1

msweavb mskvabx (1973 _K 2014) cwZ evsjv`k

Uvg ccvi

cYqY, gvQvt Zvwbqv Avdwib

Rv.we ivj t 9545722 Rv.we. iwR t 1566686

Kvm ivj t 434

Md t we

RvZxq wekwe`vjq KZK cbxZ 2009-2010 wkv eli bZzb ckci aviv Abyhvqx AvewkK welq wnmve Uvg ccviwU Dcvcbi Rb cYxZ|

Dc vcbvq t gvQv t Zvwbqv Avdwib wefvM t Abvm PZz_ el (ivwevb) miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi

ZveavqK t Rbve gvt wgRvbyi ingvb mnhvMx AavcK miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi

2

gyLe

Uvg ccvi cYqb Avgv`i cvVg GKwU AvewkK welq| GKwU Melbv agx wbe|

GKwU ^vaxb ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh| evsjv`k me c_g 1972 mvji 4

bfi^ MYcwil`i gvag msweavb cYqb Kiv nq Ges cieZxZ wewfb mgq Zv

mskvab Kiv nq| G mskvabi dj msweavbi wewfb avivq e cwieZb mvwaZ nq|

GB cwZ ev e cqvRb gUvbvi j GB MelYvagx ccvi iPbvq Dz nqwQ|

GwU GKwU weklY agx MelYvg~jK KvR hv cieZxZ mswk welq MelYvg~jK

KvRi Rb eeZ nZ cvi| msweavb mskvab AvBbi cwZ Avgiv AbZ_

RvbZ cvwi|

3

KZZv ^xKvi

ce c iPbv Kiv GKwU KwVb KvR| G aibi KvR mv`b KiZZ wMq AbKi

mvnvh I mnhvwMZvi cqvRb nq| G evcvi Avgvi ZveavqK Rbve gvt wgRvbyi

inngvb wewfb mgq civgk I mnhvwMZv w`q mvnvh KiQb| wewfb mnvqK M

cqvRbxq Z_ _K h evcK mvnvh MnnY KiwQ Ges m Rb Avwg m mKj

jLK`i KvQ Avgvi AvwiK KZZv cKvk KiwQ| ZvQvov MelYvg~jK KvR KiZ

wMq Avwg Avgvi mncvVx I evex`i AbK civgk I mnhvwMZv cqwQ Zv`i

RvbvB AvwiK abev`|

mekl GB MelYvagx Uvg ccvi Zwi KiwQ Ges G _K Avwg msweavb

mskvabx t cwZ evsjv`k G welq KvR Kivi myhvM w`q Avgvi vbi

cwiwaK cmvwiZ KiQ eY| m Rb Avwg Zveavbi wbKU KZZv cKvk

KiwQ|

4

m~Pxc

c_g Aavq t

1.1| f~wgKv

1.2| msweavbi msv

1.3| evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg

wZxq Aavq t

2.1| evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm

2.2| evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ|

ZZxq Aavq t

3.1| evsjv`ki cwZ msweavbi wewfb mskvabxmg~n|

3.2| c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973

3.3| wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973

3.4| ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974

3.5| PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979

3.6| cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj)

3.7| l mskvabx AvBb 1981

3.8| mg mskvabx AvBb 1986 (evwZj)

3.9| Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988

3.10| beg mskvabx AvBb 1989

3.11| `kg mskvabx AvBb 1990

3.12| GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

3.13| v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

3.14| qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj)

3.15| PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004

3.16| c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011

3.17| lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014

Mcw

5

c_g Aavq

1.1 f~wgKv t

AvaywbK weki mKj cKvi kvmb ee v kvmK I kvwmZi AvBbMZ

mKi Dci cwZwZ| Avi kvmK I kvwmZi ga G mywbw` mK vwcZ nqQ

mvsweavwbK wqv cwZwqvi gvag| myZivs `Lv hvQ: msweavbi gvagB ivi

kvmb ee v cwiPvwjZ I wbqwZ nq| miKvii ic msweavbi vivB wbavwiZ nq|

ZvB msweavb nQ GKwU ivi PvwjKv kw| msweavb Qvov Kvb ivB myzfve

cwiPvwjZ nZ cvi bv| ZvB msweavb cwZwU ^vaxb `ki Rb AZvekK|

1.2 msweavbi msv t

(K) g~j msv t

msweavb ejZ m me wjwLZ AwjwLZ gj weavbewjK eySvq hv ivi gZvi

eenvi I eUb ixwZK cfvweZ Ki Ges wewfb cwZvbi ga m^ wbYq Ki|

evcK A_ msweavb ejZ `ki kvmbee v wbqYKvix wjwLZ I AwjwLZ me iKg

wbqgKvbybK eySvq| G wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb A_ AvBb Gi AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb

A_ cPwjZ c_v, ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi ee v cfwZ eySvbv nq|

Prof. Herman Finer Gi gZ, The system of fundamental

political institutions is the constitution.

ivwevbx Leacock Gi gZ, Constitution is nothing but the form

of government.

