terry reynolds 500 flash cards rcs study guide

7/25/2019 Terry Reynolds 500 Flash Cards Rcs Study Guide

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500 Question Study by Terry Reynolds, BS, RDCS

1. The parasternal long-axis ie! allo!s identi"#ation o$ all the $ollo!ing !all

seg%ents &'C&(T)*. Basal and %id-interentri#ular septu%B. Basal and %id-posterior !all o$ the le$t entri#leC. +n$ero-lateral !all o$ the le$t entri#leD. e$t entri#ular apex.

. all seg%ents that are isuali/ed in the parasternal short-axis ie! o$ the le$t

entri#le at the leel o$ the papillary %us#les in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. *nterior septu%B. *nterior !allC. *ntero-in$erior !allD. *ntero-lateral !all

. e$t entri#ular !all sege%ents that are usually isuali/ed in the api#al $our-

#ha%ber ie! in#lude all o$ the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. *nterior !all o$ the le$t entri#le

B. *pexC. +nterentri#ular septu%/aD. ateral !all o$ le$t entri#le

. all seg%ents and stru#tures that %ay be isuali/ed in the api#al t!o-

#ha%ber ie! in#lude all o$ the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. *nterior !all o$ the le$t entri#leB. Coronary sinusC. 2ree !all o$ the right entri#leD. +n$erior !all o$ the le$t entri#le

5. The boundaries o$ the $un#tional le$t entri#ular out3o! tra#t are best

des#ribed as extending $ro% the)*. *nterior aorti# ale annulus to the posterior aorti# ale annulusB. *ntero%edial position o$ the tri#uspid ale annulus to the pul%oni# ale

annulusC. 2ree edge o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et to the aorti# ale annulusD. Tips o$ the le$t entri#ular papillary %us#les to the edge o$ the anterior

%itral ale lea3et

4. The land%ars used to identi$y the anato%i# and $un#tional right entri#ular

out3o! tra#t are the)*. *nterior %itral ale lea3et to the le$t edge o$ the interentri#ular septu%

B. *orti# ale annulus to the tri#uspid ale annulusC. Tri#uspid ale annulus to the aorti# ale annulusD. Tri#uspid ale annulus to the pul%onary ale annulus

6. *ll o$ the $ollo!ing are #onsidered atrioentri#ular ales &'C&(T)*. *orti#B. 7itralC. Bi#uspidD. Tri#uspid


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8. *ll o$ the $ollo!ing are na%es $or pul%oni# ale lea3ets &'C&(T)*. *nteriorB. e$tC. 9on-#oronaryD. (osterior

:. *ll the $ollo!ing eents are #onsidered to o##ur in late diastole &'C&(T)*. *-dip o$ the pul%oni# ale lea3et on 7-%odeB. *-point o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et on 7-%odeC. *-point o$ the %itral ale Doppler !ae$or%D. &-point o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et on 7-%ode

10.The ;;;;;;;;;; %itral ale lea3et is #ontinuous !ith the ;;;;;;;;; aorti# root,

!hile the ;;;;;;;;;;;;; is #ontinuous !ith the ;;;;;;;;;; aorti# root.*. *nterior, anterior, posterior %itral ale lea3et, posteriorB. *nterior, posterior, interentri#ular septu%, anteriorC. (osterior, anterior, interentri#ular septu%, posteriorD. (osterior, posterior, anterior %itral ale lea3e$t, anterior

11.Stru#tures o$ the %itral ale apparatus in#lude all o$ the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. 7itral annulusB. Sinuses o$


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15.The three bran#hes that nor%ally originate $ro% the aorti# ar#h in#lude all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. Bra#hio#ephali# arteryB. e$t #o%%on #arotid arteryC. e$t sub#laian arteryD. Right sub#laian artery

14.The point at !hi#h the des#ending aorta and the aorti# ar#h =oin is #alled the

aorti#)*. Bi$ur#ationB. BulbC. +sth%usD. Sinus

16.The thi#est layer o$ an aterial !all is the tuni#a)*. *dentitiaB. +nti%a

C. 7ediaD.


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.The #oronary artery that has a bran#h #alled the #ir#u%3ex artery is the)*. e$t anterior des#ending #oronary arteryB. e$t #oronary arteryC. (osterior des#ending #oronary arteryD. Right #oronary artery

.The #oronary artery that predo%inantly supplies blood to the right entri#le isthe)*. *#ute %arginal bran#hB. *nterior des#ending #oronary arteryC. Cir#u%3ex #oronary arteryD. e$t %ain #oronary artery

.9or%al pressure alues in %illi%eters o$ %er#ury $or the listed #ardia#

#ha%bers or great essels in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. Right atrial pressure) 0 to 5 %eanB. Right entri#le) 5 systoli#, 0 to 5 diastoli#

C. (ul%onary artery) 5 systoli#, 10 to 15 diastoli#D. e$t entri#le) 10 systoli#, 80 diastoli#

5.The %oderator band is $ound in the)*. Right atriu%B. Right entri#leC. e$t atriu%D. e$t entri#le

4.The &usta#hian ale is $ound in the)

*. Right atriu%B. Right entri#leC. e$t atriu%D. e$t entri#le

6.The Chiari net!or is $ound in the)*. Right atriu%B. Right entri#leC. e$t atriu%D. e$t entri#le

8.The nor%al olu%e o$ #lear serous 3uid in the peri#ardial sa# is)

*. 0 to 50 ##B. 0 to 50 C. 00 to 500 ##D. 00 to 500

:.* potential spa#e behind the le$t atriu% !here peri#ardial e>usion #ould

a##u%ulate is the)*. Sinus o$


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C. ?bli@ue sinusD. Coronary sinus

0.The nor%al le$t atriu% to right atriu% ratio is)*. 1)1B. 1.)1

C. )1D. )1

1.The olu%e or pressure that exists in the entri#le at end-diastole is #alled)*. (reloadB. *$terloadC. 9o-loadD. Su%load

.The resistan#e to e=e#tion o$ blood en#ountered by the #ontra#ting entri#le is

#alled)*. (reloadB. *$terloadC. 9o-loadD. Su%load

.+n general, and outside #ertain disease states, the greater the stret#h o$ the

%us#le #ell, the greater the $or#e o$ #ontra#tion.This prin#iple is #alled)*. 2ranAs la! o$ the heartB. 2ran-Starling la! o$ the heartC. 2or#e-elo#ity relationshipD. +nteral-length relationship

.The per#entage o$ blood pu%ped out o$ the heart per beat is #alled)*. Stroe olu%eB. Cardia# outputC. Cardia# indexD. &=e#tion $ra#tion

5.2ailed $usion o$ the superior and in$erior endo#ardial #ushions is asso#iated

!ith all o$ the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. (artial atrioentri#ular #anal de$e#tB. Co%plete atrioentri#ular #anal de$e#tC. +solated inlet entri#ular septal de$e#tD. +solated supra#ristal entri#ular septal de$e#t

4.The i%aginary boundaries that de"ne the %id-le$t entri#le are the)*. 7itral annulus to the tip o$ the papillary %us#lesB. Base o$ the papillary %us#les to the #ardia# apexC. Tip o$ the papillary %us#les to the base o$ the papillary %us#lesD. *orti# annulus to the edge o$ the %itral ale


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6.The #oronary sinus #an be di>erentiated $ro% the des#ending thora#i# aorta

!ith pulsed-!ae Doppler be#ause #oronary sinus 3o! is predo%inantly

diastoli#, !hile aorti# 3o! is)*. &@uiphasi#B. (hasi#

C. (redo%inantly diastoli#D. (redo%inantly systoli#

8.+n standard i%aging 7-%ode and t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography, the

#ontrol that deter%ines the a%ount o$ ele#tri#al energy trans%itted to the

transdu#er $ro% the pulser is)*. ?erall gainB. Radio$re@uen#y gainC. Ti%e gain #o%pensationD. Trans%it po!er

:.*%pli"#ation o$ re#eied signals is #ontrolled by)

*. ?utput po!erB. ?erall gainC. (ulser po!erD. Trans%it po!er

0.* %ethod used to #o%pensate $or the attenuation o$ signals as a $un#tion o$

ti%edepth along the ultrasound bea% is)*. ?erall gainB. (ulser po!erC. Ti%e gain #o%pensationD. Trans%it po!er

1.The #ontrol that sele#ts the %ini%u% signal a%plitude to be displayed is)*. DepthB. 2ar gainC. ?utput po!erD. Re=e#t

.The #ontrol that sets the upper li%it to !hi#h ultrasound in$or%ation !ill be

pro#essed and displayed is)*. DepthB. 2ar gainC. ?erall gainD. Re=e#t

.The #ontrol used !hen in$or%ation $ro% a pre#ise point in the #ardia# #y#le is

re@uired is the)*. &le#tro#ardiogra% triggerB. ?erall gainC. Re=e#tD. Ti%e gain #o%pensation


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.The Doppler #ontrol that eli%inates lo!-leel $re@uen#y shi$ts is)*. 2ilterB. EainC. ?utput po!er

D. Sa%ple olu%e length

5.The #ontrol labeled Doppler sample volume depth)*. Sets the range gate lo#ation $or pulsed-!ae DopplerB. Does not a>e#t the pulse repetition $re@uen#yC. Does not a>e#t the %axi%u% elo#ity that #an be displayed !ithout

signal aliasingD. +s use$ul in #ontinuous-!ae Doppler

4.The pre$erred transdu#er $re@uen#y $or i%aging a barrel-#hested patient is)*. .5 7F/B. .5 7F/C. 5.0 7F/D. 6.0 7F/

6.* %aneuer that results in a de#rease in enous return is)*. +nspirationB. S@uattingC. Straight leg raisingD.


