terror in the dark - henry jackson society · terror in the dark how terrorists use encryption, the...

TERROR IN THE DARK

HOW TERRORISTS USE ENCRYPTION, THE DARKNET, ANDCRYPTOCURRENCIES

Nikita Malik

“ This report is a remarkable contribution to theliterature on the use of the Darknet by criminalsand terrorists. While the first decade of thecentury was defined by the battle againstjihadist ‘safe havens’ – physically located inAfghanistan, North West Pakistan, Yemen,Islamic State, and so on -- this report drawsattention to the possible rise of ‘virtual safehavens’: encrypted communication channels,hidden portions of the internet, cryptocurrencyaccounts that are not registered with any banks,and more. While there is no doubt that thesenew technologies can provide a huge socialbenefit, this report outlines recommendationsto ensure that this benefit is not used to theadvantage of criminals and terrorists.”The Rt Hon. the Lord Trimble,former First Minister of Northern Ireland andmember of the National Security StrategyJoint Committee

“ This is a deeply disturbing report, illustratinghow extremist content and instructional terroristmaterial, as well as funding campaigns to raisemoney for terrorist groups, can be found on theinternet – with varying degrees of accessibility.It brings into the light of day things we may wellhave heard about, material we may even thinkwe know about. And it reveals just how ignorantwe are. The author has laid bare by hermeticulous research matters that threaten ourdomestic, social and national life. This reportstresses that UK regulation must be createdspecifically for auditing the internet, in whichtransparency and accountability can beguaranteed. This can be achieved througheither internal supervisory powers, or anexternal supervisory body. It is about time weaddress these issues, and the Governmentshould carefully consider the recommendationsmade within this welcome report.” The Lord Griffiths of Burry Port,Shadow Spokesperson in the Lords for Digital,Culture, Media and Sport.

TERROR INTHE DARK

HOW TERRORISTS USE ENCRYPTION,THE DARKNET, AND

CRYPTOCURRENCIES

Nikita Malik

With Research Assistance from Ojima Salifu and Arthur Bradley

Published in 2018 by The Henry Jackson Society

The Henry Jackson Society

Millbank Tower

21-24 Millbank

London SW1P 4QP

Registered charity no. 1140489

Tel: +44 (0)20 7340 4520

www.henryjacksonsociety.org

© The Henry Jackson Society, 2018

All rights reserved

The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and are not necessarily

indicative of those of The Henry Jackson Society or its Trustees.

Title: “Terror in the Dark: How Terrorists use Encryption,

the Darknet, and Cryptocurrencies”

By Nikita Malik

ISBN 978-1-909035-45-4

£9.95 where sold

“TERROR IN THE DARK”

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v

Technologycompanies should

create a self-regulatory system

to remove and auditextremist content,

and release publiclyavailable annualreports outliningtheir efforts in

this space.

The Britishgovernment

should createan InternetRegulation

Body

More resourcesshould be

dedicated to theJoint TerrorismAnalysis Centre(JTAC) to build

intelligencecapital on the

Darknet.

Social mediacompanies should

work with lawenforcement to

ensure thatextremist material

is not simplyremoved, but

archived effectivelyto understandpatterns ofbehaviour.

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Page

3457911

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12131314151516

17

1717181920212222

24

24242425272829313132323436

List of Tables and FiguresGlossary of AbbreviationsGlossary of TermsGlossary of Arabic TermsIntroductionMethodology

Chapter 1: Surface Web, Deep Web, and Darknet

What is the Surface Web? How Does it Differ from the Deep Web?The Darknet Encryption Public key encryption and Asymmetric cryptography The Tor NetworkFreedom of Speech and PrivacyCase Study: Reporters Without Borders

Chapter 2: Terrorist Communication and Recruitment on the Darknet

The Use of Encryption by IS Telegram Use of the Darknet RadicalisationCase Study: Tower Hamlets v. BPropagandaCase Study: Prosecuting for the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online Direct Recruitment

Chapter 3: Terrorism and the Darknet

Crime on the DarknetDrugsCase Study: Ricin in Liverpool, UKCase Study: The Silk Road 1.0Case Study: Blake Benthall (aka ‘Defcon) and Silk Road 2.0Other Criminal Activity on the DarknetCase Study: The “Playpen” CaseThe Crime-Terror Nexus Drug Trafficking Kidnap for Ransom Document FraudWeaponsTraining


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37

373738394040414243

45

45

46

47

47

49

Page

Chapter 4: Cryptocurrency

The Hawala Payment SystemExample: Hawala PaymentsCase Study: The Merits of Cryptocurrencies and Distributed Ledger TechnologyThe Bitcoin Payment SystemMaterial SupportIslamic StateOther Terrorist Organisations How Anonymous is Bitcoin?New Technological Advancements

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

1. Technology companies should create a self-regulatory system to remove andaudit extremist content, and release publicly available annual reports outliningtheir efforts in this space.

