terrasar-x upgrade to a fully polarimetric imaging...
TRANSCRIPT
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TerraSAR-X
TerraSAR-X Upgrade to a Fully Polarimetric Imaging Mode
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Alberto Moreira
82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
16. January 2003
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TerraSAR-X
TerraSAR-X, a National Science Mission with Commercial Potential
Astrium- Platform Development- Instrument Development- Launch on Dnepr-1 (2005)
DLR- Project Management- G/S Development & Ops- Instrument Ops and Cal- Science Coordination
Infoterra- Service Infrastructure- Information Products- Commercial Exploitation
Main Mission Goals:• Provision of TerraSAR-X data and products for scientific applications• Commercial exploitation of remote sensing data
Public Private Partnership
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TerraSAR-X
X-Band DownlinkAntenna
X-Band Active Array Antenna
Basic Satellite and Instrument Characteristics
Downlink• No direct data transmission to the ground• 256 Gbit on-board data storage (global coverage)• 300 Mbit/sec downlink data dump in X-Band
Instrument• Active array antenna (electric beam steering/multipol)• X-Band multi-mode SAR Sensor (left and right looking)
- ScanSAR Mode (16 m resolution, 100 km swath width)
- StripMap Mode (3 m resolution, 30 km swath width)
- SpotLight Mode (1...2 m resolution, 5...10 km x 10 km)
Satellite• 1023 kg wet mass• 800 W orbit average power
Solar Generator
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TerraSAR-X
Satellite Control Centerand Data Processing
in Oberpfaffenhofen / Germany
DLR GroundstationWeilheim / Germany
DLR GroundstationNeustrelitz
S-Band X-Band
DNEPR Launch
TerraSAR-X Mission Profile
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TerraSAR-X
The TerraSAR-X Sun-Synchronous Repeat Orbit
• Sun synchronous orbit (dusk/dawn)• Repeat period: 11 days
• Area revisit time: 4.5 days 100%(with left & right looking) 2.5 days 95%
• Orbits per day: 15
• Orbits per repeat cycle: 167
• Equatorial crossing time: 18:00h ascending pass
• Inclination: 97.44°
• Altitude at equator: 514.8 km
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TerraSAR-X
Instrument Key Parameters
Center Frequency: 9.65 GHz (X-Band)Transmit Bandwidth: 5 ... 150 MHz nominal; 300 MHz experimentalTR Module RF Output Power: 38.5 dBm nominal; 39.0 dBm max.Nominal Radar Duty Cycle: 18 % nominal; 20 % max.Radiated peak power output: 2260 WSystem Noise Figure: 5 dBQuantization of Signal: 8 bit I / 8 bit QSAR Data Compression: online BAQPulse Repetition Frequency Range: 3 ... 6.5 kHzPolarization: HH / VV / HV / VH
Antenna Dimension Azimuth: 4.784 m Elevation: 0.704 m Beamwidth (uniform excitation) Azimuth: 0.33° Elevation: 2.3°Scan Angle Azimuth: ± 0.75° Elevation: ± 19.2°
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TerraSAR-X
Strip Map ModeResolution: 3 m × 1,5 m ... 3,5 mScene Size: 100 km × 30 km
Flight direction
Nadir Track
45°
20°
SwathWidth100 km
Scan SAR Mode
Resolution: 3 m × 1,5 m ... 3,5 mScene Size: 100 km × 100 km
Spotlight Mode
Resolution: 1 m × 1,5 m ... 3,5 mScene Size: 5 km...10 km × 10 km
• The data collection incidence angle range is from 15° to 60°
• Dual polarisation data acquisition is possible in all operational modes
• 300 MHz experimental mode with ca. 0.6 m slant range resolution
• Further experimental modes are feasible due to the Dual Receiving Antenna
TerraSAR-X Imaging Modes
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TerraSAR-X
TerraSAR-X Products
Product Coverage Resolution Polarisation NESZ FullPerformance
Range
300 MHzExp.- Mode
10 x 5 km2 (0.6 -1.5)m x 1 m full pol
High Resol.Spotlight
