tesauro ling

Linguistics ThesaurusDraft

Thesaurus Development Team

Maurine Nichols

Lynne Plettenberg

Hannah Gladfelter Rubin

Pengyi Zhang

Instructor: Dagobert Soergel

LBSC 775 Construction and Maintenance of Index Languages

and Thesauri

College of Information Studies, University of Maryland

Fall 2005

Copyright © Maurine Nichols, Lynne Plettenberg, Hannah Gladfelter Rubin, Pengyi Zhang, Dagobert Soergel

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Broad outline 3

A Z

Broad Outline

A fields of linguistics

B theory and method

C linguistic units

D structure of language

E meaning of language

F physical aspects of language and communication

G language processing

H types of languages, characteristics of languages

I linguistic change

J specific languages & specific language families

K monolingualism/multilingualism

L organism

M parts of the body

N demographic characteristics

O specific person

P other terms

Z trash

4 UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Broad outline

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Quick Hierarchy 5

A E meaning of language E6

Detailed Outline

A fields of linguisticsA2 . fields related to the structure of languageA4 . fields relating to the meaning of languageA6 . lexicography/lexicologyA8 . descriptive linguisticsA10 . applied linguisticsA12 . psycholinguisticsA14 . anthropological linguisticsA16 . sociolinguisticsA18 . fields by physical aspects of language and communicationA20 . language pathologyA22 . philosophy and history of language

B theory and methodB2 . theories of linguisticsB4 . methodology/method of linguistic inquiry

C linguistic unitsC2 . elemental unitsC4 . syllable (linguistic unit)C6 . word (linguistic unit)C8 . phrase (linguistic unit)C10 . clause (linguistic unit)C12 . sentence (linguistic unit)C14 . text (linguistic unit)C16 . corpus (linguistic unit)

D structure of languageD2 . grammarD4 . phonologyD6 . morphologyD8 . syntaxD10 . structure-meaning relationshipD12 . grammatical units

E meaning of languageE2 . pragmaticsE4 . semanticsE6 . semiotics

6 UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Quick Hierarchy

F L organism L6

F physical aspects of language and communicationF2 . sound/auditoryF4 . sight/visualF6 . touch/tactileF8 . movement/haptic

G language processingG2 . language processesG4 . language abilitiesG6 . language acquisition, language instructionG8 . human language processingG10 . automated language processing


I linguistic changeI2 . grammatical changeI4 . phonological changeI6 . morphological changeI8 . syntactic changeI10 . causes of linguistic change


K monolingualism/multilingualismK2 . societal vs. individualK4 . monolingualismK6 . bilingualismK8 . trilingualismK10 . multilingualism

L organismL2 . humansL4 . animalsL6 . automated


M Z trash Z

M parts of the bodyM2 . brain

N demographic characteristicsN2 . general populationN4 . ageN6 . genderN8 . sexual orientationN10 . marital statusN12 . racial and ethnic originN14 . status by language spokenN16 . place of residenceN18 . citizenship/immigration statusN20 . religious affiliationN22 . status by ability or handicapN24 . educational and socioeconomic statusN26 . special populations

O specific person

P other terms


Quick Hierarchy


A A fields of linguistics A8.14.2


A2 fields related to the structure of languageA2.2 . field of grammarA2.4 . field of phonologyA2.4.2 . . moraic phonologyA2.4.4 . . metrical phonologyA2.4.6 . . phonemic phonologyA2.6 . field of phoneticsA2.6.2 . . acoustic phoneticsA2.6.4 . . articulatory phoneticsA2.6.6 . . auditory phoneticsA2.6.8 . . experimental phoneticsA2.6.10 . . forensic phoneticsA2.8 . field of morphologyA2.8.2 . . diachronic morphologyA2.10 . field of syntaxA2.10.2 . . syntax-morphology interactionA2.10.4 . . syntax-phonology interactionA2.10.6 . . syntax-semantics interaction

A4 fields relating to the meaning of languageA4.2 . field of semanticsA4.2.2 . . field of lexical semanticsA4.4 . field of pragmaticsA4.4.2 . . diachronic pragmaticsA4.6 . field of discourse analysis/text linguisticsA4.6.2 . . field of discourse analysisA4.6.2.2 . . . field of narratologyA4.6.4 . . text linguisticsA4.6.6 . . corpus linguisticsA4.6.8 . . stylistics

A6 lexicography/lexicologyA6.2 . lexicographyA6.4 . lexicologyA6.6 . etymologyA6.6.2 . . folk etymologyA6.8 . terminology

A8 descriptive linguisticsA8.2 . diachronic linguisticsA8.4 . comparative linguisticsA8.6 . contrastive linguisticsA8.8 . historical linguisticsA8.10 . computational linguisticsA8.10.2 . . speech synthesis/recognitionA8.12 . mathematical linguisticsA8.12.2 . . statistical linguisticsA8.14 . study of linguistic universalsA8.14.2 . . languages in contact/borrowing


A8.14.4 A fields of linguistics A16.8

A8 descriptive linguistics, cont.A8.14 . study of linguistic universals, cont.

A8.14.4 . . language area studiesA8.16 . geolinguisticsA8.18 . international languagesA8.20 . creole/pidgin studiesA8.22 . dialectologyA8.24 . onomasticsA8.26 . paleolinguistics/ paleographyA8.28 . language originsA8.30 . language classificationA8.30.2 . . typological classificationA8.30.4 . . genetic classificationA8.30.6 . . areal classification

A10 applied linguisticsA10.2 . study of human language instructionA10.2.2 . . study of native language instructionA10.2.4 . . study of foreign language instructionA10.4 . language testing and assessmentA10.6 . adult language development/literacy studiesA10.8 . reading readiness/acquisitionA10.10 . reading instruction and remediationA10.12 . reading processesA10.14 . reading testingA10.16 . writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testingA10.18 . translation (human generated)A10.20 . forensic linguistics

A12 psycholinguisticsA12.2 . neurolinguisticsA12.2.2 . . experimental neurolinguisticsA12.4 . neuro-cognitive linguisticsA12.6 . behaviorist linguisticsA12.8 . clinical linguisticsA12.10 . cognitive linguistics

