rdxod 3*8 dk Okmxc


84



^cjar c ckciowcx di `xãnoba mocxoa md Okmxc md ic no`txc 8*3?+ Ia vxojdxa dk std karnogcjar dr std c vcx}ox md iar 36+>4 Dtxar vcxdbd bajdkwcx tkc vct}c md ojvtira mdbokba akmcr+ Iar mar ojvtirar std }odkdk ic jorjc iakò}tm kar lcbdk vdkrcx dk tkc rd*xod 3*8 md mor}ok}a `xcma+ ^cjar c ~dxia7 Mdrmd di 3? md Jcxwa lcr}c di 0 md jcya }d*

kdjar tk ojvtira md 3+>3 dtxar) y mdrmd di 30 md Jcya lcr}c di 8> md Gtkoa }dkdjara}xa ojvtira md 3+04 dtxar+ Vdkrcjar std dr}a mdhd rdx d}ostd}cma baja tkc rdxod md3*8 md mor}ok}a `xcma vax rdx ic }dxbdxc akmc rarvdblarcjdk}d bax}c+ Vax }ck}a ic Ak*mc 3 md `xcma jdkax , 0 jcya/ dr di vxojdx ojvtira) Ic akmc 8 md `xcma jdkax dr tkWo`*Wc` std ~c mdrmd di 0 ci 30 md jcya+

Di 30 md Jcya) bak Okmxc c ?+<> djvdwcjar tkc akmc }dxbdxc md `xcma jdkax y stdvarohidjdk}d ka lcyc nokciowcma c÷k+ Dr}c akmc }dxbdxc dr jty vxahchid std rdc ic ak*

mc d|}dkmomc) y vax }ck}a ic ldjar mo~omoma dk bokba rthakmcr md `xcma jokt}d+

Ic vct}c dk bokba akmcr md `xcma jokt}d }odkd tk ahgd}o~a vxahchid md nokciowcboòk

dk iar > dtxar) std dr makmd baokbomdk iar xd}xabdrar mdi 366$ md ic akmc 3 y di >8$ md}ama di ojvtira 6*2) dr mdbox mdrmd iar ?+<> lcr}c iar >+0>+ Dr}d ko~di }cjhoïk baokbomdbak ic vcxcidic c ic iêkdc 8*= mohtgcmc dk di `xãnoba+

Btckma rd naxjd ic akmc = md `xcma jdkax) Okmxc ~ai~dxã ci ko~di md ic akmc = md`xcma ck}dxoax) std dk dr}d bcra dr}ã bajvxdkmoma dk}xd iar >+0> y 0+<4) icjdk}chid*

jdk}d dr tk xckà jty `xckmd+ Vamdjar nogcxkar std dk ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a ic akmc = md`xcma jokt}d }dxjokò dk 0+<4) std bcd mdk}xa mdi xckà md ic akmc = md `xcma ck}dxoax+

No`txc 8*3?




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Xdrtjdk7 Dk di jajdk}a jar}xcma ka rd xdbajodkmc ox icxà) vtdr ic }dkmdkboc dr

hcgor}c y di nokci md ic akmc 2 md `xcma jdkax vtdmd dr}cx jãr chcga+ Ic dr}xc}dòcbaxxdb}c dr drvdxcx ic naxjcboòk md ic akmc = `xcma jdkax y dk}akbdr dk}xcx bax}a c

ic h÷rstdmc md ic stok}c akmc+ Ic akmc }dxbdxc lchxã }dxjokcma btckma rd rtvdxd iciêkdc 8*= dk jdkar }odjva mdi std }cxmd ic akmc 4 dk naxjcxrd ,c÷k rd dr}ã naxjckma/+

Ia std rtbdmoò mdrvtïr ntd std Okmxc ro`toò bcydkma lcr}c iar 4 dtxar) makmd lowa

tk jêkoja+ Ci d}ostd}cx baja rdxod 3*8 d~o}cjar dk}xcx icxà dk tk ~ciax std mdrmd dijajdk}a jar}xcma bcyò tk 86$+

