termodinamik - yaşar İslamoğlu ders notları
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8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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XLZ@MHIJEN@IJG
[
ŝ r IJsc `mĝcu
Gnyengcnr
> (H gkt j ) Ä c [N J c @ N –@óf hk ckg.(Hlrs gktnj ) Äledlc [.N. vl Jmcls, @.N., –@óflehksckg
[ngcnŝ ` ycn Xlr`mhken`kg‐, Xórgälsk? Xnelr Hlrjletck,
Cktlrntór [ny
ea
c
g, Jlymĝcu, stnejuc.
>
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8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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>. XLZ@MHIJEN@IJĕIJE XL@LC GNYZN@CNZK
Xlr`mhken`kg lelrokeke jkck`k mcnrng tne `cnenjkckr
Xlr`mhken`kg vl Lelrok
Xlr`mhken`kg, lelrokeke jkck`k mcnrng tne `cnenjkckr.
Lelrok, hlĝkŝkgckgclrl ymc näne ltgle mcnrng hóŝóeócljkckr.
Xlr`mhken`kg sùzaóĝó, Cntkeal tflr`l (
s
) vl
hyen`kas (dóä) sùzaógclrkehle tórl`k tkr vl s y k lyen`kas (dóä) sùzaógclrkehle tórl`k tkr vl s y k l
hùeóŝtór`l tne
`
en uy`ngtnh
r. Dóeó`ózhl
tlr`mhken`kg lelrok vl lelrok hùeó ó`clrkek gnpsnynelr`mhken`kg, lelrok vl lelrok hùeó ó`clrkek gnpsnyne
jkr necn` tnŝ
`ngtnh
r. Dóä (lclgtrkg) órltk`k vl
sm ut`n tlr`mhken`k ke uyducn`n ncnecnr
m ut`n tlr`mhken`k ke uyducn`n ncnecnr
nrns
ehnh
r.
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Jmyutcnr vl Jkrk`clr
Flrfnedk jkr ikzkgslc jóyógcóg jmyutcnr kcl jlckrclekr.y y
Jmyutcnr ksl jkrk`clrcl ùcäócór. Gótcl `, uzuecug C, zn`ne t,
vl s
angc
g X dkjk jnz
tl`lc jmyutcnr jkrkeakc vlyn nenl s
angc
g X dkjk jnz
tl`lc jmyutcnr jkrkeakc vlyn nen
jmyutcnr mcnrng släkc`k
ŝclrhkr. F
z Y, lelrok L vl fnak`
Y
dkjk
jnz jmyutcnr ksl nen jmyutcnr guccne cnrng kinhl lhkckr vlnz jmyutcnr ksl nen jmyutcnr guccne cnrng kinhl lhkckr vl
kgkeakc jmyutcnr vlyn tórl`kŝ jmyutcnr hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r.
[lhk nen jmyut vl \cuscnr nrns
Qkstl`kehlgk (QK) jkrk`clrk?lhk nen jmyut vl \cuscnr nrns
Qkstl`kehlgk (QK) jkrk`clrk?
Jmyut Jkrk`k
\zuecugzuecug
Gótcl
_n`ne
Q
angc
g
Lclgtrkg ng
`
K g khh tk
8
Kŝ
g ŝkhhltk
@nhhl `kgtnr
`ltrltrl (`)`)
gkcmdrn`
(gd)
snekyl
(s)
glcvke (G)
n`plr
(N)
anehlh c cn
(a( ) )
`mc
(`mc)
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QK jkrk`clrkehl stnehnrt ùe lgclr
>2‛eue gntcnr
Ùe lg
>2
>:
tlrn, X2 tlrn, X
>2
;
dkdn, D
>2
9
@2
9
`ldn, @
>2
1
gkcm, g
>2
-:
snetk, a
>2
-1
`kck `2 `kck, `
>2
-9
`kgrm,
;
γ>2
-;
enem, e
>2
->:
pkgm, p
<
p p
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Gnpnc vl Nä g Qkstl`clr
Xlr`mhken`kg skstl` vlyn snhlal skstl` tlrk`k,,
jlckrck jkr gótclyk vlyn uzny e kealcle`lg ózlrl nyr cne
jkr jùcdlskek jlckrtkr. Qkstl`ke h
ehn gncne gótclkr jùcdlskek jlckrtkr. Qkstl`ke h
ehn gncne gótcl
vlyn jùcdlyl älvrl hlekr. Qkstl`k älvrlskehle ny rne
dlrälg vlyn fnynck yózly hl s e r hkyl nhcneh r c rlrälg vlyn fnynck yózly hl s e r hkyl nhcneh r c r.
Q
e
r
e, skstl` kcl älvrlskeke tl`ns lttkĝk mrtng
yózly mchu u vurducne`nc h r @ntl`ntkgslc nä hneózly mchu u vurducne`nc h r. @ntl`ntkgslc nä hne
s
e
r
e gnc
ec
ĝ
s
i
rh
r, ju hlelecl hl gótclsk vl fna`k
gtmgtur.
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Jlckrck jkr gótcleke vlyn jlckrck jkr jùcdleke äùzó`cl`lyl
lsns nc
e`ns
en dùrl skstl`clr gnpnc
vlyn nä
g hkylsns nc
e`ns
en dùrl, skstl`clr gnpnc
vlyn nä
g hkyl
ektlclehkrkckr. Gnpnc skstl` vlyn hkĝlr nh ycn gmetrmc gótclsk
c h gótc k k c k t hk I g t oks e rcnr ehne gótcl dläkŝk mc`nyne skstl`hkr. Ingnt lelrok,
kŝ vlyn
s
jkäk`kehl gnpnc
skstl` s
e
rcnr
ehne dläljkckr.
( )yr g (kzmcl) skstl`clrkeke s e rcnr ehne fl` gótcl fl` hl
lelrok dläkŝk ymgtur.
Älvrl
Qkstl` s
e
r
Ä
`
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Nä g skstl` vlyn ynyd e mcnrng jkckele nh ycn gmetrmc
fna`keke s e rcnr en gmetrmc yózlyk nh vlrkc`lgtlhkr vly
s e rcnr ehne gótcl vl lelrok dläkŝk mc`ngtnh r. Gmetrmc
fna`k dlelcckgcl gm`prlsùr tórjke cócl dkjk käkehle gótclna`k dlelcckgcl gm`prlsùr, tórjke, cócl dkjk käkehle gótcl
ng
ŝ
mcne jkr `ngkelyk käkel nc
r. Ju `ngkelclrke käkehlgk
ng e tlr`mhken`kg äùzó`cl`lskehl `ngkeleke ikzkgslcg e tlr`mhken`kg äùzó`cl`lskehl, `ngkeleke ikzkgslc
s e rcnr skstl` s e rcnr mcnrng lcl nc e r.
Ks
Dläk ks
Dläk k
Gmetrmc yózlyk
Fnvn ä g ŝ
IJŝnvn dkrkŝk
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Nä
g vlyn gnpnc
skstl`clrl uyducnene tlr`mhken`kg
jnĝ
et
cnr inrgc
h
r. Ju elhlecl äùzó`cl`lyl
jn cn`nhne ùeal skstl`ke tóróeó jlckrcl`lg dlrlgkr.
Lelrokeke Jkäk`clrk
d
Lelrok7 s c, `lgnekg, pmtneskylc, lclgtrkg, `ndeltkg,
gk`ynsnc eógcllr dkjk hl k kg jkäk`clr ncnjkckr Juecnr ek`ynsnc, eógcllr dkjk hl k kg jkäk`clr ncnjkckr. Juecnr e
tó`óeóe tmpcn` , skstl`ke tmpcn` lelrokskek (L)
mcu tur Qkstl`ke jkrk` gótclsk lsns nc enrngcu tur. Qkstl`ke jkrk` gótclsk lsns nc enrng
tne
`cnene ùzdóc lelrok l kcl dùstlrkckr vl n
ŝn
ĝ
hngk dkjk
t c tne `cne` ŝt r.
L/ (gO/g )
;
l0L/` (gO/gd)
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X hk kg ù ó c h k k clr`mhken`kg äùzó`cl`lhl, skstl`ke tmpcn`
lelrokskek mcuŝturne hlĝkŝkg lelrok jkäk`clrkek
`ngrmsgmpkg vl `kgrmsgmpkg mcnrng kgk nen druptn
lcl nc`ng ynrnrc
mcur. @ngrmsgmpkg lelrok, skstl`ke
tó`óeóe jkr h ŝ rlilrnes emgtns en dùrl snfkp
mchu u lelrokhkr, gkeltkg vl pmtneskylc lelrok dkjk.p y o d
@kgrmsgmpkg lelrok ksl, skstl`ke `mclgóclr ynp
s
vl
`mclgóclr fnrlgltckck k kcl kcdkckhkr vl h rlilrneslgó l n lglt l d h l h l l n
emgtncnr ehne jnĝ `s zh r.
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@kgrmsgmpkg lelrokclrke tó`óeóe tmpcn` , skstl`ke kä
lelroksk hkyl nhcneh r c r vl \ kcl dùstlrkckr. Qkstl`key d
tmpcn` lelroksk gkeltkg, pmtneskylc vl kä lelrokclrhle
mcu ur vlcu ur vl
`Y:
:
vlyn jkrk` gótcl käkelyn jkrk` gótcl käke
:
)gd/gO(dz
:
u plglul ++0++0
jnĝ et cnr ycn kinhl lhkckr.
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IJä Lelrok Fngg ehn Jnz Ikzkgslc Dùzcl`clr
ä lelrok `mclgóclr ynp
yn vl `mclgócclrke fnrlgltckckglelrok `mclgóclr ynp
yn vl `mclgócclrke fnrlgltckckg
hózlykel jnĝc mcup, `mclgócclrke gkeltkg vl pmtneskylc
lelrokclrkeke jkr tmpcn`
mcnrng hó óeócljkckr Jkr `mclgócóeelrokclrkeke jkr tmpcn`
mcnrng hó óeócljkckr. Jkr `mclgócóe
ylr hlĝkŝtkr`l, tktrlŝk` vl hùe`l lelrokclrkeke tmpcn`
ehne
c jk gk tkg ok k h Qk t k k ok k kcuŝne jkr gkeltkg lelroksk vnrh r. Qkstl`ke kä lelrokskeke,
`mclgócclrke gkeltkg lelrokskycl kckŝgkck mcne jùcó`óel huyucur
h c J c g cc c felrok nh
vlrkckr. Jkr dnz
e `mclgócclrkeke mrtncn`n f
z
vl
fnrlgltckckg hózlyk dnz
e s
angc
ĝ
ycn mrnet
c
h
r. Jùyclal jkr
dnz
e `mclgócclrkeke mrtncn`n f
z
vl fnrlgltckckg hózlyk
dnz
e s
angc
ĝ
ycn mrnet
c
h
r. Jùyclal hnfn yógslg
s angc gcnrhngk `mclgócclr hnfn yógslg jkr gkeltkg lelrokyl
snfkp mcurcnr, hmcny s ycn skstl`ke kä lelroksk hnfn yógslg
>:
p y y ä o y
mcur.
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IJä lelrok nye zn`nehn skstl`ke `mclgócclrk nrns ehngk
guvvltclrcl kck gkckhkr. Gnt
vlyn s
v
aks`ke `mclgócclrkelu lt l l g h nt lyn a m lgó l l
yltlrkeal lelrok vlrkckrsl, `mclgócclr, nrncnr
ehngk guvvltclrk
ylekp jn cnr gmpnrnrng skstl`k dnzn hùeó tórljkckrclr Julekp jn cnr gmpnrnrng skstl`k dnzn hùeó tórljkckrclr. Ju
jkr inz hlĝkŝk`khkr. Lgclele ju lelrokhle hmcny dnz
inz ehngk sktl` gnt vlyn s v inzcnr en mrnecn hnfn yógslgnz ehngk sktl`, gnt vlyn s v inzcnr en mrnecn hnfn yógslg
jkr kä lelrokyl snfkp mcur. Qkstl`ke inz ycn kcdkck ju kä
lelrokskel dkzck lelrok nh
vlrkckrelrokskel dkzck lelrok nh
vlrkckr.
Jkr `mclgócóe ntm`cnr
nrns
ehngk guvvltclrcl kcdkck kä lelrokyl
gk`ynsnc lelrok vlyn jnĝ lelrokskhlekr. [ne`n kŝcl`kehl mchuĝu
dkjk, jkr gk`ynsnc rlngskyme s
rns
ehn, jnz
gk`ynsnc jnĝcnr
jmzucurgle jnz
ylek jnĝcnr mcuŝur vl ju elhlecl kä lelrok hlĝkŝkr.
Ntm` älgkrhlĝk käkehlgk pnräna gcnr nrns ehn vnr mcne jnĝcnrcn
>1kck
ŝgkck ämg jóyóg `kgtnrcnrhngk kä lelrok hl eógcllr lelrok hkyl
nhcneh r c r.
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Qkstl`ke Ùzlckgclrk
Qkstl`k ektlclehkrle jóyógcógclrl ùzlckg nh
vlrkckr.
[nyd
e jkckele ùzlckgclrhle jnz
cnr
jns
eä R s
angc
gd ä ,
X, fnak` Y vl gócl `‛hkr. Ùzlckgclrke jnz
cnr
jnĝ
`s
z
mc`ny p hk lr ùzlckgclr guccne cnrng tne `cne r.c`ny p hk lr ùzlckgclr guccne cnrng tne `cne r.
Ùrelĝke ymĝuecug, jkrk` fna`ke gótclsk mcnrng
tne `cne rne `cne r.
`d`0ώ
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Jnzle jkr `nhhleke ymĝuecuĝu, ämg jkckele jkr
hh k c c g c g kck Jnhhleke ym uecu uycn g
ynscnenrng vlrkckr. Ju
jóyógcóĝl ùzdóc nĝ rc g nh vlrkckr vl `nhhleke
ymĝuecuĝueue stnehnrt jkr `nhhleke jlckrck jkr
s
angc
gtngk ymĝuecuĝuen mrne
mcnrng tne
`cne
r.
Qtnehnrt `nhhl dlelcckgcl 8
m
A s angc gtngk suhur vl
suyue ju s angc gtngk ym uecu u >222 gd/`
1
‛tór.
Xlr`mhken`kgtl hnfn s gn guccne cne jkr ùzlckg ùzdóc
f k hk Ù óc f k c k c jk k
y y d
fnak`hkr. Ùzdóc fnak`, ym uecu ue tlrsk mcup, jkrk`
gótcleke fna`k mcnrng tne
`cne`
ŝt
r.
g /`>Y 100ό
><`
ώ
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Ùzlckgclr ylĝke vl ynyd e mc`ng ózlrl kgkyl nyr c r. [lĝke
ùzlckgclr, skstl`ke gótclskehle (jóyógcó óehle)l g l , tl gót l hl (jóyóg ó ó hl )
jnĝ
`s
zh
r. Ùrelg mcnrng s
angc
g, jns
eä, ymĝuecug
vlrkcljkckr [nyd e ùzlckgclr sktl`ke gótclsk (jóyógcó ó) vlynlrkcljkckr. [nyd e ùzlckgclr, sktl`ke gótclsk (jóyógcó ó) vlyn
fna`kycl mrnet c h r. Ùrelg mcnrng gótcl, fnak` vl tmpcn`
lelrok vlrkcljkckrelrok vlrkcljkckr.
Fnc vl Hledl
Ylrkcle jkr nehn ùzlckgclrk hl k `lyle jkr skstl` lcl nc
es
elrkcle jkr nehn ùzlckgclrk hl k `lyle jkr skstl` lcl nc
es
e.
Qkstl`ke flr emgtns ehn tó` ùzlckgclr ùcäócljkckr vlyn
f c jkck c Qk k j ù ckgc i hlsnpcnenjkckr mcsue. Qkstl`ke ju ùzlckgclr tnrni ehne
jlckrclele huru`uen skstl`ke fnck hlekr. Ylrkcle jkr fnchl
skstl`ke tó` ùzlckgclrkeke snjkt hlĝlrclrk vnrh r. Qnhlal jkr
ùzlckĝke hlĝlrkeke hlĝkŝ`lsk jkcl sktl`ke fnckek
>9hlĝkŝtkrlalgtkr.
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Xlr`mhken`kg, hledl fncclrkycl kcdkclekr. Hledl sùzaóĝód d
lŝktckg gnvrn`
änĝr
ŝt
r
r.