10 x 5 km2 (1.2 - 3) m x 1 m full pol < -19 db 20 - 550
Spotlight 10 x 10 km2 (1.2 - 3) m x 2 m full pol < -19 db 20 - 550
Stripmap 1 30 km 3 m x 3 m full pol < -19 db 20 - 450
Stripmap 2 30 km 3 m x 6 m full poll < -19 db 20 - 450
ScanSAR 100 km 16 m x 16 m(5 looks)
full pol < -19 db 20 - 450
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TerraSAR-X
Application Areas
© Infoterra
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TerraSAR-X
Experimental Airborne SAR: E-SAR
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes
(polarimetric SAR interferometry and tomography)
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TerraSAR-X
Experimental Airborne SAR: E-SAR
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes
(polarimetric SAR interferometry and tomography)
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes (polarimetric
SAR interferometry and tomography)
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TerraSAR-X
Experimental Airborne SAR: E-SAR
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes
(polarimetric SAR interferometry and tomography)
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes (polarimetric
SAR interferometry and tomography)
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes (polarimetricSAR interferometry and tomography)
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TerraSAR-X
Experimental Airborne SAR: E-SAR
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes
(polarimetric SAR interferometry and tomography)
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m
resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes (polarimetric
SAR interferometry and tomography)
• Flexible multi-channel SAR-System
• P-, L-, S-, C- and X-Band
• Full polarimetric in P- and L-Band
• High-resolution Imaging (up to 0.5 m resolution in azimuth)
• Along- and Across-Track Interferometry
• Real-time SAR Processing
• Innovative Imaging Modes (polarimetricSAR interferometry and tomography)
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TerraSAR-X
POLARIMETRY
Testsite Airfield Oberpfaffenhofen, L-Band Polarimetric Color Compositered = even bounce, green = volume, blue = odd bounce
INTERFEROMETRY (XTI)
ProSmart Testsite EHINGEN, DEM from single-path interferometry,
Mosaic of three parallel stripes
The Island Ameland in the Dutch Wadden Sea, X-Band ATI Image, surface current velocities,Colour coded: blue = land surface, yellow = max. velocity (2 m/s)
INTERFEROMETRY (ATI)
E-SAR Imaging Modes
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TerraSAR-X
POLARIMETRIC INTERFEROMETRY
Crop Field Near Solothurn, Switzerland, Estimated
Vegetation Height = 2.3 m
Testsite Airfield Oberpfaffenhofen, 3D Tree-Heights
E-SAR Imaging Modes
Nymphenburg Castle & Park, Munich City, X-Band, HH-Polarization, Azimuth 4-Look Detected Image
Single Look Complex & Multi-Look Detected Images
E-SAR Products
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TerraSAR-X
Geocoded DEM Mosaics
ProSmart Testsite EHINGEN,DEM Mosaic of three
geocoded E-SAR X-Band DEMs
Geocoded Swath Mosaics
ProSmart Testsite EHINGEN,Image Mosaic of three
geocoded E-SAR L-Band Images
Multi-Frequency Images
Oberpfaffenhofen,red = X-Band, green = L-Band, blue = C-Band
E-SAR Products
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TerraSAR-X
Simulated Multitemporal TerraSAR-X Product
Testsite Ehingen (3 m resolution)
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TerraSAR-X
Land-Use Classification from Simulated TerraSAR-X Multipol Data
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TerraSAR-X
Dual Receive Antenna
A second receiving channel, which was integrated for redundancy reason, will now be used to enable new operating modes.