8+8+8 Dgdjvia7 Rdxod 3*8 dk Rck}ckmdx

Dk `xcnoba mocxoa md ic no`txc 8*86 mdhcga md dr}cr iêkdcr ~djar di ~ciax Rck}ckmdx,RCK+JB/+ Ia vxojdxa std mdhdjar nogcxkar dr dk ic vct}c ck}dxoax ci 82 md Chxoi) std

mdhd rdx baxxdb}o~c rd`÷k ktdr}xa ckãioror mdi `xãnoba rdjckci+

Ic vct}c std bajodkwc dk 36+2= dtxar di 82 md Chxoi dr md ojvtira) ctkstd rt ba*

jodkwa dr idk}a y ~c cbdidxãkmard vxa`xdro~cjdk}d+ Ic akmc 3 md `xcma jdkax ,8> mdGtkoa/ rd bajvakd md 4 rthakmcr md `xcma jokt}d+ Ic vxojdxc rthakmc md `xcma jokt*}d dr tkc btóc md okoboa a mocàkci md okoboa) tkc vct}c md ojvtira bak raicvcjodk}ar stdrd mc dk icr varoboakdr md akmcr 3 y C y std rd d|viobcxã jãr cmdick}d+ Ic rthakmc 2 dric d|}dkmomc+

Mdhoma c std di ko~di 4+4< dr d|cb}cjdk}d o`tci c ic iakò}tm md ic akmc 3 md `xcmajdkax) dr rarvdblarcjdk}d bax}c vcxc rdx tkc akmc 2) cmdjãr ic nci}c md ci}dxkckbocdk}xd iar mar Wo`*Wc` y ic mtxcboòk rojoicx md dr}cr = akmcr nokcidr ,d}ostd}cmcr baja3 y 8 dk ~dxmd y 3 y 8 dk cwti/+ Kar iid~c c ic bakbitroòk md std ka vtdmdk rdx akmcr mdijorja xcma+

Ro ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a dr baxxdb}a }amc~êc stdmc jtbla vax bcdx dk Rck}ckmdx+ Icrtvdxcboòk lcboc chcga md iar 4+4< rdxã tkc rdóci dr}tvdkmc vcxc dk}xcx bax}a bak ah* gd}o~a 2+><+ Ro ic rtvtdr}c akmc 8 md `xcma jokt}d ,dk cwti/ rd xd}xabdmd jãr mdi 366$

okmobcxã std ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a ka dr baxxdb}a) ia btci rtbdmdxã ro rd rtvdxck iar 0+8>

ctkstd rdc vax jty vaba+


80



No`txc 8*86

Di xdbtdk}a okmobc std ia jdgax dk dr}d jajdk}a dr drvdxcx c icr mar xdndxdkbocr md

vxdboa mdi `xãnoba+ Iar 0+8> y iar 4+4<+ Ic rtvdxcboòk md iar 4+4< dr bicxcjdk}d hcgor}cbak ahgd}o~a 2+><+

Dr}d xdbtdk}a md Rck}ckmdx xdrti}ò dxxòkda y }t~a std rdx jamonobcma c vcx}ox md

ic ktd~c oknaxjcboòk morvakohid+ RCK lowa tk jêkoja dk =+>< mdrvtïr md mdrvid`cx tkcvct}c md ojvtira bak vxojdxc akmc d|}dkmomc ,vax jty vaba/+ Ia std rd d}ostd}ò baja

akmc 8 md 2 std }dxjokc di 80 md c`ar}a) xdrti}ò rdx tkc akmc btcx}c+

Tk xdbtdk}a dr tkc avokoòk mdi jdxbcma+ Rodjvxd mdhdjarcrtjox std vtdmd rdx okbaxxdb}a+ C tk xdbtdk}a rodjvxd id md*hdk cbajvcócx mar ko~didr md vxdboa7 Di vxojdxa y jãr ojvax*}ck}d dr di std ok~ciomc di xdbtdk}a+ Di rd`tkma dr di std ia bak*

noxjc+

Dk btcistodx bcra y md cbtdxma bak Nxar}.Vxd}bldx dk tkc ro}tcboòk crê ia jdgax drd}ostd}cx baja rdxod 3*8+ Dr}a rd mdjar}xò bicxcjdk}d yc std ic bak}oktcboòk mdi vxa*bdra hcgor}c lowa std RCK lobodxc tk jêkoja var}dxoaxjdk}d dk =+>< ia std xdvxdrdk}ctkc bcêmc mdi 2>$ mdrmd di ko~di 0+23 baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic rtvtdr}c akmc 8 md 8+ Icr

iak`o}tmdr md akmc stdmcxak crê7

a Akmc vxojdxc7 2+6= dtxara Akmc }dxbdxc7 2+63 dtxar

a Akmc stok}c7 8+4= dtxar




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Icr akmcr vxojdxc y }dxbdxc rak o`tcidr) y ic akmc stok}c bcyò dk ic vxaydbboòk mdi0<$ md ic }dxbdxc std }cjhoïk baokbomoò bak ic d|}dkroòk mdi 0<$) cià oktrtci) vdxa

std ka mdhd raxvxdkmdxkar vtdr c dr}cr ci}txcr yc ldjar ~or}a std ci`tkar ~ciaxdr ka}odkdk kok`÷k xdrvd}a vax iar std lcbdjar ckãioror vax Akmc md Diioa}}+

