term paper on tubelight by iqbal & arefin_ict_3rd batch_1st semester_2011
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7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011
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Department of Information and Communication
Technology
Comilla University
Term Paper
On
TUBELIGHT
Submitted to:Khondokar Fida Hasan
Email: [email protected]
Lecturer
Dept. of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Comilla University (CoU), Comilla-3503
Bangladesh
Submitted by:
Name ID Position Email
Iqbal hossain 1109039 Group leader [email protected]
Md. Arefin islam 1109038 Group Member [email protected]
Date of Submission : 25sth April, 2012
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….….3
2. History of tube light…………………………………………………………………….....3
3. Literature Review………………………………………………………………….………6
4. Methodology…………………………………….................................................................8
4.1 ZH-9602/A………………………………………………………………..….........8
4.2 ZH-9602/B………………………………………………………………..…..…...9
4.3 ZH-9602/C…………………………………………………………………....…..10
4.4 ZH-9602/D………………………………………………………………..….......11
4.5 ZH-9602/EL……………………………………………………………...………12
4.6 ZH-9602/EL1……………………………………………………………...……..13
4.7 ZH-9602/K1S……………………………………………………………...……..14
5. Results……………………………………………………………………………..……...15
6. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..…….17
6.1 Solar light tubes…………………………………………………………...……..17
6.2 Fluorescent lamp………………………………………………………..………18
6.3 Vacuum tube……………………………………………………………..…..….18
6.4 Ultraviolet(UV) light………………………………………………….…..…….18
6.5 Vacuum UV…………………………………………………………….,,..…….19
6.6 Ultraviolet LEDs…………………………………………………….,,.…..……19
6.7 Ultraviolet lasers……………………………………………………,,……..…..19
6.8 Gas filled tubes……………………………………………………,,,…………..20
6.9 Cathode ray tubes………………………………………………,,,……..….……20
6.10 Neon light…………………………………………………………,,,….………20
6.11 Vidicon tube………………………………………..………………,,,…..…….21
6.12 Geissler tube…………………………………………………………,,,……….21
7. Conclusipon ………………………………………………………………………...…….21
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………...22
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….23
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IntroductionTube light is one of the most wonderful invention of modern science. It is a such kind of
invention that could remove the darkness .In fact, it is a way that can convert the source of
electricity to the source of light. So that man can easily use tube light to produce light in any
types of dark place. It is the most essential part of human in day to day life. It saves more
energy than a filament bulb. The heat ness of tube light is less than a normal bulb. On the
other hand it gives us so much clear and bright light than a normal bulb. Moreover , it is very
cheap and available. So the people are greatly benefited by using tube light.
Light tubes
Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. Intheir application to daylighting, they are also often called sun pipes, sun scopes, solar light
pipes, sky lights or daylight pipes.
History of tube light
Thomas Edison, that prolific American inventor, is often credited with the invention of the
incandescent lamp. More accurately, it could be said that Edison was the man who perfected
the incandescent lamp. Edison's successful design of 1879 was actually preceded by 77 years
by the British scientist Sir Humphry Davy, who first demonstrated the principle of using
electric current to heat a thin strip of metal (called a "filament") to the point of incandescence
(glowing white hot).
Edison was able to achieve his success by placing his filament (made of carbonized sewingthread) inside of a clear glass bulb from which the air had been forcibly removed. In this
vacuum, the filament could glow at white-hot temperatures without being consumed by
combustion:
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In the course of his experimentation (sometime around 1883), Edison placed a strip of metal
inside of an evacuated (vacuum) glass bulb along with the filament. Between this metal strip
and one of the filament connections he attached a sensitive ammeter. What he found was that
electrons would flow through the meter whenever the filament was hot, but ceased when the
filament cooled down:
The white-hot filament in Edison's lamp was liberating free electrons into the vacuum of the
lamp, those electrons finding their way to the metal strip, through the galvanometer, and back
to the filament. His curiosity piqued, Edison then connected a fairly high-voltage battery in the
galvanometer circuit to aid the small current:
Sure enough, the presence of the battery created a much larger current from the filament to the
metal strip. However, when the battery was turned around, there was little to no current at all!
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In effect, what Edison had stumbled upon was a diode! Unfortunately, he saw no practical use
for such a device and proceeded with further refinements in his lamp design.