A14 anthropological linguisticsA14.2 . language and cultureA14.4 . ethnographic linguisticsA14.6 . ethnolinguisticsA14.8 . philology

A16 sociolinguisticsA16.2 . interactional sociolinguisticsA16.4 . variational sociolinguisticsA16.6 . language planning/policyA16.8 . language usage


A18 A fields of linguistics A22.4.6

A18 fields by physical aspects of language and communicationA18.2 . orthography, writing systemsA18.2.2 . . graphologyA18.4 . hearing and speech physiologyA18.6 . nonverbal communicationA18.6.2 . . human nonverbal languageA18.6.4 . . animal/interspecies communicationA18.6.6 . . art as language

A20 language pathology

A22 philosophy and history of languageA22.2 . philosophy of languageA22.2.2 . . logic of languageA22.4 . history of linguisticsA22.4.2 . . linguistics in antiquityA22.4.4 . . medieval linguisticsA22.4.6 . . modern western linguistics


B B theory and method B4

B theory and method

B2 theories of linguisticsB2.2 . linguistic determinism

B4 methodology/method of linguistic inquiry


C C linguistic units C16

C linguistic units

C2 elemental unitsC2.2 . morpheme (linguistic unit)C2.4 . phoneme (linguistic unit)C2.6 . grapheme (linguistic unit)C2.6.2 . . graphC2.6.4 . . letterC2.6.6 . . ideogramC2.6.8 . . numeralsC2.6.10 . . punctuation markC2.8 . sememe (linguistic unit)C2.10 . lexeme (linguistic unit)C2.10.2 . . lemma

C4 syllable (linguistic unit)C4.2 . onsetsC4.2.2 . . consonantsC4.4 . rimesC4.4.2 . . vowels

C6 word (linguistic unit)

C8 phrase (linguistic unit)

C10 clause (linguistic unit)

C12 sentence (linguistic unit)

C14 text (linguistic unit)

C16 corpus (linguistic unit)


D D structure of language D2.22.2

D structure of language

D2 grammarD2.2 . theories and models of grammarD2.2.2 . . formal grammarsD2.2.2.2 . . . structuralismD2.2.2.4 . . . generative grammarD2.2.2.4.2 . . . . surface structureD2.2.2.4.4 . . . . transformational grammarD2.2.2.4.4.2 . . . . . deep structureD2.2.2.4.4.4 . . . . . universal grammarD2.2.2.4.4.4.2 . . . . . . linguistic universalsD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.2 . . . . . . . substantive universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.4 . . . . . . . morphological universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.6 . . . . . . . syntactic universalD2.2.2.4.4.6 . . . . . minimalismD2.2.2.4.4.6.2 . . . . . . Procrastinate PrincipleD2.2.2.4.4.6.4 . . . . . . weak featureD2.2.2.4.4.6.6 . . . . . . strong featureD2.2.2.4.4.8 . . . . . principles and parameters approachD2.2.2.4.6 . . . . categorical grammarD2.2.2.4.8 . . . . restricted logic grammarD2.2.2.4.10 . . . . x-bar theoryD2.2.2.4.10.2 . . . . . x-bar schemaD2.2.2.4.10.4 . . . . . x-bar projectionD2.2.2.4.12 . . . . lexical functional grammarD2.2.2.6 . . . constraint-based grammarD2.2.2.6.2 . . . . optimality theoryD2.2.2.8 . . . functional grammarD2.2.2.10 . . . systemic functional grammarD2.2.2.12 . . . phrase structure grammarD2.2.2.14 . . . head-driven phrase structure grammarD2.2.2.16 . . . relational grammarD2.2.4 . . government-binding theoryD2.2.4.2 . . . theta theoryD2.2.4.2.2 . . . . theta criterionD2.4 . slot and filler grammarD2.6 . traditional grammarD2.8 . prescriptive grammarD2.10 . scale and category grammarD2.12 . story grammarD2.14 . stratificational grammarD2.16 . structural grammarD2.18 . case grammarD2.20 . theories of grammar acquisition and instructionD2.20.2 . . basic child grammarD2.20.4 . . core grammar: acquisitionD2.20.6 . . grammatical developmentD2.20.8 . . teaching/learning grammarD2.22 . principles/characteristics of grammarD2.22.2 . . grammatical location


D2.22.4 D structure of language D6.2.20

D2.22.4 . . repeatabilityD2.22.4.2 . . . repeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.4.4 . . . unrepeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.6 . . open or closed grammatical classesD2.22.6.2 . . . open grammatical classD2.22.6.4 . . . closed grammatical classD2.22.8 . . universal or language-specific characteristics of grammarD2.22.10 . . grammaticality, ungrammaticalityD2.22.10.2 . . . grammaticalityD2.22.10.2.2 . . . . grammatical acceptabilityD2.22.10.2.4 . . . . grammatical optionD2.22.10.2.6 . . . . grammatical agreementD2.22.10.2.8 . . . . grammaticalizationD2.22.10.4 . . . ungrammaticalityD2.22.10.4.2 . . . . anomalyD2.22.10.4.4 . . . . double negativeD2.22.12 . . grammatical ambiguityD2.22.14 . . ergativityD2.22.14.2 . . . ergative/absolutive agreementD2.22.16 . . definitenessD2.22.18 . . indefinitenessD2.22.20 . . deixisD2.22.22 . . grammar and pronunciation of morphemeD2.24 . representation of grammarD2.24.2 . . mental representation of grammarD2.24.4 . . spoken representation of grammarD2.24.4.2 . . . prosodyD2.24.6 . . written representation of grammarD2.24.6.2 . . . punctuationD2.24.6.4 . . . diagramming (sentences)D2.24.6.4.2 . . . . tree diagram representation of grammarD2.24.8 . . signed representation of grammarD2.24.10 . . machine representation of grammarD2.26 . morphological component of grammar

D4 phonologyD4.2 . phonetics

D6 morphologyD6.2 . theories and models of morphologyD6.2.2 . . morpheme-based morphologyD6.2.4 . . word-based morphologyD6.2.6 . . lexeme-based morphologyD6.2.8 . . natural morphologyD6.2.10 . . split-morphology hypothesisD6.2.12 . . nonconcatenative morphologyD6.2.12.2 . . . template morphologyD6.2.14 . . distributed morphologyD6.2.16 . . finite state morphologyD6.2.18 . . fusional morphologyD6.2.20 . . inflectional morphology



D6 morphology, cont.D6.2 . theories and models of morphology, cont.