Iar ko~didr makmd baokbomdk ~cxocr vxaydbboakdr md vxdboa md*hdk rdx bakromdxcmar baja md ci}c vxahchoiomcm md òxa+ Iarxc}oar mdi 2< y >8$ rak iar jãr bajtkdr) vdxa ka drvdxdr stdrd btjvick rodjvxd+

Rok djhcxà) ctkstd ic vxãb}obc ka rodjvxd rd cgtr}c c ic }daxêc) c ~dbdr ia lcbd+Dk di bcra mdi Hckba Rck}ckmdx ldjar mobla std }xcwò tkc d|}dkroòk md vxojdxc akmc+Hcga dr}c rtvaroboòk) icr akmcr }dxbdxc y stok}c mdhdxêck dr}cx xdicboakcmcr vax ic

o`tcimcm a vax tk xc}oa md Nohakcbbo+ Vtdr hodk) dk ic no`txc 8*83 ~djar di xdbtdk}a md*

noko}o~a vcxc RCK+ Ic akmc stok}c mtxò d|cb}cjdk}d ,tk mêc md jcx`dk/ di 3>8$ mdi}odjva std mtxò ic akmc }dxbdxc+ Vax a}xc vcx}d) ~djar std iar xc}oar md }odjva jcx*bcxak tk xo}ja ojvax}ck}d mdnokodkma iar d|}xdjar md vxdboa bak tk jã|oja md marmêcr md dxxax+ Rd jomoò ic mtxcboòk md ic akmc vxojdxc+ Ic akmc }dxbdxc }dxjokò dk di>8$) ic akmc btcx}c dk di 366$ y ic akmc stok}c dk di 3>8$) std }cjhoïk baokbomêc bakdi 3>8$ md ic akmc vxojdxc+ Bcrtciomcm1) vtdmd) vdxa btckma baokbomdk ~cxocr vxaydb*

boakdr jty gtk}cr lcy jtblcr vxahchoiomcmdr md òxa) baja rd lc mdjar}xcma bak hcr*}ck}d nxdbtdkboc dk iar ckãioror vthiobcmar dk Akmc=+ Iar xc}oar jãr bajtkdr rd okmo*bck dk di bcvê}tia =+


8?



No`txc 8*83

8+2+ MOC@AKCI MD OKOBOA

No`txc 8*88

D|or}d tkc vct}c md ojvtira bak ra*icvcjodk}a md icr akmcr 3 y = y std mcbajodkwa c vct}cr ojvtiro~cr y baxxdb*

}o~cr) cvcxdbodkma vax }ck}a raicjdk}ddk icr varoboakdr md akmcr 3 y C+ Ci`t*kar ct}axdr ka lcbdk xdndxdkboc c dr}cvct}c) std di ct}ax lc ~or}a di rtnobodk*

}d k÷jdxa md ~dbdr vcxc vdkrcx std rtd|or}dkboc lc stdmcma mdjar}xcmc mdcbtdxma bak Nxar}.Vxd}bldx+ Dk ic no*`txc 8*88 ~djar di mdrcxxaiia md tk

ojvtira moc`akci md okoboa




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

8+2+3 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md Okoboa dk Dkmdrc

Ic ro`todk}d no`txc 8*82 xdvxdrdk}c di `xãnoba md Dkmdrc dk di std cvxdbocjar icd|or}dkboc md tkc mocàkci md okoboa baja akmc 3+ Ic akmc 8 dr tk Wo`*Wc` bicxcjdk}drthmo~omoma dk }xdr akmcr y ic akmc }dxbdxc dr ic d|}dkmomc+ Ic cbdidxcboòk md ic akmc}dxbdxc kar baknoxjc di xdbtdk}a+ Rd vamxêc vdkrcx std di vxojdx }oxòk c ic hcgc mdr*vtïr mdi = md Jcxwa dr ic akmc vxojdxc) rok djhcxà) var}dxoaxjdk}d di 0 md jcya }d*kdjar tk jêkoja jãr hcga c÷k+ Lcr}c std Dkmdrc cbdidxc rt bcêmc dk Jcya) ~djar std

icr vxojdxcr akmcr rd mdrcxxaiick bak raicvcjodk}a+Rd d}ostd}ò ic akmc btcx}c vcxc okmobcx std rd dr}chc mdrcxxaiickma dk di jajdk}a

cb}tci) rok djhcxà icr rthmo~oroakdr ka dxck bicxcr) cmjo}odkma std ic akmc b md = va*mêc dr}cx naxjãkmard dk bokba akmcr+ Ia std rtbdmoò mdrvtïr ntd std Dkmdrc rd jd}oò

vax mdhcga md ia std rd rtvakêc dxc ic akmc 8 c 33+4?4 baknoxjckma di bcxãb}dx baxxdb*}o~a y ic nokciowcboòk+ C vcx}ox mdi jajdk}a jar}xcma) Dkmdrc okoboò rt stok}c akmc c ichcgc lcbodkma ktd~ar jêkojar vax mdhcga md 36+46 dtxar+