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D. +nspiration

5.(ossible phar%a#ologi# treat%ents $or hypertrophi# obstru#tie

#ardio%yopathy in#lude)*. (ropanololB. &pinephrineC. Dobuta%ineD. asix

5.The %ethod that !ould best allo! isuali/ation o$ shunt 3o! a#ross an atrial

septal de$e#t is)*. 7-%ode e#ho#ardiographyB. T!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographyC. Contrast e#ho#ardiographyD. Stress e#ho#ardiography

5.The %ost #o%%on lo#ation $or beginning the adult e#ho#ardiographi#

exa%ination is)*. *pi#alB. e$t parasternalC. Right parasternalD. Sub#ostal

55.The three basi# planes o$ a #o%plete t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi#

exa%ination are)*. ong-axis, diagonal-axis, $our-#ha%berB. ong-axis, short-axis, $our-#ha%berC. ong-axis, short-axis, sub#ostalD. ong-axis, short-axis, t!o-#ha%ber

54.The t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# ie! that best isuali/es the proxi%al

seg%ents o$ the #oronary arteries is the)*. (arasternal long-axis ie! o$ the le$t entri#leB. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleC. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the le$t entri#le o$ papillary %us#lesD. Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber ie!

56.The t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# ie! that per%its exa%ination o$ the

aorti# ar#h is)*. (arasternal long axisB. *pi#al t!o #ha%berC. Sub#ostal $our #ha%berD. Suprasternal long axis

58.The re#o%%ended %ethod $or deter%ining le$t entri#ular olu%es by t!o-

di%ensional e#ho#ardiography is)


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*. 7ethod o$ dis#sB. Single plane area-lengthC. Bullet %ethodD. (rolate ellipse %ethod

5:.The ellipsoid single-plane %ethod $or deter%ining le$t entri#ular olu%es by

t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography is also #alled)*. *rea-length %ethodB. Bullet %ethodC. ength-dia%eter %ethodD. Si%psonAs rule

40.* bright hori/ontal e#ho that gies the edge o$ an atrial or entri#ular septal

de$e#t a broadened appearan#e is re$erred to as the)*. * signB. 2o signC. T sign

D. sign

41.hen atte%pting to deter%ine the presen#e o$ a peri%e%branous entri#ular

septal de$e#t in the parasternal long-axis ie!, the e#ho#ardiographer should

tilt the probe)*. *nteriorlyB. (osteriorlyC. 7ediallyD. aterally

4.hen atte%pting to deter%ine !hether an inlet entri#ular septal de$e#t

$ro% the api#al $our-#ha%ber ie! is present, the e#ho#ardiographer should

tilt the probe)*. *nteriorlyB. (osteriorlyC. 7ediallyD. aterally

4.The t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# ie! that is the best approa#h $or

ruling out #oar#tation o$ the aorta is)*. (arasternal long-axis ie!B. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleC. Sub#ostal "e-#ha%ber ie!D. Suprasternal long-axis ie! o$ the aorti# ar#h

4.The t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# ie!s used to deter%ine !hether

trun#us arteriosus is present are the parasternal long-axis ie! and the)*. *pi#al "e-#ha%ber ie!B. (arasternal right entri#ular in3o! tra#t ie!C. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleD. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the le$t entri#le


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45.The t!o-di%ensional ie! that %ay be used to dire#tly isuali/e a patent

du#tus arteriosus is the)*. (arasternal long-axis ie! o$ the le$t entri#leB. (arasternal short-axis ie! at the baseC. *pi#al "e-#ha%ber ie!D. Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber ie!

44.The best t!o-di%ensional ie! $or deter%ining %itral ale area is the)*. *pi#al $our-#ha%ber ie!B. (arasternal long-axis ie!C. (arasternal short-axis ie!D. Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber ie!

46.The gold-standard t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# ie! $or diagnosing

%itral ale prolapsed is the)*. *pi#al $our-#ha%ber ie!B. (arasternal long-axis ie!

C. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the %itral aleD. Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber

48.&x#ellent t!o-di%ensional ie!s $or i%aging the tri#uspid ale in#lude all

the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. (arasternal long-axis ie!B. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleC. *pi#al $our-#ha%ber ie!D. Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber ie!

4:.The s%allest egetation that transthora#i# t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography#an dete#t is)*. 1 %%B. %%C. %%D. %%

60.The hu%p or brea o##asionally seen on the 7-%ode o$ the %itral ale

bet!een the & and 2 points is designated)*. B not#hB. $ !aeC. 2o

D. h !ae

61.The le$t atrial di%ension is %easured on 7-%ode during)*. SystoleB. &nd-systoleC. DiastoleD. &nd-diastole


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6.The %ethod used %ost o$ten $or #al#ulating e=e#tion $ra#tion by 7-%ode

e#ho#ardiography is)*. &llipsoid biplane %ethodB. Si%psonAs %ethod o$ dis#sC. Single-plane area-length %ethodD. Tei#hholt/ regression

6.* @uantitatie %easure o$ le$t entri#ular systoli# !all thi#ening is)*. DT G ST H DTB. ST G DT H DT x 100C. DT I STD. DT I ST H DT

6.The top nor%al le$t entri#ular internal di%ension at end diastole in an adult

by 7-%ode is)*. 14 %%B. 4 %%

C. 4 %%D. 54 %%

65.The nor%al range $or the interentri#ular septu% and the posterior !all o$ the

le$t entri#le at end-diastole by 7-%ode is)*. 4 to 11 %%B. 4 to 11 #%C. 0.4 to .011 %%D. 40 to 110 %%

64.The &-2 slope o$ the 7-%ode o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et re3e#ts the)*. ?pening rate o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3etB. Rate o$ diastoli# "lling o$ the le$t entri#leC. Rate o$ le$t atrial e%ptying during diastasisD. Rate o$ systoli# "lling o$ the le$t entri#le

66.The &-2 slope o$ the 7-%ode o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et in %itral ale

stenosis is)*. De#reasedB. +n#reasedC. 9ot#hed

D. Jna>e#ted

68.The %itral ale 7-%ode points that denote the beginning and the end o$

diastole are)*. C to DB. D to CC. D to &D. & to 2


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6:.The anterior %itral ale lea3et &-2 slope is de#reased in)*. e$t atrial %yxo%aB. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerloadC. 7itral ale prolapseD. 7itral ale egetation

80.The pul%oni# ale leadlet %ost #o%%only re#orded by 7-%ode is the)*. *nteriorB. e$tC. SeptalD. Right

81.?n 7-%ode, the abrupt do!n!ard %otion o$ the pul%onary ale lea3et

$ollo!ing atrial #ontra#tion is #alled the)*. KaL dipB. KbL dipC. K#L dipD. KdL dip

8.The geo%etri# shape o$ the right entri#le is)*. (rolate ellipseB. (yra%idC. Re#tangleD. Cir#le

8.* pressure oerload o$ the right entri#le %ay produ#e all the $ollo!inge#ho#ardiographi# "ndings &'C&(T)*. D-shaped le$t entri#leB. Right entri#ular dilatationC. Right entri#ular hypertrophyD. S%all, prote#ted right entri#le

8.* right entri#le olu%e oerload pattern is asso#iated !ith all the $ollo!ing

e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings &'C&(T)*. *bnor%al interentri#ular septal %otionB. Dilatation o$ the right entri#leC. (an#aing o$ the interentri#ular septu% during entri#ular diastole

D. (an#aing o$ the interentri#ular septu% during entri#ular systole

85.The e#ho#ardiographi# exa%ination that !ould be the "rst #hoi#e to

delineate a suspe#ted le$t atrial #lot is)*. Stress e#ho#ardiogra%B. +ntra#ardia# e#ho#ardiogra%C. Transesophageal e#ho#ardiogra%D. Transthora#i# e#ho#ardiogra%


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84.The $or%ula used to #al#ulate e=e#tion $ra#tion is)*. &DD-&SDB. &D


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:.The e>e#t inspiration has on enous return to the right atriu% is)*. De#reaseB. +n#reaseC. Depends on the depth o$ inspiration

D. 9o e>e#t

:.The re#o%%ended %aneuer to use !hen per$or%ing a transesophageal

#ontrast exa%ination in a patient !ith a possible patent $ora%en oale is)*. +nhalation o$ a%yl nitrateB. S@uattingC. Supine to standingD.