D6.2.22 . . layered morphologyD6.2.24 . . morphemic tier hypothesis (mth)D6.4 . principles/characteristics of morphologyD6.4.2 . . inflectional rulesD6.4.2.2 . . . paradigmD6.4.2.2.2 . . . . suppletionD6.4.2.4 . . . syntagmD6.4.2.4.2 . . . . grammatical slotD6.4.2.6 . . . inflected formD6.4.2.8 . . . inflectional elementD6.4.4 . . morpheme structure conditionD6.4.6 . . word formationD6.4.6.2 . . . affixationD6.4.6.4 . . . derivationD6.4.6.6 . . . compoundingD6.4.6.8 . . . back formationD6.4.8 . . plural formation ruleD6.4.10 . . postpositionsD6.4.12 . . truncationD6.4.14 . . reduplicationD6.4.16 . . diminutive formationD6.6 . lexiconD6.6.2 . . mental lexiconD6.6.4 . . lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)D6.6.6 . . lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)D6.6.8 . . lexicon by syntactic categoryD6.6.10 . . lexicon by orthographyD6.6.12 . . lexical tag

D8 syntaxD8.2 . theories and models of syntaxD8.2.2 . . covert syntaxD8.2.4 . . overt syntaxD8.2.6 . . spell-outD8.2.8 . . phonological formD8.2.10 . . logical formD8.4 . phase impenetrability conditionD8.4.2 . . t-modelD8.4.4 . . redundancy ruleD8.4.4.2 . . . morpholexical ruleD8.6 . principles/characteristics of syntaxD8.6.2 . . sentence structureD8.6.4 . . movementD8.6.4.2 . . . head movementD8.6.4.2.2 . . . . wh-movementD8.6.4.2.4 . . . . move alphaD8.6.6 . . syntactic ambiguityD8.6.8 . . syntactic atom


D8.6.10 D structure of language D10.2.10.2

D8.6.10 . . lexical integrityD8.6.12 . . reflexivityD8.6.14 . . structure dependence principleD8.6.16 . . syntactic phasesD8.6.18 . . predicationD8.6.18.2 . . . primary predicationD8.8 . rules for ordering wordsD8.8.2 . . adpositional word orderD8.8.4 . . free word orderD8.8.6 . . multiple wh questionD8.8.8 . . multiple wh-frontingD8.8.10 . . nodeD8.8.12 . . non expanding nominal head adjunctD8.8.14 . . word orderD8.8.16 . . word order typologyD8.10 . rules for ordering phrasesD8.10.2 . . annotated phrase structure ruleD8.10.4 . . wh-islandD8.10.6 . . oblique case markingD8.10.8 . . of-insertionD8.10.10 . . order of elementD8.10.12 . . parataxisD8.10.14 . . path containment conditionD8.10.16 . . restructuringD8.10.18 . . restructuring constructionD8.12 . rules for ordering clausesD8.12.2 . . clause structureD8.14 . rules for ordering sentencesD8.14.2 . . parsingD8.14.4 . . phrase structure ruleD8.14.6 . . pro dropD8.14.8 . . recursive ruleD8.16 . rules for ordering textsD8.16.2 . . poetic structureD8.16.4 . . poetic syntax

D10 structure-meaning relationshipD10.2 . grammatical categoryD10.2.2 . . moodD10.2.2.2 . . . imperative moodD10.2.2.4 . . . indicative moodD10.2.2.6 . . . subjunctive moodD10.2.4 . . gender (grammatical category)D10.2.4.2 . . . gender agreementD10.2.6 . . tenseD10.2.8 . . numberD10.2.8.2 . . . number agreementD10.2.8.4 . . . singularD10.2.8.6 . . . pluralD10.2.10 . . voiceD10.2.10.2 . . . active voice


D10.2.10.4 D structure of language D10.14.4

D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.2 . grammatical category, cont.D10.2.10 . . voice, cont.

D10.2.10.4 . . . passive voiceD10.2.12 . . personD10.2.14 . . aspectD10.2.16 . . caseD10.2.16.2 . . . ablative caseD10.2.16.4 . . . genitive caseD10.2.16.6 . . . accusative caseD10.2.16.8 . . . locative caseD10.2.16.10 . . . dative caseD10.2.16.10.2 . . . . movement ruleD10.2.16.12 . . . nominative caseD10.2.16.14 . . . ergative caseD10.4 . grammatical relationsD10.4.2 . . subjectD10.4.2.2 . . . null subjectD10.4.2.4 . . . quirky subjectD10.4.4 . . objectD10.4.4.2 . . . direct objectD10.4.4.4 . . . indirect objectD10.4.6 . . subject object verbD10.4.8 . . subject verb objectD10.4.10 . . verb subject objectD10.4.12 . . predicateD10.4.14 . . paradigmatic relationD10.4.16 . . syntagmatic relationD10.6 . thematic role/semantic roles/functional categoriesD10.6.2 . . theta roleD10.6.2.2 . . . agent theta roleD10.6.2.2.2 . . . . causal agent theta roleD10.6.2.4 . . . theme theta roleD10.6.2.6 . . . goal theta roleD10.6.2.8 . . . source theta roleD10.6.2.10 . . . experiencer theta roleD10.6.2.12 . . . instrument theta roleD10.6.2.14 . . . patient theta roleD10.6.4 . . thematic processingD10.6.6 . . thematic structureD10.8 . morphosyntax (morphology and syntax)D10.8.2 . . theta-absorptionD10.10 . level of speechD10.10.2 . . formal speechD10.10.4 . . informal speechD10.10.6 . . discursive levelD10.12 . valencyD10.14 . syntactic categoryD10.14.2 . . interjectionD10.14.4 . . lexical categories