The one-way electron flow of this device (known as the Edison Effect ) remained a curiosity
until J. A. Fleming experimented with its use in 1895. Fleming marketed his device as a"valve," initiating a whole new area of study in electric circuits. Vacuum tube diodes --
Fleming's "valves" being no exception -- are not able to handle large amounts of current, and so
Fleming's invention was impractical for any application in AC power, only for small electric
signals.
Then in 1906, another inventor by the name of Lee De Forest started playing around with the
"Edison Effect," seeing what more could be gained from the phenomenon. In doing so, he made
a startling discovery: by placing a metal screen between the glowing filament and the metal
strip (which by now had taken the form of a plate for greater surface area), the stream of
electrons flowing from filament to plate could be regulated by the application of a small
voltage between the metal screen and the filament:
De Forest called this metal screen between filament and plate a grid . It wasn't just the amount
of voltage between grid and filament that controlled current from filament to plate, it was the
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polarity as well. A negative voltage applied to the grid with respect to the filament would tend
to choke off the natural flow of electrons, whereas a positive voltage would tend to enhance the
flow. Although there was some amount of current through the grid, it was very small; much
smaller than the current through the plate.
Perhaps most importantly was his discovery that the small amounts of grid voltage and grid
current were having large effects on the amount of plate voltage (with respect to the filament)
and plate current. In adding the grid to Fleming's "valve," De Forest had made the valve
adjustable: it now functioned as an amplifying device, whereby a small electrical signal could
take control over a larger electrical quantity.
The closest semiconductor equivalent to the Audion tube, and to all of its more modern tubeequivalents, is an n-channel D-type MOSFET. It is a voltage-controlled device with a large
current gain.
Calling his invention the "Audion," he vigorously applied it to the development of
communications technology. In 1912 he sold the rights to his Audion tube as a telephone signal
amplifier to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT and T), which made long-
distance telephone communication practical. In the following year he demonstrated the use of
an Audion tube for generating radio-frequency AC signals. In 1915 he achieved the remarkable
feat of broadcasting voice signals via radio from Arlington, Virginia to Paris, and in 1916
inaugurated the first radio news broadcast. Such accomplishments earned De Forest the title
"Father of Radio" in America.
Literature Review
People usually think of using electricity as an everyday necessity. People think about different
way as the source of electricity. So, the method of solar technology has developed . Solar is
when something that is normally powered by electricity is now powered by the sun. There is an
idea that uses solar to make light. This idea is called the solar tube. The solar tube or solar light
uses day lighting to bring natural light into indoor spaces that are dark.
Day lighting has shown to be an essential part of building green homes. Day lighting issunlight that is reflected and then spread throughout the room, which makes a home energy
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efficient. The word day lighting means the illumination of indoor spaces by natural light. Day
lighting lets in light but also saves energy and reduces lighting costs because you don’t have to
turn on your lights as often. In 1999, studies were done of schools in three states and they have
proved that day lighting in a room is healthier. Also student’s math and reading grades had
gone up by as much as twenty-five percent because day lighting was used instead of artificial
lighting.
One way to use day lighting in your home is by using a solar tube. A solar tube is a
metal cylinder used to bring natural light into homes. The solar tube is not a new idea. People
in Ancient Egypt used a similar idea to light their homes. The solar tube is effective, and easy
to install. Solar tubes take about two hours to install, while skylights could take days. Solar
tubes work to reflect and refract the suns light into your home. Another good feature about
solar tubes is that it will reduce your energy bill significantly while keeping your house bright.
A solar tube kit can be in the price range of $200.00-$500.00. Solar tubes cut down on artificial
light and bring in more natural light. Reflection is when a ray of light hits a surface and
bounces off. Reflection in the solar tube is when the sun reflects down a tube and comes down
at a diffuser at the bottom. Refraction is when a light ray bends as it travels. The refraction in
the solar tube is when the sun’s rays bend and travel out of the solar tube. The sun then comes
out of the bottom of the tube and brings light in to the room. Without the metal cylinder in the
solar tube the sun wouldn’t reflect and refract off of anything and wouldn’t produce light.