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100. * heart sound asso#iated !ith signi"#ant #hroni# pure %itral regurgitation is)*. oud S1B. 2ixed split SC. SD. S

101.* #ardia# #atheri/ation te#hni@ue used to deter%ine the seerity o$ %itral

regurgitation is)*. Cardia# 3uoros#opyB. Coronary arteriographyC. e$t entri#ulographyD. Supraalular angiography

10.(ossible #o%pli#ations o$ a#ute, seere %itral regurgitation in#lude)*. Syn#opeB. Fe%optysisC. (ul%onary ede%aD. Syste%i# e%boli/ation

10.(ossible presenting sy%pto%s o$ signi"#ant #hroni# %itral regurgitation

in#lude)*. *ngina pe#torisB. *s#itesC. 2atigueD. Syn#ope

10.* #o%%on "nding asso#iated !ith a regurgitant %ur%ur in the elderly is)*. *orti# ale stenosis

B. 7itral annular #al#i"#ationC. 7itral ale stenosisD. 7itral ale egetation

105.Chroni# %itral regurgitation results in all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. e$t atrial enlarge%entB. e$t entri#ular enlarge%entC. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerload pattern

D. 7itral annular #al#i"#ation

104.(ossible etiologies $or %itral regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. 7itral annulus #al#i"#ationB. 7itral ale endo#arditisC. (apillary %us#le dys$un#tionD. (ul%onary hypertension


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106.(ossible ele#tro#ardiographi# "ndings $or patients !ith signi"#ant %itral

regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. e$t atrial enlarge%entB. e$t entri#ular hypertrophyC. Right atrial enlarge%entD. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

108.+n patients !ith signi"#ant %itral regurgitation, the isoolu%i# relaxation ti%e

%ay be)*. +n#reasedB. De#reasedC. *>e#ted by respirationD. Jna>e#ted

10:.The e>e#ts o$ #hroni# %itral regurgitation on interentri#ular septal %otion

in#lude)*. *inesis

B. DysinesisC. FyperinesisD. (aradoxi#al %otion

110.7-%ode "ndings asso#iated !ith signi"#ant #hroni# %itral regurgitation

in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. e$t atrial enlarge%entB. e$t entri#ular enlarge%entC. 2ine diastoli# 3utter o$ the %itral aleD. 2lying o$ the pul%oni# ale

111.* t!o di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "nding that %ay indi#ate signi"#ant

#hroni# %itral regurgitation is)*. 2ine diastoli# os#illations o$ the %itral aleB. e$t entri#ular enlarge%entC. e$t entri#ular hypertrophyD. (re%ature #losure o$ the %itral ale

11.Systoli# bo!ing o$ the interatrial septu% to!ard the right atriu% %ay be an

indi#ation o$)*. *trial septal de$e#tB. 7itral regurgitationC. Tri#uspid regurgitationD. Tri#uspid stenosis

11.The e>e#t signi"#ant %itral regurgitation has on the pulsed-!ae Doppler

tra#ing o$ the pul%onary eins %ay be des#ribed as)*. S !ae in#reases, D !ae de#reasesB. S !ae in#reases, D !ae in#reasesC. S !ae de#reases, D !ae in#reases


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D. Jna>e#ted

11.(ossible se#ondary e#ho#ardiographi#Doppler "ndings in patients !ith

seere #hroni# %itral regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. +n#reased %itral ale & elo#ityB. +n#reased pea aorti# ale elo#ityC. +n#reased right entri#ular di%ensionD. Shortened ti%e too pea elo#ity o$ the right entri#ular out3o! tra#t

115.The Doppler "nding o$ %itral ale regurgitation in #oronary artery disease is

%ost liely due to)*. 2lail %itral aleB. 7itral ale prolapsedC. (apillary %us#le dys$un#tionD. Subaorti# stenosis

114.*n a##epted %ethod $or the se%i-@uantitation o$ %itral regurgitation !ith

pulsed-!ae Doppler is)*. 7apping te#hni@ueB. 7axi%u% elo#ity o$ the %itral regurgitationC. (ea * elo#ityD. (ressure hal$-ti%e

116.*n a##epted %ethod $or deter%ining the seerity o$ %itral regurgitation by

#ontinuous-!ae Doppler is spe#tral)*. engthB. StrengthC.


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B. 6 ##C. 150 ##D. 580 ##

11.The pea %itral reguritant elo#ity re3e#ts the)*. Dire#tion o$ the regurgitant =et

B. &tiology o$ the %itral regurgitationC. 7axi%u% pressure di>eren#e bet!een the le$t atriu% and the le$t

entri#leD. Seerity o$ the %itral regurgitation

1.+n patients !ith signi"#ant %itral regurgitation, the #ontinuous-!ae Doppler

tra#ing o$ the regurgitant lesion %ay de%onstrate an)*. *sy%%etri#al shape o$ the %itral regurgitation 3o! elo#ity spe#tral

displayB. Net area o$ 0OC. Net duration o$ less than 85 %se#

D. Sy%%etri#al shape o$ the %itral regurgitation 3o! elo#ity spe#traldisplay

1.Cardia# Doppler eiden#e o$ seere %itral regurgitation in#ludes all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)*. Darly stained #ontinuous-!ae Doppler tra#ingB. 7itral ale & elo#ity P1.5 %se#C. (ul%onary ein systoli# 3o! reersalD. Regurgitant =et area 8.0 #%

1.2lail %itral ale #an be di>erentiated $ro% seere %itral ale prolapsed on

t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography be#ause 3ail %itral ale lea3et

de%onstrates)*. * thi#er %itral aleB. Chroni# %itral regurgitationC. ea3et tips that point to!ard the le$t entri#leD. ea3et tips that point to!ard the le$t atriu%

15.+n patients !ith seere a#ute %itral regurgitation, the #ontinuous-!ae

Doppler %axi%u% elo#ity o$ the regurgitant =et is)*. De#reasedB. Dependent largely upon le$t entri#ular $un#tionC. +n#reasedD. Jna>e#ted

14.The %ost #o%%on etiology o$ %itral ale stenosis is)*. CongenitalB. e$t atrial %yxo%aC. Rheu%ati# $eerD. Seere %itral annular #al#i"#ation

16.The #ardia# ales listed in de#reasing order as they are a>e#ted by

rheu%ati# heart disease are)


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*. *orti#, pul%oni#, tri#uspid, and %itralB. 7itral, aorti#, tri#uspid, and pul%oni#C. (ul%oni#, aorti#, tri#uspid, and %itralD. Tri#uspid, %itral, pul%oni#, and aorti#

18. Signs and sy%pto%s o$ %itral ale stenosis se#ondary to rheu%ati# heart

disease in#lude)*. *ngina pe#torisB. CyanosisC. (ul%onary FypertensionD.


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1. Conditions that %ay lead to #lini#al sy%pto%s that %i%i# those asso#iated

!ith rheu%ati# %itral ale stenosis in#lude)

*. *orti# insuM#ien#yB. e$t atrial %yxo%aC. (eri#ardial e>usionD.


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1:. +n the 7-%ode e#ho#ardiogra%, $eatures o$ %itral ale stenosis in#lude all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *nterior %otion o$ the posterior %itral ale lea3etsB. De#reased aorti# root di%ensionC. Systoli# anterior %otion o$ the %itral ale lea3etsD. e$t atrial dilatation

10. +n %itral ale stenosis, the posterior %itral ale lea3et on 7-%ode %oes)

*. *nteriorlyB. aterallyC. 7ediallyD. (osteriorly

11. Criti#al %itral ale stenosis is said to be presented i$ the %itral ale area isredu#ed to)

*. P1.0 #%

B. to 1.5 #%

C. 1.5 to .5 #%

D. .5 to .5 #%

1. Se#ondary "ndings in %itral ale stenosis %ay in#lude)

*. e$t atrial dilatation and a nor%al or s%all le$t entri#ular di%ensionB. e$t atrial dilatation and pul%onary enous stenosis

C. e$t entri#ular and le$t atrial dilatationD. e$t entri#ular hypertrophy and le$t atrial dilatation

1. Typi#al e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings in a patient !ith isolated rheu%ati# %itral

ale stenosis in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. D-shaped le$t entri#leB. Dilated le$t entri#leC. e$t atrial enlarge%entD. e$t atrial thro%bus

1. * strong indi#ation $or %itral ale stenosis on t!o-di%ensional

e#ho#ardiography is an anterior %itral ale lea3et that exhibits)