6

myZivs h mKj wbqgKvbyb I wewaweavb miKvi wKfve msMwVZ ne, miKvii gZvB

ev wK _vKe, wKfve G gZv cqvM Kiv ne| miKvii wewfb wefvMi ga wKfve

gZv eUY ne Ges G`i cvivwiK mKB ev wK neZv wbaviY Ki G`i

mgwMZ icKB msweavb ejv nq| e Z msweavb Kvb iv ev miKvii h_vh_ ^ic

ev cKwZ wbaviY Ki|

1.3 evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg t

evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg Zv Rvbvi Rb evsjv`ki eZgvb msweavbi

KwZcq DjLhvM wewk w`Ki AvjvKcvZ GLvb GKv AvekK|

c_gZ, evsjv`ki ivKvVvgvi ^xKwZ msweavb myfveB c` vb Kiv nqQ|

evsjv`k hnZz Kvb AivR ev c`k bB| hnZz GLvb miKvii mKj gZv

K `xq miKvii nvZ b Kiv nqQ |

evsjv`ki fMvwjK Ae vb I AvqZbi ev eZvK KvhKifveB aviY KiQ

evsjv`ki msweavb|

wZxq, msweavbB evsjv`ki mevP AvBb| evsjv`ki f~L me GB msweavbi

cvavbB ^xKZ|

ZZxqZ, miKvii wewfb Ai ga fvimvg cwZvi Pv iqQ evsjv`ki

msweavb| AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM hvZ ^ ^ cwigj AwcZ `vwqZ h_vh_fve

cvjb KiZ cvi evsjv`k msweavb mw`K wekl bRi w`qQ|

PZz_Z, weki Abvb MYZvwK ivi msweavbi bvq evsjv`g msweavbi iv

cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ mg~n wjwce Kiv nqQ| mekwgvb Avjvni Ici c~Y Av v I

wekvm RvZxqZvev`| MYZ, A_bwZK I mvgvwRK, bvqwePvi mgvRZ G 4wU gj

Av`k evsjv`ki msweavb iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnmve ^xKwZ cqQ |

7

cgZ, gwjK AwaKvii mwbek evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv `vb KiQ|

RbMYi mvgi AwaKvi, Pjvdjv mfv mwgwZ, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, evK-

^vaxbZv, mwi ^vaxbZv, agxq ^vaxbZv, ckv MnYi ^vaxbZv, `j MVbi ^vaxbZv

cfwZ gwjK AwaKvi mg~n evsjv`ki msweavb wbwZ Kiv nqQ| Riwi Ae v

eZxZ iv Rb mvaviYi Gme AwaKvi msiY eva|

lZ, evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq Ges wjwLZ|

mgZ, MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU we vwiZ wjwLZ `wjwj| msweavbwU

11wU fvM wef Ges ZvZ 153wU AbyQ`, GKwU c vebv I ZvZ 4wU Zdwmj

iqQ| GB msweavb `xN Ze`xNZi bq| wjwLZic evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv

`vb KiQ|

myZivs ejv hvq h, evsjv`ki msweavbi bgbxq cKwZ evsjv`k msweavbK mKj

hyMB KiQ myhvchvMx| Avi G K_v Avgiv Mei mv_ ejZ cvwi evsjv`ki

msweavb weki AbZg k msweavb|

8

wZxq Aavq

2.1 evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm t

^vaxbZv jvfi ci evsjv`ki MYcwil`i gvag c~Yv msweavb KvhKvix nq 1972

mvji 16 wWmi^| wK Gi c~e ^vaxbZv NvlYvKvj (1972 mvji 26 gvP) _K

^vaxbZv ARb (1971 mvji 16 wWmi^) I 1972 mvji 16 wWmi^ ch Avgiv

AeZxKvjxb y`wU msweavb cvB:

1. ^vaxbZvi NvlYv c (10 Gwcj 1971)

2. A vqx msweavb Av`k (11 Rvbyqvwi 1972)

AeZx msweavb : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb`K AeZx msweavb ej| 10

Gwcj 1971 evsjv`ki miKvii MVbi c~e GB ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb` MnY Kiv

nq| evsjv`k ^vaxbZv NvlYv mb` iPbv Kib evwivi Avwgij Bmjvg|

A vqx mvsweavwbK Av`k Rvwi: 11 Rvbyqvwi 1971 Rvwi Kib RvwZi wcZv eez

kL gywReyi ingvb|

MYcwila Av`k Rvwi: 23 gvP 1972 Rvwi Kib ivcwZ wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix|

MYcwil` Lmov msweavY:

Dvcb: 12 Avei, 1972 mvj|

Lmov msweavb MnxZ: 4 bf^i, 1972 mvj|

Lmov msweavb ^vi: 14 wWm^i, 1972 mvj|

msweavb KvhKi: 16 wWm^i, 1972|

msweavb iPbvi KwgwU:

m`m t 34 Rb

AvIqvgx jxM m`m t 33 Rb

GKgv weivax `jxq m`m t 1 Rb (myiwZ mb )

KwgwUi cavb t Wvt Kvgvj nvmb

GKgv gwnjv m`m t eMg ivwRqv evby (eivev)

9

MYcwil`i m`m msLv t

1970 mvji wWmi^ _K i Ki 1971 mvji gvP gvm ch wbevPbi RvZxq I

cv`wkK cwil` wbevwPZ m`m gvU (RvZxq cwil` 169 + cv`wkK cwil` 300)

469 Rb| G`iK wbqB MYcwil` MwVZ nq| Ze G`i ga wewfb mgq

gviv hvq t 12 Rb

cvwK vbi bvMwiK nq t 2 Rb

`vjvwj AvBb AvUK t 5 Rb

MYcwil` m`m (m`m c` evwZj):

Av`k AvIqvgx jxM _K ewntZ t 46 Rb

e`wkK mvwfm hvM`vb Ki t 1 Rb gvUt 66 Rb evwK 403 Rb m`m wbq MYcwil` KgZrciZv Pj| G`i g` 400 Rb wQjb

AvIqvgx jxM Ges 3 Rb wQjv weivax`jxq|

MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb t

1972 mvji 10 Gwcj MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb em| GB Awaekbi 34 Rb

m`mwewk GKwU Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| evsjv`ki AvBb gx

Wv: Kvgvj nvmb GB Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwUi Pqvigvb wbhy nb| GB