2. The British government should create an Internet Regulation Body.

3. More resources should be dedicated to the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre(JTAC) to build intelligence capital on the Darknet.

4. Social media companies should work with law enforcement to ensure thatextremist material is not simply removed, but archived effectively to understandpatterns of behaviour.

Appendix

I. Extremist Content on Search Indexes (Surface Web) using Case Study:Tower Hamlets v. B.

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Table 1 Case Study Tower Hamlets v. B search results on Google and Duckduckgo

Figure 1 Surface web, deep web, Darknet

Figure 2 Encryption

Figure 3 Case study techniques used to identify Darknet users

Figure 4 Document fraud on Dream Market

Figure 5 Screenshot of Al-Sadaqah campaigning for bitcoin funding on Twitter

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KKuunnccookkee"UUvvccvvgg"**KKUU++"qqtt"FFccgguujj<<"Kuncoke"Uvcvg"ku"c"dtwvcn"Uwppk"Kuncokuv"vgttqtkuv"itqwr"rtkoctkn{"cevkxg"kp"Ktcs"cpf"U{tkc0"Vjg"itqwr"cfjgtgu"vq"c"inqdcn"lkjcfkuv"kfgqnqi{."hqnnqykpi"cp"gzvtgog"kpvgtrtgvcvkqp"qh"Kunco."qpg"vjcv"ku"cpvk/Yguvgtp"cpf"rtqoqvgu"ugevctkcp"xkqngpeg0"KU"ckou"vq"guvcdnkuj"c"ecnkrjcvg"iqxgtpgf"d{"uvtkev" ujctkc" ncy" kp" vjg" tgikqp" cpf" korqugu" kvu" twng" qp" rgqrng" wukpi" xkqngpeg" cpf" gzvqtvkqp0" KU" ycu"rtgxkqwun{"rtquetkdgf"cu"rctv"qh"CS0"

KKuunnccookkuuoo<<" Vjg" dgnkgh" vjcv" Kunco" ku" c" vqvcnkvctkcp" rqnkvkecn" kfgqnqi{0" Kv" enckou" vjcv" rqnkvkecn" uqxgtgkipv{"dgnqpiu"vq"Iqf"tcvjgt"vjcp"vjg"rgqrng0"Kuncokuvu"dgnkgxg"vjcv"vjgkt"tgcfkpi"qh"ujctkc"ujqwnf"dg"uvcvg"ncy."cpf"vjcv"kv"ku"vjg"tgnkikqwu"fwv{"qh"cnn"Owunkou"vq"yqtm"vqyctfu"cpf"rngfig"cnngikcpeg"vq"cp"Kuncoke"uvcvg"vjcv"tghngevu"vjgug"rtkpekrngu0"

LLkkjjccffkkuuoo<<"C"oknkvcpv"uvtcpf"qh"Uwppk"Kuncokuo"yjkej"cfxqecvgu"vjg"wug"qh"xkqngpeg"cickpuv"pqp/Owunkou"*qt"qvjgt"Owunko"itqwru"uwej"cu"Ujkc"qt"Uwhk"Kunco+"cu"rctv"qh"c"dtqcfgt"uvtwiing"hqt"vjg"guvcdnkujogpv"qh"

5


"

"

Inquuct{"qh"Cddtgxkcvkqpu""

CON"DVE"ERU"EVKTW"

Cpvk/Oqpg{"Ncwpfgtkpi"Dkveqkp"Etqyp"Rtqugewvkqp"Ugtxkeg""Eqwpvgt"Vgttqtkuo"Kpvgtpgv"Tghgttcn"Wpkv"

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Ftwi"Gphqtegogpv"Cigpe{"Fgrctvogpv"qh"Jqogncpf"Ugewtkv{"Fgrctvogpv"qh"Uvcvg""

FRT"GW"

Ftgcf"Rktcvg"Tqdgtvu"Gwtqrgcp"Wpkqp"

GWT" Gwtq"Gwtqrqn" Gwtqrgcp"Wpkqp"Cigpe{"hqt"Ncy"Gphqtegogpv"Eqqrgtcvkqp"HDK" Hgfgtcn"Dwtgcw"qh"Kpxguvkicvkqp"ID" Dtkvkuj"Rqwpf"IEJS" Iqxgtpogpv"Eqoowpkecvkqp"Jgcfswctvgtu""JUK"KEEV"

Jqogncpf"Ugewtkv{"Kpxguvkicvkqpu""Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Egpvtg"hqt"Eqwpvgt/Vgttqtkuo"