Principle
• For transmit the full antenna is used
• For receive the antenna is ‚electrically‘ divided into two halves in azimuth direction,i.e. two independent receive channels are available
New Experimental Modes
• Along track interferometry (ATI)(Moving Target Indication, Widespread Traffic Control, Ocean Current Measurement)
• Quad polarization(Sea/Ice, Snow Cover, Urban Environment)
• Enhanced azimuth resolution for stripmap mode
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TerraSAR-X
H-Pol
ϕ
G
HPA
LNA
Amplitude
Phase
Circulator
Limiter
Coupler
Pol-Switch
Radiator
Radiator
V-Pol
RF-Interface
Scheme of T/R Module Unit
CalibrationInterface
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TerraSAR-X
H-Pol
ϕ
G
HPA
LNA
Amplitude
Phase
Circulator
Limiter
Coupler
Pol-Switch
Radiator
Radiator
V-Pol
RF-Interface
Scheme of T/R Module Unit: Transmit Path
CalibrationInterface
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TerraSAR-X
H-Pol
ϕ
G
HPA
LNA
Amplitude
Phase
Circulator
Limiter
Coupler
Pol-Switch
Radiator
Radiator
V-Pol
RF-Interface
Scheme of T/R Module Unit: Receive Path
CalibrationInterface
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TerraSAR-X
Dual Receiving Antenna Mode
TerraSAR-X with Phased Array Antenna
TerraSAR-X with Phased Array Antenna
TerraSAR-X with Phased Array Antenna AND
Dual Receiving Mode
TerraSAR-X with Phased Array Antenna AND
Dual Receiving Mode
A/D
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Distribution Network
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Distribution Network
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Standard Receiving Mode
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TerraSAR-X
Nadir Track
45°
25°
Swath Width
Full Performance Range
Incidenceangle
300 km
40 km
Overlapping
10 km
Flight direction
<_ 1500 km
15°
60°
Data Collection Range
L max
750 km
StripMap /ScanSAR Mode
Potential Applications of a Dual Receiving Antenna Upgrade
1) Along-Track Interferometry
• Widespread Traffic Control • Moving Target Indication• Water Current Measurement
2) Full Polarimetric X-Band Data Acquisition
• Natural Bare Surfaces• Agriculture• Forestry• Sea/Ice• Snow Cover• Urban Environment
3) Enhancement of Azimuth Resolution
• 1,5 m x 1 m (azimuth x ground range
4) Additional Calibration Strategies
Required costs for the hardware
upgrade is less than 1 %
of the total satellite costs
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TerraSAR-X
Characteristics and Potential ofFull Polarimetric X-Band Data
Characteristics:• Low penetration depth due to short wavelength
• Detection of small scale roughness differences
Potential and Current Status:• X-Band fully polarimetric data are currently used for military applications
• Civilian earth observation applications have been disregarded in the past
• Expanded potential for target classification and identification
• Complementary information to L-Band
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TerraSAR-X
Potential Applications for Full Polarimetric X-Band Data
Natural Bare Surfaces:
Detection of small scale roughness differences:⇒ Ice (smooth surfaces) and geological applications
Agriculture:
Higher sensitivity to leaf and branch geometry:⇒ Classification of different agricultural vegetation types
Forestry:
Sensitivity to leaf and branch structures:⇒ Tree species determination
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TerraSAR-X
Potential Applications for Full Polarimetric X-Band DataSea / Ice:
Separation of volume and surface scattering components:⇒ Water/ice separation⇒ Ice classification and operational ice monitoring
Snow Cover:
Higher dynamic range of the surface scattering magnitude in X-Band:⇒ Determination of the snow/water equivalence used for hydrological
modelling⇒ Determination of snow depth, equivalent grain size, snow extinction
coefficient
Urban Environment:
Man-made scatterers are showing a strongly polarised behaviour:⇒ Localisation, identification and/or classification of such scatterers⇒ Improvement of mapping and cartography capabilities
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TerraSAR-X
Summary
• TerraSAR-X is a high-resolution, next generation X-Band radar satellite (launch: 2005)
• TerraSAR-X is the logic scientific/technological continuation of the highly successful national missions X-SAR (1994) and SRTM (2000).
• Provision of remote sensing data and products for scientific applications and commercial exploitation within a public private partnership between DLR and Astrium/Infoterra.
• A new class of space borne high quality X-band SAR images will be produced due to the high resolution capability and to the high flexibility of the antenna (electric beam steering).
• Operational data acquisition in Stripmap, ScanSAR and Sliding Spotlight mode.
• Multiple polarimetric X-band data will be available where several strategies for polarimetric data acquisition are functionally realized by the instrument.
• The potential for multi-temporal imaging as well as repeat-pass interferometry is given.
• The Dual Receive Antenna offers the potential of along track interferometry, full polarimetricdata acquisition and resolution enhancement.
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TerraSAR-X
Future SAR Systems
?
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TerraSAR-X
radar illuminator (€ € €)
(e.g. ENVISAT, ALOS, RadarSAT, TerraSAR)
receive-only micro satellites (€)
Micro-satellite Configuration suited to Pol-InSAR
Future SAR Systems