No`txc 8*82

8+2+8 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md okoboa dk ]DXXC

Di `xcnoba 8*8= md ]dxxc }cjhoïk jtdr}xc tkc akmc 3 std kdbdrcxocjdk}d mdhd rdxtk ojvtira mocàkci md okoboa+ Ic d~aitboòk var}dxoax mdi vxdboa baknoxjò ktdr}xa xd*btdk}a jar}xcma ci rtvdxcxrd di ko~di baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic akmc }dxbdxc+ Ro cbdv}cjar


23



std ]dxxc lowa tkc akmc }dxbdxc md Jcxwa c Gtkoa mdi 8668) dk}akbdr mdhdjar cbdv*}cx std ck}dxoaxjdk}d lobodxc tkc akmc vxojdxc y rd`tkmc+ ]dxxc ka dr}chc md cbtdxmadk std ic akmc vxojdxc ntdxc tk ojvtira vdxndb}a baja di md ic no`txc 8*3+

No`txc 8*8=

8+2+2 Dgdjvia7 Mocàkci md okoboa dk Rck}ckmdx

Dk ic no`txc 8*86 std xdvxdrdk}c ic rdxod 3*8 dk di Hckba Rck}ckmdx lcr ~or}a std icakmc vxojdxc rd mdrbajvakd dk bokba rthakmcr bak }dxbdxc d|}dkmomc+ Dk ic vxojdxcmd icr rthakmcr ~djar baja lcy tk raicvcjodk}a bicxa md 4 akmcr md tk `xcma okjdmoc*}cjdk}d okndxoax+ Hcga dr}c rtvaroboòk md akmc vxojdxc) bicxcjdk}d mdhd rdx tkc mo*

càkci md okoboa+

8+=+ VCT]C ]DXJOKCI

Rd vxamtbdk rodjvxd dk ic varoboòk md stok}c akmc a dk ic varoboòk md akmc B) bak

nxdbtdkboc mdrvtïr md tk ja~ojodk}a jty ~dx}obci ci ciwc a c ic hcgc+ Kaxjcijdk}d ok*mobc di cà}cjodk}a md tk ja~ojodk}a md `xcma jcyax y ic nxckgc md vxdboar md ic akmc= vdxjckdbd tk }odjva vax mdhcga mdi nokci md ic akmc 3 ci o`tci std dk ic mocàkci md

okoboa+ Dk ic no`txc 8*84 ~djar tk `xãnoba md vct}c }dxjokci dk ic varoboòk md akmc stok*

}c+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

No`txc 8*84

Tkc vct}c }dxjokci kaxjcijdk}d rd baxxo`d jãr xãvomcjdk}d md ia std }cxmò dknaxjcxrd ic no`txc+ Vax }ck}a) drvdxcxdjar tkc xdcbboòk ~oaidk}c bak}xc }dkmdkboc mdr*vtïr md tkc no`txc }dxjokci+ Dr jty baj÷k std ci mcxrd tkc no`txc }dxjokci }amc ic no*`txc md ojvtira rdc bajvid}cjdk}d baxxd`omc+

No`txc 8*8>

Tkc no`txc }dxjokci dr tkc dr}xtb}txc stddk di bcra omdci rd mdrdk~tdi~d dk 2*2*2*2*2)dr mdbox) }xdr ncrdr baxxdb}o~cr dk moxdbboòk c

ic }dkmdkboc vxokbovci+ ]odkd ic jorjc dr}xtb}t*xc std tk }xock`tia+

Dr}d }ova md no`txcr rd rtdidk mdrcxxaiicxrahxd ic iêkdc md }dkmdkboc 8*=) ia std dr tkcvor}c ojvax}ck}d c }dkdx dk btdk}c mtxck}d rt

mdrcxxaiia+ Dr}a rd vtdmd ~dx dk ic no`txc 8*8>+

Ic bckciowcboòk md dr}cr no`txcr dr bak~dx`dk}d) dr mdbox) ahrdx~cxdjar std iar

vxdboar ~ck dr}xdblckma rt jcx`dk md arboicboòk dk icr vxa|ojomcmdr mdi ~ïx}obd mdi}xoãk`tia std naxjc icr iêkdcr md }dkmdkboc bak~dx`dk}dr+