Qkstl`ke tlr`mhken`kg hledlhl mc`ns
? Ùrelĝke
s
c
hledl skstl`ke flr emgtns
ehn s
angc
e nye
mc`ns
ledl skstl`ke flr emgtns
ehn s
angc
e nye
mc`ns
necn` en dlckr. Jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl, skstl`ke käkehl s
dläk kel elhle mcnang s angc g inrgc c ymgtur @lgnekgläk kel elhle mcnang s angc g inrgc c ymgtur. @lgnekg
hledl jns
eäcn kcdkckhkr. Qkstl`ke flrfnedk jkr
emgtns ehn jns ea e zn`nen dùrl hl k `lhk kmgtns ehn jns ea e zn`nen dùrl hl k `lhk k
necn` en dlckr. IJgk inzc jkr skstl`hl inz hledlskeke
c f i gótc k k jk h hó k k kc`ns , flr inz e gótclskeke jkr hledl hózlykel lrkŝkp
mrnhn gnc`ns necn` ehnh r.
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Gk`ynsnc hledl, skstl`ke gk`ynsnc jkclŝk`keke zn`necn
h k k j g jk h k c k h gk cl kŝ`l`lsk, jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl skstl`hl gk`ynsnc
rlngskyme mc`n`ns necn` en dlckr. Jkr sktl`ke hledl
fnckehl mcnjkc`lsk käke tó` hledl g
stnscnr
e
e snĝcne`
ŝ
mc`ns
dlrlgkr.
Fnc Hlĝkŝk`clrk vl Älvrk`clr
Qkstl`ke jkr hledl fnckehle jn gn jkr hledl fnckel dläk kkstl`ke jkr hledl fnckehle jn gn jkr hledl fnckel dläk k
fnc hlĝkŝk`k hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r. Fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn
skstl`ke dlätk k fncclrhle mcu ne hkzkyl hl fnc hl k k`kekekstl`ke dlätk k fncclrhle mcu ne hkzkyl hl fnc hl k k`keke
ymcu hlekr. Jkr skstl` dläkrhkĝk jkr hkzk fnc hlĝkŝk`keke
h kh kcg f ck hù jk k h kmeuehn ylekhle kcg fnckel hùelrsl jkr älvrk`hle dlä`kŝmcur. Jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl älvrk`ke kcg vl sme fncclrk nye
h
r.
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Fnc Rmstucns
Qkstl`ke fnck, ùzlckgclrk jlckrtlrlg tne `cne r. Qkstl`ke
fnckek tne
`cn`ng käke jlckrtkc`lsk dlrlgck ùzlckgclrke sny
s
fnc pmstucns kcl jucuenjkckr Jnskt s g t r cnjkckr jkr skstl`kenc pmstucns kcl jucuenjkckr. Jnskt s g t r cnjkckr jkr skstl`ke
fnck kgk jnĝ `s z ylĝke ùzlckĝke vlrkc`lskycl tne `cne r. IJgk
ùzlckgtle jkrk snjkt gnc rgle hk lrk hl k ljkckymrsn ju kgkzlckgtle jkrk snjkt gnc rgle hk lrk hl k ljkckymrsn, ju kgk
ùzlckg jkrjkrkehle jnĝ
`s
zh
r. Ùrelĝke s
angc
g vl ùzdóc
fnak` kgk jn
`s
z ùzlckgtkr Q
angc
g vl jns
eä tlg inzhnenak` kgk jn
`s
z ùzlckgtkr. Q
angc
g vl jns
eä tlg inzhne
mcuŝne skstl`clr käke jnĝ `s z ùzlckgclrhkr ingnt ämg inzc
k c k k j h kchk c I h k k k hkstl`clr käke jn `s z hl kchkrclr. Inz hl kŝk`k s rns ehn
X0i(R) mc`ngtnh
r.
Lclgtrkg, `ndeltkg, ylrälgk`k, fnrlglt vl yózly dlrkc`lsk
dkjk mcducnr e ltgksk nct ehn mc`nh ĝ gnjuc lhkcle skstl`l
>;jnskt s
g
ŝt
r
cnjkckr skstl` nh
vlrkckr.
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Jns eä
Jns
eä, jkr ng
gne
e jkrk` ncnen uyducnh
guvvlttkr.ä, j ng gn j n n n uydu nh gu ltt
Jns
eä snhlal dnz vl s
v
mrtn`cnrhn sùz gmeusuhur. Gnt
aksk`clrhl jns
eä mcdusueue ylrkek dlrkc`l nc
rksk`clrhl jns
eä mcdusueue ylrkek dlrkc`l nc
r.
> Rn0> E/`
:
> Rn0> E/`
> gRn0>2
1
Rn, >@Rn0>2
9
Rn
> jnr >2
<
Rn 2 > @Rn >22 gRnjnr0>2
<
Rn0 2.> @Rn0 >22 gRn
> nt`0>2>1:< Rn0>2>.1:< gRn0>.2>1:< jnr
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Jkr emgtnhngk dlrälg jns eä, `utcng jns eä hkyl
nhcneh
r
c
r Ingnt jns
eä ùcäle akfnzcnr
e jkräm u ylrlchcneh
r
c
r. Ingnt jns
eä ùcäle akfnzcnr
e jkräm u ylrlc
nt`msilr jns ea ehn s i r mguenang ŝlgkchl
c c h J h c ù t hkgc k jynrcne` ŝcnrh r. Ju elhlecl dùstlrhkgclrk jns eä,
`utcng jns
eäcn ylrlc nt`msilr jns
ea
nrns
ehngk
( )nrgt r. Ju inrg dùstlrdl (lilgtki) jns eä hkyl
nhcneh r c r. Nt`msilr jns ea nct ehngk jns eäcnr
vngu` jns
ea
mcnrng jkckekr vl vngu` dùstlrdlclrk nh
vlrkcle akfnzcnrcn ùcäócór. Xlr`mhken`kg tnjcm vl
jnĝ et cnr e fl`le fl`le tó`óehl `utcng jns eä
guccne
c
r.
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@utcng dùstlrdl vl vngu` jns
eäcnr
nrns
ehngkutcng, dùstlrdl vl vngu` jns
eäcnr
nrns
ehngk
kckŝgk nŝnĝ hngk jnĝ et cnrhn vlrkc`lgtlhkr.
R
dùstlrdl
0R
`utcng
-R
nt`
(gRn) (R
nt`
‛hle hnfn jóyóg
)ns eäcnr käke)
R
vngu`
0R
nt`
-R
`utcng
(gRn) (R
nt`
‛hle hnfn góäóg
jns eäcnr käke)
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Góäóg vl mrtn hózlyhlgk jns
eäcnr `nem`ltrl kcl
ùc ócó [óg gckg i g f c jk g g ócäócór. [ógslgckg inrg
f mcne jkr ng
ŝgne sótueu,
ndώ0jns eä inrg en gnrŝ c g dlckr. Nt`msilr jns ea
jnrm`ltrl kcl ùcäócór vl
gRnfR 0
jn
et
s
ycn flsnpcne
r Jurnhn f s
v
sótueueuen
et
s
ycn flsnpcne
r. Jurnhn f, s
v
sótueueue
slrjlst yózlyhle yógslgckĝkhkr.
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Q gc g X hk k k Q i [
angc
g vl Xlr`mhken`k ke Q
i
r
ea
[nsns
Xlr`mhken`kĝke s
i
r
ea
ynsns
, kgk nyr
aks`ke jkr
óäóeaó aksk`cl
s
c hledlhl mc`ncnr
huru`uehn, glehk
nrncnr ehn hn s c hledlhl mcnangcnr e jlckrtkr.
QK skstl`kehl `utcng s
angc
g ùcälĝk Glcvke ùcälĝkhkr vl
Alcakus ùcäl kycl kck gksk,l a u ù äl y l g ,
X(G)0X(
m
A)+:41 >< jn
et
s
ycn vlrkckr(G)0X( A)+:41.>< jn
et
s
ycn vlrkckr.
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IJedkckz skstl`kehl `utcng s
angc
g ùcälĝk Znegkel
ùcälĝkhkr vl Infrleflkt ùcälĝkycl kckŝgksk,
X(Z)0 X(
m
I)+8<;.94 jnĝ et s ycn vlrkckr. IJgk jkrk`
skstl`kehlgk s
angc
g ùcälgclrk nrns
ehn n n
hngk
jnĝ
et
cnr guccne
cnrng älvkr`l ynp
cnjkckr?
X(Z)0>.6X(G)(Z) >.6X(G)
X(
m
I)0>.6X(
m
A)+1:
> G v l >
m
A jóyógcógclrk lŝhlĝlrhkr. Jlezlr mcnrng > Z vl
>
m
I jóyógcógclrk hl l hl lrhkr Ju elhlecl
m
I jóyógcógclrk hl l hl lrhkr. Ju elhlecl,
X(Z) X(
m
I) c
m
:<
vl X(Z)0 X(
m
I) mcur.
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:. QNI @NHLEIJE Ù_LCIJGCLZIJ
Qni `nhhl
Flr emgtns
ehn nye
vl hlĝkŝ`lyle jkr gk`ynsnc jkclŝk`l
snfkp mcne `nhhlyl sni `nhhl hlekr. Qni `nhhleke
snhlal tlg jkr gk`ynsnc lcl`let vlyn jkclŝk`hle mcuŝ`ns
dlrlg`lz. Hl kŝkg gk`ynsnc lcl`letclrhle vlyny y
jkclŝk`clrhle mcuŝne jkr gnr
ŝ
` hn, hózdóe yny
c
(fm`mole) mchu u sórlal sni `nhhl tne ` en uynr.m mol ) m hu u ó lal n nhhl tn n uyn
Ùrelg mcnrng fnvn, hlĝkŝkg dnzcnrhne mcuŝne jkr gnr
ŝ
`h
r,
gk`ynsnc jkclŝk`k flr emgtnhn nye vl hlĝkŝ`lz mchuĝu käke
sni `nhhlhkr.
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Qu vl ynĝ gnr
ŝ
`
sni jkr `nhhl sny
cn`nz äóegó jùycl
jkr gnr `hn yn suhn äùzóc`lykp ósttlkr gnr `hn, yn suhn äùzóc`lykp ósttl
tmpcneh ĝ ehne, gk`ynsnc mcnrng jkrjkrkel jlezl`lyle kgk
jùcdl mcu urùcdl mcu ur.
Q v su vl juz gnr ŝ ` sni jkr `nhhlhkr, äóegó flr kgk
inz
e hn gk`ynsnc jkclŝk`k nye
h
r.
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Qni @nhhlclrke Inz Hl k tkrhkgclrk Fnc Hl k k`clrkni @nhhlclrke Inz Hl k tkrhkgclrk Fnc Hl k k`clrk
Qni `nhhleke kgk inz e e jkr nrnhn hledlhl jucuehuĝu
huru`cnrcn uyducn`nhn s g s g gnrŝ cnŝ c r. Qu jkr
gnznehn vlyn jufnrc
dóä snetrnckeked ä
ymĝuŝturuausuehn s
v
jufnr gnr
ŝ
`
mcnrng jucueur.
Juzhmcnj e e hmehuruausuehn sm utuau ng gne,uzhmcnj e e hmehuruausuehn sm utuau ng gne,
s
v
hne jufnrn hùeóŝór.
Xl`lc gnvrn` vl kcglclr, le jkckele ng ŝgne mcne su
ózlrkehle nä
gcnenangt
r.
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Q g ŝt r c` ŝ s v vl hmy`uŝ s v
äkehl :2
m
A vl > nt` jns
eätn su jucuene jkr pkstmekehl :2
m
A vl > nt` jns
eätn su jucuene jkr pkstme-
skckehkr hózlelĝk lcl nc es e. Ju gmŝuccnrhn su s v inzhnh r
g t c t c hk hc h cl s g ŝt r c` ŝ s v vlyn sm utuc`uŝ s v hkyl nhcneh r c r.
Ju tlrk`clr suyue fleóz jufnrcnŝ`n nŝn`ns
en
Ùlc`lhkĝkek jlckrtkr. Ùrelĝke suyu
s
t`ny
, s
angc
g 82
m
A
mcnen hlg sórhórlck`. Ju kŝcl` s rns ehn s angc g nrtnrgle
su ämg nz dleclŝkr vl ùzdóc fna`k nrtnr. Ju dleclŝ`l
smeuauehn pkstme jkrnz yógslckr. Qkckehkr käkehlgk jns eä ju
kŝcl` s rns ehn > nt`‛hl snjkt gnc`ngtnh r äóegó
nt`msilr jns
ea
vl n
rc
hl k `l`lgtlhkr. Ju
gmŝuccnrhn hn su s g ŝt r c` ŝ s v fnckehlhkr äóegó
jufnrcn `n fleóz jn cn`n` t r.
:;
jufnrcn `n fleóz jn cn`n` t r.
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Quyue s t c`ns sórhórócórsl, s angc gtngk nrt ŝ, s angc g
>22
m
A mcnen gnhnr sórlalgtkr Ju emgtnhn su fncn s
v
h
r22
m
A mcnen gnhnr sórlalgtkr. Ju emgtnhn su fncn s
v
h
r
ingnt ju emgtnhne smern le uing jkr s dläkŝk jkcl jkr
kgt j f hù ó k c gt J gkgtnr s v e e jufnrn hùeóŝ`lskel ymc nänangt r. Jnŝgn
jkr hlykŝcl jkr inz hlĝkŝk`k jnŝcn`ng ózlrlhkr. Jufnrcnŝ`n
jnŝcned
a
mcne ju fnc, hmy`uŝ s
v
fnck hkyl jkckekr.
Hmy`uŝ jufnr vl g
zd
e jufnr
Jufnrcnŝ`n jnŝcnh gtne smern, s v e e tó`ó jufnrn
hùeóŝlel gnhnr s angc gtn jkr nrt ŝ mc`nynangt r. Jnŝgn
jkr hlyk cl, inz hl k k`k kälrle fnc hl k k`keke tn`n`
, ä
sórlskeal s angc g snjkt gncnangt r. Ju kŝcl`clr s rns ehn
jns ea e hn hl k `lhk k jlckrt`lg dlrlgkr.
12
jns ea e hn hl k `lhk k jlckrt`lg dlrlgkr.
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Ks t`n kŝcl`k sórhórócórsl, tó` s v jufnrn hùeóŝlalgtkr.
Ju emgtnhn skckehkrke käk ym u `ne
e s
e
r
ehn mcnemgtnhn h ä ym u n hn m n
jufnrcn hmcuhur. Jufnrhne älvrlyl nz hn mcsn
s
dläkŝk
jkr `kgtnr jufnr e ym u `ns en (jufnrhne s v ynkr `kgtnr jufnr e ym u `ns en (jufnrhne s v yn
hùeóŝ`lskel) ymc nänangt r. [mĝuŝ`ne e s e r ehn mcne
jufnrn hmy`u jufnr nh
vlrkckr Hmy`u s
v
vl hmy`uufnrn hmy`u jufnr nh
vlrkckr. Hmy`u s
v
vl hmy`u
jufnr fncclrk nrns
ehn jucuene jkr `nhhl hmy`uŝ s
v
-
hmy`u jufnr hkyl jkckekr äóegó s v vl jufnr inzcnr jkrmy`u jufnr hkyl jkckekr äóegó s v vl jufnr inzcnr jkr
nrnhn vl hledlhl jucueur.
Inz hl
ĝk
ŝk`k tn`n`cneh
gtne smern ylekhle, ju glz
jufnrhne mcuŝne tlg inzc jkr jùcdlyl dkrkckr. Ks t`n kŝcl`k
sórhórócórsl s
angc
g vl ùzdóc fnak` nrtnangt
r.
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Jufnrhne jkr `kgtnr s älgkckrsl, s angc g hóŝlalg ingnt
ym u `n mc`nynangt
r [m u `n s
e
r
ehn mc`nynem u `n mc`nynangt
r. [m u `n s
e
r
ehn mc`nyne
jufnrn g
zd
e jufnr hlekr.
Nye
fnc hlĝkŝk`k ju glz su, snjkt jns
eätn smĝutucnrng
tlrskel älvrkckrsl, su jlezlr jkr ymc kzclylrlg, jnŝgn jkr
hlykŝcl nye fncclrhle dlälrlg ylekhle kcg fnckel
hùelalgtkr. Ju fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn älvrlyl vlrkcle
s
,
s t`n kŝcl`k s rns ehn älvrlhle nc ene s yn lŝkt
mcnangt r. Dóecóg ynŝn`hn su sùzaóĝó s v suyu, jufnr
sùzaó ó hl su jufnr
e
necnt`ng käke guccne
c
r.