D10.14.4.2 D structure of language D10.14.4.22.2

D10.14.4.2 . . . nounsD10.14.4.2.2 . . . . agentive nounD10.14.4.2.4 . . . . adjectival nounD10.14.4.2.6 . . . . common nounD10.14.4.2.8 . . . . complex nounD10.14.4.2.10 . . . . plural nounsD10.14.4.2.10.2 . . . . . mass nounsD10.14.4.2.10.4 . . . . . count nounsD10.14.4.2.12 . . . . proper nounsD10.14.4.2.14 . . . . silent nounsD10.14.4.4 . . . verbsD10.14.4.4.2 . . . . main verbD10.14.4.4.4 . . . . adjectival verbD10.14.4.4.6 . . . . main clause verbD10.14.4.4.8 . . . . archetypal verbD10.14.4.4.10 . . . . auxiliary verbD10.14.4.4.10.2 . . . . . contractionD10.14.4.4.10.4 . . . . . modal verbsD10.14.4.4.10.6 . . . . . copula verbsD10.14.4.4.12 . . . . finite verbD10.14.4.4.14 . . . . transitive verbD10.14.4.4.16 . . . . intransitive verbD10.14.4.4.16.2 . . . . . unaccusative verbsD10.14.4.4.16.4 . . . . . unergative verbsD10.14.4.4.18 . . . . linking verbD10.14.4.4.20 . . . . phrasal verbD10.14.4.4.22 . . . . serial verbD10.14.4.6 . . . adverbsD10.14.4.6.2 . . . . manner adverbD10.14.4.6.4 . . . . degree adverbD10.14.4.6.6 . . . . directional adverbD10.14.4.6.8 . . . . locative adverbD10.14.4.6.10 . . . . temporal adverbD10.14.4.6.12 . . . . adverbial modificationD10.14.4.8 . . . adjectivesD10.14.4.10 . . . conjunctionsD10.14.4.10.2 . . . . complementizerD10.14.4.12 . . . classifiersD10.14.4.12.2 . . . . numeral classifiersD10.14.4.14 . . . superordinatesD10.14.4.16 . . . particlesD10.14.4.16.2 . . . . verbal particlesD10.14.4.16.4 . . . . articlesD10.14.4.16.6 . . . . definite articlesD10.14.4.16.8 . . . . indefinite articlesD10.14.4.18 . . . participlesD10.14.4.18.2 . . . . past participlesD10.14.4.20 . . . adpositionsD10.14.4.20.2 . . . . prepositionsD10.14.4.22 . . . pronounsD10.14.4.22.2 . . . . personal pronouns


D10.14.4.22.4 D structure of language D12.4.14

D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.14 . syntactic category, cont.D10.14.4 . . lexical categories, cont.D10.14.4.22 . . . pronouns, cont.

D10.14.4.22.4 . . . . possessive pronounsD10.16 . phrasal categoryD10.16.2 . . noun phraseD10.16.2.2 . . . case marking and grammatical relationsD10.16.4 . . verb phraseD10.16.6 . . prepositional phrase

D12 grammatical unitsD12.2 . morphemesD12.2.2 . . morphD12.2.2.2 . . . zero morphD12.2.4 . . free morphemesD12.2.6 . . bound morphemesD12.2.6.2 . . . affixesD12.2.6.2.2 . . . . headedness in affixationD12.2.6.2.4 . . . . derivational affixD12.2.6.2.4.2 . . . . . prefixD12.2.6.2.4.4 . . . . . suffixD12.2.6.2.6 . . . . inflectional affixD12.2.6.2.8 . . . . infixD12.2.6.2.10 . . . . class i/ii affixD12.2.6.2.12 . . . . agentiveD12.2.6.4 . . . cranberry morphemeD12.2.6.6 . . . rootsD12.2.8 . . allomorphsD12.2.10 . . cliticD12.2.10.2 . . . procliticD12.2.10.4 . . . encliticD12.2.12 . . empty morphemeD12.2.14 . . content morphemeD12.2.16 . . function morphemeD12.2.18 . . heteronexual morphemeD12.2.20 . . homonexual morphemeD12.2.22 . . stemD12.2.22.2 . . . derivativeD12.2.24 . . lexemeD12.4 . wordD12.4.2 . . lexical wordsD12.4.4 . . grammatical wordsD12.4.6 . . compound wordsD12.4.8 . . function wordsD12.4.10 . . determinersD12.4.10.2 . . . quantifiersD12.4.10.4 . . . binary/complementary antonymD12.4.12 . . onomatopoeiaD12.4.14 . . vocabulary


D12.6 D structure of language D12.12

D12.6 . phrasesD12.6.2 . . elliptical phrasesD12.6.4 . . finiteness phrasesD12.6.6 . . complementizer phrasesD12.6.8 . . locative phrasesD12.6.10 . . determiner phrasesD12.6.12 . . complementsD12.6.14 . . wh-phraseD12.6.16 . . phrase markerD12.6.18 . . phrase structureD12.8 . clausesD12.8.2 . . dependent clauseD12.8.2.2 . . . noun clausesD12.8.2.4 . . . adjective clausesD12.8.2.6 . . . adverb clausesD12.8.4 . . independent clauseD12.8.6 . . main clauseD12.8.8 . . centre embedded relative clauseD12.8.10 . . indicative clauseD12.8.12 . . left peripheral relative clauseD12.8.14 . . complement clauseD12.10 . sentencesD12.10.2 . . complex sentenceD12.10.4 . . complete sentenceD12.10.6 . . conjunctive sentenceD12.10.8 . . declarative sentenceD12.10.10 . . disjunctive sentenceD12.10.12 . . kernel sentenceD12.10.14 . . meterD12.10.16 . . anomalous sentenceD12.10.18 . . questionD12.10.18.2 . . . wh-questionD12.10.18.4 . . . yes-no questionD12.12 . texts