Some people who live in third world countries or are poor, and either don’t have
electricity or can’t afford it. One place that this occurs is in the Philippines. One man in the
Philippines, whose name is Demetrio Bukas, came up with an idea similar to a solar tube, but
less expensive. This idea is called the solar bottle. This bottle light is not powered by
electricity, but by the sun similar to the solar tube. For the solar bottle, an empty two-liter
plastic soda bottle is first filled with water. Then a cap full of bleach is added to the water to
keep the water clean and mold and algae from growing in the bottle. The water bottle is then
placed into the roof. The sun will then reflect on the water and create a light in the room that is
equal to a 55-watt light bulb. Refraction in the solar bottle is when the sun is being bent to
shine light out of the bottle. The refraction is when the suns rays bend as they travel through the
bottle like the solar tube. Then the room will be lightened through the reflection and refraction
bending and moving the light rays. Reflection and refraction is an important part to make a
room brighter without the high payments of electricity.
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Methodology
Every machine has such a method to build it for working. Many types of tube lights havedifferent method. The methodology of different tube lights are given below.
1.ZH-9602/A
ZH-9602/A heliport light beacon is a white flashing light, as a distance visual guidance.
It’s so important especially when the ambient light make it different to see there is a heliport.
According to ICAO, every heliport should have at least one light beacon. It should be installed
above or near the heliport, it will be better if it is installed in an elevated place. Please make sure
it will not let the pilot feel glaring in short distance.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/A
Input Power AC220V/DC48VConsumption ≤15W
Flash Frequency 4 times/2seconds
Light Intensity 2500cd
Light Source Xenon Tube
Light Source Lifespan 100,000,000times.
Emitting Color White
Ingress Protection IP65
Ambient Temperature -40 ~60℃ ℃
Wind Load 80m/s
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Weight 3kg
Overall Dimension (mm) 200*180*380
Installation Dimension (mm) 180*160*M10
2.ZH-9602/B
ZH-9602/B heliport approach light is a white sequence flashing light. Used for
approach guidance when helicopter is landing, it can provided instructions about
approach direction for the helicopter pilot. It can be installing in the exterior of the
heliport perimeter lights, the direction that can approaching, unilateral or two-wayinstallation. At least 5 lights each group. Flash from the outside to the inside.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/B
Input Power AC220V/DC48V
Consumption ≤15W
Flash Frequency 1time/s
Light Intensity 3500cd
Light Source Xenon Tube
Light Source Lifespan 100,000,000times
Emitting Color White
Ingress Protection IP65
Ambient Temperature -40 ~60℃ ℃
Wind Load 80m/s
Weight 3.5kgOverall Dimension (mm) 180*180*430
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Installation Dimension (mm) 100*100*M10
3.ZH-9602/C
ZH-9602/C heliport perimeter light is a constant green light upright installing light. Emitting
omnidirectional green light at night or in the daytime with low visibility to indicate the
perimeter of heliport take off and land area, to indicate the safe landing area for helicopter
pilot. It is controlled by switch in the heliport control cabinet.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/C
Operating Voltage AC220V/DC48V
Consumption ≤5W
Light Intensity ≥25cd
Light Source Green LED
Light Source Lifespan 100,000hr.
Emitting Color Green
Ingress Protection IP65
Ambient Humidity 0~98%
Altitude ≤4500m
Ambient Temperature -40 ~ 60℃ ℃
Wind Load 80m/s
Weight 1.5kg
Overall Dimension (mm) 168*168*260
Installation Dimension (mm) 100*100*M8
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4.ZH-9602/D
ZH-9602/D helipad aiming point light isasteady burning white light inset installing light.
Emitting Omnidirectional green light at night or in the daytime with low visibility to show the
accurate loading place for loading helicopter. It is controlled byswitch in the heliport control
cabinet.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/DOperating Voltage AC220V/DC48V
Consumption ≤12W
Light Intensity 100cd
Light Source White LED
Light source Lifespan 100,000hr.
Emitting Color White
Ingress Protection IP68
Ambient Humidity 0~100%
Altitude ≤4500m
Ambient Temperature -40℃~60℃
Wind Load 80m/s
Weight 6.5kg
Overall Dimension (mm) 220*130∮
5.ZH-9602/EL
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ZH-9602/EL heliport flood light is a ground surface installation light. It’s used to
lighten the surface of the heliport, ensuring the heliport surface illumination not less
than 10 Lux, making the heliport sign easy to see and giving the landing heliport
accurate guidance. Uniform illumination of the heliport allows the pilot to reduce eye
glare as much as possible in short distance. It is controlled by switch in the heliport
control cabinet.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/EJ
Operating Voltage AC220V
Consumption ≤160W
Luminous Flux 13000Lm
Light Source 150W Halogen
Light Source Lifespan 15000hr.