KwgwUZ gv GKRb weivax `jxq m`m wQjb (myiwZ mb)| 1972 mvji 17

Gwcj G Lmov kvmb Z cYqb KwgwUi c_g Awaekb em| G evcvi gvU 98wU

mycvwik GmwQj| Zvi ga gv GKwU mycvwik MnY Kiv nqwQj|

Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwU megvU 74wU eVK wgwjZ nq kvmbZi Lmov ic

cYqbi 300 NUv mgq eq Kib| wbRi avb-aviYv I mycvwiki AvjvK evcK

AvjvPbvi ci KwgwU 10 Ryb kvmbZi GKwU cv_wgK Lmov Abygv`b Kib|

Gici KwgwUi mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Abvb `ki msm`xq ee v

10

AejvKbc~eK Lmov kvmbZi wU wbicYi Rb weUb, fviZmn KqKwU `k

mdi Kib|

AZtci wZwb `k wdi Avmj 1972 mvji 12 Avei KwgwUi mekl eVK

AbywZ nq Ges KwgwU KZK GB w`b kvmbZi c~bv Lmov P~ovfve MnxZ nq|

MYcwil`i 2q Awaekb t

1972 mvji 12 Avei MYcwil`i Avei MYcwilai wZxq Awaekb em| G

Awaekb Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Lmov kvmbZ

wej AvKvi Dc vcb Kib|

1972 mvji 19 Avei G Lmov kvmbZ c_g cvV G mvaviY AvjvPbv i nq|

30 Avei ch Gi Dci mvaviY AvjvPbv PjZ _vK| 19 Avei _K 30

Avei ch 10wU eVK gvU 32 NUv ai G AvjvPbv Pj| G mgq weji Dci

gvU 163wU mskvabx c ve Avbv nq| wK gv 84wU mskvabx c ve MnxZ nq| G

mskvabx c vejvi AwaKvskB wQj msweavbi f~jwU mwKZ|

1972 mvji 4 bf^i Lmov msweavb weji Dci ZZxq I mekl Awaekb em|

GB Awaekb MYcwil`i m`mMY n wjwLZ kvmbZi g~j AbywjwcZ ^vi`vb

Kib Ges Aekl 1972 mvji 16 wWm^i MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKi

nq|

2.2 evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ t

msweavb mskvabx:

h cwqv Aejb^c~eK Kvbv iv KZK MnxZ msweavbi wewfb welq MwZkxj I

wqvkxj Ki Zvjvi Rb cwigvRb, cwieab, mskvab wKsev myhvchvMx Ki Zvjv

nq ZvK msweavb mskvab ejv nq|

msweavb mskvabx:

11

evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq GK mvaviY AvBb cYqb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq

bv| msweavb weavb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq bv| msweavb weavb iqQ h, RvZxq

msm` msweavbi h Kvb weavbK mskvab KiZ cvi Ze GRb wbwjwLZ `ywU kZ

cvjb KiZ ne|

c_gZ, msweavb mskvabi Kvbv wejB msm`i weePbvi Rb MnY Kiv hve bv|

hw` bv D weji `xN wkivbvg msweavbi Kvb weavb mskvab Kivi K_v fve

DjL Kiv nq| A_vr D weji wkivbvg AekB msweavb mskvab Kivi welqwU

wZ DjwLZ _vKe|

wZxqZ, msweavb mskvabi wej msm`i gvU m`mi AZ y`B ZZxqvsk msLvMwi

fvU MnxZ nZ ne| Gfve Kvb wej MnxZ nj mB ewj ivcwZi Abygv`bi

Rb Zvi wbKU ck Kiv nq| Gic msm` MnxZ Kvb msweavb mskvabx wej hLb

ivcwZi wbKU cvVvbv nq ZLb wZwb mvZ w`bi ga wejwUZ mwZ `vb Kieb|

wZwb Zv KiZ Amg_ nj D mgq AwZevwnZ nIqvi ci wZwb wejwUZ mwZ `vb

KiQb ej MY Kiv ne Ges wejwU wewae I KvhKi ne|

12

ZZxq Aavq

3.1 evsjv`ki cwZ msweavbi wewfb mskvabx mg~n t

msweavb GKwU `ki kvmK`i c_ c` `kK| evsjv`k ^vaxb nj GKwU msweavb

Aekvex nq co| 1972 mvji 11 Gwcj MYcwil` Lmov msweavb cYqbi Rb

34 m`m wewk KwgwU MwVZ nq| 1972 mvji 10 Ryb msweavbi Lmov Abygvw`Z

nq Ges 11 Avei Lmov P~ovfve MnxZ nq| evsjv`ki msweavb 1972 mvji 16

wWmi^ ejer nevi ci _K G ch 15 evi mskvaY Kiv nqQ |

c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973

wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973

ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974

PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979

cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj)

l mskvabx AvBb 1981

mg mskvabx AvBb 1986 (evwZj)

Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988

beg mskvabx AvBb 1989

`kg mskvabx AvBb 1990

GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991

qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj)

PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004

c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011

lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014

13

3.2 c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [c_g mskvab AvBb, 1973]

DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|

msm` MnxZ nq t 15 RyjvB, 1973

welqe t MYnZv Ges hyvciva wj ew` cvwK vwb mwbK`i wePvii

cvcU GB mskvabx AvBbwU cYxZ nq|

1. GB mskvabi dj MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi 47 AbyQ`; 2bs `dvi

ci wbic bZzb `dv hy nqt

GB msweavb hv ejv nqQ, Zv mI MYnZvRwbZ Aciva, gvbeZvweivax

Aciva ev hyvciva Ges AvRvwZK AvBbi Aaxb Abvb Acivai Rb Kvb mk

evwnbx ev cwZiv evwnbx ev mnvqK evwnbxi m`m wKsev hyew`K AvUK, dR`vwiZ

mvc` wKsev ``vb Kwievi weavb msewjZ Kvb AvBb ev AvBbi weavb GB

msweavbi Kvb weavbi mv_ Amvgm ev Zvi cwicx| GB KviY evwZj ev h

AvBwb ej MY ne bv| GB mskvabx AvBb cYqbi ci hyvciva I MYnZvi

AwfhvM cvwK vbx ew` mwbK`i wePvii c_ ck nq|

3.3 wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [wZxq mskvab AvBb, 1973]

DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|

msm` MnxZ nq t 22 mi^, 1973

welqe t GB mskvabx AvBbi DjLhvM ewk nQ Riwi

weavbewj msewjZ bZzb beg fvMi mshvRb|

Riwi weavbewjZ NvlYv Kiv nq h, hy ev ewnivgb ev Afixb MvjhvMi viv

evsjv`k ev Gi h Kvb Aski wbivcv ev A_bwZK Rxeb wecb nevi AvkLv `Lv

w`j ivcwZ Riwi Ae v NvlYv cieZx Kvb NvlYvi viv cZvnvi Kiv ne| A_ev

msm` Dc vwcZ ne, A_ev 120 w`b AwZevwnZ nevi c~e msm`i c ve viv

14

Abygvw`Z bv nj Zv KvhKi _vKe bv| Riwi Ae v NvlYvKvj gwjK AwaKvimg~n

ejer KiYi Rb Av`vjZ gvgjv iR Kievi AwaKvi ^Kvji Rb wMZ _vKe|

ZvQvov bvMwiK`i Aeva Pjvdiv AwaKvi, mgeZ nIqvi AwaKvi, mwgwZ MVbi

wPv I weePbvi AwaKvi, eemv I Kvievi cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi, mw ARb I

cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi Riwi Ae vq evnZ ne| GUv wQj, 1973 mvji 24bs AvBb|

3.4 ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [ZZxq mskvab AvBb, 1974]

DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|

msm` MnxZ nq t 23 bfi^, 1974

welqe t GwU wQj 1974 mvji 74 bs AvBb|

evsjv`ki miKvi Ges fviZ miKvii ga mxgvZ wPwZKiY Pzw KvhKi Kivi

Dk GB mskvabx AvBbwU Mnxq nq| wgRvivg evsjv`k mxgv, wcyiv wmjU,

fvMjcyi ijIq jvBb, wkecyi Mivjv mxgv, gyix b`x GjvKv, dbx b`x mxgv,

nvKvi Lvm, eKvix Lvj, wnwm eievwo I jvwVwUjv Wzgvevwo mxgv GjvKvi mK

1974 mvji 16B g ZvwiL evsjv`ki cavbgx Ges fviZi cavbgxi ga h

Pzw mvw`Z nq ZvB cvcU GB mskvabx AvBb MnxZ nq|

GB mskvabxZ ejv nq h, Pzw Abymvi evsjv`k I fviZi gaeZx f~-mxgvbv

wbavibi ci miKvii MRU wew viv h ZvwiL eYbv Kib mB ZvwiL nZ D

wewZ ewYZ Af~ GjvKv evsjv`ki ivxq mxgvbvi Ask ne Ges ewnf~Z

GjvKvi Gi Ask ne bv|

15

3.5 PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [PZz_ mskvab AvBb, 1979]

DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|

msm` MnxZ nq t 25 Rvbyqvwi, 1979

gv `yB ermii ga evsjv`k msweavb PZz_ mskvabx AvBb cYxZ nq| Gi dj

evsjv`k msweavbi Avg~j cwieZb mvwaZ nq| 1975 mvji 25 Rvbyqvwi ivcwZ

KZK GB mskvabx AvBb Abygvw`Z nq| Gi c wQj 294 fvU Ges wec Kvb

fvU wQj bv| ivcwZ GB mskvabx AvBbK wZxq wece bvg AwfwnZ Kib|

3.5 PZz_ mskvabxi ewk t

wewfb w`K nZ GB mskvabx AvBbwU AZ iZc~Y|

(K) GB mskvabx AvBb gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvii cwieZ evsjv`k

cewZZ nq ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi|

(L) GB mskvabx gw cwil` Gi bxwZ I Kvhvewji Rb ivcwZi KvQ `vqe

nq|

(M) GB mskvabx AvBb msm` m`m bv nqI gwcwil`i m`m nevi myhvM

c` vb Kiv nq|

(N) GB mskvabx AvBb ivcwZ wbevnx gZvi K ` j| wZwb RbMYi

cZK fvU wbevwPZ neb Ges msm`i KvQ Kvbg `vqx _vKeb bv|

Zvi BQvbymvi gwcwil`i m`mMY KvR Kieb|

(O) GB mskvabx AvBb GKRb Dc-ivcwZi c` mw nq| Dc-ivcwZ wbhy

neb ivcwZ KZK Ges ZvivB civgkgZ| ivcwZ LywkgZ wZwb

cRvZi KvR wbqvwRZ _vKeb|

(P) GB mskvab AvBb wePvi wefvMi KZZ wKQzUv nvm cvq| wePvi wefvMxq

KgKZv`i wbqvM I AcmviY mvweKfve ivcwZi wbqYvaxb Avm|

16

3.6 cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj) t

wkivbvg t msweavb [cg mskvab AvBb, 1979]

DvcbKvix t msm` bZv kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb|

msm` MnxZ nq t 5 Gwcj, 1979

g~j ewk t

(K) msweavbi g~j c vebvq, wemwgjvwni ivngvwbi ivwng| mshvRb Kiv nq| c_g

Aav`ki gvag GwU msweavbi Af~ Kiv njI ci idvimi gvag, vqx

ic `qv nq| (1978, 1g NvlYvq)

