terry schubert - [email protected] ez.org/csa e-racer. flow visualization aids drag reduction 60...
TRANSCRIPT
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2Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Tweaking Your Airplane to Save Fuel
Efficiency improvement is affected by many things:
Pilot technique
Power plant characteristics
Airframe drag, which this presentation will address
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3Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Drag is found in many forms, including:
• Induced (lift related)• Parasite (all other drag)• Viscous (skin friction - shape related)• Pressure (relates to dynamic pressure
pushing against front of the airframe)• Profile (Pressure drag & viscous drag
combined)
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4Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Reducing speed reduces dynamic pressure drag thus improving MPG,
but only to a point.
As pressure drag reduces, induced drag increases
SlowDown
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5Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Required fuel varies with the number of molecules to be moved near the airframe.
Few molecules moved = low fuel consumptionLots of molecules moved = high fuel consumption
Look where the action is; it’s in the area near the airframe surface. It is
called the boundary layer (BL)
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6Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Boundary Layer (BL)may be thought of as:
the region of air near the surface who’s speed varies from zero at the surface to that of the surrounding
air.
Let’s look at the airflow behavior in the BL
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7Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
BL has different states
Laminar – molecules move in smooth parallel layers and do not mix with other
molecules
Turbulent – molecules run into something and are deflected into other molecules. That stops the smooth flow,
causing a drop in energy and sharp increase in drag
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8Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Laminar Flow -
No mixing of layersSmooth parallel flowThin speed gradientVery low drag
Flow starts laminar but transitions to turbulentwith distance and greater speed
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9Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Turbulent Flow -• Flow is rougher and
non-linear• Thicker speed gradient• Higher drag due to
molecular interaction dragging more air along
• Mixing occurs between layers
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10Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
If airflow gets turbulent enough, it will continue to lose energy and finally stops or stalls. Flow aft of
that point is Separated• Drag increases dramatically
Laminar flow in accelerating air Turbulent flow in slowing air
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11Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Velocity Profile symbol• Symbol location
designates a chord location and depicts speed and BL thickness
Laminar boundary layer Turbulent boundary layer
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12Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Separated Flow –When airflow slows, relative to the
surface and stops
• Separation point’s location depends upon Reynolds Number (includes distance traveled from LE)
• Shape of the object determines how rapidly pressure changes occur
Separation point – no flow
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13Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Turbulent BL isn’t all bad• It consumes more energy than laminar flow, but having
more energy, it separates later than laminar BL .
• If BL turns turbulent before thickest camber it allows BL to stay attached farther along surface – results in less
pressure drag than laminar BL flow
Laminar BL allows more pressure drag than Turbulent BL
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14Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Separation Wake
If the wake is large, caused by early separation, the dynamic pressure will be much higher than on the rear and pressure drag will be very large compared to viscous drag.
Unstable, and turbulent vortex filled area aft of the separation point
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15Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Wake area
• BL has stopped flowing• Airflow reverses• Surface friction/viscous drag is bad, but it is much
better than pressure drag.• No viscous drag but very high pressure drag
Separation must be stopped but it has to be found first
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16Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Finding Separation
Visualizing flow techniques utilize:
• Sublimation coatings
• Yarn tufts
• Oil flows
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17Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Sublimation coatings
• Sublimates (change to gaseous state) in turbulent flow due to energy transfer
• The line between sublimation and non sublimation is the transition point
• Process is more expensive, less available and harder to analyze than some techniques
• Spray it on and fly it. Take pictures after landing.
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18Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Yarn Tufts•Yarn is on surface•Shows stability & velocity•Time consuming to set up•Represents one velocity point•Depicts minor 3D aspects•Tape attachment can alter local flow•Chase plane or video camera is needed to view tufts in action
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19Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Oil Flows• Show average
flight flow• Messy but fast• On surface
flow• Still photos
taken immediately after 10-30 minute flight
• Dab on forward of test area, may be mixed with Temprapowder for color & greater definition.
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20Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Test Analysis• Sublimation – coating is on in laminar area. Klaus
discovered his VGs were mounted too high after many years of flight test.
• Tufts – dynamic visual presentation. Tuft stability shows activity & flow direction.