*. Coarse, #haoti# diastoli# %otionB. Diastoli# do%ingC. Reerse do%ingD. Systoli# bo!ing


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15. T!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# exa%ination reeals thin %obile %itral

ale lea3et tips and a Doppler & elo#ity o$ 1.8 %se# !ith a pressure hal$-ti%e o$

180 %se#. The %ost liely diagnosis is)

*. *bnor%al relaxation o$ the le$t entri#leB. *orti# insuM#ien#yC. 7oderate to seere %itral annular #al#i"#ationD. Rheu%ati# %itral stenosis

14. The %ost a##urate %ethod $or deter%ining the seerity o$ %itral ale stenosis

is)

*. Deter%ining the %axi%u% elo#ity a#ross the %itral ale by pulsed-!ae

DopplerB. 7easuring the &-2 slope o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et by 7-%odeC. 7easuring the thi#ness o$ the %itral ale lea3ets

D. (er$or%ing plani%etry o$ the %itral ale ori"#e by t!o-di%ensionale#ho#ardiography

16. T!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings $or rheu%ati# %itral stenosis

in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Fo#ey Gsti# appearan#e o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3etB. +n#reased le$t atrial di%ensionC. Reerse do%ing o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3etD. Thi#ened %itral ale lea3ets and subalular apparatus

18. The #lassi# #ardia# Doppler $eatures o$ %itral ale stenosis in#lude all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. +n#reased & elo#ityB. +n#reased %itral ale areaC. +n#reased pressure hal$-ti%eD. Turbulent 3o!

1:. The abnor%al %itral ale pressure hal$-ti%e $or patients !ith %itral ale

stenosis is)

*. 0 to 0 %se#B. 0 to 40 %se#

C. 40 to :0 %se#D. :0 to 00 %se#

150. * de#eleration ti%e o$ 800 %se# !as obtained by pulsed-!ae Doppler in a

patient !ith rheu%ati# %itral ale stenosis. The pressure hal$-ti%e is)

*. 0 %se#B. %se#


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C. 00 %se#D. 800 %se#

151. * Doppler %ean pressure gradient a#ross a stenoti# %itral ale o$ 1 %% FE

is obtained. The seerity o$ the %itral stenosis is)

*. 7ildB. 7oderateC. 7oderately seereD. Seere

15. 7itral stenosis is #onsidered to be seere by all the $ollo!ing #riteria &'C&(T)

*. 7ean pressure gradient 1 %%FgB. 7itral ale area P1.0 #%

C. 7itral ale Doppler * elo#ity 1. %se#D. (ressure hal$-ti%e 0 %se#

15. Se#ondary e#ho#ardiographi#Doppler "ndings in patients !ith rheu%ati#

%itral stenosis in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *bnor%al interentri#ular septal !all %otionB. +n#reased right heart di%ensionsC. +n#reased tri#uspid regurgitant =et elo#ityD. e$t entri#ular dilatation

15. * ey !ord that is o$ten used to des#ribe the #hara#teristi#s o$ the ale

lea3ets in %itral ale prolapsed is)

*. DenseB. Do%ingC. RedundantD. S#leroti#

155. The ter% %yxo%atous degeneration is asso#iated !ith %itral ale)

*. 2lail lea3etB. (rolapseC. StenosisD.


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*. *trial septal de$e#tB. Bi#uspid aorti# aleC. Cardia# ta%ponadeD. (ri%ary pul%onary hypertension

158. ho#ardiographi# #hara#teristi#s o$ %itral ale prolapsed in#lude all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. +n#reased %itral ale annulusB. Systoli# bo!ing o$ the %itral ale to!ard the le$t atriu%C. Systoli# do%ing o$ the lea3etsD. Thi#ened, redundant lea3ets

15:. hen per$or%ing an e#ho#ardiogra% on a patient !ith a thora#i# seletal

abnor%ality e.g., pe#tus ex#aatu%, the e#ho#ardiographer %ust be #are$ul to

rule out)

*. *trial septal de$e#tB. Bi#uspid ale prolapsedC. Coar#tation o$ the aortaD. 7itral ale prolapsed

140. * redundant %itral ale lea3et is #onsidered present !hen the lea3et

thi#ness on 7-%odet!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography is)

*. %%B. %%C. %%D. 5 %%

141. 7itral ale lea3et #hordal rupture usually results in)

*. *orti# insuM#ien#yB. 7itral regurgitationC. (ul%onary insuM#ien#yD. Tri#uspid regurgitation

14. (ossible #auses o$ ruptured #hordae tendineae o$ the %itral ale in#lude all

the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Car#iniod heart diseaseB. +n$e#tie endo#arditisC. 7itral ale prolapsedD. Trau%a

14. Conditions that %ay a>e#t the le$t entri#le in the sa%e !ay as aorti#

insuM#ien#y in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)


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*. *trial septal de$e#tB. 7itral regurgitationC. (atent du#tus arteriosusD.


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160. (athologies that %ay result in a le$t entri#ular pressure oerload in#lude all


*. Dis#rete subaorti# stenosisB. 7itral ale stenosisC. Syste%i# hypertensionD.


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164. The prin#iple ele#tro#ardiographi# "nding in seere alular aorti# stenosis is)

*. *trial "brillationB. e$t atrial enlarge%entC. e$t entri#ular hypertrophyD. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

166. The aorti# ale area #onsidered #riti#al aorti# ale stenosis is)

*. P #%

B. P #%

C. P 1 #%

D. P 0.65 #%

168. The $or%ula used to deter%ine aorti# ale area in the #ardia# #atheteri/ation

laboratory is the)

*. Bernoulli e@uation

B. Continuity e@uationC. Doppler e@uationD. Eorlin e@uation

16:. hen 7-%ode ealuation o$ a systoli# e=e#tion %ur%ur reeals thi#ened

aorti# ale lea3ets and an aorti# #usp ex#ursion o$ .0 #%, the %ost liely

diagnosis is aorti# ale)

*. +nsuM#ien#yB. S#lerosisC. StenosisD.


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18. The 7-%ode e#ho#ardiogra% de%onstrates %ultiple e#hoes !ithin the aorti#

root. The aorti# ale ex#ursion as deter%ined by t!o-di%ensional

e#ho#ardiography is 6 %%. ?n physi#al exa%ination, a #res#endo-de#res#endo

systoli# e=e#tion %ur%ur and a diastoli# de#res#endo %ur%ur !ere heard. The %ost

liely diagnosis is aorti# ale)

*. +nsuM#ien#yB. StenosisC. Stenosis and aorti# insuM#ien#yD. Stenosis and %itral ale stenosis

18. (ossible t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings in signi"#ant aorti# ale

stenosis in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *orti# ale #al#i"#ationB. e$t entri#ular hypertrophyC. (ost-stenosi# dilatation o$ the as#ending aorta

D. (ost-stenoti# dilatation o$ the des#ending aorta

18. +n the parasternal long-axis ie!, seere aorti# ale stenosis is de"ned as an

aorti# ale lea3et separation that %easures)

*. 1 %%B. 1 %%C. 10 %%D. 8 %%

185. Cardia# Doppler para%eters used to assess the seerity o$ alular aorti#


*. *orti# pressure hal$-ti%eB. *orti# elo#ity ratioC. 7ean pressure gradientD. (ea aorti# ale elo#ity

184. The intra#ardia# pressure that !ill %ost liely be in#reased in patients !ith

seere alular aorti# stenosis is)

*. e$t entri#ular pressure at end-diastoleB. (ul%onary artery pressureC. Right atrial pressure

D. Right entri#ular pressure at end-diastole

186. The onset o$ 3o! to pea aorti# elo#ity Doppler tra#ing in seere alular

aorti# stenosis is)


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*. +n#reasedB. De#reasedC. De#reased !ith expirationD. +n#reased !ith inspiration

188. * Doppler %ean pressure gradient o$ 18 %%Fg is #al#ulated in a patient !ith

alular aorti# stenosis. The seerity o$ the stenosis is)

*. 7ildB. 7oderateC. 7oderately seereD. Seere

18:. The seerity o$ aorti# ale stenosis %ay be underesti%ated i$ only the

%axi%u% elo#ity %easure%ent is used in the $ollo!ing #ondition)

*. *ne%iaB. Doppler inter#ept angle o$ 0UC. o! #ardia# outputD. Signi"#ant aorti# insuM#ien#y

1:0. The t!o-di%ensional ie! that best isuali/es systoli# do%ing o$ the aorti#

ale lea3ets is the)

*. *pi#al "e-#ha%ber ie!B. (arasternal long-axis ie!C. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleD. Sub#ostal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# ale

1:1. ?$ the three pressure gradients that #an be %easured in the #ardia#

#atheteri/ation laboratory, the largest is)

*. 7axi%u% pea instantaneous gradientB. 7ean transalular systoli# gradientC. (ea-to-pea gradientD. (ea-to-%ean gradient