22



No`txc 8*80

Dk ic no`txc 8*80 ~djartk dgdjvia xdci md vct}c}dxjokci baxxdrvakmodk}d ci

Map Gakdr dk ic std icrrthmo~oroakdr md icr akmcr

dk }xdrdr rd vtdmd cvxdbocxvdxndb}cjdk}d+ Ka drvdxdrdkbak}xcx tkc vct}c }dxjo*kci dk ic std icr rthmo~oroa*

kdr rak }ck bicxcr baja dkdr}d dgdjvia+

8+=+3 Dgdjvia7 Vct}c ]dxjokci dk ]didnakobc

No`txc 8*8<

Baja dgdjvia md vct}c }dxjokci ~cjar c ~dx tk ckãioror md ]DN dk ic no`txc 8*8<std kar ck}obovò ic nokciowcboòk md ic rthomc mdrmd di jêkoja mdi 26 md rdv}odjhxd+ Ah*

rdx~cx ic vdxndbboòk bak std bckciowò ic vct}c }dxjokci+ Btjviodkma bak ic }daxêc) dr}c




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

vct}c rd xd}xabdmoò }a}cijdk}d mdrvtïr md }dxjokcx di 8 md Mobodjhxd) ic ndblc dk stdrd btjviêck 08 mêcr ,k÷jdxa Nohakcbbo/ mdrmd di jã|oja mdi 83 md Càr}a+

Tkc ~dw rtvdxcmar iar 36 dtxar) std dxc tkc hcxxdxc ojvax}ck}d vcxc ]DN) di xd*

btdk}a stdmchc crê7 ]dkdjar yc btc}xa akmcr ci ciwc y ic stok}c rd dr}ã mdrcxxaiickmadk dr}ar jajdk}ar+ Dk ic stok}c akmc lcy raicvcjodk}ar itdà dr}a kar okmobc std drtkc vct}c }dxjokci y std rt nokciowcboòk dr}ã jty bdxbc+

Vcxc di nokci md ic akmc stok}c mdi ojvtira }dkdjar mar ahgd}o~ar md vxdboa7

a Iar cixdmdmaxdr md 36+=6 std dr makmd }dkdjar di xd}xabdra mdi 380$ c icakmc btcx}c y di ahgd}o~a vax bckciowcboòk md ic vct}c }dxjokci+

a Iar cixdmdmaxdr mdi 36+<6 std dr makmd baokbomdk ~cxoar ahgd}o~ar md vxd*

boa7 di xd}xabdra mdi >8$ mdi ojvtira 6*2+ ]cjhoïk di 3>8$ md xd}xabdra md

ic akmc btcx}c+ ]cjhoïk di 3>8$ md ic akmc vxojdxc+

]didnòkobc dr}ã }dxjokckma rt rthomc+ Ic stok}c akmc dr tkc vct}c }dxjokci y dra

ojviobc std rdxã xd}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d) ro ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a dr baxxdb}a ]DN ~ai~dxãc iar ? dtxar+ Ic vxojdxc baknoxjcboòk mdi nokci md ic vct}c ia }dkmxdjar btckma rdrtvdxd ic iêkdc 8*= okmobcmc dk xaga+ Ic rd`tkmc y mdnoko}o~c btckma rd rahxdvcrdk iar?+02 ,nokci md ic rthakmc btcx}c md ic stok}c akmc/ c bodxxd) vtdr}a std rd lchxã xd}xa*bdmoma }amc ic akmc 4 md 4+ Icr ndblcr 8*2 md Mob okmobck varohidr vtk}ar md òxa+

Ia std rtbdmoò ntd std di 8 md Mobodjhxd }didnòkobc lowa tk jã|oja dk 36+42) dk dijajdk}a okmobcma+ Var}dxoaxjdk}d bxtwò ic iêkdc 8*=) bxtwò iar ?+02 y rd ntd moxdb}c*jdk}d vax mdhcga md iar ? dtxar) baja lchêcjar ck}obovcma+

8+=+8 Dgdjvia7 Vct}c }dxjokci dk Xdvrai


24



No`txc 8*8?