Xlr`mhken`kgtl ksl fl` su fl` hl jufnr, F
:
M
necn` ehnh r.
1:
necn` ehnh r.
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Hmy`n s angc ĝ vl hmy`n jns ea
Y kc jk j i hh k g j c hlrkcle jkr jns
eätn sni `nhhleke gnyen`nyn jnŝcnh
s angc g hmy`n s angc g X
hmy`n
mcnrng jkckekr. Jlezlr
ŝlgkchl vlrkcle jkr s
angc
gtn sni `nhhleke gnyen`nyn
jnŝcnh
ĝ
jns
eä ksl hmy`n jns
ea
R
hmy`n
mcnrng
tne `cne r. >2>. 1< gRn (yngcnŝ g > nt`) jns eätn suyue
hmy`n s angc >22
m
A‛hkr. Hm nc mcnrng >22
m
A‛hl
suyue hmy`n jns
ea
hn >2>.1< gRn‛h
r.
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Inz Hl k k`keke Dlrälgcl tk k Fnc Hl k k`clrk äkenz Hl k k`keke Dlrälgcl tk k Fnc Hl k k`clrk äke
Ùzlckg Hkyndrn`cnr
Ùzlckg hkyndrn`cnr
e
e guccne
c`ns
, inz hlĝkŝk`keke
dlrälgclŝtkĝk fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk s
rns
ehn, ùzlckgclrke
ens c hlĝkŝtkĝkek necn`ng vl kzcl`lg jng ` ehne
ùel`ckhkr.
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>.X-v (Q angc g ‘ Ùzdóc fnak` Hkyndrn` )
X
Grktkg
emgtn
Jns
eä
Hmy`uŝ s
v
lĝrksk
Hmy`uŝ jufnr lĝrksk
v
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Jns eä nrt r ch gän, hmy`uŝ s v kcl hmy`uŝ jufnr
fncclrkek jkrcl tkrle hm ru g
sncnang, ùrel ke su käkel j l t l hm u g n nang, ù l u ä
ùrelgtl dùstlrkchkĝk dkjk jns
eä ::.2; @Rn mchuĝuehn
tlg emgtnyn hùeó lalgtkr Ju emgtn grktkg emgtn ( G E )lg emgtnyn hùeó lalgtkr. Ju emgtn grktkg emgtn (G.E.)
nh ycn jkckekr vl hmy`uŝ s v kcl hmy`uŝ jufnr fncclrkeke
nye
mchu u fnc hkyl tne
`cne
rye
mchu u fnc hkyl tne
`cne
r.
Jkr `nhhleke grktkg emgtnhn snfkp mchu u s angc gkr `nhhleke grktkg emgtnhn snfkp mchu u s angc g,
jns
eä vl ùzdóc fnak` hlĝlrclrk s
rns
ycn grktkg s
angc
g
X g k kg j R g k kg ù óc f k hk
ar
, grktkg jns eä R
ar
vl grktkg ùzdóc fnak` v
ar
hkyl
nhcneh
r
c
r. Qu käke grktkg emgtn hl
ĝlrclrk X
ar
0148.>8
m
A,
1
R
ar
0::.2; @Rn vl v
ar
02.221><< `
1
/gd‛h r.
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Hmy`uŝ s v fncclrkek dùstlrle emgtncnr jkrclŝtkrkchkĝk
h k k ch hkck J c gn`ne hmy`uŝ s
v
l rksk lchl lhkckr. Jlezlr mcnrng
hmy`uŝ jufnr fncclrk jkrclŝtkrlrlg hmy`uŝ jufnr lĝrksk
äkzkcljkckr. Ju kgk lĝrk grktkg emgtnhn jkrclŝlrlg jkr gujjl
mcuŝturur. Xó` s
g
ŝt
r
c`
ŝ s
v
fncclrk hmy`uŝ s
v
lĝrkskeke smcuehn gnc r. Ju jùcdl s g ŝt r c` ŝ s v jùcdlsk
hkyl nhcneh r c r. Xó` g zd e jufnr fncclrk hmy`uŝ jufnrd y
lĝrkskeke snĝ
ehn gnc
r. Ju jùcdl g
zd
e jufnr jùcdlsk
hkyl jkckekr. @nhhl ju kgk jùcdlhl snhlal s v vlynd y
snhlal jufnr inz
ehnh
r. Flr kgk inz
e jkr nrnhn
hledlhl jucuehu u fncclrke tó`ó gujjleke nct
ehnledlhl jucuehu u fncclrke tó`ó gujjleke nct
ehn,
hmy`uŝ s v -jufnr gnr ŝ ` jùcdlsk vlyn scng jufnr
jùcdlsk nh vlrkcle jùcdlhkr
16
jùcdlsk nh vlrkcle jùcdlhkr.
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:. R-X (Jns eä-Q angc g) Hkyndrn`
Qni jkr `nhhleke R-X hkyndrn` dlelcckgcl inz hkyndrn` d d y d
mcnrng jkckekr, äóegó flr óä inz jkrjkrkehle jkr lĝrkycl
nyr c` t r Qójck`nsyme l rksk gnt vl jufnr jùcdlclrkekyr c` t r. Qójck`nsyme l rksk, gnt vl jufnr jùcdlclrkek
ny r r7 jufnrcnŝ`n lĝrksk, s v vl jufnr jùcdlclrkek ny r r7
lrk`l l rksk hl gnt
vl s
v
jùcdlclrkek ny
r
r Ju óä l rk flrrk`l l rksk hl gnt
vl s
v
jùcdlclrkek ny
r
r. Ju óä l rk flr
óä inz
e jkr nrnhn hledlhl mchuĝu óäcó emgtnhn jucuŝur.
R
GNXK
QKYK
G.E.
J\FNZ
Óäcó emgtn
Qójck`nsyme
l rksk
1;X
ä
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ĝ ŝ
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Gnt inz ehne hmĝruhne jufnr inz en dläkŝ sójck`nsyme
hkyl nhcneh r c r.
Letncpk-Jkr gnr`n Ùzlckg
Ùzlcckgcl dóä órltk`k vl sm ut`nycn kcdkck jnz skstl`clr vlzlcckgcl dóä órltk`k vl sm ut`nycn kcdkck jnz skstl`clr vl
fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk kealclekrgle (gmetrmc fnak`clrke
äùzó`cl`lskehl) jkrgnä ùzlck ke jkcl k`kehle mcu neùzó`cl`lskehl) , jkrgnä ùzlck ke jkcl k`kehle mcu ne
\+RY tlrk`kel s gän rnstcne r. Gmcnyc g vl necnt `
snhlck k nä s ehne ju tlrk` letncpk nh vlrkcle vl F kclnhlck k nä s ehne ju tlrk` letncpk nh vlrkcle vl F kcl
dùstlrkcle ylek jkr ùzlckg mcnrng tne
`cne`
ŝt
r. Letncpk,
)gO(RY\F +0vlyn jkrk` gótcl käke,
82
ŝlgckehl ynz
c
r.
0www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
ĝ
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Xnjcmcnrhn kä lelrok hlĝlrclrkeke vlrkc`l`lsk huru`uehn, kä
okelrok?
jnĝ et s ehne flsnpcne r.Rvfu √0Letncpk Cntkeal s t`n necn` en dlcle letncpkle
sùzaóĝóehle tórl`kŝtkr.
Hmy`uŝ s v vl hmy`uŝ jufnr fncclrky
i kehksk hmy`uŝ s
v
e
e ùzlckgclrk, d kehksk ksl hmy`uŝjufnr e ùzlckgclrkek jlckrt`lg käke guccne c r. Hmy`u jufnru n ù l g l jl t lg ä gu n Hmy u ju n
kcl hmy`uŝ s v hlĝlrclrk nrns ehngk inrg dùstlr`lg käke id
kehksk guccne
c
rehksk guccne
c
r.
8>www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ùrelĝke,
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ĝv
i
0hmy`u s v e e ùzdóc fna`k,
i
0hmy`u s v e e ùzdóc fna`k,
v
d
0hmy`uŝ jufnr
e ùzdóc fna`k,
kc k i g ( ) c gt h
id
0v
d
kcl v
i
eke inrg (v
id
0v
d
-v
i
) mc`ngtnh r.
f
id
jóyógcóĝó jufnrcnŝ`n letncpksk (vlyn jufnrcnŝ`n dkzck
s s ) hkyl nhcneh r c r vl vlrkcle jkr jns eä vlyn s angc gtn
hmy`uŝ s
v
e
e jkrk` gótclskek jufnrcnŝt
r`ng käke dlrlgle
lelrokyk jlckrtkr. Jufnrcn `n letncpksk, s angc g vlyn jns eäy p y ä
nrt gän nznc r vl grktkg emgtnhn s i r mcur.
8:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Hmy`uŝ s v -Jufnr gnr ŝ `
Jufnrcn `n s
rns
ehn `nhhleke jkr jùcó`ó s
v
inz
ehnufnrcn `n s
rns
ehn `nhhleke jkr jùcó`ó s
v
inz
ehn,
jkr jùcó`ó ksl jufnr inz ehnh r, jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl `nhhl
h h j f jk g h J gmy`uŝ s v vl hmy`uŝ jufnr e jkr gnr ŝ ` h r. Ju gnr ŝ ` e
ùzlckgclrkek jlckrcl`lg käke gnr
ŝ
`hngk s
v
vl jufnr
inzcnr e e mrne e jkc`lg dlrlgkr. Ju hn nh gurucug hlrlalsk
(x) mcne vl jufnr gótclskeke tmpcn` gótclyl mrne e vlrle
ylek jkr ùzlckg tne
`cnynrng ynp
c
r?
u nr x 0
jurnhn
81c`ngtnh
r.
di jufnr vľsľtmpcn` ````` +0+0
[nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
Gurucug hlrlalskeke snhlal hmy`uŝ s v -hmy`uŝ jufnr
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ŝ ŝgnr
`cnr
käke jkr necn`
vnrh
r. Q
g
t
r
c`
s
v
vl g
zd
en n ä j n n n h Q g t l g d
jufnr jùcdlclrkehl jkr necn` tnŝ
`nz.Hlĝlrk flr zn`ne 2
(s i r) kcl > (jkr) nrns ehn hl k kr Hmy`u s v fnckehlgk jkrs i r) kcl > (jkr) nrns ehn hl k kr. Hmy`u s v fnckehlgk jkr
sktl`ke gurucug hlrlalsk 2 vlyn 2‛h r. Hmy`uŝ jufnr
fnckehlgk jkr skstl`ke gurucug hlrlak > vlyn >22‛hórnckehlgk jkr skstl`ke gurucug hlrlak > vlyn >22 hór.
R
G E
vlyn
N
J A
G.E.
dmr
vv √N
J A
idv0
NJx 0
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Q
g
ŝt
r
c`
ŝ s
v
Q
g
t
r
c`
s
v
käke cktlrntórhl plg inzcn jkcdk ymgtur.p d y
Cktlrntórhl s
g
ŝt
r
c`
ŝ s
v
yn kckŝgke jkcdkclrke nzc
ĝ
,
s
g
t
r
c`
s
v
e
e jns
eäcn hl k k`keke ämg nz mc`ns
h
r.
g
t
r
c`
s
v
e
e jns
eäcn hl k k`keke ämg nz mc`ns
h
r.
Ùrelĝke jns ea e >22 gnt nrt`ns , ùzlckgclrke >‛hle hnfn
nz hl k `lskel sljlp mcur Q g t r c` s v kcl kcdkck jkcdkclrkez hl k `lskel sljlp mcur. Q g t r c` s v kcl kcdkck jkcdkclrke
ymgcuĝuehn, s
g
ŝt
r
c`
ŝ s
v
ùzlckgclrkek, hmy`uŝ s
v
ùzlckgclrkel l kt nc enjkckrzlckgclrkel l kt nc enjkckr.
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@ógl``lc (khlnc) dnz fnc hlegcl`k
D j f ù ógc k cckgc c h g cc cnz vl jufnr sùzaógclrk dlelcckgcl nye
necn`hn guccne
c
r.
Jkr `nhhleke jufnr inz , s angc g grktkg s angc ĝ e
ózlrkehlysl dnz hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r. Jufnr dlelcckgcl ymĝuŝ`n
s
e
r
en yng
e jkr dnz
ektlclr.
@ógl``lc dnz fnc hlegcl`k nŝn hn vlrkc`lgtlhkr?
ZXRv 0Jurnhn Z dnz snjktkhkr. Hlegcl`hl R `utcng jns
eä, X
`utcng s
angc
g vl v ksl ùzdóc fnak`hkr Dnz snjktk Z‛ekeutcng s
angc
g vl v ksl ùzdóc fnak`hkr. Dnz snjktk Z eke
flr dnz käke inrgc hlĝlrk vnrh r.
84
)gdG /gO(Z ó0@
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Z
ó
, óekvlrsnc dnz snjktk, @ ksl dnz
e `mc gótclsk vlyn
c góc c h Z h k ó hh c k k hmclgóclr n
rc
h
r. Z
ó
hl lrk tó` `nhhlclr käke ne
h
r.
Z
ó
06.1>8 (gO/g`mcG) hkr. @mc gótclsk, `nhhleke jkr
`mcóeóe gótclskhkr. Jkr `nhhleke gótclsk, @ kcl dùstlrkcle
`mc gótclsk vl e kcl dùstlrkcle `mc `kgtnr e e änrp ` en
lŝkttkr.
@ógl``lc dnz fnc hlegcl`k,,
`ZXRY`vY 0⇚0ŝlgckehl hl ynz cnjkckr.
86www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
IJ IJĕIJ IJ IJ IJ
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1. XLZ@MHIJEN@IJĕIJE JIJZIJEAIJ [NQNQK? Gnpnc
Qkstl`clr
Ks Dläkŝk
Ks
dläk k (vlyn
s
) s
angc
g inrg
ehne gnyengcneneä ( y ) y
lelrok ngtnr ` h r.
Ks
dläkŝkeke mc`nh
ĝ
jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k nhynjntkg fnc
hl k k`k hkyl nhcneh r c r Nhynjntkg sùzaó ó Cntkeall k k`k hkyl nhcneh r c r. Nhynjntkg sùzaó ó Cntkeal
dläkc`lz necn`
en dlcle nhknjntms sùzaóĝóehle
dlc`lgtlhkrlc`lgtlhkr.
8;www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gnt vlyn ng ŝgne jkr hurdue mrtn` käkehl, jkr s angc g
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ŝinrg
mc`ns
huru`uehn mrtn` käkehl dlrälgcl le
s
nrg
mc`ns
huru`uehn, mrtn` käkehl dlrälgcl le
s
dläkŝk käke, kcltk` tlrk`k guccne c r.
Juen gnr
ŝ
e jkr yózly kcl fnrlglt fnckehlgk jkr ng
ŝgne
inrgc
s
angc
gcnrhn ksl, nrncnr
ehn dlrälgclŝle
s
dläkŝk,
tnŝ e ` tlrk`k kcl ne c r.
Ks dläkŝkeke óäóeaó tóró ksl s c ŝ e ` mcnrngä ä
nhcneh r c r. Qmecu s angc ĝn snfkp tó` yózlyclr,
lclgtrm`ndeltkg hncdncnr lgckehl lelrok ynynrcnr.d o y y
Hmcny
s
ycn, inrgc
s
angc
gcnrhngk kgk yózly nrns
ehn,
jkrjkrclrkek dùr`lyl ledlc mcne jkr mrtn` ymgsn,
<2
jkrjkrclrkek dùr`lyl ledlc mcne jkr mrtn` ymgsn,
ŝ
e
`cn elt
s
nc
ŝvlrkŝk dlrälgclŝkr.
[nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
IJcltk`cl dläle s Imurklr ynsns en dùrl flsnpcne r.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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N n
hngk lgkchl jkr jmyutcu hóz huvnrhne kcltk`clhng lg hl j jmyut u hó hu n hn lt l
dläle
s
?
hxgN^x √0
^
x
C
XXgN^ :>
x√
0
^
V
(T), jkrk` zn`nehn dläle s ,
g (T/`G), s kcltk` gntsny s ,
N (`
:
) s dläk k hm ructusuen hkg yózly ncne vl
<>
N (`
:
), s dläk k hm ructusuen hkg yózly ncne , vl
hX/hV, x hmĝructusuehn s
angc
g drnhyne
h
r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
ŝ ŝ
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Xnŝ e `cn s dläkŝk käke guccne cne hlegcl`,
`q w ∕√0
TXfN X^ ∕√0ŝlgckehlhkr. Ju kinhl Elwtme‛ue smĝut`n ynsns
mcnrng
jkck k J h c g (T/
:
) ó kckckekr. Jurnhn tnŝ e `cn s ng s q(T/`
:
), yózly kcl
ng
ŝgne s
angc
gcnr
nrns
ehngk inrg (X
w
-X
∕
) kcl hmĝru
mrnet
c
h
r. f (T/`
:
G),
s
tnŝ
e
` gntsny
s
mcnrng
nhcneh
r
c
r.
<:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
IJcltk` vl tnŝ e ` kcl lelrok ngtnr ` , jkr `nhhk mrtn` e
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vnrc
e
dlrlgck g
cnrgle,
e
` käke ju nrt ymgtur. Fnttn,dl lg g n gl , ä ju n t ymgtu nttn,
ŝ
e
`cn ngtnr
` jmŝcugtn hnfn ltgke mcnrng dlrälgclŝkr.
Dnz
[ózlyke ynyh ĝ ŝ e `, yózlyk
h k k c ok k h
^tn
snrh
aks`ke
s
c lelrokskehle
gnyengcne r vl jkrk` zn`nehn jkrk`
h j j g cózlyhle slrjlst j
rng
cne lelrok
(T/`
:
) yózlyke yny`n dóaó L
mcnrng nhcneh r c r.
[ny`n dóaóeóe Qtline-Jmctz`ne ynsns
kcl tne
`cneneny`n dóaóeóe, Qtline Jmctz`ne ynsns
kcl tne
`cnene
jkr óst s e r vnrh r?
<1s j ρ0www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jurnhn X
s
, yózlyke `utcng s angc ĝ (G) mcup ρ, Qtline-
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Jmctz`ne snjktkhkr (ρ0<.94x>2
-6
T/`
:
G
8
). Jùycl jkrm tz n snj t h (ρ < 94x 2 T/ G ) Jùy l j
yózly, khlnc
ŝ
e
` yny
a
vlyn skynf aksk` mcnrng
nhcneh
r
c
rhcneh
r
c
r.
Dlälg jkr yózlyke ynyh
ĝ
s
ng
s
,
8μρXL 0Jurnhn μ, yny`n mrne mcnrng nhcneh r c r vl yózlyke jkr
ŝ e ` ùzlckĝkhkr. 2≨ μ ≨> nrnc ĝ ehn hlĝlrclr nc r.
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Jkr yózly ózlrkel älvrlskehle dlcle
e
` hn sùzó ly ó l l äl l hl dl l hn ù
gmeusuhur. [ózlyke jkrk` ncne
en jkrk` zn`nehn dlcle
ju e ` e tó`ó dlcle e ` D mcnrng nhcneh r c ru e ` e tó`ó, dlcle e ` D mcnrng nhcneh r c r.
Dlcle
ŝ
e
`
e jkr g
s`
ynhn tó`ó yózly tnrni
ehne
yutucnjkckr. [ózlyke jkrk` ncne ehn jkrk` zn`nehn
yutucne ŝ e ` lelroksk, yut`n mrne jkckehk k tnghkrhlo y
flsnpcnenjkckr.
J ù ckg 2≨ ≨> c g ó h gk kjku ùzlckg, 2≨ ≨> mc`ng ózlrl nŝn hngk dkjk
tne `cne r.
0<<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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3> vl yózly
ŝ
e
` dläkr`lz ksl, dlcle
ŝ
e
`
e jkr g
s`
ynes t c r.
[ózlyke jkrk` ncne
ehne
Dnz
y
jkrk` zn`nehn
ŝ
e
`cn
elt s dläk k käke
^
ŝ e
^
tnŝ
elt s dläk k käke
nŝnĝ
hngk hlegcl`
ynz cnjkckr?nz cnjkckr?
)Xμρ(XN
q sur sľŝľeľ` √00
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Lelrok dläkŝkek dùstlrhkĝk käke,
s
e
e jkrk`k lelrok jkrk`k
mcne ùrel ke gO‛hur > vl : fncclrk nrns
ehngk jkr fnccne ùrel ke gO hur. > vl : fncclrk nrns
ehngk jkr fnc
hlĝkŝk`k käke s dläkŝk ^
>:
vlyn snhlal ^ kcl dùstlrkckr.
J h c c j gO/
.
Jkrk` zn`nehn s dläkŝk kcl dùstlrkckr vl jkrk`k gO/s
vlyn lŝhlĝlrk mcne gT‛t
r.
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IJ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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IJ hl
s
dkjk lelrok dläk keke jkr jkäk`k mchu uehne jkrk`k,l d j l l o dlä j j ä m hu u hn j ,
ùrelĝke gO dkjk jkr lelrok jkäk`khkr. > vl : fncclrk nrns
ehn
ynp cne k T
>:
vlyn snhlal T kcl dùstlrkckrnp cne k T
>:
vlyn snhlal T kcl dùstlrkckr.
Jkrk` zn`nehn ynp
cne k dóä hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r vl kcl
.
Jkrk` zn`nehn ynp
cne k , dóä hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r vl kcl
dùstlrkckr. Dóaóe jkrk`k gO/s vlyn gT‛t r.
Qkstl` tnrni
ehne ynp
cne IJŕ nrt
, skstl` ózlrkehl
c k g k g j c hkc g k INGNXnp cne kŝ lgsk gnjuc lhkclalgtkr. INGNX,
Qkstl`l mcne KQK dläk k nrt
k nrltck vlyn pmzktkikstl`l mcne KQK dläk k nrt
k nrltck vlyn pmzktki,
skstl`hle mcne s dläkŝk ksl lgsk kŝnrltckhkr vlyn eldntki
g j c hkc gtk
<;
gnjuc lhkclalgtkr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Ju gurncn dùrl jkr mtm`mjkc `mtmru, su, jufnr vlyn dnz
tórjkek tnrni
ehne ynp
cne k nrt
jkr gm`prlsùr pm`pnórjkek tnrni
ehne ynp
cne k nrt
, jkr gm`prlsùr, pm`pn
vlyn lclgtrkgck gnr ŝt r a (`kgslr) tnrni ehne tógltkcl kŝ hl
g k c gt J g jk h k c jk k c hgsk mcnangt
r. Jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl, jkr kŝcl` s
rns
ehn
órltkcle kŝ nrt , tógltkcle kŝ lgsknc enangt r.
Ks
vl kŝ fnc hlĝkŝk`keke ens
c dlckŝtkĝkeke imegskymeuhur. Ju
tór imegskymecnr ymcn jnĝc imegskymecnr hkyl nhcneh r c r.
[mcn jn
ĝ
`c
imegskymecnr
e tn` mc`nyne hkilrneskylcclrk
vnrh r vl sk`dlskycl dùstlrkckr. Ùzlckgclr emgtn
imegskymecnrh r vl h kcl dùstlrkcle tn` hkilrneskylcclrk
θ
92
y d y
vnrh
r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Fnak`hl hkilrneskylc `kgtnrhn jkr hlĝkŝkgckg hY kcl
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ù kck > : f cc h gk c f kùstlrkckr. > vl : fncclr nrns
ehngk tmpcn` fnak`
hlĝkŝkgckĝk nŝnĝ hngk dkjk dùstlrkckr.
0√0
:
>
Hkĝlr ynehne >-: fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn ynp
cne tmpcn`
k ,
∧ 0θ:
>:
TT>
9>www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Lclgtrkg kŝk
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Y k c i g K c g kg g
cpmtneskylc inrg, K lclgtrkg ng
`
vl
t zn`ne nrnc
mc`ng ózlrl lclgtrkg kŝk nŝnĝ hngk dkjk dùstlrkckr.
)gO(tYKTl Θ0
@lgnekg kŝ@lgnekgtl I snjkt guvvltkeke ltgkhl jucuehu u jkrlgnekgtl, I snjkt guvvltkeke ltgkhl jucuehu u jkr
aksk`, guvvltke ltgkhkĝk yùehl s uzuecuĝuehn ylr
hl k tkrkymrsn ynp cne kl k tkrkymrsn, ynp cne k ,
09:
jnĝ et s ycn dùstlrkckr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Fnrlgltck s e r kŝk
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Rkstmeue dlekŝcl`l vlyn s
g
ŝt
r`n
s
rns
ehn ynpt
k fnrlgltck s
e
rp
kŝk vlyn snhlal s
e
r kŝk hkyl
nhcneh
r
c
r. Jn cned
ätn dnz
ehcneh
r
c
r. Jn cned
ätn dnz
e
jns ea R (`utcng jns eä) vl
pkstmeue glskt ncne N mc`ng ózlrlkstmeue glskt ncne N mc`ng ózlrl
pkstme snegk-hledlck jkr jkäk`hl hs
gnhnr fnrlglt lhlrsl fnc hl k k`k
Ygnhnr fnrlglt lhlrsl, fnc hl k k`k
s
rns
ehn ynp
cne hkilrneskylc
jó ógcógt gk k h gk kjkóyógcógtlgk kŝ nŝn
hngk dkjk
ynz cnjkckr.
91
RhYRNhsIhsT 000θ [nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
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F c h k k k h k f g h g cnc hl k
ŝk`k s
rns
ehn, pkstme fnrlglt lhlrgle ynp
cne
tmpcn` s e r kŝk, kcg vl sme fncclr nrns ehn ynp cne
hkilrneskylc kŝclrke tmpcn`
h
r?
∧0s )gO(RhYT
L lr k fnc hl k k`kel jn `c jkr imegskyme mc`nsnyh ,l n hl l jn j m g ym m n nyh ,
mtm`mjkc `mtmrcnr
, dóä snetrncclrk dkjk tlr`mhken`kg
älvrk`k dlrälgcl tkrlrlg änc
ne skstl`clr dóälvrk`k dlrälgcl tkrlrlg änc
ne skstl`clr dóä
órltl`lzclrhk. Älvrk`ke jkr jùcó`óehl órltkcle kŝ, älvrk`ke
tn`n`cne`ns s rns ehn tógltkckrhk
98
tn`n`cne`ns s rns ehn tógltkckrhk.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Rmcktrmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`k?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ĝ
Dlrälg dnzcnr
e dlekŝcl`l vl s
g
ŝt
r`n kŝcl`clrkehl,
jns
eä vl fnak` kck gksk n n
hngk hlegcl`l uynr.y
ARY
e
0Jurnhn e vl A jkrlr snjkttkr. Ju tór jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k
pmcktrmpkg jkr fnc hl k k`k hkyl nhcneh r c r Rmcktrmpkg fncmcktrmpkg jkr fnc hl k k`k hkyl nhcneh r c r. Rmcktrmpkg fnc
hlĝkŝk`kehl jns
eä, R0AY
-e
mcnangt
r. Ju huru`hn
fnrlgltck s e r k k imr`ócó n n hngk dkjk mcurnrlgltck s e r k k imr`ócó n n hngk dkjk mcur.
∧ ∧√√000 √
> >
>>::es
e>hYAYRhYT
9<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
A0R
>
Y
>
e
0R
:
Y
:
e
mc`ngtnh
r. IJhlnc dnzcnr käke RY0`ZX
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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mchuĝuehne,
)>e(),gO(
e>
`T
>:s ≢
√
√0
ŝlgckehl ynz
cnjkckr. e0> mc`ns
snjkt s
angc
gtn fnc
hl k k`khkr. Q angc g snjkt ksl RY0`ZX hlegcl`kehle,l k k`khkr. Q angc g snjkt ksl RY `ZX hlegcl`kehle,
RY0snjkt ynek RY0A mcur. R0A/Y, fnrlgltck s
e
r kŝk
imr`ócóehl ynz c rsnmr`ócóehl ynz c rsn,
: :∧ ∧ 0000> > >
>>>
sY
ceYRY
ceAhYY
RhYT
99www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlr`mhken`kĝke Jkrkeak [nsns
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Xlr`mhken`kĝke jkrkeak ynsns
vlyn hkĝlr nh
ycn lelrokeke
gmrueu`u kcglsk lelrokeke hl k kg jkäk`clrk nrns
ehngkmrueu`u kcglsk lelrokeke hl k kg jkäk`clrk nrns
ehngk
kckŝgkclrk vl dlelc mcnrng lelrok ltgkclŝk`clrkek kealcl`lg
j g h c jk t c c tng
`
ehne sn cn` jkr tl`lc mcuŝturur.
Gnpnc
skstl` mcnrng tne
`cnene, jlckrck s
e
rcnr käkehl
jucuene snjkt jkr gótcl käke tlr`mhken`kĝke jkrkeak ynsns
vlyn lelrokeke gmrueu`u kcglsk nŝnĝ hngk dkjk kinhl
lhkcljkckr?
94www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
⎨⎮⎨⎮ `keQkstlskstl`hlevlynQkstl`l
t
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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⎬⎬⎩⎪⎪⎡
0
⎬⎬⎩⎪⎪⎡ nznc`nvlynnrt`nelt
ls elelr tmp n`
dläkŝlelrokelt
m nrnŝvlynľsľ
vlyn
Jurnhn
0√Jurnhn
skstl` s e rcnr ehne elt s dläkŝkek,
^ ∞ ∞√0 )^^( äd
hlĝkŝkg jkäk`clrk gnpsnyne elt kŝk,
T ∞ ∞√0 )TT( äd
skstl`hlgk tmpcn` lelrok hlĝkŝk`kek,
h c c h
LΘ )LL( >: √0
96
d vl ä kehksclrk ksl s rns ycn skstl`ke s e r ehne dkrle
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
vl ä
gne s
y
vlyn kŝk dùstlr`lgtlhkr.
Qkstl`ke tmpcn` lelroksk L, kä lelrok \, gkeltkg lelrok GL
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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k c okc k RL c h J h c jkl pmtneskylc lelrokclrke RL tmpcn` h r. Ju elhlecl jkr
fnc hlĝkŝk`k s rns ehn skstl`ke tmpcn` lelrokskeke
hlĝkŝk`k, kä lelrok, gkeltkg lelrok vl pmtneskylc
lelrokskehlgk hlĝkŝk`clrke jkr tmpcn`
mcnrng kinhl
lhkcljkckr?
0
Ju huru`hn tlr`mhken`k ke jkrkeak ynsns ?hu u hn tl mh n j a yn n
)gO(RLGL\T^ Θ+Θ+Θ0√Jurnhn
\ 0`(u
:
-u
>
)
GL0(`/:)(Y
:
-Y
:
)
9;
GL0(`/:)(Y
:
-Y
>
)
RL 0`d(z
:
-z
>
) mc`ngtnh
r.
[nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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\yducn`nhn fnrlgltskz gnpnc skstl`clrke gkeltkg vlyducn`nhn fnrlgltskz gnpnc skstl`clrke gkeltkg vl
pmtneskylc lelrokclrk kf`nc lhkcljkckr.
Jnz huru`cnrhn kŝ tlrk`kT
hk
ĝlr
vl T
s
mcnrng kgk g s `hn
lcl nc`ng gmcnyc
g snĝcnr. Jurnhn T
hk
ĝlr
s
e
r kŝk h
ŝ
ehn
ynp cne tó` kŝclrke tmpcn` h r. Ju huru`hn GL vl RL
hl
ĝk
ŝk`clrkeke hl kf`nc lhkc`lsk huru`uehn jkrkeak ynsn
nŝnĝ hngk dkjk ynz c r?
^-T
hk
ĝlr
-T
s
0
L
42www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkrkeak ynsne e hkĝlr ynz c ŝ ŝlgkcclrk
Gnpnc
skstl`clr käke jkrkeak ynsn hl k kg lgkcclrhlpn tl l ä j a yn n hl g lg l hl
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ynz
cnjkckr. Jkrkeak ynsn jkrk` gótcl käke ynz
cnjkckr?
Jkrk` zn`ne käke ynz
cnjkckr?
√..
H i c c
)gT(ht
T^ 0√
Hkilrneskylc ynz c ŝ ?
Älvrk`k mcuŝturne jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k käke kcg vl sme fncclr
√
nye h r. Ju elhlecl L0L:-L>02‛h r. Ju huru`hn älvrk`
käke jkrkeak ynsn?