(L) msweavbi g~jbxwZZ cwieZb Avbv nq| Gi dj evOvwj RvwZqZvev`i j

evsjv`kx RvZxqZvev` ceZb Kiv nq| (1978, nq NvlYvq)

(M) mekwgvb Avjvni Ici Av v I wekvmK mKj Kgi g~jbxwZ wnme cwZ vcb

Kiv nq|

(N) mgvRZ ki evLvi A_bwZK I mvgvwRK bvqwePvii K_v ejv nq| ag

wbicZv welqK 12 AbyQ` wejy Kiv nq| Bmjvgx vZZevaib bxwZ mshvRb

Kiv nq|

(O) GK`jxq evKkvj ee v wejy Ki e`jxq MYZ ceZb Kiv nq|

(P) mywcg RywWwkqvj KvDwj MVbi weavb Kiv nq|

(Q) BbWkwbwU Aav`k eaKiY|

17

3.7 l mskvabx AvBb 1981 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [cg mskvab AvBb, 1981]

DvcbKvix t msm` bZv kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb|

msm` MnxZ nq t 8 RyjvB, 1981 Avi ivcwZ KZK Abygvw`Z nq 9 RyjvB|

g~j ewk :

evsjv`k msweavbi 51(4) Ges 66(2K) Dcaviv mskvabi Rb GB mskvabx

AvBb cYxZ nq| 51(4) Dcavivq ewYZ AvQ h ivcwZ A_ev Dc-ivcwZ Zvi

Kvhfvi Kvj msm` m`m wbevwPZ nevi Dc-ivcwZ Zvi Kvhfvi Kvj msm` m`m

wbevwPZ nevi hvM ne bv Ges Kvb msm` m`m ivcwZ wbevwPZ wKsev Dc-ivcwZ

wbhy nj Kvhfvi MnYi w`b msm` Zvi Avmb k~b ne| mskvabxZ D 51(4)

Dcavivq Dc vwcZ nqQ h, Dc-ivcwZ c` wbevwPZ nj wZwb h ZvwiL ivcwZi

Kvhfvi MnY Kieb GB ZvwiL Zvi c` k~b nqQ ej MY ne|

66 (2K) Dcavivq ewYZ AvQ h, Kvb ew Kej cavbgx, Dc cavbgx, gx,

cwZgx ev Dcgx nevi KviY cRvZi Kg Kvb jvfRbK c` AwawZ ej MY

ne bv| GB Dcaviv mskvab Ki cwZ vwcZ nq h, Kej ivcwZ, Dc-ivcwZ,

cavbgx, Dc-cavbgx, gx, cwZgx ev Dcgx nevi KviY cRvZi Kg Kvb

jvfRbK c` AwawZ ej MY neb bv|

3.7 l mskvabx AvBb t

G AvBb 51 avivq 4 Dc avivi mv_ AviI y`wU bZzb Dc aviv mshvwRZ nq| 5

Dcavivq ejv nqQ, ivcwZ A_ev Dc-ivcwZ msm` m`m wbevwPZ nj ivcwZ

A_ev Dc-ivcwZi c` _K c`ZvM bv Kiv ch wZwb m`m nevi hvMZv ARb

Kieb bv|

6 Dcavivq ejv nq, GKRb msm` m`m hw` ivcwZ wbevwPZ nb A_ev DcivcwZ

gbvbxZ nq ZvK m m msm` m`m c`ZvM KiZ ne|

18

3.8 mg mskvabx AvBb 1976 (evwZj) t

wkivbvg t msweavb [mg mskvab AvBb, 1986]

DvcbKvix t AvBb I msm` welqK gx wePvicwZ G K Gg byij Bmjvg

msm` MnxZ nq t 10 bf^i, 1986

Abygv`b t 11 bf^i, 1986

g~j welqe t

GB mskvabxi g~j j wQj, Rbvij Gikv` 1982 mvji 24 gvP _K 1986

mvji 9 bf^i ch h mg Kvhg MnY KiQb, m mg wewa Kvhg MnxZ Zvi

eaZv `vb Kiv Ges msweavbi AMZ Kiv| GB me Kvhg mK Kvb KvU

gvgjv `vqi Kiv Pje bv| GK K_vq, mvgwiK kvmbK emvgwiKxKiY Kiv wQj GB

mskvabxi j|

3.9 Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [Ag mskvab AvBb, 1988]

DvcbKvix t msm` bZv evwivi gI y`` Avng`|

msm` MnxZ nq t 7 Ryb, 1988 I cYxZ nq 9 Ryb|

g~j welqe t (K) Ag mskvabx AvBbi dj msweavbi

2 avivi ci 2(K) aviv mshvwRZ ne| 2(K) avivq ejv nqQ cRvZi ivag

Bmjvg, Ze Abvb agI cRvZi kvw I mvei cwiek PPv Kiv ne|

(L) GB mskvabx AvBb msweavbi 100 aviv mskvab Ki ewikvj, PMvg, Kzwgjv,

hkvi, iscyi I wmjU nvBKvU wefvMi QqwU vqx e cwZwZ nq|

(M) GB AvBb msweavbi 30 aviv mskvabx Ki NvlYv Kiv nq h, evsjv`ki

Kvb bvMwiK ivcwZ Abygv`b eZxZ iv KZK c` Kvb Dcvwa, mvbm~PK wWMx ev

f~lY MnY KiZ cvieb bv|

(N) GB mskvabx AvBb msweavbi 3 aviv cwieZb Ki fvlvq BsiRx cwZk wVK

Kiv nq Bangla (Bengali bq) Ges 5 aviv cwieZb Ki ivRavbx XvKvi BsiRx

bvg w i Kiv nq Dhaka (Dacca bq)|

19

3.10 beg mskvabx AvBb 1989 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [beg mskvab AvBb, 1989]