1:. ?$ the transalular pressure gradients that #an be %easured in the

e#ho#ardiography laboratory, the %ost use$ul in exa%ining aorti# ale stenosis is

probably)

*. 7ean diastoli# gradientB. 7ean systoli# gradientC. (ea instantaneous pressure gradientD. (ea-to-pea gradient

1:. The e#ho#ardiographer %ay di>erentiate bet!een the si%ilar systoli# 3o!

pattern seen in #oexisting seere aorti# ale stenosis and %itral regurgitation by

all the $ollo!ing %ethods &'C&(T)


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*. The aorti# e=e#tion ti%e is shorter than the %itral regurgitation ti%eB. 7itral regurgitation 3o! al!ays lasts until %itral ale opening, !hereas

aorti# ale stenosis 3o! does notC. 7itral diastoli# "lling pro"le should be present during re#ording o$ the %itral

regurgitation, !hereas no diastoli# 3o! is obsered in aorti# ale stenosis

D. Sin#e both are systoli# 3o! patterns, it is not possible to separate %itralregurgitation $ro% aorti# ale stenosis

1:. The %ost #o%%on etiology $or #hroni# aorti# insuM#ien#y is)

*. +diopathi# dilatation o$ the aorti# root and aorti# annulusB. +n$e#tie endo#arditisC. 7ar$anAs syndro%eD. Trau%a

1:5. The #hara#teristi# $eature o$ the %ur%ur o$ aorti# insuM#ien#y is a)

*. Diastoli# de#res#endo blo!ing %ur%ur heard best along the le$t sterna

borderB. Diastoli# #res#endo-de#res#endo %ur%ur heard best along the le$t upper

sterna borderC. Diastoli# ru%ble $ollo!ing an opening snapD. Farsh systoli# e=e#tion %ur%ur heard best at the right upper sterna border

1:4. The %ur%ur asso#iated !ith seere aorti# insuM#ien#y is)

*. *ustin 2lint %ur%urB. CaralloAs %ur%urC. Eraha% Steell %ur%ur

D. StillAs %ur%ur

1:6. * te#hni@ue used in the #ardia# #atheteri/ation laboratory that deter%ines the

seerity o$ aorti# insuM#ien#y is)

*. *ustin 2lint te#hni@ueB. NudinAs te#hni@ueC. e$t entri#ulographyD. Supraalular aortography

1:8. +n signi"#ant #hroni# aorti# insuM#ien#y, 7-%odet!o-di%ensional eiden#e

in#ludes all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Fyperinesis o$ the interentri#ular septu%B. Fyperinesis o$ the posterior !all o$ the ledt entri#le


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C. e$t entri#ular dilatationD. (aradoxi#al interentri#ular septal %otion

1::. o!-$re@uen#y diastoli# 3uttering o$ the aorti# ale #losure line on the 7-

%ode o$ the aorti# ale is)

*. * nor%al "ndingB. +ndi#atie o$ #usp rupture or 3ail aorti# aleC. (athogno%oni# $or bi#uspid aorti# aleD. (athogno%oni# $or signi"#ant aorti# ale stenosis

00. Septal %otion in signi"#ant aorti# insuM#ieny o$ten de%onstrates)

*. *nterior %otion during systoleB. &xaggerated early diastoli# dipC. 9or%al %otionD. Thinning !ith dysinesis during systole

01. (re%ature #losure o$ the %itral ale is asso#iated !ith all the $ollo!ing&'C&(T)

*. *#ute seere %itral regurgitationB. *#ute seere aorti# insuM#ien#yC. 2irst-degree atrioentri#ular blo#D. oss o$ sinus rhyth%

0. ho#ardiographi# eiden#e o$ seere, a#ute aorti# insuM#ien#y in#ludes all


*. (re%ature #losure o$ the %itral ale

B. (re%ature opening o$ the aorti# aleC. (re%ature opening o$ the %itral aleD. Reerse do%ing o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et

0. The 7-%ode %easure%ents that hae been proposed as an indi#ator $or aorti#

ale repla#e%ent in patients !ith #hroni# seere aorti# insuM#ien#y are le$t

entri#ular)

*. &nd-diastoli# di%ension 55 %% and $ra#tional shortening o$ 5OB. &nd-diastoli# di%ension 55 %% and $ra#tional shortening o$ 5OC. &nd-diastoli# di%ension 60 %% and le$t atrial di%ension 55 %%D. &nd-systoli# di%ension 55 %% and $ra#tional shortening o$ 5O

0. Reerse diastoli# do%ing o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et is asso#iated !ith)

*. 2lail %itral aleB. (apillary %us#le dys$un#tionC. Rheu%ati# %itral ale stenosis


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D. Seere aorti# insuM#ien#y

05. The hall%ar 7-%ode "nding $or aorti# insuM#ien#y is)

*. Coarse diastoli# 3utter o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3etB. 2ine diastoli# 3utter o$ the anterior %itral ale lea3et

C. Chaoti# diastoli# 3utter o$ the %itral aleD. Systoli# 3utter o$ the aorti# ale

04. * pulsed-!ae Doppler blood 3o! elo#ity pro"le o$ aorti# insuM#ien#y

obtained $ro% the api#al "e-#ha%ber ie! !ill de%onstrate a diastoli#)

*. a%inar high-elo#ity 3o! signalB. a%inar lo!-elo#ity 3o! signalC. Turbulent high-elo#ity 3o! signalD. Turbulent lo!-elo#ity 3o! signal

06. The si%plest se%i@uantitatie te#hni@ue $or deter%ining the seerity o$ aorti#

insuM#ien#y using pulsed-!ae Doppler is)

*. Co%paring the dete#ted =et height to the le$t entri#ular out3o! tra#t heightB. Dete#ting a la%inar diastoli# 3o! pattern, !hi#h indi#ates seere aorti#

insuM#ien#yC. &xa%ining the spe#tral strength o$ the regurgitant =etD. 2lo! %apping o$ the le$t entri#le

08. Seere aorti# insuM#ien#y #an be diagnosed by #ontinuous-!ae Doppler by

all the $ollo!ing #riteria &'C&(T)

*. * %axi%u% elo#ity o$ %se#B. * pressure hal$-ti%e o$ 00 %se#C. *orti# insuM#ien#y de#eleration slope %se#D. Darened spe#tru% o$ the regurgitant =et

0:. The seerity o$ aorti# insuM#ien#y %ay best be deter%ined !ith #olor 3o!

Doppler by the $ollo!ing %ethod)

*. 7easuring the aorti# insuM#ien#y =et aliasing area in the parasternal long-

axis ie!B. Co%paring the aorti# insuM#ien#y =et height !ith the le$t entri#ular out3o!

tra#t height

C. 7easuring the aorti# insuM#ien#y =et %axi%al heightD. 9oting the te%poral pattern o$ #olor arian#e

10. * #olor 3o! Doppler te#hni@ue that per%its dete#tion o$ I to I aorti#

insuM#ien#y is)

*. &arly diastoli# 3o! reersal in the abdo%inal aortaB. &arly diastoli# 3o! reersal in the des#ending thora#i# aortaC. Folodiastoli# 3o! reersal in the des#ending thora#i# aorta


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D. Folosystoli# 3o! reersal in the abdo%inal aorta

11. (roxi%al 3o! #onergen#e o$ an aorti# insuM#ien#y =et as seen on #olor 3o!

Doppler %ay represent)

*. (hysiologi# insuM#ien#y

B. 7ild 1I aorti# insuM#ien#yC. 7oderate I aorti# insuM#ien#yD. 7oderately seere I I aorti# insuM#ien#y

1. The %itral ale in3o! pattern o$ten asso#iated !ith seere a#ute aorti#

insuM#ien#y is stage)

*. +B. ++C. +++D. +erentiated $ro% theDoppler signal o$ %itral stenosis by the $ollo!ing guideline)

*. +$ the diastoli# 3o! pattern #o%%en#es be$ore %itral ale opening, then the

signal is due to aorti# insuM#ien#yB. +$ the diastoli# 3o! pattern #o%%en#es a$ter %itral ale opening, then the

signal is due to aorti# insuM#ien#yC. The Doppler 3o! elo#ity pattern o$ %itral ale stenosis is la%inar, !hile the

Doppler 3o! elo#ity pattern o$ aorti# insuM#ien#y is turbulentD. Sin#e both %itral ale stenosis and aorti# insuM#ien#y are diastoli#, it is not

possible to di>erentiate the Doppler 3o! elo#ity patterns.

1. The 7-%ode "nding that indi#ates seere a#ute aorti# insuM#ien#y is

pre%ature aorti# ale)

*. ClosureB. Diastoli# 3utterC. 7id-systoli# #losureD. ?pening

15. (osterior displa#e%ent o$ aorti# ale lea3ets into the le$t entri#ular out3o!

tra#t during diastole is #alled aorti# ale)

*. (rolapsedB. S#lerosisC. StenosisD.