KGF" Kortqxkugf"Gzrnqukxg"Fgxkeg"KKUU" Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Kpuvkvwvg"hqt"Uvtcvgike"Uvwfkgu"KR" Kpvgtpgv"Rtqvqeqn"KTU"KU"

Kpvgtpcn"Tgxgpwg"Ugtxkeg"Kuncoke"Uvcvg"

LVCE"OFOC"

Lqkpv"Vgttqtkuo"Cpcn{uku"Egpvtg"Ogvj{ngpgfkqz{ogvjcorjgvcokpg"

OK7"PEC"PKV"

Ugewtkv{"Ugtxkeg"*Oknkvct{"Kpvgnnkigpeg."Ugevkqp"7+""Pcvkqpcn"Etkog"Cigpe{"Pgvyqtm"Kpxguvkicvkxg"Vgejpkswg""

PRU" Pgy"Ru{ejqcevkxg"Uwduvcpeg"Qheqo"" Qhhkeg"qh"Eqoowpkecvkqpu"Qhigo" Qhhkeg"qh"Icu"cpf"Gngevtkekv{"Octmgvu""Qhuvgf"" Qhhkeg"hqt"Uvcpfctfu"kp"Gfwecvkqp."EjknftgpÔu"Ugtxkegu"cpf"Umknnu"Qhycv" Ycvgt"Ugtxkegu"Tgiwncvkqp"Cwvjqtkv{"RIR" Rtgvv{"Iqqf"Rtkxce{"TUU"" Tkej"Ukvg"Uwooct{"TWUK" Tq{cn"Wpkvgf"Ugtxkegu"Kpuvkvwvg"UT"UT4"VCVR"

Uknm"Tqcf"Uknm"Tqcf"402"Vtkcegvqpg"Vtkrgtqzkfg"

WM"WPUE"

Wpkvgf"Mkpifqo"Wpkvgf"Pcvkqpu"Ugewtkv{"Eqwpekn"

WU&"WURKU"WTN"

Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"Fqnnct"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"Rquvcn"Kpurgevkqp"Ugtxkeg"Wpkhqto"Tguqwteg"Nqecvgt""

WU"XRP"

Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"Xktvwcn"Rtkxcvg"Pgvyqtm"" "

"

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cp"Kuncoke"uvcvg0"Xctkcvkqpu"qh"vjku"kfgqnqi{"ctg"uwduetkdgf"vq"cpf"gurqwugf"d{"pwogtqwu"vgttqtkuv"itqwru."oquv"pqvcdn{"CS"cpf"KU0"

NNqqppgg" yyqqnnhh<<" Cp" kpfkxkfwcn" yjq" rtgrctgu" cpf" eqookvu" xkqngpv" cevu" cnqpg." qwvukfg" qh" cp{" eqoocpf"uvtwevwtg."cpf"ykvjqwv"ocvgtkcn"cuukuvcpeg"htqo"cp{"itqwr0"Vjg"kpfkxkfwcn"oc{"dg"kphnwgpegf"qt"oqvkxcvgf"d{"vjg"kfgqnqi{"cpf"dgnkghu"qh"cp"gzvtgokuv"itqwr"qt"vgttqtkuv"qticpkucvkqp."cpf"oc{"cev"vq"uwrrqtv"kv0"

PPggvvyyqqttmm" KKppxxgguuvvkkiiccvvkkxxgg" VVggeejjppkksswwgg" **PPKKVV++" qqtt" EEqqoorrwwvvggtt" PPggvvyyqqttmm" GGzzrrnnqqkkvvccvvkkqqpp<<" C" hqto" qh"ocnyctg" qt"jcemkpi"fgukipgf"vq"ickp"ceeguu"vq"c"eqorwvgt"kp"qtfgt"vq"ceswktg"kphqtocvkqp"cdqwv"vjg"u{uvgo"qt"fcvc"eqpvckpgf"qp"vjcv"eqorwvgt0"Kphqtocvkqp"qdvckpgf"vjtqwij"vjg"wug"qh"c"PKV"oc{"kpenwfg"vjg"KR"cfftguu"qt"pcog"qh"c"eqorwvgt."eqorngvg"hkngu."ygd"jkuvqt{."ygdeco"cevkxkv{."cpf"oqtg0"

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TTccffkkeeccnnkkuuccvvkkqqpp<<" Vjg" rtqeguu" d{" yjkej" kpfkxkfwcnu" cpf1qt" itqwru" eqog" vq" cfqrv" gzvtgokuv" kfgqnqikgu0"Uejqnctu" qhvgp" wug" vjg" vgtou" ÑtcfkecnkucvkqpÒ" cpf" Ñxkqngpv" tcfkecnkucvkqpÒ" vq" fkuvkpiwkuj" dgvyggp"gpicigogpv"kp"xkqngpv"cevkxkvkgu"cpf"tcfkecnkugf"pqp/xkqngpv"vjkpmkpi0"