• Oil flow – Note trace path, stability & width– Thin/straight – fast Laminar BL– Wider/wavering line – slower, less energy Turbulent BL– No oil/reverse flow – minimal energy, Separated BL
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21Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
The BL Fix to Prevent Separation
• Separation occurs at low energy – no movement – Add energy to prevent/reduce separation
• Trip Laminar flow to Turbulent flow - adds energy with small drag increase
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22Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Add energy with low profile toolsand see the effects
• Use of low profile dimples, diamonds,grit strips, zigzagturbulatorstrips
(See Vol. # 50 page 26
CSA Newsletter for tool details) •Start with no treatment on aft cowl
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23Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Dimples
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24Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Grit Strip
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25Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Diamonds & Zig ZagTurbulator
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26Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Strut Application
Zig Zag
Diamonds
VGs
Grit strip
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27Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Separated BL wake may require more aggressive tools like vortex generators (VGs)
• Reach away from surface to get high velocity to re-energize the BL
• VG height varies with BL thickness (VG height never more than BL thickness) ¼” VG gets about 99% of the energy in a turbulent 2” thick BL near the cowl
(See Vol. # 54 page 8 CSA Newsletter for VG details)
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28Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
VG pattern design isVERY complex
• Too tall gives severe high drag• Too low doesn’t energize the BL• Too great an angle will stall VG• Start with 10 degree angle to
local flow angle & look for effect• Oil flow to determine local flow• Use minimal impact fix
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29Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
VG Quantity Varies
• Co-rotating - spaced 15 heights apart
• Counter-rotating has twice the drag but is effective in half the distance – for desperately tight situations only due to high drag
VG
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30Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
VG Operation & Placement
Has high pressure on one side which flows to low on other side like a wing tip
Vortex originates at tip and scrubs a flat surface about 9 VG heights down stream
VG should be that distance forward of separated area
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31Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
BL tools are a fix for poor design
Design it right to avoid the effort
Reduce taper angles - 7 degrees max (single axis)
Move internal parts to flatten curves
Stagger retreating surfaces (wing/winglet) as on Long-EZ VS E-Racer
Trip laminar flow to add energy
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32Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
BL tool GuidelinesSeparation is BAD.
Fix it!
• Cowl separation adds drag and reduces prop efficiency; a double
whammy
• Separation causes vibration & noise
• Separation caused also by aero
interference – edge & cabin/cowl leaks
(See Vol. # 54 page 8
CSANewsletterfor
effects/details)
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33Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Application Examples
• Look at the airplane for obvious errors.
• Bump & low blister are noted
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34Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
What can be changed to decrease curve?
• Examine clearances
• Can you change protrusions
• Double exposure
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35Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Verify Modification Need
• Tuft or• Oil flow
• Identifyareas ofneededprofilechange
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36Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Install contour slats to verify shape
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37Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Check inside clearance too
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38Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Fabricate BID insert over foam contour slats to insert in cowl
Note:
Decrease in cowl curve should resistseparation better
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39Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Flat panels can be easily added
2 ply BID panel is easilyfabricated andinserted in original cowl.3rd BID ply overlaysand ties it all together
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40Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Check for exhaust clearance
Fabricate EZ heat shieldwith 3/8”flox stand offs & THINstainless steel sheet
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41Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Assure engine clearance
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42Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Completed profile
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43Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
It looks better, but does it work?
Same height now
Flatnow
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44Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Flow stays attached longer. Drag is reduced. Prop efficiency is increased
After Before
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45Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Other examples
• Drag increasing vortex generators (VGs), fences, diverters, boundary layer strippers add energy to re-attach flow
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46Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Flow visualization
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47Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
How much oil is needed? This spread out in 15 minute flight
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48Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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49Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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50Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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51Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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52Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Pant vents spoil flow
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53Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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54Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
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55Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Area aft of tire is separated
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56Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
More complex fixes -Blended wing/winglet
Chris Esselstyn’s IO-540, MK-IV RG
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57Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Blend offers greater advantage at higher speed540 powered RG Mark IV produces double digit gain
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58Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Blend & fillets can reduce separation
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59Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Blend reduces design problem impact- both surfaces expand at same time
•E-Racer winglet & wing •leading edges align•Surfaces expand together
•Long-EZ winglet & wing leading edges are staggered
•Surface expansion is staggeredJack Morrison’sIO-540 E-Racer
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62Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
LE Trim Sequence
• Block out appropriate rudder to center ball• Remove roll trim springs and note aileron
input required to level wings in cruise• Add washers to lower outer bolt to decrease
angle of attack on “light” wing to attain neutral roll trim
• Readjust rudder trim as required
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63Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Vari Eze Trim Sequence• Block out appropriate rudder to center ball• Roll trim AC, using servo driven trim tab• For large trim requirements, add roll trim tab
on opposite wing of approximate size and opposite in direction
• Readjust rudder trim as required• Wing surgery may be necessary for large trim
requirements• Guerny flaps are acceptable for small trim
requirements.