0√ mcur.
4>www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ùzdóc s cnr
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Ù óc jk hh k jk k gó c k k gc jkzdóc s , jkr `nhhleke jkrk` gótclskeke s angc e jkr
hlrlal nrt r`ng käke dlrlgck lelrokhkr. Qnjkt fnak`hlgk
ùzdóc
s
a
v
vl snjkt jns
eätn ùzdóc
s
a
p
ŝlgckehl
dùstlrkckr.
4:
Qnjkt fnak`hlgk ùzdóc s , `nhhleke jkrk` gótclskeke
s angcngc ĝĝ e snjktnjkt
fnak`hlnak`hl
jkrkr
hlrlrlalal
yógslct`lgógslct`lg
käkeäke
dlrlgck
lelrok
hkyl
tnrki
lhkckr.
Nye
kŝcl`k
jns
eä
snjkt
gnc rgle ynp`ng käke dlrlgckck lelrokk hl snjkkt jns eätn
ùzdóc s h r. Qnjkt jns eätn ùzdóc s , snjkt fnak`hlgk
ùzdóc
s
hne
flr
zn`ne
jóyógtór.
Jueue
elhlek,
skstl`
snjkt jns
eätn dlekŝclrgle ynpt
ĝ
kŝ käke inzcnhne jkr
lelrokeke dlrlgck mc`ns h r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.tr.dd
Qnjkt fnak`hlgk ùzdóc s
?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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)gdG /gO(
X
av
⎐ ∊
0
Qnjkt jns eätngk ùzdóc s
?
f⎗ ∊X p
p ⎢⎐ ∊
41www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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@ógl``lc dnzcnr e kä lelrok, letncpk vl ùzdóc s cnr
@ógl``lc dnz7 s angc g, jns eä vl ùzdóc fna`k
nrns
ehngk kck gk n n
hngk dkjk mcne dnz mcnrngrns
ehngk kck gk n n
hngk dkjk mcne dnz mcnrng
tne
`cne
r.
Rv0ZXv0ZX
@óg c k ok k h gcógl``lc dnz
e kä lelroksk snhlal s
angc
e
imegskymeuhur? u0u(X)
48www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
@ógl``lc dnz fnc hlegcl`k vl letncpkeke tne
`
e
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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guccnenrng7 f0u+Rv vl Rv0ZX ‛hle f0u+ZX ynz
cnjkckr.
J h f f(X) c @óg c k k furnhne f0f(X) mcur. @ógl``lc dnz käke u vl f
snhlal s angc ĝ e jkr imegskymeu mchugcnr ehne a
v
vl a
p
hl snhlal s
angc
ĝn jnĝc
h
r. Ju elhlecl vlrkcle jkr
s angc gtn `ógl``lc dnz e u, f, a
v
vl a
p
hlĝlrclrk
jns
eä vl fnak` el mcursn mcsue snjkt gncnangt
r.
4<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8. XLZ@MHIJEN@IJĕIJE JIJZIJEAIJ [NQNQK? Gmetrmc
Fnak`clrk
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Gótcleke gmrueu`u kcglskótcleke gmrueu`u kcglsk
Gótcl hl lelrok gmrueu` ynsncnr en uynr7 jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl
vnr vlyn ymg lhkcl`lz Gnpnc
skstl`clrhl skstl`kenr vlyn ymg lhkcl`lz. Gnpnc
skstl`clrhl, skstl`ke
gótclsk fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn tne
` dlrlĝk snjkt gnch
ĝ
käke gótcleke gmrueu` kcglsk óstó gnpnc
jkäk`hläke, gótcleke gmrueu` kcglsk óstó gnpnc
jkäk`hl
uyducne`ngtnh
r. Ùtl ynehne, gmetrmc fna`k
c h gó c k k ch k k g c f k e rcnr ehne gótcl dläkŝk mchu u käke, gmetrmc fna`kel
dkrle vl ä gne gótcleke flsnj e ynp`ng dlrlgkr.
49www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gmetrmc fna`k (GF) vlyn nä g skstl` käke gótcleke
gmrueu`u kcglsk n n
hn dùstlrkc`k tkrmrueu`u kcglsk n n
hn dùstlrkc`k tkr.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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⎨⎮⎨⎮⎨⎮ käkehlGFhle'GFel'GF
⎬⎬⎩⎪
⎪⎡
0
⎬⎬⎩⎪
⎪⎡
√
⎬⎬⎩⎪
⎪⎡ .h
gótcltmpcn`
gótcl
tmpcn`.ä
gótcl
tmpcn`dkrle
Jurnhn d, ä vl GF kehksclrk s rns ycn dkrlek, ä gne vl
0√ GFäd
gmetrmc fna`kek dùstlr`lgtlhkr. Gótcleke gmrueu`u
kcglsk, jkrk` zn`nehn mcne dläk vl hl k k`clrk dùzùeóeld ä d
ncnrng hn kinhl lhkcljkckr. Gótcleke gmrueu`u hlegcl`k,
ng gnecnr `lgnek kehl dlelcckgcl sórlgckckg hlegcl`k hkyl
44
ng gnecnr `lgnek kehl dlelcckgcl sórlgckckg hlegcl`k hkyl
jkckekr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gótcl hljksk vl fnak`slc hljk
Jkr glskttle jkrk` zn`nehn ngne gótcl `kgtnr en gótcl
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hljksk hlekr vl kcl dùstlrkckr Hnfn ùeal mchu u dkjk
.
hljksk hlekr vl kcl dùstlrkckr. Hnfn ùeal mchu u dkjk
sk`dleke óstóehlgk emgtn ‖jkrk` zn`nehn‛ necn` ehn
guccne
c`ngtnh
ruccne
c`ngtnh
r.
Jkr jmru vlyn gnenchn ngne ng gne e gótcl hljksk jmrukr jmru vlyn gnenchn ngne ng gne e gótcl hljksk7 jmru
vlyn gnenc
e glskt ncne
N, ng
ŝgne
e ymĝuecuĝu
ώ
vl f
z
Y
kc c h Hki k c jk g k c hN‛hcl mrnet c h r. Hkilrneskylc jkr glskt ncne hN‛hne dläle
gótcl hljksk,
.
gck h c jkck J h Y g g hN‛ hkg ù h gk
` eώ0
46
ŝlgckehl ynz cnjkckr. Jurnhn Y
e
, ng ŝgne e hN‛yn hkg yùehlgk
f
z
h
r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr jmru vlyn gnenc
e tó` glsktkehle dläle gótcl hljksk
k cc j c jkcketldrnccl jucuenjkckr? .
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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∧ ώ0 v )s/gd(hNY`
\yducn`nhn jkr ng
ŝgne
e jmru vlyn gnenc käkehlgk ng
ŝ
jkr jmyutcu ng ŝ mcnrng hóŝóeócljkckr. Jueue smeuauehn
ng ŝn hkg jkr glskt ncne ehn tó` ùzlckgclr hózhóe yny c y
mchuĝu gnjuc lhkcljkckr. Ingnt f
z käke huru` inrgc
h
r. F
z
ng gne tnjngncnr nrns ehngk sórtóe`lhle hmcny g gn tnjngn n n n hng ó tó lhl hm ny
akhnrhn s i r, jmru mrtns ehn ksl le jóyóg hlĝlrkek nc r.
Y glskt ncne
en hkg mrtncn`n ng
gne f
z
mc`ng ózlrl
mrt
, glskt ncne
en hkg mrtncn`n ng
gne f
z
mc`ng ózlrl
gótclslc hljk? mcur
.
4;
gótclslc hljk? mcur.mr www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr glskttle jkrk` zn`nehn dläle ng ŝgne fna`kel,
.
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fnak`slc hljk nh
vlrkckr. Nŝnĝ
hngk jnĝ
et
ycn
.
Ytne `cne r?
∧ 00N
1mrtv
.)s/`(NYhNYY
62www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Dlelc jkr gmetrmc fna`k käke, lelrokeke gmrueu`u kcglsk
h ù kchk k kjk c jkckŝn hn dùstlrkchk k dkjk ynz cnjkckr?
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⎨⎮⎨⎮⎨⎮⎨⎮ eke'GF.ähle'GFdkrleel'GFkŝvlľsľ.Qe
⎬⎪0
⎬⎪√
⎬⎪+
⎬⎪
.h
lelrokelt
lelr ksktm cn`
gótcleke
lelr ksktm cn`
gótcleke
lelr ktm cn`
dlälemcnrng
∞∞ Θ0√+√ GFäd LLLT^
6:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ng ŝgne e tmpcn` lelroksk
Ng
mc`nyne mrtn`hn (gmetrmc gótclsk) tmpcn` lelrok,m nyn m tn hn (gm t m gót l ) tmp n l l o ,
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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jkrk` gótcl käke nŝnĝ
hngk dkjk ynz
cnjkckr?
:
)gd/gO(dz:
u plglul ++0++0
Jkr gmetrmc fna`kel dkrle vl ä
gne ng
ŝgne, inzcnhne jkr
lelrokyl, ng ŝ lelrokskel (Rv) snfkptkr. Ju elhlecl ng ŝ mcne
jkr mrtn`hn, ng ŝgne e jkrk` gótclskeke tmpcn` lelroksk
nŝnĝ
hngk dkjk ynz
cnjkckr?
) plglu(RvlRv +++0+0ζ
mchuĝuehne,
Rvuf +0
61
cur.
)gd/gO(dz:f plglf ++0++0ζ [nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
Qórlgck ng
c
nä
g skstl`ó lg ng nä g tl
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@óflehksckgtl guccne
cne tórjke gm`prlsùr cóclóflehksckgtl guccne
cne tórjke, gm`prlsùr, cócl,
pm`pn, gnzne, ymĝuŝturuau, s hlĝkŝtkrkak dkjk
kstl`clr sórlgck ng
`ngkencnr
mcnrng nhcneh
r
c
rstl`clr, sórlgck ng
`ngkencnr
mcnrng nhcneh
r
c
r.
Qórlgck ng `ngkencnr kcl kc kck tlr`mhken`kgórlgck ng `ngkencnr kcl kcdkck tlr`mhken`kg
äùzó`cl`l, sórlgck ng
ŝc
nä
g skstl` nh
vlrkcle
h cc c Qó gck g c g k k k cmhlccl ynp c r. Qórlgck ng ŝc nä g skstl`ke älvrlskycl
s
vl kŝ ltgkclŝk`clrk zn`necn hlĝkŝ`lz. Ju elhlecl
skstl`ke älvrlskycl jkrk` zn`nehn ynpt
ĝ
s
nc ŝvlrkŝk vlyn jkrk` zn`nehn ynpt ĝ kŝ snjkttkr.
68www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gótcleke gmrueu`u
Qórlgck ng
c
nä
g skstl`hl, gmetrmc fna`k käkehlgkó lg ng nä g tl hl, gm t m na ä hlg
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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tmpcn` gótcl zn`necn hlĝkŝ`lz (`
GF
0snjkt). Ju
skstl`clrhl jkrk` zn`ne sórlskeal skstl`l dkrle vlynkstl`clrhl jkrk` zn`ne sórlskeal skstl`l dkrle vlyn
ä gne gótclhle ämg, jkrk` zn`nehn ngne gótcl vlyn
gótcl hljksk ùel` gnzne
r. Jkrämg dkrkŝ vl ä
g
ŝ
mcne
lelc jkr sórlgck ng c nä g skstl` käke gótcleke
.
`
dlelc jkr sórlgck ng c nä g skstl` käke, gótcleke
gmrueu` kcglsk nŝnĝ
hngk dkjkhkr?
⎬⎬
⎪⎪0
⎬⎬
⎪⎪ .ähle'GFdkrleel'GF
lmp n`lmp n`
6<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Lelrokeke gmrueu`u
Qó gck g c g k h g c f k k córlgck ng ŝc nä g sktl`hl, gmetrmc fna`keke tmpcn`
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lelrokskeke snjkt mchuĝuehne (L
GF
0snjkt), gmetrmc
fna`keke tmpcn` lelrokskehl hlĝkŝk` mc`nz ( L
GF
02).
Dlelc jkr sórlgck ng ŝc nä g skstl` käke tlr`mhken`kĝke
jkrkeak ynsns vlyn lelrokeke gmrueu`u kcglsk nŝnĝ hngk
dkjk ynz cnjkckr.y
⎬⎨⎪⎮⎬⎨⎪⎮⎬⎨⎪⎮ zn`nehnJkrk`zn`nehnJkrk`zn`nehnJkrk`
⎬⎪√
⎬⎪0
⎬⎪ dkrleyl'GF.ähle'GFdläle.s
lelr mp n`lelr mp n`lelr mp n`
69www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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∞∞ ζ√ζ0√ .... ``T
Ng
gne
e jkrk` gótclskeke tmpcn` lelroksk ?g
gne
e jkrk` gótclskeke tmpcn` lelroksk ?
mchu u fnt rcne rsn lelrokekechu u fnt rcne rsn, lelrokeke
gmrueu`u kcglsk?
YY :
d.:
ä... ⎕⎗ ⎕⎗
:: dddäää ⎝⎓⎐ √⎝⎓⎐ √
64mcur.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr dkrkŝck jl jkr ä g ŝc (tlg ng ŝc ) nä g skstl`clr käke
dkrk clr vl ä
g
cnr ózlrkehl ynp
cne tmpcn`n k cl`kl l ä g n ó l hl ynp n tmp n n l
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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nt
cnjkckr. Dkrkŝ vl ä
g
ŝ fncclrk s
rs
ycn > vl : kehksclrkycl
dùstlrkcljkckr gótcl hljkskeke hl k `lhk k dùzùeóelùstlrkcljkckr, gótcl hljkskeke hl k `lhk k dùzùeóel
nc e rsn jkr dkrkŝck vl jkr ä g ŝc sórlgck ng ŝc )```( :
.
>
..
00
nä
g skstl` käke lelrokeke gmrueu`u hlegcl`k nŝnĝ
hngk
dkjk ynz
cnjkckr.kjk ynz
cnjkckr.
YY :>::... ⎨⎮ √√√√: ⎬⎩⎪⎡
W P )gT( plglf`T^...
Θ+Θ+Θ0√
66www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
<. XLZ@MHIJEN@IJĕIJE IJGIJEAIJ [NQNQK
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Xlr`mhken`kĝke jkrkeak ynsns
vlyn lelrokeke gmrueu`u
kcglsk gnpnc
vl vl nä
g skstl`clrcl kcdkck fnc hl k k`clrkells gnpn vl vl nä g s stl l l d n hl l l
uyducneh .
Jk h c gt kg hk k h g c t ckr mhne
e lclgtrkg hkrleakehle dläle ng
`cn
s
t
c`ns
dùzùeóel nc es e. Jkrkeak ynsnyn dùrl hkrleä tlcclrkel
sn cnene lclgtrkg lelroksk mhnyn s mcnrng dläle lclgtrkgn cnene lclgtrkg lelroksk, mhnyn s mcnrng dläle lclgtrkg
lelrokskel lŝkt mcnangt
r. Ju fnc hlĝkŝk`kek hkĝlr yùehl
uyducnync ` Xlcclrk s tnrng tlcclrhl l kt `kgtnrhn lclgtrkgyducnync `. Xlcclrk s tnrng tlcclrhl l kt `kgtnrhn lclgtrkg
lelroksk snĝcn`ng mcneng h ŝ h r. [nek fnc hlĝkŝk`k jlckrck jkr
yùehl dlrälgcl krgle tlrsk mcne yùehlùehl dlrälgcl krgle, tlrsk mcne yùehl
dlrälgclŝ`l`lgtlhkr. Xlr`mhken`kĝke kgkeak ynsns fnc
hl k k`keke yùeóeó jlckrclr
6;
hl k k`keke yùeóeó jlckrclr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlr`mhken`kĝke kgkeak ynsns , s `ngkencnr (`mtmrcnr)
vl sm ut`n `ngkencnr
dkjk tl`lc `óflehksckgl sm ut`n `ngkencnr
dkjk tl`lc `óflehksckg
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skstl`clrkeke óst vlyn gurn`snc s
e
r
e
jlckrclr.
Ks c lelrok hlpmcnr
Ks
c lelrok hlpmcnr
ehne vlyn hlpmcnr
en, hlpm s
angc
ĝ
hlĝkŝ`lhle smesuz `kgtnrhn s lelrok dläkŝk mcnengc h r.