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UUqqwwtteegg" eeqqffgg<<"C"ugv"qh" kphqtocvkqp"ytkvvgp"d{"c"rtqitcoogt" kp"c"eqorwvgt"rtqitcookpi" ncpiwcig0"Kv"ugtxgu"cu"c"ugv"qh"kpuvtwevkqpu"qp"jqy"c"rtqitco"qrgtcvgu0"

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UUwwtthhcceegg"yyggdd.."kkppeennwwffkkppii"EEnnggcctt"ppggvv.."QQrrggpp"ppggvv.."XXkkuukkddnngg"yyggdd.."KKppffggzzggff"yyggdd<<"Vjg"ugiogpv"qh"vjg"kpvgtpgv"vjcv"ku"gcukn{"ceeguukdng"vq"wugtu"vjtqwij"vjg"wug"qh"uvcpfctf"ugctej"gpikpgu"uwej"cu"Iqqing"qt"Dkpi0"

VVggttttqqttkkuuoo<<"Vjg"wug"qh"xkqngpeg"qt"knngicn"hqteg"vctigvgf"cv"ekxknkcpu"d{"pqp/uvcvg"cevqtu"vjcv"uggmu"vq"dtkpi"cdqwv"rqnkvkecn"qt"uqekgvcn"ejcpig0"

VVjjgg"GGookkiittccppvvuu"qqtt"CCnn//OOwwjjccllkkttqqwwpp.." kkppeennwwffgguu"KKuunnccoo66WWMM.."OOwwuunnkkoouu"CCiicckkppuuvv"EEttwwuuccffgguu.."CCnn"IIjjwwttccddcccc.."VVjjgg"UUccxxggff"UUggeevv.."EEccnnnn"vvqq"UUwwddookkuuuukkqqpp.."PPggggff66MMjjkknncchhccjj<< "C"rtquetkdgf"Kuncokuv"gzvtgokuv"itqwr"qtkikpcvkpi"kp"vjg"WM."ykvj"nkpmu"cdtqcf0"Ugv"wr"d{"Qoct"Dcmtk"Owjcoocf"cpf"ncvgt"ngf"d{"Cplgo"Ejqwfct{."vjg"itqwr"jcu"mpqyp"eqppgevkqpu"vq"KU."ykvj"pwogtqwu"ogodgtu"dgkpi"kpxqnxgf"kp"vgttqtkuo"dqvj"kpukfg"vjg"WM"cpf"qxgtugcu0"

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XXkkttvvwwccnn"RRttkkxxccvvgg"PPggvvyyqqttmm"**XXRRPP++<<"V{rkecnn{."c"rckf"ugtxkeg"vjcv"gpet{rvu"cp"kpvgtpgv"wugtÔu"ygd"vtchhke"cu"kv"vtcxgnu"htqo"vjgkt"fgxkeg"vq"c"pgvyqtm"vjtqwij"yjcv"ku"mpqyp"cu"c"ÑvwppgnÒ0"XRPu"ctg"eqooqpn{"wugf"kp"eqtrqtcvg"gpxktqpogpvu"vq"gpcdng"tgoqvg"yqtmkpi."dwv"ecp"cnuq"dg"wugf"vq"jgnr"kpvgtpgv"wugtu"vq"eqppgev"vq"rtqz{"ugtxgtu"hqt"vjg"rwtrqug"qh"rtqvgevkpi"vjgkt"kfgpvkv{"cpf"qduewtkpi"vjgkt"vtwg"KR"cfftguu0"

" "


6

"

"

IInnqquuuucctt{{"qqhh"CCttccddkkee"VVggttoouu66"""

Cocs<"nkvgtcnn{"vtcpuncvgu"cu"Ñuvqt{vgnngtÒ="cp"qhhkekcn"pgyu"qwvngv"qh"vjg"Kuncoke"Uvcvg."tgurqpukdng"hqt"rtqfwekpi"cpf"rwdnkujkpi" rtqrcicpfc."rquvkpi" pgyu" tgncvgf" vq" vjg"qrgtcvkqpu" qh" vjg" itqwr" cpf"rwdnkujkpi" enckou"qh"tgurqpukdknkv{"hqt"kpvgtpcvkqpcn"vgttqtkuv"qrgtcvkqpu0"

Cn/Ucfcscj<"nkvgtcnn{"vtcpuncvgu"cu"ÑfqpcvkqpÒ"qt"Ñxqnwpvct{"ikxkpiÒ0"Kp"vjg"eqpvgzv"qh"vjku"tgrqtv."cp"CS/chhknkcvgf"qticpkucvkqp"yjkej"ecorckipu"qpnkpg"hqt"fqpcvkqpu"kp"vjg"hqto"qh"dkveqkp"vq"hwpf"lkjcfkuv"itqwru"kp"U{tkc0""