DvcbKvix t msm` bZv evwivi gI y`` Avng`, 6 RyjvB 1989 wejwU

Dvcb Ki|

msm` MnxZ nq t 10 Ryb, 1989 AvBbwU MnxZ nq Ges 11 RyjvB Abygv`b cvq|

g~j welqe t

(K) Dc-ivcwZ cZ fvU wbevwPZ neb|

(L) ivcwZ I Dc-ivcwZ c` wbevwPZ GK m GKB mgq AbywZ ne|

(M) GKvwag y`B gqv` Z_v 10 ermii ewk KD ivcwZ c` AwawZ _vKeb bv|

(N) 5 ermi ci ci wbqwgZ ivcwZ c`i Rb wbevPb AbywZ ne|

(O) ivcwZi c`i k~bZv `Lv w`j Zv wbimbi Rb ^Ztce nq msm` Awaekb

eme|

GB AvBb msweavbi 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 72, 119, 122, 133, 124, 125, 148,

152| AbyQ` Ges msweavbi PZz_ Zdwmj mskvwaZ nqQ|

3.11 `kg mskvabx AvBb 1990 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [`kg mskvab AvBb, 1990]

DvcbKvix t wePvicwZ nvweeyi Bmjvg|

msm` MnxZ nq t 12 Ryb, 1990 Mnxq nq 1990|

Abygv`b jvf t 23 Ryb 1990|

g~j ewk t

(K) msm` gwnjv`i Rb wbavwiZ 30wU Avmb AviI `k eQii Rb msiwZ nq|

msweavb `k ermii Rb msm` gwnjv`i Rb 10wU Avmb wbw ` wQj| `kg

mskvabx AvBb msm` gwnjv`i Rb wbavwiZ Avmb msLv nq 30wU Ges GB ee v

`k ermi Pvjy wQj|

20

(L) msweavb BsiRx Ges evsjv fvl ivcwZ wbevPb msv wewa weavb h

AmswZ we`gvb wQj GB mskvab AvBb Zvi wbimb NUjv| GB AvBb my Ki

ejv nqQ, ivcwZi gqv` kl nevi ZvwiLi 180 w`bi ga ivcwZ c` wbevPb

mb ne|

3.12 GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [GKv`k mskvab AvBb, 1991]

DvcbKvix t AvBb I wePvigx wgRv Mvjvg nvwdR

msm` MnxZ nq t 6 AvM, 1991|

g~j ewk t

GB mskvabx Abyhvqx A vqx ivcwZ wePvicwZ mvnveyxb Avng` cybivq cavb

wePvicwZi c` diZ hZ cvieb Ges 6 wWmi^, 90 _K A vqx miKvii

hveZxq KvhKjvc ea ej weewPZ ne| 10 AvM, 91 G wejwU ivcwZ KZK

Abygvw`Z nq|

3.13 v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [v`k mskvab AvBb, 1991]

DvcbKvix t cavbgx eMg Lvj`v wRqv, 2 RyjvB 1991 ck Kib|

msm` MnxZ nq t 6 AvM, 1991 wejwU MnxZ nq|

Abygv`b jvf t 18 mi^, 1991|

(K) evsjv`ki msweavb msm`xq ev gxcwil` kvwmZ kvmbee v ceZb KiQ|

cavbgxi nvZB cKZ kvmb gZv b | gwMY RvZxq msm`i wbKU ewMZ I

h_fve `vqx|

(L) msweavb evsjv`kK GKwU GKKw`K MYcRvZx iv wnme NvlYv Kiv nq|

mKj gZv GKwU K`xq miKvii nvZB b |

21

(M) GB msweavb bvMwiKMYK ew ^vaxbZv, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, mvgi

AwaKvi cfwZ gwjK AwaKvii wbqZv `qv nq| Aek msm` GB mKj AwaKvii

wbqZv `qv nq| Aek msm` GB mKj AwaKvii Dci AvBbMZ evav wbla Avivc

KiZ cvie|

(N) evsjv`kj ivcwZ RvZxq msm`i fvU 5 eQii Rb wbevwPZ nq| wZwb ci

ci 2 evi ev Avjv`v fve 5 eQii Rb 2 evi wbevwPZ nZ cvieb| wZwb Dcvwa

me^ ivcavb wnme KvR Kieb|

(O) RvZxq msm` bvg AwfwnZ evsjv`ki GKwU AvBbmfv _vKe| cRvZi AvBb

cYqbi gZv msm`i nvZ _vKe| RvZxq msm` 330 Rb m`mK wbq MwVZ

ne| Gi ga 300 Rb RbMYi cZK fvU wbevwPZ neb| Avi GKgv gwnjv`i

Rb 30wU Avmb msiwZ _vKe|

(P) evsjv`ki wePvi wefvM ^vaxb I wbic ne| gwjK AwaKvi I msweavbi

cvavb iv Kivi `vwqZ wePvi wefvMi nvZ b | mywcg KvU `ki mevP

wePvivjq|

(Q) GB msweavb wbevPb cwiPvjbvi Rb GKwU ^vaxb wbevPb Kwgkbi weavb Kiv

nq|

miKvwi PvKwiZ jvK wbqvMi GKwU ^vaxb miKvwi KgKwgkbi weavb I msweavb

Kiv nq|

(R) GB msweavb Abyhvqx RvwZ ag wbwekl cZK 18 eQi Da eq bvMwiKK

fvUvwaKvi c` vb Kiv nq|

(S) evsjv`ki msweavb KZwj Riwi Ae vKvjxb weavb AvQ| Riwi Ae v

PjvKvj KZjv weavb Ges gwjK AwaKvi wMZ ivLv hZ cvi|

22

3.14 qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj) t

wkivbvg t msweavb [qv`k mskvab AvBb, 1996]