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14. * t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "nding in a patient !ith pure aorti#

insuM#ien#y is)

*. e$t atrial enlarge%entB. e$t entri#ular enlarge%entC. Right atrial enlarge%entD. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

16. Figh-$re@uen#y diastoli# 3utter o$ the aorti# ale !ith e#hoes extending into

the le$t entri#ular out3o! tra#t during diastole on 7-%ode e#ho#ardiographi#

represents)

*. *s#ending aorti# aneurys%B. 2lail aorti# ale lea3etC.


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B. 7ild 1IC. 7oderate ID. 7oderately seere I

1. The %ost #o%%on etiology o$ tri#uspid ale stenosis is)

*. Car#inoid heart diseaseB. +n$e#tie endo#arditisC. Rheu%ati# $eerD. Right atrial %yxo%a

. The 7-%ode "ndings $or tri#uspid ale stenosis in#lude all the $ollo!ing

&'C&(T)

*. *nterior %otion o$ the posterior tri#uspid ale lea3etB. De#reased &-2 slope o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale lea3etC. +n#reased lea3et thi#nessD. Systoli# do%ing o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale lea3et

. The typi#al t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings in rheu%ati# tri#uspid


*. Diastoli# do%ing o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale lea3etB. ea3et thi#eningC. Restri#ted %otion o$ the tri#uspid lea3etsD. Systoli# bo!ing o$ the posterior tri#uspid ale lea3et

. Causes o$ tri#uspid regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Car#inoid heart disease

B. &bsteinAs ano%alyC. (ul%onary hypertensionD. Sinus o$


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B. (ansystoli# %ur%ur heard best at the lo!er le$t sterna borderC. (ansystoli# %ur%ur heard best at the #ardia# apex !ith radiation to the axillaD. Systoli# e=e#tion %ur%ur heard best at the upper right sterna border

6. Causes o$ organi# tri#uspid regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Rheu%ati# heart diseaseB. Right entri#ular in$ar#tC. Tri#uspid ale prolapsedD. 2lail tri#uspid ale

8. +n signi"#ant #hroni# tri#uspid ale regurgitation, all the $ollo!ing are dilated

&'C&(T)

*. Fepati# einsB. +n$erior ena #aaC. (ul%onary einsD. Right atriu%

:. The 7-%ode "nding $or ruptured #hordae tendineae o$ the tri#uspid ale is)

*. Coarse diastoli# 3utter o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale lea3etB. 2ine diastoli# 3utter o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale lea3etC. +rregular lo!-$re@uen#y diastoli# 3uttering o$ the anterior tri#uspid ale

lea3etD. Right atrial enlarge%ent

0. ?n 7-%ode e#ho#ardiographi# "nding o$ the tri#uspid ale, systoli# #oarse

#haoti# os#illation o$ the tri#uspid ale lea3ets %ay indi#ate)

*. * nor%al e#ho#ardiographi# "ndingB. *trial "brillationatrial 3utterC. 2lail tri#uspid ale lea3etD. (ul%oni# ale insuM#ien#y

1. 7-%ode and t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiograophi# "ndings $or #hroni# tri#uspid

regurgitation in#lude)

*. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerloadB. (aradoxi#al septal %otion

C. (rote#ted right entri#leD. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

. 7ethods $or deter%ining the seerity o$ tri#uspid regurgitation !ith pulsed-

!ae Doppler in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. +n#reased & !ae elo#ity $or the tri#uspid aleB. 7apping te#hni@ue


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C. 7axi%u% elo#ity o$ the tri#uspid regurgitant =etD. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the hepati# ein

. Cardia# Doppler "ndings asso#iated !ith signi"#ant #hroni# tri#uspid

regurgitation in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Con#ae late systoli# #on"guration o$ the regurgitant signalB. +n#reased & elo#ity o$ the tri#uspid aleC. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the hepati# einD. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the pul%onary ein

. Systoli# re3ux o$ saline #ontrast noted by t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography in

the in$erior ena #aa denotes the presen#e o$)

*. Cardia# ta%ponadeB. Constri#tie peri#arditisC. (ul%onary insuM#ien#yD. Tri#uspid regurgitation

5. *n intra#ardia# pressure %ay be deter%ined $ro% the #ontinuous-!ae

tri#uspid regurgitation signal is)

*. 7ean pul%onary artery pressureB. (ul%onary artery end-diastoli# pressureC. Systoli# pul%onary artery pressureD. Total pul%onary as#ular resistan#e

4. Tri#uspid ale lea3ets that are in a "xed se%i-open position !ith di>use

thi#ening are $ound in)

*. Car#inoid heart diseaseB. Cardia# a%yloidosisC. Cardia# he%o#hro%atosisD. Cardia# sar#oidosis

6. (ossible e#ho#ardiographi#Doppler "ndings in a patient !ith #ar#inoid heart

disease in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. (ul%oni# ale insuM#ien#yB. (ul%oni# ale stenosisC. Tri#uspid ale prolapseD. Tri#uspid ale regurgitation

8. The %ost #o%%on #ause o$ pathologi# pul%onary insuM#ien#y is)


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*. Car#iniod heart diseaseB. +n$e#tie endo#arditisC. (ul%onary hypertensionD. Rheu%ati# heart disease

:. (ul%onary insuM#ien#y is asso#iated !ith)

*. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerloadB. Right atrial hypertrophyC. Right entri#ular hypertrophyD. Right entri#ular olu%e oerload

0. hen pul%onary artery systoli# pressure ex#eeds 60 %%Fg, dilation o$ the

pul%oni# annulus results in a regurgitation =et o$ high elo#ity !hi#h is responsible

$or the %ur%ur #alled)

*. *ustin 2lintB. Riero-CaralloC. Eraha% SteellD. illehei-Vaster

1. *n end-diastoli# elo#ity o$ %se# $or pul%onary insuM#ien#y !as obtained

!ith an esti%ated right atrial pressure o$ 6 %%Fg. The pul%onary artery end-

diastoli# pressure (*&D( is)

*. %%FgB. 14 %%FgC. %%FgD. 4 %%Fg

. The nor%al pul%onary artery end-diastoli# pressure (*&D( is)

*. 0 to 5 %%FgB. to 1 %%FgC. : to 18 %%FgD. 18 to 5 %%Fg

. 2ine diastoli# 3utter o$ the tri#uspid ale is a #hara#teristi# "nding $or)

*. +n$undibular stenosis

B. (ri%ary pul%onary hypertensionC. (ul%onary insuM#ien#yD. (ul%onary ale stenosis

. The %ost #o%%on type o$ right entri#ular out3o! tra#t obstru#tion is)

*. Subin$undibularB. Subalular


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C. SupraalularD. e#t o$ in$undibular pul%oni# stenosis onthe pul%oni# ale is)

*. *bsent KaL dipB. Coarse systoli# 3utterC. Deep KaL dipD. Shallo! KaL dip

8. (ossible t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings $or alular pul%oni#


*. (ul%oni# ale prolapsedB. Right entri#ular hypertrophyC. Systoli# do%ing o$ the pul%oni# ale lea3etsD.


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D. Subin$undibular

51. (ul%onary artery banding %ay result in all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. (seudoaneurys% $or%ationB. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

C. Supraalular pul%onary stenosisD.


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*. ?n or be$ore in#eption o$ the Q !aeB. ess than 0.05 se#onds a$ter the Q !aeC. 0.05 to 0.06 se#onds a$ter the Q !ae o$ the ele#tro#ardiogra%D. ?n or be$ore in#eption o$ the T !ae

58. The usual site o$ atta#h%ent $or egetations on the %itral and tri#uspid ales

is the)

*. *nnulusB. *trial side o$ the ale lea3etsC. (apillary %us#lesD.


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D. Relapsing

4. *nother ter% $or a he%ogra$t prostheti# ale is)

*. *llogra$tB. *utogra$t

C. Biogra$tD. Feterogra$t

45. *ll the $ollo!ing are por#ine tissue prostheti# ales &'C&(T)

*. B=or-ShileyB. Carpentier-&d!ardsC. Fan#o#D. +nta#t

44. *n exa%ple o$ boine peri#ardiu% tissue ale is)

*. B=or-ShileyB. +nta#tC. +ones#u-ShileyD. Starr-&d!ards

46. * pul%oni# ale relo#ated to the aorti# position is #alled an)

*. *llogra$tB. *utogra$tC. Feterogra$t

D. Fo%ogra$t

48. Coarse 3uttering o$ a tissue prostheti# ale lea3et on 7-%ode is asso#iated

!ith)

*. +nsuM#ien#yB. 9or%al $un#tionC. StenosisD.


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*. +nsuM#ien#yB. 9or%al $un#tionC. StenosisD.