Fct"cn/Kunco<"ÑNcpf"qh"KuncoÒ="Kuncokuvu"eqooqpn{"fghkpg"Fct"cn/Kunco"cu"cp{"ncpf"wpfgt"Owunko"eqpvtqn"yjkej"korngogpvu"vjg"tgnkikqwu"rtkpekrngu"qh"ujctkc"cu"fkxkpg"ncy0"

Fct"cn/mwht<"Ñncpf"qh"fkudgnkghÒ0"

Gokt"*rn0"goktu+<"c"ngcfgt0"

Hcvyc"*rn0"hcvcyc+<"Ñtgnkikqwu"gfkevÒ="cp"cwvjqtkvctkcp"uvcvgogpv"qp"c"rqkpv"qh"rtcevkecn"mpqyngfig"qh"ujctkc"ncy"*hksj+"htqo"cp"Kuncoke"uejqnct0"

Fct"cn/Jctd<"nkvgtcnn{"vtcpuncvgu"vq"ÑNcpfu"qh"YctÒ="c"tghgtgpeg"vq"vgttkvqtkgu"qwvukfg"qh"vjg"Fct"cn/Kunco"*Ncpf"qh"Kunco+."qt"Kuncoke"Uvcvg0"Cp"cpekgpv"Kuncoke"eqpegrv"fcvkpi"dcem"vq"nqpi"dghqtg"vjg"gogtigpeg"qh"eqpvgorqtct{"lkjcfkuo."kv"ku"htgswgpvn{"wugf"d{"Kuncokuv"gzvtgokuvu"kp"tghgtgpeg"vq"ncpfu"qwvukfg"qh"vjg"Kuncoke"ecnkrjcvg"uwej"cu"Gwtqrg"qt"Pqtvj"Cogtkec0"Uqogvkogu"cnuq"tghgttgf"vq"d{"Kuncokuv"gzvtgokuvu"cu"Fct"cn/mwht"*ugg"cdqxg+0"

Fcycj<"nkvgtcnn{"vtcpuncvgu"cu"ÑkpxkvcvkqpÒ="vjg"rtqugn{vkukpi"qt"rtgcejkpi"qh"Kunco0"

Jcycnc<"nkvgtcnn{"vtcpuncvgu"cu"ÑvtcpuhgtÒ"qt"ÑvtwuvÒ="c"vtcfkvkqpcn"u{uvgo"qh"hkpcpekcn"vtcpuhgt"wugf"kp"Uqwvj"Cukcp"cpf"Okffng"Gcuvgtp"eqwpvtkgu"vjcv"ku"dcugf"qp"c"nctig"pgvyqtm"qh"dtqmgtu"mpqyp"cu"Jcycncfctu0"Vjg"u{uvgo"gzkuvu"qwvukfg"qh"vtcfkvkqpcn"dcpmkpi"u{uvgou"cpf"vjg"u{uvgo"jcu"pq"kfgpvkhkcdng"rcrgt"vtckn0"Cu"c"tguwnv."kv"jcu"dgeqog"cvvtcevkxg"vq"etkokpcn"cpf"vgttqtkuv"itqwru"cu"kv"fqgu"pqv"tgswktg"gkvjgt"vjg"ugpfgt"qt"vjg"tgekrkgpv"qh"hwpfu"vq"rtqxkfg"rgtuqpcn"fgvcknu0"

Jkltcj<"gokitcvkqp"kp"vjg"yc{"qh"Cnncj"vq"c"rgtegkxgf"Owunko"ncpf0"Kuncoke"fcvkpi"dgikpu"ykvj"vjg"Jkltcj"qh"KuncoÔu"rtqrjgv"Oqjcoocf"htqo"Ogeec"vq"Ogfkc"*dqvj"kp"Ucwfk"Ctcdkc+."kp"844"EG0"

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Lkjcfkuo<"Pqp/uvcvg"xkqngpeg"wugf"kp"vjg"ecwug"qh"Kuncokuo0"Lwuv"cu"Kuncokuo"ku"vjg"rqnkvkekucvkqp"qh"Kunco."lkjcfkuvu"vcmg"vjg"vtcfkvkqpcn"eqpegrv"qh"lkjcf"cpf"wug"kv"cu"c"rqnkvkecn"cpf"oknkvct{"vqqn"vq"cejkgxg"c"rqnkvkecn"gpf0"