DvcbKvix t ewivi Rwgi Dwb miKvi, 21 gvP, 1996

msm` MnxZ nq t 27 gvP, 1996|

Abygv`b jvf t 28 gvP, 1996|

g~j ewk t

(K) cavb Dc`vi bZZ AbwaK 10 m`mwewk wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi MwVZ

ne|

(L) ZveavqK miKvi `vwqZ MnYi 90 w`bi ga mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ ne ne|

(M) wbevwPZ cavbgx gZv MnYi w`b _KB ZveavqK miKvii gqv` kl ne|

(N) cavb Dc`v cavbgxi I Dc`vMY gxi c`ghv` v fvM Kieb|

(O) msm` fO `Iqvi 15 w`bi ga ZveavqK miKvi MwVZ ne|

(P) cavb Dc`v I Dc`v`i wbqvM I kc_ cvV Kieb ivcwZ|

(Q) ivcwZ cavb Dc`v ev Dc`v`i wbqvM evwZj KiZ cvie|

(R) ZveavqK miKvi Kvb bxwZMZ wmv MnY KiZ cvie bv|

(S) wbic I myz wbevPbi ^v_ wbevPb KwgkbK ZveavqK miKvi mevZK

mnhvwMZv Kieb|

(T) cavb Dc`v wbqvM t

1. mekl Aemicv cavb wePvi cwZ A_ev 2. mekl Aemicv cavb wePvi cwZi AeewnZ c~e Aemicv wePvicwZ

A_ve|

3. Avwcj wefvMi mekl Aemicv wePvicwZi c~e Aemicv wePvicwZ

A_ev;

4. wewk I hvM Kvb bvMwiK A_ev;

5. wewk I hvM Kvb bvMwiK A_ev;

6. KD `vwqZ MnY A^xKwZ Rvbvq Zvnj cwmWU ^xq `vwqZi AwZwi

`vwqZ wnme cavb Dc`vi `vwqZ cvjb KiZ cvieb|

23

3.15 PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [PZz` k mskvab AvBb, 2004]

DvcbKvix t AvBb, wePvi Imsm` welqK gx evwivi gI`y` Avng`|

msm` MnxZ nq t 16 g, 2004|

2004 mvji 16 g RvZxq msm` ej AvjvwPZ msweavbi PZz` k mskvabx wej

226-1 fvU cvk nq| msm` Dcw Z 227 Rb msm` m`mi ga GKgv Kv`i

wmwKx exi Dg wej cvki wei fvU `q|

g~jwelq e t

(K) 48 AbyQ`i mv_ GKwU bZzb AbyQ` mshvRb Ki cwmWU I cavbgxi

cwZKwZ msiYK msweavb ^xKwZ `qv nqQ| G mskvabx Abyhvqx Kej

cwmWU, cavbgx, wKvii Kvhvjq Ges we`ki Aew Z evsjv`k ~`Zvevm I

wgkbmg~n cwmWUi cwZKwZ c` kb KiZ ne| cavbgx Qwe ev cwZKwZ c` kb

KiZ ne `ki mKj miKvwi I Avav miKvwi Awdm, ^vqkvwmZ cwZvb,

mswewae miKvwi KZci cavb I kvLv Kvhvjq, miKvwi wkv cwZvb Ges we`k

Aew Z evsjv`k `~Zvevm I wgkbmg~n|

(L) 65 AbyQ`i 3 `dv mskvab Ki cieZx ms`m _K 10 eQi ch bvix`i

Rb 45wU Avmb msiY Kiv nqQ| mskvabx Abyhvqx `ji Avmb msLvi AbycvZi

gwnjv Avmb msLv wbavwiZ Kiv nq| miKvwi `j QvovI weivax `j I Avmb msLv

Abyhvqx gwnjv Avmb cv_x gbvbqb w`Z cvie|

(M) 96 (1) AbyQ` mskvab Ki wePvicwZ`i Aemi bqvi eqm 65 _K evwoq

67 Kiv nqQ| 129(1) AbyQ` cwieZb Ki gnvwnmve wbixKi Aemi MnYi

eqmmxgv Kiv nqQ 65 eQi| AvM wQj 60 eQi| 194 AbyQ`i 1 `dvq cwieZb

Ki miKvwi KgKwgkbi (wc.Gm.wm) Pqvigvbi I Abvb m`m`i Aemi MnYi

emqmxgv 62 _K evwoq 65 eQi Kiv nq|

24

(N) 148(1) AbyQ` mskvab Ki wbevPb mb nIqvi 3 w`bi wKvi Ggwc`i

kc_ Mnb bv Kij cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi (wmBwm) Zvi Ici c` gZv ej

Ggwc`i kc_ Mnb Kieb|

(O) msweavbi 82 avivq GKwU k cwieZb Kiv nqQ| GB avivq eZgvb miKvwi

A_ eqi ck RwoZ iqQ Ggb Kvb A_ wej ev wej Gi vb Kvb wej `Lv

nqQ|

DcwiD welqjv mshvRb Ki msweavb PZz `k mskvabx wej 2004 cvk Kiv nq|

cvm Kiv wejwUZ bvix Avmb, ivcwZ I cavbgxi cwZKwZ msiYi mskvabxjv

nQ 48, 65, 82, 96, 139, 148 AbyQ Ges msw wkivbvg I ceZb

msiYKiY|

3.16 c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [c`k mskvab AvBb, 2011]