Dk di dgdjvia ck}dxoax md ]didnòkobc ~ojar tkc vct}c }dxjokci dk ic akmc stok}c+ Vc*xc bajvid}cx iar bcrar vxãb}obar ~cjar c ~dx claxc baja Xdvrai lcbd tkc vct}c }dxjo*kci dk tkc akmc B7

]ama rak raicvcjodk}ar dk Xdvrai+ Ic akmc ,H/ std }dxjokc di 33 md rdv}odjhxd md8668 dr}ã bajvtdr}c vax tk chb makmd ic akmc B dr tkc vct}c }dxjokci ,2*2*2*2*2/ bakraicvcjodk}ar) dr btxoara ~dx ia hodk std rd btjvid ic }daxêc) ic akmc }dxbdxc md `xcmajdkax dr tk 2 vdxndb}a+

Ic akmc ,B/ dk ic std dr}cjar claxc mdhd rthmo~omoxrd dk bokba akmcr+ Di raicvc*

jodk}a md dr}cr bokba akmcr }cjhoïk kar okmobc std XDV dr}ã lcbodkma tkc vct}c }dx*jokci ,2*2*2*2*2/+ Ic akmc rd`tkmc baxxo oò c ic vxojdxc dk tk 46$ d|cb}a+ Bòja rc*

hdjar btckma rd cbchc ic akmc ,B/1) vtdr btckma rd xd}xabdmc ic iêkdc xagc 8*= mdi`xãnoba }dkdjar ic vxojdxc baknoxjcboòk) y ic rd`tkmc y mdnoko}o~c ic }dkmxdjar btckma

rd rahxdvcrdk iar 38 dtxar c bodxxd+ Dr}d ckãioror rd vthiobò c nokcidr md Ab}thxd) rokdjhcx`a rd lck cócmoma tkar mêcr jãr vcxc jar}xcx di xajvojodk}a md ic iêkdc 8*= mdnaxjc ~oaidk}c+

Xdrtjdk7 Ic rtvdxcboòk md iar 38 dtxar dr ic rdóci std okmobc std ic akmc ,B/ rd}dxjokò+ Ro ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a dr baxxdb}a) XDV lc }dxjokcma tkc icx`c baxxdbboòk mahid

y vax }ck}a ic xdcbboòk ci ciwc mdhd rdx ntdx}d y xãvomc) y rd mdhdk lcbdx ktd~arjã|ojar rtvdxckma iar 8= dtxar+ Jtblar a}xar ~ciaxdr mdi OHD\ lck bajvid}cma tkc

baxxdbboòk dk bokba akmcr ,std ktkbc dr di nokci md ic baxxdbboòk roka vcx}d md tkc jc*




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

yax dk }xdr a bajhokcboòk md }xdrdr/) vax ia std btckma iar a}xar ~ciaxdr mdi OHD\ ci*bckbdk ktd~ar jêkojar dk di 8662) XDVRAI rdxã tk htdk bckmomc}a vcxc xdntòcxrd+

Vax mdhcga md 36 dtxar c bodxxd vdkrcxdjar std di ro`todk}d ahgd}o~a dr <+>8 dtxar ystd drd vtk}a ka dr di nokci md ic baxxdbboòk roka std ktd~ar jêkojar mdhdxêck cibck*

wcxrd+

8+3+ NCIIA MD STOK]C

Tk nciia md stok}c rd mc btckma ic akmc stok}c dr jdkax dk vxdboa std ic akmc btcx*}c+ Dr}c ro}tcboòk rodjvxd okmobc tk `xck va}dkboci dk bak}xc md ic }dkmdkboc vxd~oc+

Btckma rd vxamtbd tk nciia md stok}c akmc ia jãr kaxjci dr std di ja~ojodk}a vxd~oardc baxxdòma bajvid}cjdk}d+ Dk di bcra md std dr}djar dr}ojckma tk nciia md stok}c yka rd baxxo`d bajvid}cjdk}d ic no`txc md ojvtira ktdr}xa xdbtdk}a vxahchidjdk}d rdcokbaxxdb}a+

Rarvdblcxdjar md std rd vtmd vxamtbox tk nciia md stok}c btckma ic akmc = okmostdmdhoiomcm+ Dr}a vamxêc abtxxox ro rd }xc}cxc md tkc baxxdbboòk bajvidgc a ro ic akmc =

baxxoòdxc jãr mdi 46$ md ic akmc 2+

No`txc 8*26

Dr}ojcxdjar ic varohoiomcm md nciiamd stok}c dk di bcra md }dxbdxcr akmcrd|}dkmomcr bak akmcr 3 jty vdstdócrdk bajvcxcboòk bak ic 2+ Ro ic akmc =baxxo`d jãr md tk 46$ c ic akmc 2 dr

jty vxahchid std ic akmc 4 ka cibckbddi ko~di jã|oja md ic akmc 2 bak ia std}dkmxdjar tk nciia md stok}c bak dibakro`todk}d ja~ojodk}a ~oaidk}a dk

rdk}oma bak}xcxoa+ Rodjvxd mdhdjardr}tmocx icr rthmo~oroakdr md ic stok}cakmc ck}dr md varoboakcxkar bak}xc