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64Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
VE wing surgery
CPs contain more detail on process
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65Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Intersection fillet design
• Intersection drag occurs where ever two surfaces meet
• Drag is highest at acute angles • A well designed fillet can reduce the
losses by filling in separated areas
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66Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Correctly designed fillets dramatically reduce interference drag
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67Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
90º intersection requires little fillet
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68Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Incorrectly applied fillets increase frontal area
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69Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Acute angle intersections pose a design challenge
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70Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Wheel pant design has improved
• Original “football” wheel pant possessed adverse pressure gradient
• Flow migration from the sides to top and bottom
• Large wheel opening promotesflow circulation
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71Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
A consistent pressure gradient prevents flow migration
• Planform view looking down from the top is a good laminar flow symetrical airfoil such as a 65025, 25% thick*.
• Side view is the same airfoil but separated along the centerline sufficiently to house the wheel
*Hoerner specifies 3.7 to 1 t/c or 27% thick for an optimum trade between profile and skin friction drag
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72Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Pressure gradients not optimum
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73Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Wheel pants provide a good $ spent/mph gained ratio
$345 $375
11.4x55.00x5
Lightspeed Engr.Lightspeedengineering.com
$225$225$250
11.4x55.00x56.00x6
James AircraftJamesaircraft.com
~$25 and several hours to build
11.4x5Central States mold
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74Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
EZ gear struts are high drag• Gear strut thickness to.
chord ratio is less than.optimum.
• Forward gear sweep places.inboard portions at ~8° angle.of attack.
• Fairings can streamline the.strut to 0° AOA at cruiseflight attitude.
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75Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Gear fairings can be made or purchased
• CSA Newsletter Apr 2005 provides a description of DIY strut fairing.
• Prefab struts fairings are available from LSE.
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76Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Spinners are a mixed bag
Plus• Sex appeal• Small speed
increase
Minus.• Increased weight.• Poor prop bolt access.• Increased maintenance.• Potential for loosing
spinner and damaging prop and aircraft.
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77Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Inlet lip radii important
A 25% reduction in drag coefficient
Sharp edge
Radiused edge
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78Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Cowl design criticalSome design criteria
• No bumps todisturb flow
• Upper cowl exit no higher than crankshaftcenterline
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79Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Extend cowl trailing edge• Permits more gradual close out angle • Delayed or eliminates separation
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80Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Reduced wetted and frontal area will lower drag
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81Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
A few of my favorite EZ cowls
Dick Patschull’s Vari Eze
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82Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Terry Schubert’s Long-EZ
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83Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Terrence Scherman’s cowl
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84Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Steve Volovsek’s Long-EZ
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85Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Engine performance improvements
• Three types of fuel delivery systems available– Standard Marvel updraft carburetor – Throttle body Injection – Ellison– Fuel injection –Bendix, AirFlow
Performance and others
Each system has its strengths and weaknesses
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86Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Updraft Carburetor
• Very reliable.• Tolerant of inlet conditions.• Poor mixture distribution at part throttle.• Prone to carb icing.
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87Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Ellison TBI
• Light weight• Lower pressure drop at WOT• Good mixture distribution at part throttle• Marginal mixture distribution at WOT• Good icing tolerance• Very sensitive to inlet conditions
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88Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Fuel Injection
• Excellent mixture distribution at all throttle settings – best fuel economy
• Carb icing not an issue• Requires high pressure pump• More expensive than other options.
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89Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction
Electonic Ignition• Improved starting and
idle operation• Improve low power high
altitude cruise fuel consumption
• Excellent research done by the CAFÉ Foundation http://cafefoundation.org/v2/research_reports.php
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90Flow Visualization Aids Drag Reduction