DvcbKvix t AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gx ewivi kwdK Avng`|

msm` MnxZ nq t 30 Ryb, 2011|

2011 mvji 21 RyjvB cavbgxi c vebvq MwVZ 15 m`m wewk wekl KwgwU

megvU 27wU eVK, cavbgxi m 5wU eVK| wZbRb mveK cavb wePvicwZ,

10Rb msweavb wekl evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM, RvZxq cvwUmn (Gikv`) msm`

cwZwbwaZKvix gnvRvUi kwiK `jjv, 18 Rb mv`K Ges mi Kgvvim

dvivgi m c_K eVK Ki Zv`i wicvU P~ov Ki, mywcgKvU msweavbi cg

mskvabx evwZj Ki ivq `qvi ciB msweavb mskvabi mycvwik Kivi Rb KwgwU

MVb Kiv nqwQj| KwgwUZ weGbwc bZZvaxb weivax `ji Kvb m`m wQjb|

wewfb gnji gZvgZ wicvU I mycvwik vb cvq wb| 30 Ryb c`k mskvabx AvBb

cvm nq|

25

g~j welqe t

(K) ZveavqK miKvi ee v evwZj|

(L) `jxq miKvii Aaxb wbevPb, gqv` kl nevi AvM 90 w`bi ga RvZxq

wbevPb Abyvb|

(M) wbevPb Kwgkb kwkvjx| cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I AbwaK 4 Rb wbevPb

Kwgkbvi wbq wbevPb Kwgkb MVb|

(N) eez kL gywReyi ingvbK RvwZi wcZv wnme ^xKwZ Ges wewfb miKvix

Awdm, Av`vjZ I mswk cwZvbi Zvi cwZKwZ msiY I c` kb|

(O) msiwZ bvix Avmb 45 _K 50 G DbwZ KiY|

(P) Riwi Ae vq gqv` Kvj AbwaK 120 w`b wbaviY|

(Q) cwiek I Rxe ewP msiY I Dbqb|

(R) DcRvwZ I z` b-Mvxi mvswZK HwZn msiY|

(S) ag wbicZvi c~Yenvj|

(T) msweavb mskvab MYfvU evwZj|

(U) cavb wePvicwZi ghv` v ew|

(V) cg l I mg Zdwkj mshvRb|

(W) cg Zdwmjt HwZnvwmK 7B gvPi fvlY|

(X) l Zdwmjt ^vaxbZvi NvlYv|

(Y) mg Zdwmjt gywRebMi miKvii ^vaxbZvi NvlYvc|

(Z) evKkvj MVb msv weavb wejyw|

(_) vwKvjxb mgq eua `qv nqQ |

26

3.16 lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014 t

wkivbvg t msweavb [lvok mskvab AvBb, 2014]

msm` MnxZ nq t 17 m^i, 2014|

g~j welqe t

(K) 1972 mvji gyj msweavb wdi hvIqv|

(L) 96 AbyQ`i c~Y vcbi gvag wePvicwZ Awfksmbi gZv msm` wdi

`Iqv|

27

Dcmsnvi t

AvjvPbvi cwikl Avgiv ejZ cvwi h, GKwU ^vaxb ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh|

evsjv`k mec_g 1972 mvji 4 bfi^ MYcwil`i gvag msweavb cYqb Kiv nq

Ges cieZxZ wewfb mgq Zv mskvab Kiv nq| G mskvabi dj msweavbi wewfb

avivq e cwieZb mvwaZ nq| wewfb mgq evOvwj RvwZi jvwjZ MYZvwK Av `kK

iv Kivi Rb wewfb cqvRbi ZvwM` msweavb mskvab Kiv nqQ| Ze Gme

mskvabxi ga wKQz mskvabx RbMYi KvR MnYhvM bv nIqvq Zv c~bivq mskvab

Kivi cqvRb nqQ| hgb cRvZx evsjv`k msweavbi PZz_ mskvabx G`ki

kvmbee vi BwZnvm GK hyMvKvix NUbv| wK bv cvivq c~Yivq mskvabi cqvRb

`Lv `q| ZvQvov cg mskvabx AvBb MYZvwK cwqvq f BwZ `kevmxK

Dx KijI AbK weivax `jxq msm` m`m GK KvjvKvbyb ej AvLvwqZ Kib|

Abw`K mvgwiK kvmb _K MYZ Dibi Rb evsjv`k msweavbi mg

mskvabx wej cvm wQj Acwinvh| Avevi 1991 mvji v`k mskvabxi gvag

eZgvb msm`xq cwZi kvmb ee v cwZwZ nqwQj| mRb evsjv`ki

mvsweavwbK AMMwZi BwZnvm v`k mskvabx AvBb LyeB iZc~Y| Avevi 2011

mvji c`k mskvabxZ iv I RbKjvb ek wKQz cwieZb Avbvi K_v ejv njI

mskvabwU ivRbwZK gnj ek weZKi Rb w`qQ| c`k mskvabxi gvag

ZveavqK miKvi ee v wejyw nIqvq ivRbwZK msKUi mvebvI Zwi nqQ|

Gfve cqvRbi ZvwM` 2014 mvji lvok mskvabx Kiv nqQ| Avi Gfve

avivevwnK fve RbMYi Pvwn`v g~jvqb KiZ I Zv`i cqvRb msweavb mskvabx

Kiv nq Ges Gfve msweavb mskvabx Kiv ne|

wewfb AvwK evsjv`k msweavbi mskvabx AvBbjv AbK iZc~Y I Zvrchc~Y|

28

Mcw t

1. ivRbwZK Z I msMVb ivLx egb (AvwRwRqv eyK wWcv,XvKv)

2. evsjv`ki ivRbwZK I mvsweavwbK Dbqb [1947 _K eZgvb]

Wv. gvt kvgxg iRv

DBbyQ Avjx

ivKbyvgvb

nvwdRyi ingvb (AvKvk eyK wWcv, XvKv)|

3. evsjv`k msweavb gvr Avmv y`vgvb

(3G cvewjKk XvKv)|