Emitting Color White
Ingress Protection IP65
Ambient Humidity 0~95%
Altitude ≤4500m
Ambient Temperature -30℃~60℃
Wind Load 80m/s
Weight 4.5kg
Overall Dimension (mm) 305*250*167
Installation Dimension(mm) 80-M8*2
6.ZH-9602/EL1
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ZH-9602/EL1 heliport flood light is a white ground installation light. It’s used to lighten the
surface of the heliport, ensuring the heliport surface illumination not less than 10 Lux, making
the heliport sign easy to see and give the landing heliport accurate guidance. Uniform
illumination of the heliport allows the pilot to reduce eye glare as much as possible in short
distance. It is controlled by switch in the heliport control cabinet.
Technical Parameter
Name Parameter
Type ZH-9602/EL1
Operating Voltage AC220V/DC48V
Consumption 20W
Luminous Flux 2100Lm
Light Source White LED
Light source Lifespan 100,000hr.
Emitting Color White
Ingress Protection IP65Ambient Humidity 0~95%
Altitude ≤4500m
Ambient Temperature -40℃~60℃
Wind Load 80m/s
Weight 3.8kg
Overall Dimension (mm) 305*250*167
Installation Dimension(mm) 80-M8*2
7.ZH-9602/K1S
ZH-9602/K1 is a heliport outdoor light controller, suits all kinds of heliport lights’
on-off controller. It controls and shows all the heliport navigation lights’ work status.
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This product is outdoor type, ingress protection is IP54, can be used in the outdoor
directly.
Technical Parameter:
Item Technic Parameter
Model ZH-9602/K1
Operating voltage 220VAC
Power consumption ≤30W
Power consumption load ≤4000W
Controllable circuits 6 circuits
Ingress protection IP54
Ambient humidity 0~95%
Operating temperature -40~60℃
Altitude ≤4500m
Net weight 50kg
Overall size(mm) 900*750*250
Installation size(mm) Console installation750*220
Results
The Effects of Fluorescent Light on the Ocular Health of Persons with Pre-Existing Eye
Pathologies Fluorescent light is the most common source of lighting today for industry and
commerce. The cool white fluorescent tube is the light source of choice for most designers of
interior spaces. Fluorescent light is cheap, efficient and long-lasting and the tubes are available
in a wide array of styles and choices, from the common cool white fluorescent tube (4100K and
5000K) to specialty tubes such as plant growth tubes and actinic tubes for aquarium lighting.
Most schools are lit with cool white fluorescent tubes as well, owing to the qualities of economy and long life they offer. However, recent studies in cellular activity of the human
retina indicate cool white tubes or daylight tubes should probably not be considered as a good
lighting source for persons with eye disease or eye injury.
When the eye is healthy and carrying on the process of photoreception, each photoreceptor
in the retina does one unit of work for each peak in a wavelength of light which strikes it. Each
unit of work done by a single photoreceptor, generates one unit of cellular waste product which
must be carried away by the eye’s natural system of waste disposal.
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In the diseased or injured eye, the natural system of waste disposal is often compromised.
Thus, while the retinal cells are working hard to process light information, they often produce
more waste product than the eye’s disposal system can handle. Waste products build up in the
eye and are perceived by the brain as “glare.”
Glare is often characterized as “fog, whiteness, blackness, or an irritating feeling.” Whatever
it is, it’s unpleasant to the person who experiences it. For the person suffering from diseased or
injured eyes, it is more than unpleasant, it can be extremely painful and it can last a very long
time after the source of light is removed.
It is not too harsh to state that virtually all persons with vision problems should be removed
from a light environment where the predominant light waves are a temperature above 3500K or a wavelength less than approximately 500 nm.
Not only is it uncomfortable for persons with diseased or damaged eyes, there is adequate
information available to safely state that blue light, in addition to UV, causes irreparable
damage, over time, to the human retina, especially in young children. Numerous studies by Dr.