E E meaning of language E6

E meaning of language

E2 pragmaticsE2.2 . discourse context

E4 semantics

E6 semiotics


F F physical aspects of language and communication F8

F physical aspects of language and communication

F2 sound/auditoryF2.2 . hearingF2.4 . speech

F4 sight/visualF4.2 . written textF4.2.2 . . orthographyF4.2.4 . . phonetic alphabetF4.4 . sign language

F6 touch/tactileF6.2 . brailleF6.4 . sign language into hands

F8 movement/haptic


G G language processing G4.2.2

G language processing

G2 language processesG2.2 . theories of language processingG2.2.2 . . mental space theoryG2.2.4 . . theories of language acquisitionG2.2.4.2 . . . maturational theory of language acquisitionG2.2.4.4 . . . behaviorismG2.2.4.4.2 . . . . imitation theoryG2.2.6 . . cognitive theory of linguisticsG2.2.6.2 . . . cognitive theory of metaphorG2.2.6.2.2 . . . . cognitive theory of metonymyG2.4 . language perceptionG2.4.2 . . language perception by physical aspects of language and

communicationG2.4.2.2 . . . language perception by hearingG2.4.2.4 . . . language perception by readingG2.4.2.6 . . . perception of sign languageG2.4.2.8 . . . reading BrailleG2.6 . language productionG2.6.2 . . language production by physical aspects of language and

communicationG2.6.2.2 . . . spoken language productionG2.6.2.2.2 . . . . conceptualization stage of speech productionG2.6.4 . . language production by stageG2.6.4.2 . . . conceptualization stageG2.8 . language recognitionG2.8.2 . . language recognition by physical aspects of language and

communicationG2.8.2.2 . . . visual recognitionG2.8.2.2.2 . . . . optical character recognitionG2.8.2.2.4 . . . . visual word recognitionG2.8.4 . . language recognition by linguistic unitsG2.8.4.2 . . . character recognitionG2.8.4.4 . . . word recognitionG2.10 . language and thoughtG2.10.2 . . reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoningG2.10.2.2 . . . implicit reasoningG2.10.2.2.2 . . . . reasoning based upon the absence of evidenceG2.10.2.4 . . . explicit reasoningG2.10.2.4.2 . . . . evidential reasoningG2.12 . concept formation/modelingG2.14 . language understandingG2.16 . memoryG2.18 . recall/retrievalG2.20 . language translation

G4 language abilitiesG4.2 . language abilities by perception vs. productionG4.2.2 . . language perception abilities


G4.2.2.2 G language processing G8.2.16

G4.2.2.2 . . . perception abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G4.2.2.2.2 . . . . listening skillsG4.2.2.2.4 . . . . reading skillsG4.2.2.2.6 . . . . perceiving sign language skillsG4.2.4 . . language production abilitiesG4.2.4.2 . . . production abilities by physical aspects of language and

communicationG4.2.4.2.2 . . . . verbal skillsG4.2.4.2.4 . . . . writing skillsG4.2.4.2.6 . . . . signing skillsG4.4 . language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquiredG4.4.2 . . pre-existing language abilitiesG4.4.2.2 . . . creative capacityG4.4.4 . . acquired language abilitiesG4.6 . prerequisites for language processing

G6 language acquisition, language instructionG6.2 . language acquisitionG6.4 . language instruction

G8 human language processingG8.2 . human language processesG8.2.2 . . human language perceptionG8.2.2.2 . . . human language perception by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.2.2.2.2 . . . . human language perception by hearingG8.2.2.2.4 . . . . human language perception by readingG8.2.2.2.6 . . . . perceiving sign languageG8.2.2.4 . . . human language perception by objectivityG8.2.2.4.2 . . . . objective language perceptionG8.2.2.4.4 . . . . subjective language perceptionG8.2.4 . . human language productionG8.2.4.2 . . . human language production by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.2.4.2.2 . . . . spoken human language productionG8.2.4.4 . . . human language production by stageG8.2.4.4.2 . . . . pre-production stageG8.2.6 . . human language production recognitionG8.2.8 . . human language and thoughtG8.2.10 . . mental concept formation/modelingG8.2.10.2 . . . mental concept formation by unitG8.2.10.2.2 . . . . basic concept formationG8.2.10.2.4 . . . . conceptual system formationG8.2.10.4 . . . mental modelG8.2.10.4.2 . . . . human cognitive environmentG8.2.10.4.4 . . . . human cognitive metaphorG8.2.12 . . human language understandingG8.2.14 . . human memoryG8.2.14.2 . . . central executive component, working memoryG8.2.16 . . recall/retrieval by human brain


G8.4 G language processing G8.8.2.4.10

G8 human language processing, cont.

G8.4 . human language abilitiesG8.4.2 . . mental flexibilityG8.4.4 . . human language abilities by innate vs. acquiredG8.4.4.2 . . . innate language abilitiesG8.4.4.2.2 . . . . innate language knowledgeG8.4.4.2.4 . . . . language creative capacityG8.4.4.4 . . . human acquired language abilitiesG8.4.6 . . prerequisites for human language processingG8.4.6.2 . . . consciousnessG8.4.6.4 . . . Theory of MindG8.4.6.6 . . . intersubjective experienceG8.4.6.8 . . . preadaptive bases for human languageG8.4.6.8.2 . . . . pre-phonetic capacityG8.4.6.8.4 . . . . pre-syntactic capacityG8.4.6.8.6 . . . . pre-semantic capacityG8.4.6.8.8 . . . . pre-pragmatic capacityG8.4.6.8.10 . . . . elementary symbolic capacityG8.6 . human language by stage of lifeG8.6.2 . . child languageG8.6.2.2 . . . pre-speech periodG8.6.2.2.2 . . . . period of prelinguistic developmentG8.6.2.2.4 . . . . baby talkG8.6.2.4 . . . critical age, in language acquisitionG8.6.4 . . adult languageG8.6.4.2 . . . elderly periodG8.8 . human language proficiencyG8.8.2 . . language difficultiesG8.8.2.2 . . . loss of language skillG8.8.2.4 . . . language difficulties by language processG8.8.2.4.2 . . . . perception difficultiesG8.8.2.4.2.2 . . . . . perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.8.2.4.2.2.2 . . . . . . hearing difficultiesG8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2 . . . . . . . deafnessG8.8.2.4.2.2.4 . . . . . . reading difficultiesG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.2 . . . . . . . illiteracyG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.4 . . . . . . . semiliteracyG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.6 . . . . . . . dyslexiaG8.8.2.4.4 . . . . production difficultiesG8.8.2.4.4.2 . . . . . receptive competenceG8.8.2.4.4.4 . . . . . production difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.8.2.4.4.4.2 . . . . . . limited speaking proficiencyG8.8.2.4.6 . . . . dysarthriaG8.8.2.4.6.2 . . . . . limited writing proficiencyG8.8.2.4.6.4 . . . . . movement and touch difficultiesG8.8.2.4.6.6 . . . . . dyspraxiaG8.8.2.4.8 . . . . limited reasoning proficiencyG8.8.2.4.10 . . . . limited understanding proficiency