Hlekzclr, dùcclr, ngnrsucnr vl älvrl`kzhlgk fnvn ämg
jóyóg mcne gótclclrk elhlekycl jkrlr
s
c lelrok hlpmsup
mcnrng ncd cnenjkckr.
IJgk inzc jkr skstl` hl jkr s c lelrok hlpmsu mcnrng
dùrócljkckr äóegó snjkt s angc gtnygle s c lelrok nc r
;2
dùrócljkckr äóegó snjkt s angc gtnygle s c lelrok nc r
vlyn
vlrkr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Ks `ngkencnr
Ks c lelrokeke k l hùeó `lsk s `ngkencnr nrna c ycn mcurs c lelrokeke k l hùeó `lsk s `ngkencnr nrna c ycn mcur.
ĝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Ks
`ngkencnr
e
e ùzlcckgclrk nŝnĝ
hn vlrkc`lgtlhkr?
[óg g gc gt jk c ok h h c ok
•[ógslg s angc gtn jkr s c lelrok hlpmsuehne s c lelrok
nc rcnr. Dóelŝ lelroksk, gnzne, eógclclr rlngtùrclr ùrelg
mcnrng vlrkcljkckr.
•Nc
ene lelrokeke jkr jùcó`ó dlelcckgcl hùelr `kc k kelc
ene lelrokeke jkr jùcó`ó dlelcckgcl hùelr `kc k kel
hùeóŝtórórclr.
Nc
ene lelrokeke dlrk gncne jùcó`óeó ngnrsu älrl fnvnc
ene lelrokeke dlrk gncne jùcó`óeó ngnrsu, älrl fnvn
dkjk hóŝóg s
angc
gtn jkr
s
c lelrok hlpmsuen vlrkrclr.
•Ks
`ngkencnr
ehn dlrälgclŝle fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk jkr älvrk`
mcu turur.
;:www.ll`hlrsemtcn
Ks `ngkencnr ehn s dläkŝclrk jkr ng ŝgne nrna c ĝ ycn mcur.
Ju ng
gnen nrna
ng
gne hlekr. Ks
`ngkens
tne
`
en leng gn n n na ng gn hl ng n tn n l
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ämg uyne skstl`, jufnrc
dóä snetrnckhkr.
Jk ó t ck k t k k t ck t t ckr dóä snetrnckeke elt kŝk, snetrncke ynpt tmpcn`
elt kŝcl snetrncl snĝcne`ns dlrlgle kŝ nrns ehngk
inrgt
r?
TTT √0
Älvrk`k mcuŝturne jkr hkzk fnc hlĝkŝk`kehle dläle gnpnc
...,
Ä d ä p
jkr skstl` käke kä lelrok hlĝkŝk`k
\02‛h
r. Ju elhlecl
skstl`ke elt k k, elt
s
nc
vlrk kel l kt mcnangt
r.
;1O.ä.d.ä,elt √
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.tr.dd
Ks
c vlrk`
Jk gk k kc c ok k kkr s `ngkens en dkrkcle s c lelrokeke elt kŝl
ĝ
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hùeóŝljkcle jùcó`ó,
s
`ngkens
e
e ltgleckĝkeke jkr
ùcäósóhór vl
s
c vlrk` mcnrng tne
`cne
r.
tfδ
Ltgleckg vlyn vlrk`ke dlelc tne ` , lchl lhkc`lg kstleled
hlĝlrk, jueu lchl lt`lg käke fnrane`ns
dlrlgle hlĝlrl
jùclrlg ynp cnjkckr.p
k e ekc` g c
.hlĝdlrlglefnrane`nsľvlr `t le 0
;8www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ks
`ngkencnr
käke lchl lhkc`lg kstlele hlĝlr ynp
cne
elt kŝtkr, ju n`näcn fnrane`ns
dlrlgle hlĝlrsl nrna
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ng ŝgnen vlrkcle s c lelrokhkr. Ju huru`hn s
`ngkens e e s c vlrk`k ŝùycl tne `cnenjkckr.
lelrokľsľcdkrle.vlrk`ľsľc 0
.ä,elttf
T
0δ
^^T √0
.ä^
;<.dt
^√
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
@óflehksckg uyducn`ncnr ehn ämg ùel`ck ylr tutne s
`ngkencnr
sm ut`n `ngkencnr
vl
s
pm`pncnr
Xngkencnr
, sm ut`n `ngkencnr
vl
s
pm`pncnr
, X
F
ĝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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s
angc
ĝ
ehn jkr mrtn` (yógslg s
angc
gtn
s
c lelrok
h ) kc X gc h jk t (hó óg gc gt gklpmsu) kcl X
C
s angc ehn jkr mrtn` (hóŝóg s angc gtngk
s c lelrok hlpmsu) nrns ehn jkr älvrk` mcuŝturnang
ŝlgkchl änc
ŝ
rcnr.
^
F
, älvrk`cl X
F
s angc ĝ ehngk mrtn` nrns ehngk s
dläkŝkeke `utcng hlĝlrck,ä
^
C
, älvrk`cl X
C
s angc ĝ ehngk mrtn` nrns ehngk s
dläk keke `utcng hl lrck mc`ng ózlrl
s
`ngkens
käkeä ä
ä
gne elt kŝ vl
s
c vlrk` nŝnĝ
hngk dkjk ynz
cnjkckr?
;9www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Xlr`mhken`kĝke kgkeak yns
e
e Glcvke-Rcneag kinhlsk
Xlr`mhken`kg jkr älvrk` dlrälgclŝtkrlrlg änc
ŝne jkr
ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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`ngkene e snhlal jkr gnyengtne s nc p, elt kŝórlt`lsk mcnengs zh r. Jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl jkr s
`ngkens
, sórlgck änc
njkc`lg käke fl` yógslgä y
s
angc
gtngk jkr
s
lelrok hlpmsuycn fl` hl hóŝóg
s angc gtngk jkr s c lelrok hlpmsuycn s nc vlrk kehl angc gtngk jkr s c lelrok hlpmsuycn s nc vlrk kehl
jucue`ng zmruehnh
r. Glcvke-Rcneag kinhlskel dùrl
fkäjkr s `ngkens e e s c vlrk`k >22 mcn`nz vlyn jkrkäjkr s `ngkens e e s c vlrk`k >22 mcn`nz vlyn jkr
dóä snetrnckeke sórlgck änc
ŝnjkc`lsk käke nrna
ng
ŝgne
e
gnznehne
s
c lelrok nc`ns
e
e yne
s
rn älvrl mrtn`nnznehne
s
c lelrok nc`ns
e
e yne
s
rn, älvrl mrtn`n
hn
s
c lelrok ngtnr`ns
dlrlgkr.
;6www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Qmĝut`n @ngkencnr vl Ks Rm`pncnr
ŝ ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Ks dläkŝk yógslg s angc gtngk jkr mrtn`hne hóŝóg
gc gt gk t c Hó óg gc gt gk jk t h angc gtngk mrtn`n mcur. Hóŝóg s angc gtngk jkr mrtn`hne
yógslg s angc gtngk jkr mrtn`n s dläkŝk neang smĝut`n
`ngkencnr
e
e guccne
`
ycn mcur. Qmĝut`n `ngkencnr
hn
s
`ngkencnr dkjk jkr älvrk`k lsns ncnrng änc ŝ r. Jkr
smĝut`n älvrk`kehl guccne cne nrna ng ŝgnen smĝutuau
ng
ŝgne nh
vlrkckr. Le ynyd
e guccne
cne smĝut`n älvrk`k,ä
jufnr s g ŝt r`nc smĝut`n älvrk`khkr vl nŝnĝ hngk ŝlgkchl
dùstlrkcle hùrt lcl`necn dlrälgcl tkrkckr? gm`prlsùr,d ä p ,
ymĝuŝturuau, g
s
c`n vnens
vl jufnrcnŝt
r
a
.
;;www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
ĝ ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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[m
ĝu
ŝturuau
Qkstl` s e r
Gm`prlsùr
dkrle,eltT
s
c`n vnens
(f jkt)f0snjkt)
Jufnrcnŝt
r
a
>22www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ltgkeckg Gntsny s
Jkr sm ut`n `ngkens
e
e vlrk`k ltgleckg gntsny
s
kclkr sm ut`n `ngkens
e
e vlrk`k ltgleckg gntsny
s
kcl
ĝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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kinhl lhkckr vl AMR
Q@
kcl dùstlrkckr vl ju hlĝlr jkrhle
jó óg c jkck Q t gk t cóyóg mcnjkckr. Qm ut`n `ngkens e e n`na , sm utucne
mrtn`hne s älg`lgtkr (^
C
). Ju n`na dlrälgclŝtkr`lg
käke kŝ ynp
c`ns
dlrlgkr (T
elt, dkrle
).
krleelt
C
Q@ T.hlĝdlrlglefnrane`nsľ
.ls lelel `ll l
AMR 00
)gO(^^T CFkrleelt √0
>2>
Ks Rm`pncnr s Rm`pncnr
ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Hóŝóg s angc gtn jkr mrtn`hne yógslg s angc gtn jkr
mrtn`n
s
c lelrok ngtnrne jkr jn gn `ngkel hn
s
rtn`n
s
c lelrok ngtnrne jkr jn gn `ngkel hn
s
pm`pns h r. Qmĝut`n `ngkencnr vl s pm`pncnr nye
k k gc tk k c i g t g cc c i gc hlvrk`k dlrälgclŝtkrkrclr ingnt guccne
` n`näcnr
inrgc
h
r.
Jkr smĝut`n `ngkens e e n`na , hóŝóg s angc gtngk
h g g gc c hrtn` , mrtn`hne s älglrlg älvrl s angc ĝ e e nct ehn
tut`ngt
r. Hnfn smern älvrlyl vlyn yógl s
angc
gtngk jkr
mrtn`n s dläkŝk, älvrk`k tn`n`cn`ng käke ynp c`ns
zmruecu jkr kŝcl`hkr ingnt n`nä hlĝkchkr.
>2:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
K k jk g g Js pm`pns e e n`na ksl jkr mrtn` s ang tut`ngt r. Ju
ŝ ŝ
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kŝclvk ylrkel dltkr`lg käke, hóŝóg s angc gtngk jkr s c lelrok
hlpmsuehne nc ene s , s t c`ng kstlele mrtn`n vlrkckr.
Hóŝóg s angc gtngk s c lelrok hlpmsu dlelcckgcl smĝug
älvrl fnvns
, guyu suyu vlyn tmprng,
s
t
c`ng kstlele
mrtn` ksl jkr lvke käkhkr. Jkr juzhmcnj g ŝ e gnp s nä gp ä
mcnrng plealrleke ùeóel ylrclŝtkrkckrsl, h
ŝnr
hngk smĝug
fnvnhne nch
s
c lelrokyk nrgns
ehngk jmrucnrnhn n h l l o y n gn hng jm u n
nrna c ĝ ycn lvl vlrlalgtkr, jnŝgn jkr hlykŝcl s pm`pns
dkjk änc
nangt
rkjk änc
nangt
r.
>21www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr s
pm`pns
e
e ltgkeckĝk hl ltgkeckg gntsny
s
, AMR
KR
kcl kinhl lhkckr?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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FKR
^.hlĝkstlelelhkc`lg lchlAMR 00
d rle,el.
FCCF
F
KR ^^>^^AMR
√0
√0
>28www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlr`mhken`kĝke IJgkeak [nsns e e Acnuskus IJinhlsk
ŝ ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Xlr`mhken`kg jkr älvrk` dlrälgcl tkrlrlg änc ne jkr
`ngkene
e, jn gn fkäjkr lelrok ltgkcl k`clrkehlä o
jucue`nhne, hóŝóg s
angc
gtngk jkr gnyengtne
s
nc
p
yógslg s
angc
gtngk jkr aks`l
s
vlr`lsk mcnengs
zh
r.ógslg s
angc
gtngk jkr aks`l
s
vlr`lsk mcnengs
zh
r.
>2<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Hmĝnhn tlrskekr fnc hlĝkŝk`kel rnstcne`nz. Jnz
dlrälg
fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk, tlrskekr fnc hlĝkŝk`clrkel yngcnŝnjkckr
ingnt fkäjkr zn`ne tlrskekr mc`nz.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Mtm`mjkc `mtmrcnr , dnz vl jufnr tórjkeclrk dkjk k ynpned y p
`ngkencnr, le ämg kŝk tlrskekr jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn
ynpnr. Jlezlr mcnrng gm`prlsùr, ine vl pm`pn dkjknpnr. Jlezlr mcnrng gm`prlsùr, ine vl pm`pn dkjk
änc
ŝ`ncnr
käke k
ŝ tógltle `ngkencnr hnl e n z k
ŝk tlrskekr
fnc hl k k`k s rns ehn dlrlgtkrkrclrnc hl k k`k s rns ehn dlrlgtkrkrclr.
>24www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlrske`lzckgclr?
Qórtóe`l, hledlskz dlek
ŝcl`l, kgk dnz
e gnr
ŝt
r
c`ns
,
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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smecu s
angc
g inrg
ehn
s
dläk k, lclgtrkg hkrleak,ä , ,
gnt
cnr
e lcnstkg mc`nyne ŝlgkc hlĝkŝtkr`lclrk vl
gk`ynsnc rlngskymecnr jkr fnc hl k k`keke tlrske`lzk`ynsnc rlngskymecnr jkr fnc hl k k`keke tlrske`lz
mc`ns en elhle mcne ltgleclrhkr.
>26www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Xlrs Anremt Älvrk`k
A gk k k ó h k k jknremt s `ngkens älvrk`k tó`hle tlrskekr jkr
älvrk`hkr. Ju elhlecl meu mcuŝturne tó` fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ŝ ĝ ŝtlrs yùehl dlrälgclŝtkrkcljkckr. Ju ynp
ch
ĝ
zn`ne lchl
lhkcle älvrk`l Anremt smĝut`n älvrk`k nh vlrkckr.
Anremt IJcglclrk
Nye
s
c lelrok hlpmcnr
nrns
ehn änc
ŝne tlrske`lz jkr
s
`ngkenskycn, tlrskekr jkr
s
`ngkens
gnr
cn t
r
ch
g n y n, tl j ng n gn n t h
zn`ne, tlrske`lz
s
`ngkens
e
e vlrk`k flr zn`ne
tlrskekr s `ngkens e e vlrk`kehle hnfn nzh rlrskekr s `ngkens e e vlrk`kehle hnfn nzh r.
Nye
s
c lelrok hlpmcnr
nrns
ehn änc
ne tó` tlrskekr
s
>>2
Nye
s
c lelrok hlpmcnr
nrns
ehn änc
ne tó` tlrskekr
s
`ngkencnr
e
e vlrk`clrk l
ŝkttkr.
[nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
Anremt Ks @ngkens
Xlrskekr Anremt älvrk`kycl änc
ŝne snenc
s
`ngkens
en
Anremt s `ngkens nh vlrkckr. Xlrskekr vlyn tlrske`lz
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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flrfnedk jkr s `ngkens e vlrk`k?
Ctf
^>√0δ
hkr. Jurnhn ^
F
s
`ngkens
en X
F
s
angc
ĝ
ehngk
s
c lelrok
F
o
hlpmsuehne dläle s , ^
C
ksl s `ngkens e e X
C
s
angc
ehngk
s
c lelrok hlpmsuen vlrhk k
s
h
r.p
>>>www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlrskekr
s
`ngkencnr
käke yugnr
hngk hlegcl`hl ylr ncne
k c k k k ok h c c gs dläkŝclrkeke mrne ylrkel lelrok hlpmcnr e e `utcng
s
angc
gcnr
e
e mrne
ynz
c
r. Ju huru`hn Anremt vlyn
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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jnŝgn jkr tlrskekr
s
`ngkens
e
e
s
c vlrk`k ŝùycl kinhl
lhkckr?
Ctr ,tf
X>√0δ
Ju jn et yn dlelcckgcl Anremt vlrk`k nh vlrkckr Ju hl lru jn et yn dlelcckgcl Anremt vlrk`k nh vlrkckr. Ju hl lr
X
F
vl
XC
s
angc
gcnr
nrns
ehngk
s
c lelrok hlpmcnr
nrns
ehn änc
ne jkr
s
`ngkens
e
e snfkp mcnjkclal k lerns
ehn änc
ne jkr
s
`ngkens
e
e snfkp mcnjkclal k le
yógslg vlrk`hkr. Ju s
angc
g s
e
rcnr
nrns
ehn änc
ŝne
tó` t ske` ( g) s ` gke c e e k`c k j
>>:
tó` tlrske`lz (dlrälg) s `ngkencnr e e vlrk`clrk ju
hlĝlrhle hnfn hóŝóg mcnangt
r.