Mchkt" *rn0" mchhkt" qt" mwhhct+<" Ñpqp/dgnkgxgtÒ" *tghgttkpi" vq" pqp/Owunkou+=" vjg" vgto" eqwnf" cnuq" dg" wugf"fgtqicvqtkn{"vq"uwiiguv"c"*Owunko"qt"pqp/Owunko+"rgtuqpÔu"fkudgnkgh"kp"Iqf"cpf1qt"fgpkcn"qh"vtwvj0"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""6"Cfcrvgf"htqo"Dgyng{."C0."Inquuct{"qh"Kuncoke"Vgtou"*Nqpfqp<"Vc/Jc"Rwdnkujgtu."3;;:+0"

7


"

"

cp"Kuncoke"uvcvg0"Xctkcvkqpu"qh"vjku"kfgqnqi{"ctg"uwduetkdgf"vq"cpf"gurqwugf"d{"pwogtqwu"vgttqtkuv"itqwru."oquv"pqvcdn{"CS"cpf"KU0"

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12

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13


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14

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18

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19


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""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""":8"kdkf0."rctc0"9:0":9"kdkf0."rctc0"3590"::"kdkf0."rctc0"33;0":;"kdkf0."rctc0"327*x+0";2"kdkf0."rctc0"34:*4+0";3"Hkujgt."C0."ÓUyctoecuv<"Jqy"Lkjcfkuv"Pgvyqtmu"Ockpvckp"c"Rgtukuvgpv"Qpnkpg"RtgugpegÔ."Rgturgevkxgu"qp"Vgttqtkuo."Xqn0";*5+"*4237+="Ykpvgt."E0."ÓOgfkc"Lkjcf<"Vjg"Kuncoke" UvcvgÔu" Fqevtkpg" hqt" Kphqtocvkqp" YcthctgÔ." Vjg" Kpvgtpcvkqpcn" Egpvtg" hqt" vjg" Uvwf{" qh" Tcfkecnkucvkqp" cpf" Rqnkvkecn" Xkqngpeg" *4239+." cxckncdng" cv<"jvvr<11keut0kphq1yr/eqpvgpv1wrnqcfu142391241Ogfkc/lkjcfaygd0rfh."ncuv"xkukvgf<"37"Octej"423:0"";4" Dgtigp." O0." ÓIqqing" dgikpu" dkiiguv" gxgt" etcemfqyp" qp" gzvtgokuv" [qwVwdg" xkfgquÔ." Kpfgrgpfgpv." 47" Cwiwuv" 42390" Cxckncdng" cv<"jvvr<11yyy0kpfgrgpfgpv0eq0wm1pgyu1dwukpguu1pgyu1iqqing/{qwvwdg/xkfgq/etcemfqyp/gzvtgokuo/kuncokuv/pgq/pc¦k/hct/tkijv/cnrjcdgv/cfxgtvkukpi/c9;338730jvon." ncuv"xkukvgf<"37"Octej"423:0";5" ÓGW" Vgttqtkuo" Ukvwcvkqp" cpf" Vtgpf" Tgrqtv" *VG/UCV+" 4239Ô." Gwtqrqn." 4239." cxckncdng" cv<" jvvru<11yyy0gwtqrqn0gwtqrc0gw1cevkxkvkgu/ugtxkegu1ockp/tgrqtvu1gw/vgttqtkuo/ukvwcvkqp/cpf/vtgpf/tgrqtv/vg/ucv/4239."ncuv"xkukvgf<"37"Octej"423:."r0"4;0"";6"Eqz."L0."ÓKUKU"Pqy"Jcu"c"Rtqrcicpfc"Ukvg"qp"vjg"Fctm"YgdÔ.""Oqvjgtdqctf."38"Pqxgodgt"4239."cxckncdng"cv<"jvvru<11oqvjgtdqctf0xkeg0eqo1gpawu1ctvkeng1f9{¦{91kuku/pqy/jcu/c/rtqrcicpfc/ukvg/qp/vjg/fctm/ygd."ncuv"xkukvgf<"37"Octej"423:0";7"kdkf0";8" Twdng." M0." ÓKuncoke" Uvcvg" Fqewogpvct{" Uv{ng" Xkfgq" Uc{u" vjg" ÑHncogu" qh" YctÒ" Jcxg" Lwuv" DgicpÔ." Xkeg" Pgyu." 3;" Ugrvgodgt" 4236." cxckncdng" cv<"jvvru<11pgyu0xkeg0eqo1ctvkeng1kuncoke/uvcvg/fqewogpvct{/uv{ng/xkfgq/uc{u/vjg/hncogu/qh/yct/jcxg/lwuv/dgiwp."ncuv"xkukvgf<"37"Octej"423:0""

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Ecug"Uvwf{<"Vqygt"Jcongvu"x0"D"


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Ecug"Uvwf{<"Vqygt"Jcongvu"x0"D"