G8.8.2.4.10.2 G language processing G8.10.4.8.2.2.2

G8.8.2.4.10.2 . . . . . dementiaG8.8.2.4.10.4 . . . . . aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.6 . . . . . agrammatismG8.8.2.4.10.8 . . . . . broca's lesionG8.8.2.4.10.10 . . . . . conduction aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.12 . . . . . transcortical motor aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.14 . . . . . transcortical sensory aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.16 . . . . . Wernicke?s aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.18 . . . . . western aphasia batteryG8.8.2.4.10.20 . . . . . dysphasiaG8.10 . human language acquisition, human language instructionG8.10.2 . . human language acquisitionG8.10.2.2 . . . human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitiveG8.10.2.2.2 . . . . physical language developmentG8.10.2.2.4 . . . . cognitive language developmentG8.10.2.4 . . . human language acquisition by perception vs. production

(language process)G8.10.2.4.2 . . . . acquisition of language productionG8.10.2.4.2.2 . . . . . language acquisition by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.10.2.4.2.2.2 . . . . . . verbal developmentG8.10.2.4.2.2.4 . . . . . . writing developmentG8.10.2.4.4 . . . . acquisition of language perceptionG8.10.2.4.4.2 . . . . . acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of

language and communicationG8.10.2.4.4.2.2 . . . . . . auditory developmentG8.10.2.4.4.2.4 . . . . . . reading developmentG8.10.2.4.6 . . . . acquisition of language perception by type of environmentG8.10.2.4.6.2 . . . . . language acquisition at homeG8.10.2.4.6.4 . . . . . language acquisition in schoolG8.10.2.6 . . . learning modelG8.10.2.8 . . . human language acquisition by order of acquisitionG8.10.2.8.2 . . . . first language acquisitionG8.10.2.8.4 . . . . second language acquisitionG8.10.2.8.4.2 . . . . . language interferenceG8.10.2.10 . . . human language acquisition by number of languages acquiring

simultaneouslyG8.10.2.10.2 . . . . monolingual acquisitionG8.10.2.10.4 . . . . bilingual acquisitionG8.10.2.12 . . . stages of language acquisitionG8.10.4 . . human language instructionG8.10.4.2 . . . human language instruction by approachG8.10.4.4 . . . grammatical approach to human language instructionG8.10.4.6 . . . human language instruction by type of instructorG8.10.4.6.2 . . . . human instructorG8.10.4.6.4 . . . . computer instructorG8.10.4.8 . . . human language instruction by language processG8.10.4.8.2 . . . . human language instruction of perceptionG8.10.4.8.2.2 . . . . . reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.2 . . . . . . phonetic approach to reading instruction


G8.10.4.8.2.2.4 G language processing G10.8.2.4.4

G8 human language processing, cont.G8.10 . human language acquisition, human language instruction, cont.G8.10.4 . . human language instruction, cont.G8.10.4.8 . . . human language instruction by language process, cont.G8.10.4.8.2 . . . . human language instruction of perception, cont.G8.10.4.8.2.2 . . . . . reading instruction, cont.

G8.10.4.8.2.2.4 . . . . . . global approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.6 . . . . . . eclectic approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.4 . . . . language of instructionG8.10.4.8.4.2 . . . . . immersion programG8.10.4.8.4.4 . . . . . bilingual education programsG8.10.4.10 . . . human language instruction by native vs. foreign languageG8.10.4.10.2 . . . . native language instructionG8.10.4.10.4 . . . . foreign language instructionG8.10.4.10.4.2 . . . . . english as a foreign language instructionG8.10.4.12 . . . human language instruction by level of educationG8.10.4.12.2 . . . . language instruction in K-12 educationG8.10.4.12.2.2 . . . . . language instruction in elementary schoolG8.10.4.12.2.2.2 . . . . . . foreign languages in the elementary schoolG8.10.4.12.2.4 . . . . . language instruction in middle schoolG8.10.4.12.2.6 . . . . . language instruction in high schoolG8.10.4.12.4 . . . . language instruction in higher educationG8.10.4.14 . . . human language instruction by level of competenceG8.10.4.14.2 . . . . beginning language instructionG8.10.4.14.4 . . . . language instruction of false beginnerG8.10.4.14.6 . . . . intermediate language instructionG8.10.4.14.8 . . . . advanced language instruction

G10 automated language processingG10.2 . automated language processing by point of processing executionG10.2.2 . . real-time language processingG10.2.4 . . offline language processingG10.4 . automated language processing by degree of structure of languageG10.4.2 . . structured language processingG10.4.4 . . semi-structured language processingG10.4.6 . . natural language processingG10.6 . automated language processing by linguistic unit processedG10.6.2 . . automatic grammar testingG10.6.4 . . sentence processingG10.8 . automated language processG10.8.2 . . automated recognitionG10.8.2.2 . . . automated recognition by physical aspects of language and

communicationG10.8.2.2.2 . . . . automated visual recognitionG10.8.2.2.2.2 . . . . . automated optical character recognitionG10.8.2.2.2.4 . . . . . automated visual word recognitionG10.8.2.2.4 . . . . automated speech recognitionG10.8.2.4 . . . automated recognition by linguistic unitsG10.8.2.4.2 . . . . automated character recognitionG10.8.2.4.4 . . . . automated word recognition