Chen of Sweden and Drs. Ham and Buffalo, suggest it is wavelength alone, not duration or
intensity which is responsible for cellular damage and death in the presence of blue light.
Serious consideration as to how we light environments of persons with visual problems cannot
come too soon.
Because of the slow processing of visual information in the diseased or injured eye, many
persons with limited vision are able to perceive the flicker in fluorescent lights which is
imperceptible to persons with healthy eyes. While this does not present a health problem to
most people (except those with epilepsy,) it does become a source of annoyance for some.
A new product, the Vivid Vision Lamp, is now available from the American Printing House for
the Blind. Even though it is fluorescent, it employs a new technology which reduces the flicker
rate to almost nothing. Additionally, it uses a combination of fluorescent and other lamp
technologies to produce light that is in the 2700K range. It is perfect for most persons with
compromised vision, and those persons with typical vision for whom typical fluorescent
lighting is not advisable, because it emits NO blue or UV light.
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It is important that those of us who make decisions about the environments of others,
especially children, take the safety and the comfort of their visual experience into
consideration.
Discussion
1. Solar Light Tubes
Solar light tubes are an excellent way to bring natural light into dark areas of the house. Light
tubes collect light from all directions through a dome on the roof, and bounce it through a
reflective tube into a room below. The light tube shines through a diffuser that can be made to
look like an ordinary recessed fixture. Light tubes can provide bright light even on cloudy days,
and tubes can extend through attics and even around obstacles to get light where you need it.
Like windows and skylights, light tubes should have low U-Factors to reduce heat lost through
the tube, particularly in cold climates.
Good:
• Excellent source of light for interior rooms
• Low U-factor
• Captures large amount of light for size
• Tubes up to 30 feet long
• Tax credit eligible
Bad:
• May require additional installation parts Overall:
Solartube is one of the best known and best selling brands of light tubes. The 290DSe is a
particularly efficient model, pulling in lots of light through a 13 inch tube with a U-factor of
0.28, better than most double glazed windows. There are many available options, including
multiple diffusers and lenses, dimmers and flashing options to customize the product for anyhome.
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2. Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite
mercury vapor . The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then
causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical
power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically
offsets the higher initial cost of the lamp. The lamp fixture is more costly because it requires a
ballast to regulate the current through the lamp.
3. Vacuum tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), thermionic valve, tube
or valve is a device controlling electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container. The
container is often thin transparent glass in a roughly cylindrical shape. Electrical contacts are
usually made to variously shaped plugs at the base. They are used for rectification,
amplification, switching, or similar processing or creation of electrical signals. Tubes rely on
thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or hot cathode. Electrons travel to the
anode (or plate) when it is at a positive voltage with respect to the cathode. Additional
electrodes between the cathode and anode regulate current, allowing a tube to amplify or to
switch.
4. Ultraviolet ( UV ) light
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that
of visible light, but longer than X-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3 eV
to 124 eV. It is named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with
frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the colour violet. These frequencies are
invisible to humans, but visible to a number of insects and birds. They are also indirectly
visible, by causing fluorescent materials to glow with visible light.
5.Vacuum UV
Vacuum UV (wavelengths shorter than 200 nm) is blocked by air but can propagate through a
vacuum. These wavelengths are strongly absorbed by molecular oxygen in the air. Pure
nitrogen (with less than about 10 ppm oxygen) is transparent to wavelengths in the range of
about 150 – 200 nm. This has practical significance, since semiconductor manufacturing
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processes have been using wavelengths shorter than 200 nm. By working in oxygen-free gas,
the equipment does not have to be built to withstand vacuum. Some other scientific instruments
that operate in this spectral region, such as circular dichroism spectrometers, are also
commonly nitrogen-purged.
6. Ultraviolet LEDs
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be manufactured to emit light in the ultraviolet range,
although practical LED arrays are very limited below 365 nm. LED efficiency at 365 nm is
about 5-8%, whereas efficiency at 395 nm is closer to 20%, and power outputs at these longer
UV wavelengths are also better. Such LED arrays are beginning to be used for UV curing
applications, and are already successful in digital print applications and inert UV curingenvironments. Power densities approaching 3,000 mW/cm2 (30 kW/m2) are now possible, and
this, coupled with recent developments by photoinitiator and resin formulators, makes the
expansion of LED-cured UV materials likely.
