TerrorismTerrorism

ORGANIZING TERRORISMORGANIZING TERRORISM

CAUSES, STRATEGY, CAUSES, STRATEGY, TACTICSTACTICS

I.I. CAUSES OF TERRORISMCAUSES OF TERRORISMa.a. Psycho-SocialPsycho-Socialb.b. Rational-MaterialRational-Material

II.II. FTO ORGANIZATIONFTO ORGANIZATION

III.III. STRATEGY & TACTICSSTRATEGY & TACTICS

Terms To KnowTerms To KnowSpider web theorySpider web theory martyrdom videomartyrdom video MunichMunichNetwarNetwar cellcell Hub v. chain networksHub v. chain networks

Bushido CodeBushido Code Black WidowsBlack Widows Freedom BirdsFreedom Birds

TWA Flt. 847TWA Flt. 847 knee-cappingknee-capping Death CultureDeath Culturesignature methodsignature method Suicide BombingSuicide Bombing Relative deprivationRelative deprivation

PSYCHO-SOCIAL

Old CW: Mental Illness– acts of extreme violence,

irrespective of motive, must be by the pathological/mentally ill.

Crenshaw (1981)

– no evidence of psychopathology in study of Algeria’s National Liberation Front.

– N.Ireland: “Political murderers were…more stable than non-political murderers”

Merrari: No single personality profile

RATIONAL-MATERIAL

– Costs

– Benefits

– Conditions

I. CAUSES OF TERRORISM

Conditions It’s the

Occupation, Stupid (Pape)

Relative Deprivation (Martin; (Martin; Burgoon):Burgoon):

– Feelings of Feelings of economic frustrationeconomic frustration

– Rising expectationsRising expectations– perceived unjust perceived unjust

inequality inequality

Psychosocial conditions:Psychosocial conditions: Moral DisengagementMoral Disengagement

Culture & Subculture CULTURES OF SELF-SACRIFICECULTURES OF SELF-SACRIFICE Bushido CodeBushido Code: death before dishonor: death before dishonor

– KamikazeKamikaze (“Divine Wind”) (“Divine Wind”)– SeppukuSeppuku (“Hara Kiri”) (“Hara Kiri”)

MartyrdomMartyrdom (“Shahada”) (“Shahada”)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dPb1bF-s4M&feature=related

Group Culture: Path to extremism (Hamm)

– Youth subculture with a specific Ideology paramilitary style Musical expression

Who Becomes a Female Terrorist?

Young – ave age 21.5 (Turkey) - 23 (Lebanon)

– LTTE: brainwashed preadolescent orphans

Widowed and single

Loss of a close friend or family member.– Guilt– Humiliation– Revenge

II. FTO ORGANIZATIONII. FTO ORGANIZATION

ShapesShapeshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7728551.stm

NetwarNetwar: A mode of conflict involving using : A mode of conflict involving using decentralized network forms of organization and decentralized network forms of organization and

technologies attuned to the information age.technologies attuned to the information age.

Shapes and SizesShapes and Sizes SIZE SIZE (Ted (Ted

Gurr):Gurr):

– LargeLarge groups groups more more successfulsuccessful

– Most groups:Most groups: involve few involve few

people people generate generate

more noise more noise than injurythan injury

end within 18 end within 18 monthsmonths

““Exposure to Ideas”Exposure to Ideas”(Socialization)(Socialization)

Martyrdom CultureMartyrdom Culture

Shahada (martyrdom)Shahada (martyrdom)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dPb1bF-s4M&feature=related

Farfour the Mouse & Nahool the BeeFarfour the Mouse & Nahool the Beehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wiBwQ9fiho&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFz8DwvJP6Q&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFz8DwvJP6Q&feature=related

RecruitmentRecruitment Abu Mansour al-

Amriki the American Recruitment Video &

Raps:The American dream

has fallenBush is going down

like StalinThe economy is

crawlin’The widows are

bawlin’ Your dead you be

haulin’

http://video.aol.com/video-detail/english-nasheed-rap-by-shabab-al-

mujahideen-sooner-or-later/766712952

http://tr.youtube.com/user/wa1slama

http://www.zshare.net/audio/58019065ea7a2330/http://tr.youtube.com/user/wa1slama

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090331/wl_africa_afp/usattackssomaliaunrest_20090331220133/printhttp://www.alqimmah.net/showthread.php?t=4519 http://admin.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=15546http://www.jihadwatch.org/archives/024080.php

Al-ShebabAl-Shebab (“The (“The youth”youth”

“radicalised clusters” of Somali-American youths being recruited.

October 2008: 1st suicide attack by an American: Somali from Minneapolis

Al Qaeda’s Recruitment ManualAl Qaeda’s Recruitment Manual

"removing him from "removing him from the bad environment the bad environment

in which he lives" in which he lives" and putting him into and putting him into

"a good environment "a good environment designed to improve designed to improve

his faith.”his faith.” Take him "for a boat Take him "for a boat

ride on the Nile or ride on the Nile or some other retreat." some other retreat."

