terrorism versus counterterrorism

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Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism

Peace and Conflicts

Group 1 Amelia(Hyun Jung), Alena, Sun Kil, Paula(Se Hee)

All rights reserved @SunRiverPeace and Conflicts

Any actual or threatened attack against civilian noncombatants

What is Terrorism? Who are Terrorists?

People who typically feel unable to con-front their perceived enemies directly and who accordingly use violence, or the threat of violence, against noncombatants to achieve their political aims

Terrorism

Terrorists

p.45


Who is or is not a terrorist and what may or may not be acts of terrorism depend largely on the perspective of the person or group using the term

Even United Nations has been unable to agree on defining terrorism, despite decades of debating the issue

However!!!!!!

1. Focus on the violent acts committed by terrorists2. Neglect the effects of those acts on their victims.

Agent centered terrorism

Victim centered terrorism Terrifying effects of certain violent acts on the victims of those acts


Definition of Terrorism

Terrorism is a premeditated, usually politically moti-vated, use, or threatened use, of violence, in order to in-

duce a state of terror in its immediate victims, usually for the purpose of influencing another, less reachable audi-ence, such as a government. Such victims may include

civilian noncombatants but are not necessarily limited to them


A Brief History of Terrorism

Terrorism derives originally from the French Revolution, to denote the “reign of terror”

Today- denotes political violence, intimidation and psychological warfare deployed by sub-national groups mainly against civilian noncombatants

p.47


Terrorism from ABOVE

Terrorism from BELOW

p.48


The Historical Tension Between State Terrorism From Above and Non-State Terrorism From Below

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p.49


Roman Terrorism from Above and Jewish Terrorism from Below

1st century B.C.E. Roman empire subjugated no-madic ethnic groups of the Middle East

-> Starting point of dialectic between ‘State ter-rorism(TFA) and ‘Non-State terrorism(TFB)’

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Islam: Religion of peace, Religion of war

Jihad: Participating in Jihad is Muslim’s duty

Those who were in battle -> direct entrance to paradise

• But in real life Islam is not so warlike religion

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p.50


Reestablishing the sacred polity

Memories of their powerful past activated reli-gious resistance to secular governmentThus Muslims constantly seek for more sancti-fied candidates for their leader

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p.51


① The Kharijites• someone the most pious regardless of any other backgrounds should be ruler• Egalitarianism②The Shiites• partisan of Ali, argue that Ali had inherited Muhammad’s spiritual power

and must be recognized as Imam• In contrast, Sunni recognize the succession of first 4 caliphs as legiti-

mate heir③The Nizari• The prototypical assassins, for political goal. • Ultimate spiritual mission(assassination) >personal desire, even life• Precursors of suicidal bomber and terrorist

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Shiites / Sunni

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The Muslim Brotherhood and Sayyid Qutb

1. Muslim Brotherhood Religious and social reform movement founded by Hassan al-

Banna in 1928 Egypt important source of inspiration for contemporary Jihadis2. Sayyid Qutb: Egyptian political rebel and writer After 3 years in US, returned to Egypt and joined brotherhood

but he get imprisoned and hanged by government In prison, he wrote a book ‘Milestones’ -> its message become slogan of militant Sunni Islamist

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p.55


Al-Qaeda

in Arabic: a foundation of a house a principle, rule, formula, model

Enemy #1 in the “war on terrorism”

Al-Qaeda is not a formal organization. It is a network with ideology that inspires a world-wide political movement.

1996 “A Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places”

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p.55


Leaders

Osama bin Laden (1957 – 2011)

Ahman al-Zawarhiri

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Al-Qaeda’s targets

Soviet Union (resistance to the Soviet occupa-tion of Afghanistan)

sponsored by the US, Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf Governments

the US, Saudi, Persian Gulf Governments

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9/11 Among the many victims of

9/11 were 28 Muslims who died in the twin towers of the World Trade Center, in addition to three Muslims who were among the passengers on two hijacked planes.

Among other Muslim victims, there were a NYPD cadet and a Marriott hotel worker, who sacrificed their lives attempting to rescue others.

Muslims represent 1.07 percent of the total number of victims of the Sept. 11 attacks, which is the same percentage of Muslims in the United States.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJOwttgBpzE


Suicide Terrorism

Until very recently, TFB in Middle Eastern lands was committed mainly by Arab sub-na-tional groups against other Arabs

Stereotype #1Muslim terrorists act against non-

Muslim world

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p.57


Stereotype #2Suicide terrorism was launched by Muslims and used mostly by them

Historically, it was launched by Jewish Zealots against Romans centuries before Islam

Until very recently, suicide terrorism was used most frequently by Hindus – the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka

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Stereotype #3The US is righteous fighter against ter-

rorism

The US itself has supported right-wing terror-ist groups, such as UNITA in Angola and the contras in Nicaragua.

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Terrorism in the Name of God

The problem lies in neither Quran nor the Bible but in the violent behaviour of some Muslims, Christians and Jews

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p.59


(Counter)terrorism

large and heavy armed

high technology

remain vulnerable

small and lightly-armed

low-tech

easily defeated in “set-piece battle”

Asymmetric warfare

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p.59-62


CounterterrorismCounterterrorism often leads to unpredictable/undesirable results

War on terrorism = war against Islam?

Violent response to terrorism – give them what they want!

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The Terrorism Industry and the Mass Media

Since 911, consultants(military intelligence, CIA) and ad-visers have contributed to a revived and influential “terror-ism industry”(which also includes mercenaries and the purveyors of military hardware and services).

The mass media tend to follow the agenda framed by pow-erful political.

Peace and Conflicts

p.61


The Global “War on Terrorism”

President Bush declared war on terror After 911 terror, many Americans agreed with pronounce-

ments that the U.S was “at war” with “terrorism”. Promilitarists within the U.S and elsewhere have found the

existence of “worldwide terrorism” to be especially conve-nient.

Terrorists are not manifested in the government of a partic-ular country such a “war” can never be definitively ☞won.

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p.62

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76h6OGZmQ5E


Are there Nonviolent Alternatives to Terrorism?

An alternative view also deserves respect. Question: Are measures other than military more

likely to diminish or to increase terrorism around the world?

United Nations(Negotiation) Any others?

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p.66


Q5. Why do people become “terrorists”? How might this be prevented? video

Questions for Further Reflection

Q2. In thinking about TFA by states and TFB by sub-national agents, are they comparable, or is one worse than the other? Why?

Q4. Is the “War on Terrorism” a war? Are measures other than military more likely to diminish or to increase terrorism around the world?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH9B29a30us


"Instead of sending weapons to Afghanistan and all these countries which are suffering from terrorism, send books. Instead of sending tanks send pens. Instead of sending soldiers, send teachers."

The ever inspiring Malala Yousafzai speaking this week at the UN at the first anniversary of Global Education First, which aims to put every child in school.

Peace and Conflicts


Group Perspective of Chapter 3


In the group discussion….

Q. Discuss the definition of “terrorism”

Q. What is the precautionary approach to terrorism ? ( Both TFA,TFB)


UTHANK

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