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B. x


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B. %%C. %%D. %%

8. The %ost #o%%on etiology o$ #onstri#tie peri#arditis is)

*. Cardia# surgeryB. +diopathi#C. Rheu%ati# $eerD. Tuber#ulosis

8. The #lassi# aus#ultatory "nding in #onstri#tie peri#arditis is)

*. 2ri#tion rubB. 7id-systoli# #li#C. ?pening snap

D. (eri#ardial Vno#

85. Cardia# #atheteri/ation "ndings in #onstri#tie peri#arditis in#lude)

*. *bsent KaL !aeB. Dip-and-plateau !ae$or%C. +n#reased KL !aeD. +n#reased pea-to-pea pressure gradient

84. The s@uare root is #o%%only $ound in)

*. *orti# ale stenosis

B. Constri#tie peri#arditisC. (eri#ardial e>usionD. (ul%onary hypertension

86. ho#ardiographi# signs asso#iated !ith #onstri#tie peri#arditis in#lude all the

$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. B not#hB. +n$erior ena #aa plethoraC. Railroad tra# signD. Septal boun#e

88. Doppler eiden#e o$ #onstri#tie peri#arditis in#ludes)

*. +n#reased pea elo#ity a#ross the %itral ale !ith inspirationB. +n#reased pea elo#ity a#ross the aorti# ale !ith inspirationC. +n#reased pea elo#ity a#ross the %itral ale !ith expirationD. +n#reased pea elo#ity a#ross the tri#uspid ale !ith expiration

8:. *n 7-%ode e#ho#ardiographi# sign o$ #onstri#tie peri#arditis is)


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*. B not#h signB. 7id-late systoli# dip signC. S%oe-signal signD. S@uare root sign

:0. *n 7-%ode e#ho#ardiographi# sign $or #onstri#tie peri#arditis is)

*. B not#hB. Chaoti# not#hC. 2ibrillatory not#hD. Spanish not#h

:1. * possible 7-%ode "nding $or #onstri#tie peri#arditis is pre%ature opening o$

the)

*. *orti# aleB. 7itral aleC. (ul%oni# aleD. Tri#uspid ale

:. The absen#e o$ in$erior ena #aa #ollapse upon inspiration indi#ates eleated

pressure in the)

*. *ortaB. e$t atriu%C. e$t entri#le

D. Right atriu%

:. o! oltage o$ the QRS #o%plex throughout the ele#tro#ardiogra% is o$ten

$ound in)

*. Constri#tie peri#arditisB. 7itral stenosisC. (eri#ardial e>usionD. (leural e>usion

:. +n a#ute peri#arditis, a possible ele#tro#ardiographi# "nding in %ost i$ not all

leads is)

*. Depressed ST seg%entsB. &leated ST seg%entsC. +n#reased QRS oltageD. (athologi# Q !aes

:5. * possible aus#ultatory "nding in a patient !ith peri#arditis is)


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*. 2ixed splitting o$ SB. 7id-systoli# #li#C. 2ri#tion rubD. (eri#ardial no#

:4. The pulse asso#iated !ith #ardia# ta%ponade is)

*. (ulsus alternansB. (ulsus bis$eriensC. (ulsus paradoxusD. (ulsus parus

:6. The single %ost reliable e#ho#ardiographi# predi#tor o$ #ardia# ta%ponade

that #an be identi"ed by 7-%ode or t!o-di%ensional i%aging is diastoli# #ollapse o$

the)

*. e$t atriu%B. e$t entri#leC. Right atriu%D. Right entri#le

:8. (ulsed-!ae Doppler eiden#e o$ #ardia# ta%ponade in#ludes)

*. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the pul%onary einsB. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the hepati# einsC. +nsipiratory in#rease in pea elo#ity a#ross the %itral ale !ith an

inspiratory de#rease in pea elo#ity a#ross the tri#uspid aleD. +nspiratory de#rease in elo#ity a#ross the %itral ale !ith an inspiratory

in#rease in elo#ity a#ross the tri#uspid ale

::. The s!inging heart syndro%e is asso#iated !ith)

*. Cardia# trau%aB. Constri#tie peri#arditisC. 7itral ale prolapsedD. (eri#ardial e>usion

00. Diastoli# #ollapse o$ the right entri#le in #ardia# ta%ponade o##urs during)

*. &arly diastoleB. 7id-diastoleC. ate diastoleD. *trial systole

01. The %ost e>e#tie treat%ent $or #ardia# ta%ponade is)

*. *spirin


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B. Bed restC. (eri#adie#to%yD. (eri#ardio#entesis

0. Doppler eiden#e o$ #ardia# ta%ponade $ro% diastoli# hepati# ein 3o! is)

*. &xpiratory de#reaseB. &xpiratory in#reaseC. +nspiratory in#reaseD. +nspiratory reersal

0. 2ibrin !ithin a peri#ardial e>usion %ost liely indi#ates)

*. Cardia# ta%ponadeB. Constri#tie peri#arditisC. +n$e#tie endo#arditisD. ong-standing peri#ardial e>usion

0. +n patients !ith peri#ardial e>usion, an e#ho-$ree spa#e !ill be seen bet!eenthe epi#ardiu% and the)

*. &ndo#ardiu%B. 2ibrous peri#ardiu%C. 7yo#ardiu%D. (arietal Serous (eri#ardiu%

05) * large peri#ardial e>usion pre#ludes the diagnosis o$ all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. 2lail %itral aleB. 7itral ale prolapseC. (ul%oni# ale prolapsedD. Systoli# anterior %otion S*7 o$ the %itral ale

04. * posterior e#ho-$ree spa#e is dete#ted during the systoli# phase only by 7-%odet!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography. This is #onsidered a)

*. 9or%al "ndingB. S%all peri#ardial e>usionC. 7oderate peri#ardial e>usionD. arge peri#ardial e>usion

06. *ir in the peri#ardial sa# is no!n as)

*. Cardia# ta%ponadeB. &>usie-#onstri#tie peri#ardiu%C. Fe%operi#ardiu%D. (neu%operi#ardiu%


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08. The best guideline $or di>erentiating peri#ardial e>usion $ro% pleural e>usionby t!o-di%ensional e#ho#ardiography is)

*. (eri#ardial e>usion is lo#ated anterior to the des#ending aortaW pleural

e>usion is present posterior to the des#ending aorta.B. (eri#ardial e>usion is present posterior to the des#ending aortaW pleurale>usion is lo#ated anterior to the des#ending aorta.

C. (eri#ardial e>usion is usually seen as an anterior #lear spa#eW pleurale>usion is usually seen as a posterior #lear spa#e.

D. (eri#ardial e>usion is usually seen as a posterior #lear spa#eW pleurale>usion is usually seen as an anterior #lear spa#e.

0:. The %ost #o%%on lo#ation $or a peri#ardial #yst is the)

*. *.Filiu%B. B.e$t #ostophreni# angleC. Right #ostophreni# angleD. Superior %ediastinu%

10. *n e#ho#ardiographi# "nding in #ongenital absent peri#ardiu% is olu%eoerload o$ the)

*. e$t atriu%B. e$t entri#leC. Right atriu%D. Right entri#le

11. The %ost #o%%on etiology o$ syste%i# hypertension is)

*. *.+diopathi# pro#essesB. Renal diseaseC. (heo#hro%o#yto%aD. (sy#hogeni# origin

1. Se#ondary "ndings asso#iated !ith syste%i# hypertension in#lude al the$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. +n#reased le$t entri#ular %assB. +n#reased right entri#ular %assC. e$t atrial enlarge%entD. e$t entri#ular hypertrophy

1. * patient !ith #hroni# syste%i# hypertension presents to thee#ho#ardiography laboratory. The $ollo!ing pulsed-!ae Doppler data is a#@uired$ro% the tips o$ the %itral ale lea3ets) &)* ratio 1.)1, de#eleration ti%e 10%se#, isoolu%i# relaxation ti%e 8 %se#, and pul%onary ein reersal 4#%se#.

The Doppler data indi#ates diastoli# "lling stage)

*. +B. ++C. +++


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D. +-(arinson-hitetype * syndro%e in#lude an)

*. Brie$ anterior displa#e%ent o$ the le$t entri#ular !all.B. Brie$ posterior displa#e%ent o$ the right entri#ular !all.C. +n#rease in the interal bet!een %itral ale #losure and pul%oni# ale

opening.D. Sharp, brie$, do!n!ard posterior dip o$ the interentri#ular septu%.

:4. The $or%ula used to deter%ine per#ent shortening is)

*. &DD-&SD X 100.B. &D


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*. De#rease in #o%plian#eB. De#rease in e=e#tion $ra#tionC. Fyperdyna%i# !all %otionD. +n#rease in end-diastoli# pressure

01. hen #o%pared !ith angiographi# olu%es, e#ho#ardiographi# entri#ular

olu%es are)

*. *.&@ualB. argerC. S%allerD. usionC.


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*. (eri#ardial e>usionB. (ul%onary hypertensionC.