Go to prayers Go to prayers together; "Send him together; "Send him

a nice a nice da'wahda'wah [proselytizing] [proselytizing] message message

on his mobile on his mobile phone.”phone.”http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102193723

""Youth in remote Youth in remote areas" are likely to areas" are likely to be "naturally be "naturally religious” and religious” and "easy to shape and "easy to shape and convince”convince”

““favorite group”: favorite group”: the nonreligious…the nonreligious…lack a vocabulary lack a vocabulary to answer religious to answer religious arguments.arguments.

Recruitment & Filtering

TRAINING & BONDINGTRAINING & BONDINGOn KillingOn Killing (Lt.Col.David Grossman) (Lt.Col.David Grossman)

EmploymentEmployment Martyrdom VideosMartyrdom Videos

– Last messageLast message

– Commitment (fear of shame)Commitment (fear of shame)

– Rationalizes for self & familyRationalizes for self & familyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WPhQRmqo7o&feature=rela

tedParadise Now:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s_aL1jrWWQ

III. STRATEGY & TACTICSIII. STRATEGY & TACTICSMaoMao’s 7 Steps’s 7 Steps Arouse and organize the Arouse and organize the

people.people.

Recover national strength.Recover national strength.

Destroy enemy’s national Destroy enemy’s national strength.strength.

guerrilla warfare…cannot guerrilla warfare…cannot exist if it separates from exist if it separates from the masses’ sympathies the masses’ sympathies and cooperationand cooperation– Spirit between troops and Spirit between troops and

local inhabitants, like fish in local inhabitants, like fish in waterwater

T.E. LawrenceT.E. Lawrence Theorem 1: irregular forces Theorem 1: irregular forces

are incapable of destroying are incapable of destroying an enemy’s army.an enemy’s army.

Theorem 2: irregular troops Theorem 2: irregular troops are unable to defend a point are unable to defend a point or line.or line.

Rebellion must haveRebellion must have: :

1. an unassailable base, 1. an unassailable base, independence of supply, and independence of supply, and the qualities of speed, the qualities of speed, endurance and ubiquity.endurance and ubiquity.

2. an alien army too small to 2. an alien army too small to fulfill the fulfill the doctrine of doctrine of acreageacreage

3. a friendly population 3. a friendly population sympathetic to the point of sympathetic to the point of not betraying rebel not betraying rebel movements to the enemy. movements to the enemy.

OBJECTIVES & AUDIENCESOBJECTIVES & AUDIENCES Changing Changing

Existing OrderExisting Order Psychological Psychological

disruptiondisruption Social disruptionSocial disruption Publicizing the Publicizing the

causecause Creating a Creating a

revolutionary revolutionary environment environment

ENEMY GOVERNMENTENEMY GOVERNMENT

PublicPublic

MEMBERSHIP/MEMBERSHIP/SUPPORTERSSUPPORTERS

““POTENTIAL POTENTIAL SUPPORTERS”SUPPORTERS”

– InspireInspire– The MajesticThe Majestic (al-Shamikha)(al-Shamikha)

RIVAL GROUPSRIVAL GROUPS

BYSTANDERS/3BYSTANDERS/3RDRD PARTIESPARTIES

MEDIA ORIENTED MEDIA ORIENTED TERRORSIMTERRORSIM

TWA Flight 847 TWA Flight 847 (1985)(1985)

MunichMunich (1972) (1972)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTqZPKZ4_wk

Strategic & Tactical Attraction Strategic & Tactical Attraction of Suicide Terrorism of Suicide Terrorism (Hoffman)(Hoffman)

–Cost effective Cost effective ($150 for Israeli bomber)($150 for Israeli bomber)

–““Smart” bomb Smart” bomb (goes where you want)(goes where you want)

–““lethally flexible & lethally flexible & inventive” inventive” (adapts to situation)(adapts to situation)

–Maximize fear Maximize fear (nowhere is safe)(nowhere is safe)

Robert Pape: Dying to Win

Secular, strategic goal:– compel democracies to

withdraw military forces from territory terrorists consider their homeland

Democracies “especially vulnerable”:

– Intolerant of costs imposed by attacks

– Likely to push for changes in policy that lessen future attacks.

Hoffman’s Hoffman’s Spider web Spider web theorytheory::

– ““looks strong from the looks strong from the outside, but touch it outside, but touch it and it will fall apart.”and it will fall apart.”

– Hamas: “Jews love life” Hamas: “Jews love life” vs. the “smile of joy” vs. the “smile of joy”

The Logic of Female Suicide Bombers

– Increased number of combatants

– Increased publicity

– Play off stereotypes: Element of surprise

– Play off cultural norms: Search women

http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdfhttp://www.e-prism.org/images/memo84_Female_suicide_bombers_-_Jaffee_Center_-_Aug06.pdf