[nŝnr IJscn`mĝcu
Anremt Qmĝut`n @ngkens vl Ks Rm`pns
X A k k ù c jklrs Anremt älvrk`kel dùrl änc ŝne jkr sm ut`n
`ngkens
vlyn
s
pm`pns
, Anremt smĝut`n `ngkens
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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vlyn Anremt s pm`pns hkyl jkckekr. Xlrskekr vlyn
tlrske`lz mcsue, jkr smĝut`n `ngkens e e vlyn s
pm`pns
e
e ltgkeckg gntsny
s
s
rns
ycn nŝnĝ
hn
vlrkc`lgtlhkr.
>AMRQ@ √
0 KR>
AMR√
0
>>1www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xlrskekr (Anremt) jkr smĝut`n `ngkens
e
e vlyn
s
pm`pns e e ltgleckg gntsny cnr , s c lelrok hlpmcnr e e
`utcng s
angc
gcnr
en dùrl nŝnĝ
hn vlrkc`lgtlhkr.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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>XXAMR tr ,Q@ √
0 tr ,KRXX>
AMR√
0
>>8www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
LEXZMRIJLetrmpk, `mclgóclr hózleskzckg vlyn `mclgóclr
rnstdlclckg mcnrng dùrócljkckr. Jkr skstl` hnfn hózleskz
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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jkr fnc nch gän, `mclgócclrke gmeu`cnr jlckrskzclŝlalg vl
letrmpk nrtnangt r. Jkr `nhhleke letrmpkskeke gnt p
inz
ehn hóŝóg jkr hlĝlrl, dnz inz
ehn hn yógslg jkr
hl lrl snfkptkr. Letrmpk jkr ùzlckg mchu uehne kgk fncl lrl snfkptkr. Letrmpk jkr ùzlckg mchu uehne kgk fnc
nrns
ehngk letrmpk hl
ĝk
ŝk`k
Q, fnc hl
ĝk
ŝk`k s
rns
ehn
kzclele ymcn jn c hl kchkrzclele ymcn jn c hl kchkr.
Lelrok dläk k
s
vlyn k mcnrng dlrälgcl ljkckr mysnelrok dläk k
s
vlyn k mcnrng dlrälgcl ljkckr, mysn
letrmpk dläkŝk snhlal s dläkŝk kcl mcnjkckr.
>><www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Letrmpk Q sk`dlskycl dùstlrkckr vl nŝnĝ hngk dkjk
tne `cne r?ne `cne r?
)G /gO(^hQ ⎝ ⎕⎓⎗ θ0
trkätle
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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tr ,kätle
Ks dläkŝk flr zn`ne `kgtnr ehn letrmpk dläkŝkycl∧ θ:
>
X/^
jkrckgtl mcur, ingnt kŝ ltgkclŝk`k s
rns
ehn letrmpk dläkŝk
mc`nz ltgkcl k`k letrmpkyk ltgkcl`lzc`nz. ltgkcl k`k letrmpkyk ltgkcl`lz.
>>9www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
:
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Letrmpk dläkŝkek kinhl lhle tlrk`kehl X skstl`
∧ θ:
X/^
s e r ehngk `utcng s angc gt r, ju elhlecl flr zn`ne nrt
hlĝlrl snfkptkr. Jùyclal letrmpk dläkŝkeke kŝnrltkycl nye
mcnangt
r. Letrmpk dläkŝk älvrlhle skstl`l mcuymrsn nrt
,d ä ä
skstl`hle älvrlyl mcuymrsn lgsk nc enangt r. Nhynjntkg
skstl`clr käke letrmpk dläk k s
i
rh
r.p d ä
>>4www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn skstl`ke letrmpk hlĝkŝk`k
nŝnĝ
hn vlrkc`lgtlhkr?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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)G /gO(X
QQQ >: ∧ ⎝⎓0√0Θ
,
IJätle tlrskekr? Lĝlr skstl` s e rcnr käkehl jkr
tlrske`lzckg ymgsn fnc hl k k`k kätle tlrskekr mcnrnglrske`lzckg ymgsn, fnc hl k k`k kätle tlrskekr mcnrng
nhcneh r c r.
>>6www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s rns ehn órltkcle vlyn vnr lhkcle
letrmpk, letrmpk órltk`k mcnrng nhcneh r c r vl Q
órltk`
kcl
dùstlrkckr. Gnpnc
jkr sktl`ke letrmpk hl k k`k kclp p
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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skstl`ke letrmpk nc
ŝ vlrkŝk nrns
ehngk inrg
e letrmpk
órltk`kel l kt mchu u dùzùeóel nc
e
rsn n n
hngkrltk`kel l kt mchu u dùzùeóel nc
e
rsn n n
hngk
lŝktckg ynz cnjkckr.
)G /gO(Q^
QQ órltk`
:
>: +θ
0√ ∧
Q f i t h c
>
Q
órltk`
flr zn`ne s
i
r vlyn nrt
hl lr nc
r.
>>;www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s rns ehn letrmpkeke órltk`k
tlrske`lzckgclrhle gnyengcne
r tlrskekr jkr fnc hl k k`klrske`lzckgclrhle gnyengcne
r, tlrskekr jkr fnc hl k k`k
käke Q
órltk`
02 h
r. Lĝlr jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn
s
dläkŝk
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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c ( h j tkg) k t c k k hc`uymrsn (nhynjntkg) vlyn skstl` s e rcnr käkehl
tlrske`lzckg ymgsn (kätle tlrskekr), gótcl hlĝkŝ`lhkĝk
sórlal letrmpk snjkt gnc
r (
Q02, Q
:
0Q
>
). Ju tór fnc
hlĝkŝk`k kätle tlrskekr nhynjntkg vlyn kzletrmpkg fnc
hlĝkŝk`k hkyl nhcneh r c r. zletrmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`k snegk-
hledlck fnc hlĝkŝk`k dkjk snhlal hóŝóealhl vnrh
r, ingntd
dlrälg fnc hlĝkŝk`clrk käke jkr `mhlc mcuŝturur.
Qórtóe`l, f
zc
dlekŝcl`l vlyn s
g
ŝt
r`n vl smecu s
angc
g
inrg ehn s dläk k flr zn`ne letrmpkeke nrt`ns en elhle
>:2
inrg ehn s dläk k flr zn`ne letrmpkeke nrt`ns en elhle
mcur.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gótcleke lelroksk yne
ehn letrmpsk hl vnrh
r. Gótcl ng
y p
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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jkr gmetrmc fna`kel vlyn fna`kehle fl` lelrok fl` hl
letrmpk tn
e`ns
en nrna
mcur. Gótcl ng
ycn mcu neetrmpk tn
e`ns
en nrna
mcur. Gótcl ng
ycn mcu ne
letrmpk dläkŝkel letrmpk ngtnr ` nh vlrkckr.
>:>www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gmetrmc fna`k käke letrmpk hledlsk
G c f k c k k k k h k j c h fmetrmc fnak`clrk käke letrmpk hledlsk jn et cnr hnfn
ùeal gnpnc
skstl`clr käke vlrkcleclrl jlezlrhkr, neang ju
ŝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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glz gmetrmc fna`k s
e
rcnr
ehne gótcl ng
ŝ
kcl ngtnr
cne
letrmpkeke hl dùzùeóel nc
e`ns
dlrlgkr.
⎝⎝ ⎕
⎓⎓⎗
⎝⎝ ⎕
⎓⎓⎗
⎝⎝ ⎕
⎓⎓⎗
⎝⎝ ⎕
⎓⎓⎗
zn`nehn
Jkrk`
zn`nehn
Jkrk`
zn`nehn
Jkrk`
zn`nehn
Jkrk`
⎝⎝⎓⎓⎝⎝⎓⎓⎝⎝⎓⎓
0
⎝⎝⎓⎓ .órltletrmpk
.käkeGF
.letr .ngtnr
gótclycl
.letr dläle
ľsľycn
.hlĝ
letrmpk
.
)G /gT(ssXht
GF,órltk`.
ää.
dd.
g GF Q`` +√+0 ∞∞∞
>::www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Lertmpk IJcl IJcdkck Ùzlckg Hkyndrn`cnr
X-Q (Q
angc
g Letrmpk) hkyndrn`
Letrmpkyk tne `cnyne?etrmpkyk tne `cnyne?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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G /gO^
hQ ⎕⎗ θ0
hlegcl`kehle,
ch h c X Q
tr ,kätle
lchl lhkckr. , X-Q
hkyndrn`
ehn hkilrneskylc jkr ncne
dùstlrkr IJätle
)gO(XhQ^ tr ,kätle 0θ tr
h ynd n hn h l n yl j n n dù tl ätl
tlrskekr jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s rns ehn tmpcn` s dläkŝk
ketldrnsymecn jucuenjkckr? (X-Q hkyndrn` ehn fncetldrnsymecn jucuenjkckr? (X Q hkyndrn` ehn fnc
hlĝkŝk`k lĝrkskeke nct
ehn gncne ncne).
>:1)gO(XhQ^
>
tr ,kätle ∧0 www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jkrk` gótcl käke ynz
cnjkckr?
)gd/gO(Xhsq tr ,kätle 0θ:
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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g /gOXhs:
0
H gc h g j c g f c h
>,
Hlegcl`hlgk ketldrnsymeu ynpnjkc`lg käke fnc hlĝkŝk`k
s
rns
ehn s
angc
g-letrmpk nrns
ehngk kckŝgkeke jkcke`lsk
dlrlgkr.
>:8www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
IJetldrnsymeue gmcnyc gcn ynp cnjkchkĝk ùzlc jkr fnc
h k k k k k k jk gc g f c h k k khkl kŝk`k, kätle tlrskekr snjkt s angc gtn fnc hl kŝk`khkr?
mtr ,ätle
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Jurnhn X
m
fnc hlĝkŝk`k s rns ehngk snjkt `utcng s angc g,
,ä
Q ksl fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn skstl`ke letrmpkskehl
mcne hl kŝ`lhkr.
f-s hkyndrn`
d
Ju hkyndrn` ùzlcckgcl tórjke, gm`prlsùr dkjk sórlgck
ng e mchu u skstl`clrke äùzó`cl`lskehl guccne c r f-sg e mchu u skstl`clrke äùzó`cl`lskehl guccne c r. f s
hkyndrn`
@mccklr hkyndrn`
mcnrng jkckekr.
>:<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
X-hs jnĝ et cnr
Jnskt s
g
t
r
cnjkckr `nhhlhle mcu ne fnrlgltskz gnpnc
nskt s
g
t
r
cnjkckr `nhhlhle mcu ne, fnrlgltskz gnpnc
jkr skstl`hl dlrälgclŝle, jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`k s
rns
ehn
ok k g kcg k k hki k c jk k kelrokeke gmrueu`u kcglskeke hkilrneskylc jkäk`k?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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khk Nyr
an0√ khk. Nyr
an,
vl mchu uehne,
XhQ^ 0θ RhYT 0θl mchu uehne,
lchl lhkckr. Jkrk` gótcl käke?RhYh\XhQ +0lchl lhkckr. Ju hlegcl` jkrkeak Xhs
hlegcl`k vlyn Dkjjs hlegcl`k hkyl jkckekr.
RhvhuXhs +0y y
>:9www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
IJgkeak Xhs hlegcl`k, letncpkeke tne ` ehne ynrnrcne cnrng
ynz c rnz c r.
Rvuf +0hRRhhhf
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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vhRRhvhuhf ++0RhvhuXhs +0 hlegcl`kehl ylrkel ynz cnrng,
vhRhfXhs √0 kgkeak Xhs hlegcl`k lchl lhkckr.
>:4www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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IJhlnc (`ógl``lc) dnzcnr e kznetrmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`clrkehl
)>g (>g
)>g (
:: vRX √
√
⎕⎗ ⎕⎗ ⎕⎗ jnĝ
et
s
dlälrckhkr.
:>> vRX ⎐⎐⎐
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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:>> vRX ⎐ ⎐ ⎐
v p AAZ √0v
pA
g 0
Xlrskekr sórlgck ng
ŝ kŝk (gl vl pl hlĝkŝk`clrk kf`nc)?p )
√0 g /gOvhRw
>:;www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Nyr
an `ógl``lc jkr fnc hlĝkŝk`kehl tlrske`lzckgclr
ymgtur. Äóegó tlrske`lzckgclr `ngkencnrhn gny pcnrn ymc
nänrcnr. Ju dlrälgclrcl kznetrmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`k sórlgck
ng ŝc `ngkencnr käke `ógl``lck tl`skc lhle jkr `mhlc
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ŝmcnrng släkcljkckr.
Dlrälg fnc hlĝkŝk`k kznetrmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`kel el gnhnr
yng esn `ngkene e änc `ns m ùcäóhl [ mcnangt r Jung esn, `ngkene e änc `ns m ùcäóhl [ mcnangt r. Ju
elhlecl dlrälg `ngkene
e, `mhlcl el ùcäóhl yngcnŝt
ĝ
e
c c g ki h h jk kny snc mcnrng kinhl lhle jkr pnrn`ltrleke
tne `cne`ns ehn ynrnr vnrh r. Ju pnrn`ltrl kznetrmpkg
vlyn nhynjntkg vlrk` hlyl nhcneh
r
c
r vl dlrälg fnc
hlĝkŝk`keke kznetmpkg fnc hlĝkŝk`kehle snp`ns e
>1>dùstlrkr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Xórjkeke Nhynjntkg Ylrk`k
X w
w
.k.tórj.kznet
.k.tórj.dlrä
00δ R
>
f
>>
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Xórjkehle dläle ng
gne
eXórjkehle dläle ng
gne
e
gl vl pl hlĝkŝk`clrk, letncpk
hl k k`kel mrnecn ämg
R
:
hl k k`kel mrnecn ämg
góäóg mcuĝuehne gl vl pl
h k k c k kf c hkc jkck
:s :
hl kŝk`clrk kf`nc lhkcljkckr.
s
:s
:>X
ff √≌δ Nhynjntkg vlrk`, 42-;2 nrns ehnh r
.
>1:s:f> √
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gm`prlsùr vl Rm`pne
e Nhynjntkg Ylrk`k
f
: R
:w
w
.k.gm`p.dlrä
...z s
G
00δ
s
ff
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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>s: ff √
R
>
>: ff √
>
R
>
Gm`prlsùrclrke nhynjntkg
vlrk`clrk 4<- 6< nrns
ehn
slĝkŝkr.
>11www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Cócleke Nhynjntkg Ylrk`k
Cócleke n`na
ng
ŝ
f
zcneh
r`ng mcup, cóclclrhl ng
ŝyngcnŝ
g nhynjntkgtkr.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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R
>
f
>
::Ygl.äCócl
R
>
:
s:
CYgl.äcócl.IJznetr
R
:
:s
:
s
:s
>1<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Cóclclrhl älvrlycl kŝ ltgkclŝk`k ymgtur vl ng
ŝ
e pl‛sk
cóclhle dläk k s
rns
ehn plg nz hl k kr. Nyr
an cócl dkrklhl dlä n hn plg n hl y an ó l d
f z e , cócl ä g ŝ f z en mrnecn ämg góäóg mchuĝu gnjuc
lhkclrlg lelrokeke gmrueu`u n n hngk dkjk ynz c rhkclrlg, lelrokeke gmrueu`u n n hngk dkjk ynz c r.
2Y:
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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2Yff2 : √
+√0
Jùyclal cócleke nhynjntkg vlrk`k letncpkclrcl nŝn hngk
:y y p
dkjk kinhl lhkckr.
√
s:>C
ff √≌δ
Cóclclrhl nhynjntkg vlrk`clr ;2‛e
e ózlrkehlhkr.
>19www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
9 DN_ NGK GNECK DÓÄ ÄLYZ @CLZ. DN_ NGK GNECK DÓÄ ÄLYZ @CLZ
Xlr`mhken`k ke kgk ùel`ck uyducn`n ncne
dóä órltk`k vllr`mhken`k ke kgk ùel`ck uyducn`n ncne
dóä órltk`k vl
ĝ
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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smĝut`nh r. Dóä älvrk`clrk ju vl juehne smerngk
jùcó h k c gtk E t ó ó t gk cùcó`hl kealclelalgtkr. Elt dóä órltle `ngkencnr
dlelcckgcl `mtmr vlyn dóä snetrnck hkyl tne `cne r.