G10.8.2.6 . . . automatic speaker identificationG10.8.4 . . automated productionG10.8.4.2 . . . automated production by physical aspects of language and

communicationG10.8.4.2.2 . . . . artificial speechG10.8.6 . . artificial intelligenceG10.8.6.2 . . . models of artificial intelligenceG10.8.6.2.2 . . . . Hidden Markov ModelG10.8.6.2.4 . . . . neural network modelG10.8.6.4 . . . automated reasoningG10.8.6.4.2 . . . . expert systemG10.8.6.4.4 . . . . grammarless systemG10.8.6.6 . . . automated understandingG10.8.6.6.2 . . . . automated recognition by meaning vs. grammarG10.8.6.6.2.2 . . . . . automated disambiguationG10.8.6.6.2.4 . . . . . anaphor resolutionG10.8.6.6.2.4.2 . . . . . . binding domain for anaphorG10.8.6.6.2.6 . . . . . taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2 . . . . . . tagging algorithmG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2 . . . . . . . stochastic taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4 . . . . . . . rule-based taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6 . . . . . . . transformation-based taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.4 . . . . . . tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2 . . . . . . . brown tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4 . . . . . . . c5 tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.6 . . . . . . tagging manualG10.8.6.6.2.6.8 . . . . . . context free parserG10.8.6.6.2.6.10 . . . . . . shallow text parsingG10.8.6.6.2.6.12 . . . . . . transformational parsingG10.8.8 . . machine memoryG10.8.10 . . automated recall/retrievalG10.8.10.2 . . . information retrievalG10.8.10.2.2 . . . . boolean approachG10.8.10.2.4 . . . . language modelG10.8.10.2.6 . . . . statistic modelG10.8.10.2.6.2 . . . . . word frequencyG10.8.10.2.6.4 . . . . . character frequencyG10.8.10.2.8 . . . . concordancing programG10.8.10.4 . . . information extractionG10.8.10.4.2 . . . . frameG10.8.10.4.2.2 . . . . . frame featureG10.8.12 . . machine translationG10.8.12.2 . . . decodingG10.10 . automated language abilitiesG10.10.2 . . prerequisites for automated language processingG10.10.4 . . automated creative capacityG10.10.6 . . behaviorG10.12 . automated language acquisition, automated language instructionG10.12.2 . . automated language acquisitionG10.12.2.2 . . . machine learningG10.12.4 . . automated language instruction



G10 automated language processing, cont.G10.12 . automated language acquisition, automated language instruction, cont.G10.12.4 . . automated language instruction, cont.

G10.12.4.2 . . . automated assistant learningG10.14 . applications of automated language processingG10.16 . tools for automated conceptual processingG10.16.2 . . analysis tools in corpus linguisticsG10.16.4 . . computational lexiconG10.16.6 . . machine readable corpora


H H types of languages, characteristics of languages H



I I linguistic change I10.2

I linguistic change

I2 grammatical change

I4 phonological change

I6 morphological change

I8 syntactic change

I10 causes of linguistic changeI10.2 . migration


J J specific languages & specific language families J



K K monolingualism/multilingualism K10


K2 societal vs. individualK2.2 . individual bilingualism

K4 monolingualism

K6 bilingualismK6.2 . double semilingual

K8 trilingualism

K10 multilingualism


L L organism L6

L organism

L2 humans

L4 animals

L6 automated


M M parts of the body M2.2.6

M parts of the body

M2 brainM2.2 . structure of the brainM2.2.2 . . cerebral hemisphereM2.2.2.2 . . . left hemisphere of the brainM2.2.2.2.2 . . . . wernicke's areaM2.2.2.2.4 . . . . broca's areaM2.2.2.4 . . . right hemisphere of the brainM2.2.4 . . brain cortexM2.2.6 . . synapse


N N demographic characteristics N14.4

N demographic characteristics

N2 general population

N4 ageN4.2 . prenatalN4.4 . perinatalN4.6 . childN4.6.2 . . infantN4.6.4 . . young childN4.6.6 . . preadolescentN4.8 . adolescentN4.10 . adultN4.10.2 . . young adultN4.10.4 . . mature adultN4.10.4.2 . . . middle-aged adultN4.10.6 . . elderly

N6 genderN6.2 . maleN6.2.2 . . manN6.4 . femaleN6.4.2 . . pregnant femaleN6.4.4 . . womanN6.4.4.2 . . . pregnant womanN6.4.6 . . pregnant teen

N8 sexual orientationN8.2 . heterosexualN8.4 . homosexual or bisexualN8.6 . homosexualN8.6.2 . . lesbianN8.6.4 . . gay maleN8.8 . bisexual

N10 marital status

N12 racial and ethnic originN12.2 . single race/ethnic groupN12.2.2 . . single race groupN12.2.4 . . single ethnic groupN12.4 . mixed racial/ethnic individual or groupN12.4.2 . . mixed race individualN12.4.4 . . mixed racial groupN12.4.6 . . mixed ethnic groupN12.6 . racial groupN12.8 . ethnic group

N14 status by language spokenN14.2 . monolingual personN14.4 . bilingual person


N14.6 N demographic characteristics N24.6.4

N14 status by language spoken, cont.