}dkmdkboc+

]dkmxdjar `dkdxcijdk}d tkc akmc = jãr bajvidgc std ic akmc 8+ Dr}xtb}txcr mddr}d }ova rd mck dk akmcr B md tkc vickc a wo`wc` a ro dr stok}c akmc mdk}xa md tkc no*

`txc md ojvtira jcyax+ ^djar tk dgdjvia md nciia md stok}c dk ojvtira cibor}c dk icno`txc 8*26+


20



No`txc 8*23

Icr akmcr stok}cr rd rtdidk mdrcxxaiicx nxdbtdk}djdk}d bak jdkax vdkmodk}d stdicr akmcr }dxbdxcr+ Dk ic no`txcr 8*23 rd jtdr}xc di crvdb}a }êvoba md tk nciia md stok}cvcxc di bcra cibor}c y hcgor}c+ Di vxojdx okmoboa md std ic vct}c bajvid}c rd }dxjokò ia

}dkmxdjar bak ic rtvdxcboòk md ic iêkdc 8*= y di rd`tkma y mdnoko}o~a btckma rd xd}xa*bdmc ic akmc btcx}c+ Di xd}xabdra bajvid}a md ic akmc btcx}c okmobc std ic stok}c akmc

}dxjokò y vax }ck}a di ojvtira bajvid}a }dxjokò+ Mdrvtïr md tk nciia md stok}c ic vct}cbajvid}c mdhdxã rdx xd}xabdmomc+

8+=+2 Ic ojvax}ckboc mdi nciia

Btckma dr}tmodjar tk `xãnoba rd`÷k ic ]daxêc md ic akmc md Diioa}} }dkmxdjar stdvick}dcxkar makmd bajdkwcx tk xdbtdk}a+ Jtblcr no`txcr rak tk 'nciia'+ _c rdc tk nciiamd stok}c akmc a tk nciia md B ic d|or}dkboc md dr}d ndkòjdka rodjvxd okmobc tkc `xck

ntdxwc bak}xc }dkmdkboc+ Ro }dkdjar tk ja~ojodk}a ~oaidk}a kaxjcijdk}d rdxã var}d*xoax c tkc no`txc dk nciia+

Bajdkwcx tk xdbtdk}a dk tk jêkoja a jã|oja ojvax}ck}d vtdmd rdx tk dxxax+ Tkja~ojodk}a ~oaidk}a rd rtdid mcx mdrvtïr md tkc no`txc dk nciia+ Dk `dkdxci tk jêkoja a

jã|oja iabci mdi jdxbcma ka rd mdhd bakromdxcx ror}djã}obcjdk}d baja axo`dk md tkcno`txc md Diioa}} y dk rahxdjckdxc ro dr vxd~oa c tk ja~ojodk}a ~oaidk}a+

Ro xdbcvcbo}cjar cbdxbc md ic robaia`êc mdi jdxbcma dkbak}xcxdjar iò`oba dr}dvxokbovoa+ Ro }dkdjar xdciowcboakdr y cjhodk}d hcgor}c rd vtdmd mcx di bcra md std ic

vxdroòk md mokdxa md iar bajvxcmaxdr lc`ck okbcvcw c iar vxdboar md lcbdx tk ktd~ajêkoja+ Dr}c vxdroòk md mokdxa y ctrdkboc md vcvdi rd jc}dxociowc dk di `xãnoba jdmock*}d tk 'nciia'+ Vax bak}xc ic okbcvcbomcm md icr bajvxcr vcxc lcbdx ktd~ar jã|ojarjodk}xcr baxxd di }odjva y ic cvcxoboòk md vcvdi c vxdboar okndxoaxdr cmdick}c tk bcj*

hoa md }dkmdkboc+ Ic xtv}txc c ic hcgc iid~c c iar vcx}obovck}dr mdi jdxbcma c mdrbcx`cx

vcvdi y ic baxxdbboòk bajodkwc+




Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Tkc ro}tcboòk dk std vamxêcjar dkbak}xcx tk nciia dr dk tkc baxxdbboòk md btcx}cakmc bak tkc stok}c d|}dkmomc+ Tkc akmc stok}c d|viaro~c vtdmd 'xdstdxox' md tk nciia

vxd~oa std md bakror}dkboc ci xdbtdk}a+ A}xc ro}tcboòk vamxêc rdx tkc akmc }dxbdxc jtyicx`c y ntdx}d vxdbdmomc md tkc akmc rd`tkmc bak nciia md B+