Qmĝut`n n`na
en yùelckg `ngken vlyn skstl`clr ksl
smĝutuau, juzhmcnj , kgck`clehkr`l (gck`n) akfnz , s
pm`pns hkyl nhcneh r c r vl hnyneh gcnr älvrk`clrp
smĝut`n älvrk`clrk hkyl jkckekr.
>14www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Dlrälg älrk`l jlezlyle ingnt tó`óycl kätle tlrskekr fnc
hl k k`clrkehle mcu ne älvrk`l khlnc älvrk` hlekr Ùrelgl k k`clrkehle mcu ne älvrk`l khlnc älvrk` hlekr. Ùrelg
mcnrng g
v
ca
` ntlŝcl`lck mtm`mjkc `mtmrcnr
käke khlnc
k Mtt k hk Q g t c t c ck t clvrk` Mttm älvrk`hkr. Q g ŝt r`nc ntlŝcl`lck `mtmrcnr
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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käke khlnc älvrk` Hklslc älvrk`hkr.
Fnvn Qtnehnrh Gnjucclrk
Dnz ng ŝgnec dóä älvrk`clrkehl, nrna ng ŝgne älvrk`
jmyuean dnz inz
ehn gnc
r. Mtm`mjkc `mtmrcnr
, hklslc
`mtmrcnr vl dnz tórjkeclrk dnz ng ŝgnec dóä älvrk`clrkycl
änc
ne `ngkencnrh
r. Dnz ng
gnec
dóä älvrk`clrkehld ä ä
flsnpcn`ncnr
gmcnycnŝt
r`ng käke fnvn stnehnrh
gnjucclrk hkyl jkckele n n hngk jnsktcl tkr`lclr ynp c r.
>16
gnjucclrk hkyl jkckele n n hngk jnsktcl tkr`lclr ynp c r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
•Nrna ng ŝgne, `ógl``lc dnz gnjuc lhkcle vl sórlgck
c g g c jk k h h c f hcnrng gnpnc jkr älvrk`hl hmcnŝne fnvnh r.
•Älvrk`k mcuŝturne fnc hlĝkŝk`clrkeke tó`ó kätle
tlrskekrhkr.
•
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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•[ne`n kŝcl`keke ylrkek,h ŝ gnyengtne s dläkŝk nc r.
•Ldzmz kŝcl`keke ylrkek, nrna
ng
ŝgne
e kcg fnckel
hùe`lskek sn cnyne älvrk`hle s dläkŝk (nt c`ns ) nc r.ä d ä ( )
Äùzó`cl`lyk gmcnycnŝt
r`ng käke jnŝgn jkr gnjuc,
fnvne e ùzdóc s cnr e e mhn s angc ĝ ehngk (:<
m
A)
hlĝlrkehl snjkt gnch ĝ h r. Ju gnjuc ynp ch ĝ zn`ne,
gnjucclr smĝug fnvn stnehnrh
gnjucclrk hkyl nhcneh
r
c
r.
Fnvn stnehnrh
gnjucclrkeke uyducneh
älvrk`l khlnc
>1;
yd ä
fnvn
älvrk`k
hlekr.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jrnytme Älvrk`k? Dnz Xórjkeclrk IJäke IJhlnc Älvrk`
Dnz tórjkeclrk dlelcckgcl lgkchl dùstlrkchk k dkjk nä
gnz tórjkeclrk dlelcckgcl lgkchl dùstlrkchk k dkjk nä
g
älvrk`hl änc
ŝ
rcnr.
[ng t
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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[ne`n
mhns
Gm`prlsùr Xórjkem`prlsùr Xórjke
Xnzl fnvn Ldzmz dnzcnr
>82www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
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Nrna ng ŝgne e gnpnc jkr älvrk`hl hmcnŝt ĝ khlnc älvrk`,
J Ä k k c g hc h c h j ck kc 8rnytme Älvrk`k mcnrng nhcneh r c r v l nŝn hn jlckrtkcle 8
kätle tlrskekr fnc hlĝkŝk`kehle mcuŝur?
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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X
>-:? Gm`prlsùrhl kznetrmpkg
R0Qjt
p p
s
g
ŝt
r`n
:-1? Qkstl` snjkt jns eätn
^
d
: 1? Qkstl` snjkt jns eätn
(R0Qjt) s dläkŝk
1 8 Xó jk h k t kg k c
^
ä
1-8? Xórjkehl kznetrmpkg dlekŝcl`l
8->? Älvrlyl snjkt jns
eätn
R0Qjt
ä
s
Ä y ä
(R0Qjt)
s
dläkŝk
>8:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
GL vl RL hlĝkŝk`clrk kf`nc lhkchkĝk zn`ne, lelrokeke
gmrueu`u hlegcl`k n n
hngk dkjk kinhl lhkckr?m u u u hl g l n n hng d j nhl lh
dä ffwq √0√Ùzdóc s cnr e hn mhn s angc ĝ ehn snjkt gnch ĝ gnjuc
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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lhkckrsl (sm ug fnvn stnehnrh
gnjucó) skstl`l vlhkckrsl (sm ug fnvn stnehnrh
gnjucó) skstl`l vl
skstl`hle dläle
s
dläkŝclrk nŝnĝ
hngk dkjk ynz
c
r?
)XX(Affqq :1 p:1:1d √0√00
)XX(Affqq >8 p>88>d √0√00
>81www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Ju hlegcl`clr guccne
cnrng khlnc Jrnytme älvrk`keke
vlrk`k n n
hngk dkjk kinhl lhkckr?n n hng d j nhl lh
)>X/X(X>)XX(A
>q> >8>>8 pä √√0√
√0√0 )>X/X(X)XX(Aq :1::1 pd, √√
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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>-: vl 1-8 fnc hl k k`clrk kznetrmpkg vl R 0R R 0R>-: vl 1-8 fnc hl k k`clrk kznetrmpkg vl R
:
0R
1
, R
8
0R
>
mchuĝu emt lhkckrsl,
>g >g √√
8
1g
8
1g
>
:
>
:
X
X
R
R
R
R
X
X0⎝⎓0⎝⎓0
mcur. Ju jnĝ
et
cnr
s
c vlrk` hlegcl`kehl ylrkel ynz
c
r.
g />g Jrnytme,tf>>√√0δ
>88 pr
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jurnhn r
R
, jns eä mrne , g ksl ùzdóc s cnr e mrne h r
(fnvn käke g0>.8) .
Dnz tórjkeclrkeke tnsnr ` ehn guccne cne
> p
Rr 0
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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jns
eä mrnecnr
dlelcckgcl >> kcl >9 nrns
ehnh
r. Jkr dnz
tórjkekeke s c vlrk`k, tórjke dkrkŝkehlgk dnz e
s angc ĝ en jnĝc h r. Dóeó`ózhl tórjke dkrkŝ
s
angc
gcnr
>8:<
m
A‛yl gnhnr ä
gnjkc`lgtl vl
s
c vlrk`
12‛ue ózlrkehl mcnjkc`lgtlhkr.
>8<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Dnz tórjkeclrk dóeó`ózhl ynyd e mcnrng uängcnrhn vl
lclgtrkg dóä órltk`kehl guccne c`ngtnh r Dnz tórjkeclrkclgtrkg dóä órltk`kehl guccne c`ngtnh r. Dnz tórjkeclrk
uängcnrhn guccne
ch
ĝ
zn`ne, tórjkehl órltkcle dóä
g ù ó h kf c c gt kg ok km`prlsùró vl ynrh `a akfnzcnrn lclgtrkg lelroksk
lelroksk snĝcnyne góäóg jkr olelrntùró änc ŝt r`ng käke
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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ĝ ŝ
guccne
c
r. \änĝ
ktle dóaó ksl, yógslg f
zhn tórjkehle
ä gne ldzmz dnzcnr snĝcnr. Dnz tórjkeclrk nyr an ylrclŝkg
dóä snetrncclrkehl lclgtrkg órltk`k käke guccne
c
r.
Dnz tórjkeclrk ùzlcckgcl lclgtrkg dlrlgskek`keke zn`necn
hl k le jùcó`óeó gnr
cn`ng käke ynrnrcne
c
r. Lclgtrkgy
órltk`keke ämĝu ksl, jkr smerngk jùcó`hl kealclelalg
mcne jufnrc dóä snetrncclrkehl ynp c r.
>89
mcne jufnrc dóä snetrncclrkehl ynp c r.
www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Zlolelrntùrcó Jrnytme Älvrk`k
Dnz tórjkeclrkehl tórjkehle ä gne yne`n smeu
dnzcnr
e
e s
angc
, dlelcckgcl gm`prlsùrhle ä
gne, d p ä
fnvne
e s
angc
ĝ
ehne yógslgtkr. Ju elhlecl
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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gm`prlsùrhle ä
gne yógslg jns
eäc
fnvn, rlolelrntùrm`prlsùrhle ä
gne yógslg jns
eäc
fnvn, rlolelrntùr
vlyn rlguplrntùr nh
vlrkcle tlrs ng
ŝc
jkr
s
hl k tkrkakskehl tórjkehle ä gne s ang yne`n smeul k tkrkakskehl tórjkehle ä gne s ang yne`n smeu
dnzcnr
ycn
s
t
cnjkckr. Ju ŝlgkchl älvrk`ke
s
c vlrk`k
nrtnrrtnr.
>84www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
4. J\FNZCK DÓÄ ÄLYZIJ@CLZIJ
Qu jufnrc dóä älvrk`clrkehl le ynyd e guccne cne
ng
gneh
r Qu uauzcug flr ylrhl jucuenjkc`l vlg
gneh
r. Qu, uauzcug, flr ylrhl jucuenjkc`l vl
yógslg jufnrcnŝ`n letncpksk dkjk mcu`cu ùzlcckgclrl
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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snfkptkr Hk lr nrna
ng
gnecnr nrns
ehn yógslgnfkptkr. Hk lr nrna
ng
gnecnr nrns
ehn, yógslg
s angc g uyducn`ncnr ehn guccne cne smhyu`, pmtnsyu`
vl a vnycn hó óg s angc g uy ucn`ncnr ehn guccne cnel a vnycn hó óg s angc g uyducn`ncnr ehn guccne cne
jlezmc vl irlmecnr sny
cnjkckr.
Ju jùcó`hl ùzlcckgcl, lclgtrkg órltk`k käke hóeynhn
ynyd e mcnrng guccne cne su jufnrc dóä snetrncclrknyd e mcnrng guccne cne su jufnrc dóä snetrncclrk
ózlrkehl hurucnangt
r.
>86www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Jufnrc dóä snetrncclrk, guccne cne yng tn vlyn s
gnyen
en jn c
mcnrng tlr`kg snetrnc eógcllr snetrncnyen
en jn c
mcnrng tlr`kg snetrnc, eógcllr snetrnc,
hmĝnc dnz snetrnck dkjk nhcnrcn jkckekrclr. Ingnt tó`óehl
j f t c k h c J h c tó óu jufnr nye tl`lc älvrk`hl änc ŝ r. Ju elhlecl tó`ó
käke nye äùzó`cl`l dlrlgkr.
8/10/2019 Termodinamik - Yaşar İslamoğlu Ders Notları
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Jufnr e tórjkehl dlekŝcl`lsk s rns ehn, jufnr e gurucug
hlrlalsk nznc
r. Ju huru`hn tórjkehl ngne jufnr
käkehlgk s
v
zlrrlakgclrkeke `kgtnr
nrtnangt
r. Q
v
zlrrlakgclrkeke tórjke gnentcnr en änrp`ns , nŝ e`nyn vl
y prne`nyn ymc nänr. Ju elhlecl dóä snetrncclrkehlp y y ä d ä
tórjkehl dlekŝcl`l s
rns
ehn gurucug hlrlalskeke
;2‛e e nct en hó lsk kstle`lz.
>8;
;2 e e nct en hó lsk kstle`lz.
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ZNEGKEL ÄLYZIJ@IJ?Jufnrc
Dóä Älvrk`clrk IJäke IJhlnc
Älvrk`
Gnznenzne
Xórjke
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[mĝuŝt.
Rm`pn
><2www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Znegkel älvrk`kehl kätle tlrske`lzckĝke mc`nh ĝ hùrt fnc
h k k k hl kŝk`k vnrh r.
> : R c k t kg>-:?Rm`pnycn kznetrmpkg
ŝ g ŝt r`n
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d
wt,ä:-1?Gnznehn, skstl`l
snjkt jns eätn s dläk k
wp,d
snjkt jns eätn s dläk k
1-8?Xórjkehl kznetrmpkg
s
qä
p
dlekŝcl`l
8 > [ t h->?[m u
ŝturuauhn,
skstl`hle snjkt
><>
jns eätn s nt c`ns
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IJhlnc Znegkel Älvrk`keke Lelrok Äùzó`cl`lsk
J f c ó ck k c gk c ó óufnrc dóä snetrnckek mcuŝturne `ngkencnr e tó`ó
(pm`pn, gnzne, tórjke vl mĝuŝturuau) sórlgck ng
ŝc
`ngkencnrh r. Ju elhlecl Znegkel älvrk`k hl hùrt sórlgck
ng ŝc nä g skstl`clrhle mcuŝne jkr älvrk` mcnrng
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ŝ ŝ
kealcleljkckr. Jufnr
e GL vl RL‛clrkehlgk hlĝkŝk` hlĝkŝk`
dlelcckgcl s dläkŝk vl kŝl mrnecn góäógtór, ju elhlecld ä ä
dùznrh
lhkcljkckr. Jùyclal, sórlgck ng
ŝc
nä
g skstl`hl
lelrokeke gmrueu`u hlegcl`k, jufnr
e jkrk` gótclsk käke, ä
nŝnĝ hn dùstlrkchkĝk dkjk ynz c r.
)gd/gO(ffwq dä √0√><:www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Rm`pn (q02) >:d, pm`pn ffw √0 )RR(vw >:d, pm`pn √0
>R,i > ff 0
>R,i > vvv 0≌
Gnzne (w02)
:1d ffq √0
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Xórjke (q02)
[ ( 2)
81ä,tórjke ffw √0[mĝuŝturuau (w02)
>8ä √
Znegkel älvrk`keke
s
c vlrk`k ùycl kinhl lhkckr?
äelt q>
w√00
Znegkel älvrk`keke s
c vlrk`k ùycl kinhl lhkckr?
qd qq
><1d, pm`pä,tórjkeädelt wwqqw √0√0
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hlnc Nrn Ks
t`nc
Znegkel Älvrk`k
Nrn s t`n, tórjke ä g ŝ ehn jufnr e gurucug
hlrlalskeke nznc`ns e ùecl`lg käke uyducnenjkckr jkryd
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äùzó`hór vl dóeó`óz jufnrc
dóä snetrncclrkehl
ynyd
e mcnrng guccne
c`ngtnh
r.nyd
e mcnrng guccne
c`ngtnh
r.
><8www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Gnzne
[JX
NJX
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Nrn
s
t
a
Rm`pn
Nrn s
t
a
p
[mĝuŝtur.
><<www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
X
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s
g /gOffff √+√0+0
,t,tt √√
><9www.ll`hlrsemtcnrk.am`
Dóeó`ózhl dóä snetrncclrkehl jkr gnhl`l nrn
s t`ne e uyducne`ns ycn älvrk`ke s c vlrk`k 8-<s t`ne e uyducne`ns ycn älvrk`ke s c vlrk`k 8-<
nrns ehn nrt`ngtnh r. IJgk gnhl`lhle inzcn nrn
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t c g kg h kchk Ls
t`n ynp
c`ns
lgmem`kg hl kchkr. Le uydue nrn
s t`n jns ea , älvrk`ke le yógslg jns ea e hùrttl jkrk
g h h Ù g j >: @R c jnhnrh r. Ùrelĝke gnzne jns ea >: @Rn mcne jkr älvrk`
käke le uydue nrn
s
t`n jns
ea
1 @Rn‛h
r.
EMX? DLEIJŕCLXIJC@IJŕ GME\ NECNXK@CNZK YL
ÙZELG ÄÙ_Ó@CL@LCLZ HLZQXL [NRKCNANGXKZ.
><4
Ä
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