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C. (arasternal short axis ie! o$ the aorti# aleD. Sub#ostal $our #ha%ber

1. *n unexpe#ted postoperatie "nding !ith atrial septal de$e#t repair is)

*. *trial septal aneurys%

B. 7itral ale prolapsedC. (aradoxi#al interentri#ular septal %otionD. Right entri#ular olu%e oerload pattern

1. * #o%plete atrioentri#ular #anal de$e#t is ostiu% pri%u% atrial septal de$e#t!ith)

*. Coar#tationB. Cle$t %itral ale, #oar#tation o$ the aortaC. Canal-type entri#ular septal de$e#t, patent du#tus arteriosusD. Canal-type entri#ular septal de$e#t, #o%%on atrioetri#ular ale

15. The #ongenital heart de$e#t %ost o$ten asso#iated !ith Do!nAs syndro%etriso%y 1 is)

*. Coar#tation o$ the aortaB. &ndo#ardial #ushion de$e#tC. (eripheral pul%onary stenosisD. Tetralogy o$ 2allot

14. The pulsed-!ae Doppler #hara#teristi#s o$ an un#o%pli#ated atrial septalde$e#t are)

*. o! Gelo#ity le$t-to-right 3o!.B. Figh Gelo#ity le$t-to- right 3o!.C. o!-elo#ity right-to-le$t 3o!.D. Figh-elo#ity right-to-le$t 3o!

16. The %ost #o%%on type o$ atrial septal de$e#t is)

*. Coronary sinus.B. ?stiu% pri%u%C. ?stiu% se#undu%D. Sinus enosus.

18. The #ongenital heart de$e#t %ost #o%%only asso#iated !ith ostiu% pri%u%atrial septal de$e#t is)

*. Cle$t %itral ale.B. (ara#hute %itral ale.C. (artial ano%alous pul%onary enous returnD. total ano%alous pul%onary enous return


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1:. *n oxygen saturation sa%ple taen at the superior ena #aa is 6O and inthe right atriu% is 88O. * possible explanation is)

*. *trial septal de$e#t.B. Coar#tation o$ the aorta.C. (atent du#tus arteriosus .

D.


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4. * #ongenital %al$or%ation o$ the tri#uspid ale in !hi#h one, t!o, or all threelea3ets are displa#ed do!n!ard $ro% the annulus is no!n as)

*. &bsteinAs ano%alyB. &pstein-Barr ano%aly.C. Tri#uspid atresia.

D. Tri#uspid ale stenosis.

6. The best e#ho#ardiographi# ie! $or deter%ining the presen#e o$ &bsteinAsano%aly is the)

*. *pi#al $our-#ha%ber ie!.B. (arasternarnal long-axis ie!.C. (arasternal short-axis ie! o$ the aorti# ale.*. D, Sub#ostal $our-#ha%ber ie!.

8. +%portant $a#tors !hen #onsidering surgi#al repair in &bsteinAs ano%alyin#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Degree o$ anterior tri#uspid ale prolapse.B. Degree o$ Katriali/ationL o$ the right entri#le.C. Dysplasia o$ the ale lea3ets.D. &xtent o$ lea3et tethering.

:. Congenital heart diseases strongly asso#iated !ith &bsteinAs ano%aly in#lude)

*. *trial septal de$e#t.B. Coar#tation o$ the aorta.C. Dis#rete subaorti# stenosis .D. (ara#hute %itral ale.

0. Co%%on #ardia# Doppler "ndings in &bsteinAs ano%aly in#lude all the$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *trial septal de$e#t !ith right Gto-le$t shunting.B. 2untional right entri#ular out3o! tra#t obstru#tion.C. 7itral regurgitation.D. Tri#uspid regurgitation.

1. The #lassi# 7-%ode "nding $or &bsteinAs ano%aly is)

*. Delayed #losure o$ the tri#uspid aleB. 2lail tri#uspid ale lea3etC. Tri#uspid ale prolapse

D. Tri#uspid ale stenosis

. &xpe#ted e#ho#ardiographi# "ndings in patients !ith &bsteinAs ano%alyin#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *bnor%al api#al insertion o$ the tri#uspid aleB. *trial septal de$e#tC. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerloadD. Right entri#ular olu%e oerload


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. *nother na%e that identi"es JhlAs ano%aly is)

*. Barlo!As syndro%eB. &bsteinAs ano%alyC. (ar#h%ent heartD. Right entri#ular aplasia

. (ersistent patent du#tus arteriosus results in)

*. Right entri#ular olu%e oerloadB. e$t entri#ular olu%e oerloadC. Right entri#ular pressure oerloadD. e$t entri#ular pressure oerload

5. (ersistent patent du#tus arteriosus during a pulsed-!ae dopper exa%ination%ay be #on$used !ith all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. (ul%oni# insuM#ien#yB. Tri#uspid induM#ien#y

C. *ortopul%onary !indo!D. *no%alous origin o$ the le$t #oronary artery $ro% the pul%onary artery

4. The suM#ient o$ a bidire#tional persistent du#tus arteriosus shunt is that it)

*. +s an expe#ted Knor%alL "ndingB. +%plies eleated syste%i# pressureC. +%plies eleated pul%onary pressureD. 9egates the si%pli"ed Bernoulli e@uation

6. Congenital heart diseases that are du#tal-dependant in#lude all the $ollo!ing&'C&(T)

*. *orti# atresiaB. +nterrupted aorti# ar#hC. (ul%onary atresiaD. Sinus enosus atrial septal de$e#t

8. The typi#al %ur%ur asso#iated !ith patent du#tus arteriosus is)

*. Continuous %ur%urB. De#reased diastoli# %ur%urC. Folosystoli# %ur%urD. ate systoli# %ur%ur

:. The #ardia# #ha%bers that are enlarged in patent du#tus arteriosus are)

*. e$t atriu% and le$t entri#leB. e$t atriu% and right entri#leC. Right atriu% and le$t entri#leD. Right atriu% and right entri#le

0. The %axi%u% elo#ity o$ a persistent patent du#tus arteriosus is %se# andthe systoli# blood pressure is :040. The systoli# pul%onary artery pressure is)


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*. %%FgB. 4 %%FgC. 4 %%Fg plus right atrial pressureD. 4 %%Fg

1. The Doppler "nding asso#iated !ith persistent patent du#tus arteriosus is)

*. Diastoli# 3o! reersal in the des#ending thora#i# aortaB. +n#reased 3o! elo#ity at the aorti# isth%usC. +n#reased pressure hal$-ti%e o$ the %itral aleD. Systoli# 3o! reersal in the pul%onary eins

.


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*. *trial septal de$e#tB. Cle$t %itral aleC. Coar#tation o$ the aortaD. Deiation o$ the aorta

8. De$e#ts that are asso#iated !ith tetralogy o$ 2allot in about 5O o$ #ases

in#lude)

*. Bi#uspid aorti# aleB. ?erriding pul%onary arteryC. (ara#hute tri#uspid aleD. Right aorti# ar#h

:. +%portant $a#tors in ealuating post-surgi#al repair o$ tetralogy o$ 2allotin#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. &aluate right and le$t entri#ular $un#tionB. Rule out residual pul%oni# ale stenosisC. Rule out residual shunting at the %argins o$ the atrial septal de$e#t repairD. Rule out residual shunting at the %argins o$ the entri#ular septal de$e#t

repair

50. (ri%e #hara#teristi#s o$ tetraolgy o$ 2allot in#lude all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *trial septal de$e#tB. 7alalign%ent entri#ular septal de$e#tC. (ul%oni# stenosisD. Right entri#ular hypertrophy

51. The ano%aly #hara#teri/ed by a single great essel arising $ro% the base o$the hear t is #alled)

*. -transposition o$ the great arteriesB. (ul%onary atresiaC. Tetralogy o$ 2allotD. Trun#us arteriosus

5. * #o%%uni#ation bet!een the as#ending aorta and the %ain pul%onaryartery is #alled)

*. *ortopul%onary !indo!B. Coar#tation o$ the aorta

C. (atent du#tus arteriosusD. Supra#ristal septal de$e#t

5. (ossible repairs $or D-transposition o$ the great arteries in#lude all the$ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. Blalo#-TaussigB. NateneC. 7ustard


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D. Senning

5. &isen%engerAs syndro%e %ay be asso#iated !ith all the $ollo!ing &'C&(T)

*. *trial septal de$e#tB. Bi#uspid aorti# ale

C. (atent du#tus arteriosusD.


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D. idening o$ the anterior and posterior aorti# root !alls

41. *n inti%al 3ap in the aorta is dis#oered in the parasternal long-axis ie!,suprasternal long-axis ie!, and abdo%inal aorta. The type o$ aorti# disse#tionpresent is DeBaey type)

*. +B. ++C. +++D. +

terry reynolds 500 flash cards rcs study guide

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