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Vjqwij" KU" rtqrcicpfc" ku" nkmgn{" vq" gzkuv" kp" tgncvkxg" cdwpfcpeg" qp" vjg"Fctmpgv" cpf" qvjgt" gpet{rvgf"rncvhqtou."rtqugn{vkucvkqp"cpf"tgetwkvogpv"qp"vjg"Fctmpgv"ku"pqv"egpvtcn"vq"vjg"qticpkucvkqpÔu"ckou0"Cu"qpg"KU"uwrrqtvgt"rwv"kv"kp"c"rquv"vq"c"rtkxcvg"Vgngitco"ejcppgn<"Ñtctgn{"yqwnf"{qw"hkpf"uqogqpg"htqo"igpgtcn"rwdnke"hqnnqykpi"{qw"]jgtg_0"VjcvÔu"yj{"qwt"ockp"rncvhqto"ku"]y_jgtg"vjg"igpgtcn"rwdnke"ku"hqwpf"]È_"Yg"ctg"jgtg"hqt"Fcyc"]rtqugn{vk¦cvkqp_0"Pqv"vq"gpvgtvckp"gcej"qvjgt"cpf"vcnm"vq"gcej"qvjgtÈngv"Vgngitco"dg"nkmg"cp"ctejkxgÒ0;9"""

EEccuugg"UUvvwwff{{<"Rtqugewvkpi"hqt"vjg"Fkuugokpcvkqp"qh"Vgttqtkuv"Eqpvgpv"Qpnkpg""Ujchk" Oqjcoogf" Ucnggo" ycu" eqpxkevgf" qh." cpf" rngf" iwknv{" vq." gpeqwtcikpi" vgttqtkuo" qpnkpg0;:"Vjtqwijqwv"4238"cpf"4239."Ucnggo"jcf"wugf"oqtg"vjcp"42"Vykvvgt"cpf"Kpuvcitco"ceeqwpvu"vq"ujctg"rtq/KU"ocvgtkcn0;;"Qpg"qh"vjg"vyggvu"jg"rquvgf"ycu"cp"kocig"qh"Ñ¦qodkg"mpkxguÒ."yjkej"ctg"knngicn"kp"vjg"WM0322"Kpenwfgf"kp"yjcv"fgvgevkxgu"tgeqxgtgf"htqo"UcnggoÔu"jqog"ycu"c"rjqvq"ucxgf"qp"vjg"Vgngitco"crr"qh"Ucnggo"jqnfkpi"c"jcpfiwp."cu"ygnn"cu"xkfgqu"qh"KU"rtqrcicpfc"cpf"Qucoc"dkp"Ncfgp0"Eqoocpfgt"Fgcp"Jc{fqp"qh"vjg"OgvÔu"Eqwpvgt"Vgttqtkuo"Eqoocpf"pqvgf"jqy"korqtvcpv"kv"ku"vq"jqnf"ceeqwpvcdng"vjqug"yjq"ujctg"uwdxgtukxg"ocvgtkcn<"ÑGxgt{" vyggv"jcu" vjg"rqvgpvkcn" vq"tcfkecnkug"xwnpgtcdng"rgqrng0Ò323"Cu"qh"Hgdtwct{"423:."Ucnggo"jcf"dggp"ugpvgpegf"vq"vyq"{gctu"kp"rtkuqp0324"""

"FFkkttggeevv"TTggeettwwkkvvooggppvv"""Dgvvgt"oqpkvqtkpi"qh"vjg"uwthceg"ygd"d{"uqekcn"ogfkc"eqorcpkgu"cpf"ugewtkv{"qhhkekcnu"jcu"tguwnvgf"kp"c"hcuvgt"tcvg"qh"tgoqxcn"qh"gzvtgokuv"eqpvgpv"htqo"uqekcn"ogfkc"rncvhqtou0325"Eqttgncvgf"vq"vjku"ku"cp"kpetgcugf"wug"d{"gzvtgokuv"pgvyqtmu"qh"vjg"Fctmpgv"cu"c"Ñlkjcfkuv"uchg"jcxgpÒ326"hqt"rncppkpi"cvvcemu0327"Kp"4237."cp"wpfgteqxgt"DDE"tgrqtvgt"ocfg"eqpvcev"qp"Vykvvgt"ykvj"Lwpckf"Jwuuckp."cp"KU"tgetwkvgt"yjq"vtcxgnngf"htqo"Dktokpijco"vq"U{tkc"kp"42350"Cnvjqwij"Jwuuckp"ycu"mknngf"kp"c"ftqpg"uvtkmg"kp"Cwiwuv"4237."vjg"eqpxgtucvkqp"ycu"eqpvkpwgf"d{"cpqvjgt"cpqp{oqwu"tgetwkvgt."yjq"kpxkvgf"vjg"tgrqtvgt"vq"ejcv"rtkxcvgn{"qp"cp"gpet{rvgf"oguucikpi"ukvg0"Qpeg"qp"vjg"rtkxcvg"ukvg."vjg"tgetwkvgt"tgrqtvgfn{"cvvgorvgf"vq"rgtuwcfg"vjg"wpfgteqxgt"lqwtpcnkuv"vq"ectt{"qwv"cvvcemu"kp"Nqpfqp."uwiiguvkpi"rncpu"vjcv"dqtg"Ñuvtkmkpi"ukoknctkvkguÒ"vq" vjg" cvvcemu" vjcv" ncvgt" qeewttgf" kp"Yguvokpuvgt" cpf" qp" Nqpfqp" Dtkfig" kp"Octej" cpf" Lwpg" 4239"tgurgevkxgn{0328" Cnvjqwij" kv" ku" wpengct" jqy"[qwuugh" ¥cijdc." qpg" qh" vjg"Nqpfqp"Dtkfig" cvvcemgtu." ycu"tcfkecnkugf."qykpi"vq"jku"eqorwvgt"umknnu"jg"oc{"jcxg"gpeqwpvgtgf"KU"ygdukvgu"qp"vjg"Fctmpgv0329"""