Vax }ama ia d|vtdr}a vcxdbd iòòba vdkrcx std tk ja~ojodk}a ~oaidk}a a tk bcjhoamd }dkmdkboc ojvax}ck}d ~odkdk rodjvxd mdrvtïr md tkc no`txc dk nciia ,nciia md stok}c)nciia md B) no`txc }dxjokci+++/ y dr}a kar okmobc std ka mdhdjar }ajcx baja kaxjc di

axo`dk md tk xdbtdk}a mdrmd tk jã|oja a jêkoja ojvax}ck}d mdi jdxbcma+

8+=+= Dgdjvia) nciia md stok}c dk HH^C

No`txc 8*28

Dk ic no`txc 8*28 ~djar tk `xãnoba mdi HH^C+ Dr}d ~ciax bajdkwò di 80 md Càr}atkc akmc stok}c md `xcma ok}dxjdmoa+ Dr}c akmc ,4/ rd mdrbajvakd dk bokba rthakmcr+

Ic }dxbdxc akmc dr ic jãr icx`c) y ic akmc stok}c }odkd tkc iakò}tm d|cb}cjdk}d o`tcistd ic akmc btcx}c+ Ic akmc }dxbdxc }dxjokc dk iar 0+6>6 dtxar y ic stok}c }cjhoïk+Vtdr}a std tk mahid rtdia d|cb}a ka vtdmdk rdx icr akmcr 3 y 8 md tk ktd~a ojvtira ycstd ~oaicxêc ic xdìc 8 md Diioa}}) ldjar bakromdxcma baja xdbtdk}a jãr vxahchid tk


2?



nciia md stok}c dk HH^C+ Ic vct}c std bak}odkd di nciia md stok}c) dr mdbox) ic akmc ,4/ntd xd}xabdmomc }a}cijdk}d bak var}dxoaxomcm ci jajdk}a jar}xcma dk di `xãnoba 8*28+

8+=+4 Dgdjvia7 Nciia md stok}c dk Dkmdrc

No`txc 8*22

Dk ic no`txc 8*22 md Dkmdrc vamdjar ~dx tk nciia md stok}c dk di vtk}a jcxbcma baktkc nidblc+ Dkmdrc ka ntd bcvcw md ~ai~dx ci ko~di <+06 baxxdrvakmodk}d c ic akmc }dx*bdxc md ,4/+ Btckma bajdkwò rt mdrbdkra md akmc 4 md ,4/) ka vtma hcgcx md <+<0 dt*

xar+ Di mêc 36 md Ab}thxd) btckma a}xar ~ciaxdr mdi OHD\ lobodxak tk jêkoja ojvax}ck*}d) Dkmdrc rd stdmò ci ko~di md ic akmc h md = ck}dxoax+ Baja rd xdstodxd dk dr}ar

bcrar) ic vct}c okobocmc dk 38+>> y std bak}odkd di nciia md stok}c) rd xd}xabdmoò lcr}cdi axo`dk mdi ja~ojodk}a hcgor}c ,38+4< dtxar di 8 md Mobodjhxd/+

Vamdjar nogcxkar bòja rd xdrai~oò di xdbtdk}a md ic akmc ,=/ jar}xcma dk ic no`txc8*82 tkc ~dw std di vxdboa ro`toò mdrbdkmodkma rok naxjcx ia std vdkrãhcjar std vamêcrdx tkc akmc b rthmo~omomc dk bokba ci ciwc+ Dr}c dr ic xdciomcm md Diioa}}) rchêcjar stddi va}dkboci cibor}c dr}chc jty iojo}cma) vax ia std btcistodx ckcior}c md Diioa}} dk}xcxêcbax}a dk Dkmdrc+ Rok djhcx`a ka rchêcjar ic naxjc std }ajcxêc ic baxxdbboòk md akmcbtcx}c+ Baja rd ~d dk di bcvê}tia 2) icr baxxdbboakdr std ~ck jãr ciiã mdi CHB rak bic*

xcjdk}d ojvxdmdbohidr+

]daxêc y Vxãb}obc Jamdxkc md Diioa}}=6



Vct}cr md Ojvtira

Baja ldjar okmobcma yc) dk dr}d bcra rdxêc tk dxxax bajdkwcx di xdbtdk}a dk dijêkoja mdi 8= md Rdv}odjhxd+ Ro ia loboïxcjar crê) ic akmc ,4/ rd stdmc raia bak }xdr

akmcr) ia std ka vtdmd rdx baxxdb}a+ Icr vct}cr md nokciowcboòk ,4 a B/ rodjvxd rak bok*ba akmcr+


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teoría y práctica moderna de elliott 2

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