7. Ultraviolet lasers
UV gas lasers, laser diodes and UV solid-state lasers can be manufactured to emit light in the
ultraviolet range. Direct UV-emitting laser diodes are available at 375 nm. UV diode lasers
have been demonstrated using Ce:LiSAF crystals (cerium doped with lithium strontium
aluminum fluoride), a process developed in the 1990s at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory. Wavelengths shorter than 325 nm are commercially generated from diodes in
solid-state modules that use frequency doubling or tripling diode-pumped solid state DPSS
technology. Wavelengths available include 262, 266, 349, 351, 355, and 375 nm. Ultraviolet
lasers have applications in industry (laser engraving), medicine (dermatology and
keratectomy), secure communications, and computing (optical storage).
8. Gas-filled tubes
Gas-filled tubes such as discharge tubes and cold cathode tubes are not hard vacuum tubes,
though are always filled with gas at less than sea-level atmospheric pressure. Types such as the
voltage-regulator tube and thyratron resemble hard vacuum tubes and fit in sockets designed
for vacuum tubes. Their distinctive orange, red, or purple glow during operation indicates the
presence of gas; electrons flowing in a vacuum do not produce light within that region. These
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types may still be referred to as "electron tubes" as they do perform electronic functions. High-
power rectifiers use mercury vapor to achieve a lower forward voltage drop than high-vacuum
tubes.
9. Cathode ray tubes
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube used particularly for display purposes. Although
there are still many televisions and computer monitors using cathode ray tubes, they are rapidly
being replaced by flat panel displays whose quality has greatly improved even as their prices
drop. This is also true of digital oscilloscopes (based on internal computers and analog to
digital converters), although traditional analog scopes (dependent on CRT's) continue to be
produced, are economical, and preferred by many technicians. At one time many radios used"magic eye tubes", a specialized sort of CRT used in place of a meter movement to indicate
signal strength, or input level in a tape recorder. A modern indicator device, the vacuum
fluorescent display (VFD) is also a sort of cathode ray tube.
10. Neon light
Neon lighting is created by brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain
rarefied neon or other gases. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon
tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3–18,
1910. Claude, sometimes called "the Edison of France" had a near monopoly on the new
technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920-1940.
Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era; by 1940,
the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square
in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances. There were 2000 shops
nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neonsignage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939–1945), but
development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades
architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a
component in their works.
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11. Vidicon tube
A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a photoconductor.
The Vidicon was developed in the 1950s at RCA by P. K. Weimer, S. V. Forgue and R. R.
Goodrich as a simple alternative to the structurally and electrically complex Image Orthicon.
While the initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targets–including silicon diode
arrays–have been used.
12. Geissler tube
A Geissler tube is an early gas discharge tube used to demonstrate the principles of electrical
glow discharge. The tube was invented by the German physicist and glassblower Heinrich
Geissler in 1857. It consists of a sealed, partially evacuated glass cylinder of various shapes
with a metal electrode at each end, containing rarefied gasses such as neon, argon, or air ;
mercury vapor or other conductive fluids; or ionizable minerals or metals, such as sodium.
When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes, an electrical current flows through the
tube. The current disassociates electrons from the gas molecules, creating ions, and when the
electrons recombine with the ions, the gas emits light. The light emitted is characteristic of the
material within the tube, and is composed of one or more narrow spectral lines. Many different
colors and lighting effects can be achieved. In the early 20th century, Geissler tube technology
was commercialized and evolved into neon lighting.
Conclusion
Above this statement we can say that tube light has become a necessity in human life
at present. It reduces the use of normal bulb by its activation. In fact , it has placed in top
position in the sector of lighting site. By using this people are benefited greatly in all
sector . It also saves energy and gives clear light. On the other hand ,it is modified
drastically as different types which are used in many special purpose. Now we have solar
tube light that is really a great contribution in modern science because it saves the energy
specially. So tube light is a great invention for the betterment of people life and a blessing
for modern world.
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Bibliography
Web sites:
1. www.Google.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
Appendix
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Light tubes(3)
History(3)
Methodology(8)
Solar light tubes(17)
Fluorescent(18)
Vacuum tube(18)
Ultraviolet led(19)
Ultraviolet laser(19)
Cathode ray tube(20)
Neon tube(20)
Vidicon tube(21)
Result(16)