Vjg"gxkfgpeg"wpeqxgtgf"uwiiguvu"vjcv"tgetwkvgtu"nkmg"Jwuuckp"wug"vjg"Fctmpgv"vq"rncp"cpf"ncwpej"vgttqtkuv"cvvcemu."dgecwug"fgvgevkqp"d{"ncy"gphqtegogpv"ku"nguu"nkmgn{0"Yjkng"kpkvkcn"eqpvcev"ecp"dg"ocfg"qp"uwthceg"ygd"rncvhqtou."hwtvjgt"kpuvtwevkqp"ku"qhvgp"ikxgp"qp"gpf/vq/gpf"gpet{rvkqp"crru."uwej"cu"Vgngitco."qp"jqy"vq"ceeguu"lkjcfkuv"ygdukvgu"qp"vjg"Fctmpgv032:"Fkuewuukqpu"qp"Ñjqy"vq"ocmg"dqodu."rncp"nqpg"cevqt"vgttqtkuv"cvvcemu"È"jqy"vq"wug"xgjkengu"cu"ygcrqpu."yjgtg"vq"uvcd"rgqrng"hqt"oczkowo"ghhgev."cpf"jqy"vq"etgcvg"c"hcmg"uwkekfg"xguv"qt"ocum"vjgkt"cevkxkv{."ykvj"vjg"cko"qh"eqpxkpekpi"rqvgpvkcn"tgetwkvu"vq"wpfgtvcmg"

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22

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Vjqwij" KU" rtqrcicpfc" ku" nkmgn{" vq" gzkuv" kp" tgncvkxg" cdwpfcpeg" qp" vjg"Fctmpgv" cpf" qvjgt" gpet{rvgf"rncvhqtou."rtqugn{vkucvkqp"cpf"tgetwkvogpv"qp"vjg"Fctmpgv"ku"pqv"egpvtcn"vq"vjg"qticpkucvkqpÔu"ckou0"Cu"qpg"KU"uwrrqtvgt"rwv"kv"kp"c"rquv"vq"c"rtkxcvg"Vgngitco"ejcppgn<"Ñtctgn{"yqwnf"{qw"hkpf"uqogqpg"htqo"igpgtcn"rwdnke"hqnnqykpi"{qw"]jgtg_0"VjcvÔu"yj{"qwt"ockp"rncvhqto"ku"]y_jgtg"vjg"igpgtcn"rwdnke"ku"hqwpf"]È_"Yg"ctg"jgtg"hqt"Fcyc"]rtqugn{vk¦cvkqp_0"Pqv"vq"gpvgtvckp"gcej"qvjgt"cpf"vcnm"vq"gcej"qvjgtÈngv"Vgngitco"dg"nkmg"cp"ctejkxgÒ0;9"""

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24

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28

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Mkfpcr"hqt"Tcpuqo"

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Fqewogpv"Htcwf"

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YYggccrrqqppuu"

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35


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36

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37


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1. Technology companies should create a self-regulatory system to remove and audit extremistcontent, and release publicly available annual reports outlining their efforts in this space.

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46

2. The British government should create an Internet Regulatory Body.

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47


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3. More resources should be dedicated to the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC) to buildintelligence capital on the Darknet.

4. Social media companies should work with law enforcement to ensure that extremist materialis not simply removed, but archived effectively to understand patterns of behaviour.

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"

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48

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TERROR IN THE DARKHow Terrorists use Encryption,the Darknet and Cryptocurrencies

By: Nikita Malik

£9.95 priceISBN: 978-1-909035-45-4

© The Henry Jackson Society 2018

The Henry Jackson Society

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