N14.6 . multilingual groupN14.8 . status by knowledge of dominant languageN14.8.2 . . native speakerN14.8.4 . . dominant language as second languageN14.8.6 . . no knowledge of dominant language

N16 place of residence

N18 citizenship/immigration statusN18.2 . citizenN18.4 . immigrantN18.6 . temporary residentN18.8 . foreign visitorN18.10 . refugee

N20 religious affiliation

N22 status by ability or handicapN22.2 . intelligence levelN22.4 . status by disabilityN22.4.2 . . not disabledN22.4.4 . . disabledN22.4.4.2 . . . developmentally disabledN22.4.4.4 . . . physically disabledN22.4.4.4.2 . . . . mobility impairedN22.4.4.6 . . . mentally disabledN22.4.4.6.2 . . . . mentally retardedN22.4.4.6.4 . . . . mentally ill

N24 educational and socioeconomic statusN24.2 . studentN24.2.2 . . student by educational levelN24.2.2.2 . . . preschool studentN24.2.2.4 . . . elementary secondary studentN24.2.2.4.2 . . . . elementary school studentN24.2.2.4.4 . . . . middle school studentN24.2.2.4.6 . . . . high school studentN24.2.2.6 . . . undergraduate or graduate studentN24.2.2.6.2 . . . . undergraduate studentN24.2.2.6.4 . . . . graduate studentN24.2.4 . . student by academic performanceN24.4 . status by level of knowledgeN24.4.2 . . status by literacyN24.4.2.2 . . . illiterateN24.4.2.4 . . . semiliterateN24.4.2.6 . . . literateN24.6 . socioeconomic statusN24.6.2 . . lower socioeconomic classN24.6.4 . . middle class


N24.6.4.2 N demographic characteristics N26.2

N24.6.4.2 . . . lower middle classN24.6.4.4 . . . middle middle classN24.6.4.6 . . . upper middle classN24.6.6 . . upper classN24.8 . status by type of neighborhoodN24.10 . status by relationship to othersN24.12 . status by social relationship

N26 special populationsN26.2 . hidden populations


O O specific person O

O specific person


P P other terms P

P other terms

44 UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Annotated Hierarchy

Annotated Hierarchy

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Annotated Hierarchy 45


A A fields of linguistics A6.6


A2 fields related to the structure of languageA2.2 . field of grammar

RT +D2 grammar

A2.4 . field of phonologyNT A2.10.4 syntax-phonology interaction

RT +D4 phonology

A2.4.2 . . moraic phonologyA2.4.4 . . metrical phonologyA2.4.6 . . phonemic phonologyA2.6 . field of phonetics

RT D4.2 phonetics

A2.6.2 . . acoustic phoneticsNT +F2 sound/auditory

A2.6.4 . . articulatory phoneticsNT +F2.4 speech

A2.6.6 . . auditory phoneticsNT F2.2 hearing

A2.6.8 . . experimental phoneticsA2.6.10 . . forensic phonetics

BT +A10.20 forensic linguistics

A2.8 . field of morphologyNT A2.10.2 syntax-morphology interaction

RT +D6 morphology

A2.8.2 . . diachronic morphologyA2.10 . field of syntax

RT +D8 syntax

A2.10.2 . . syntax-morphology interactionBT +A2.8 field of morphology

A2.10.4 . . syntax-phonology interactionBT +A2.4 field of phonology

A2.10.6 . . syntax-semantics interactionBT +E4 semantics

A4 fields relating to the meaning of languageA4.2 . field of semantics

BT +E4 semantics

A4.2.2 . . field of lexical semanticsA4.4 . field of pragmaticsA4.4.2 . . diachronic pragmaticsA4.6 . field of discourse analysis/text linguisticsA4.6.2 . . field of discourse analysisA4.6.2.2 . . . field of narratologyA4.6.4 . . text linguisticsA4.6.6 . . corpus linguistics

NT G10.16.2 analysis tools in corpus linguistics

A4.6.8 . . stylistics

A6 lexicography/lexicologyA6.2 . lexicographyA6.4 . lexicologyA6.6 . etymology

RT A14.8 philology


A6.6.2 A fields of linguistics A10.10

A6 lexicography/lexicology, cont.A6.6 . etymology, cont.

A6.6.2 . . folk etymologyA6.8 . terminology

A8 descriptive linguisticsST synchronic linguistics

A8.2 . diachronic linguisticsRT +A22.4 history of linguistics

A8.4 . comparative linguisticsA8.6 . contrastive linguisticsA8.8 . historical linguisticsA8.10 . computational linguistics

RT A8.12.2 statistical linguistics

+G10 automated language processing

A8.10.2 . . speech synthesis/recognitionRT G10.8.2.2.4 automated speech recognition

A8.12 . mathematical linguisticsA8.12.2 . . statistical linguistics

RT +A8.10 computational linguistics

A8.14 . study of linguistic universalsRT +D2.2.2.4.4.4 universal grammar

+D2.2.2.4.4.4.2 linguistic universals

A8.14.2 . . languages in contact/borrowingA8.14.4 . . language area studiesA8.16 . geolinguisticsA8.18 . international languagesA8.20 . creole/pidgin studiesA8.22 . dialectologyA8.24 . onomastics

ST onomatology

RT D10.14.4.2.12 proper nouns

A8.26 . paleolinguistics/ paleographyBT +A14 anthropological linguistics

A8.28 . language originsA8.30 . language classificationA8.30.2 . . typological classificationA8.30.4 . . genetic classificationA8.30.6 . . areal classification

A10 applied linguisticsRT +G language processing

A10.2 . study of human language instructionRT +G8.10.4 human language instruction

A10.2.2 . . study of native language instructionRT G8.6.2.2.4 baby talk

G8.10.4.10.2 native language instruction

A10.2.4 . . study of foreign language instructionRT +G8.10.4.10.4 foreign language instruction

A10.4 . language testing and assessmentA10.6 . adult language development/literacy studiesA10.8 . reading readiness/acquisitionA10.10 . reading instruction and remediation


A10.12 A fields of linguistics A20

A10.12 . reading processesRT G8.8.2.4.4.2 receptive competence

A10.14 . reading testingA10.16 . writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testingA10.18 . translation (human generated)

SN translation by human

BT +G2.20 language translation

+G8.2 human language processes

RT +G10.8.12 machine translation

A10.20 . forensic linguisticsNT A2.6.10 forensic phonetics

A12 psycholinguisticsRT +G8 human language processing

+G8.8.2 language difficulties

G8.10.2.8.4.2 language interference

+K10 multilingualism

A12.2 . neurolinguisticsA12.2.2 . . experimental neurolinguisticsA12.4 . neuro-cognitive linguisticsA12.6 . behaviorist linguisticsA12.8 . clinical linguisticsA12.10 . cognitive linguistics

A14 anthropological linguisticsNT A8.26 paleolinguistics/ paleography

A14.2 . language and cultureA14.4 . ethnographic linguisticsA14.6 . ethnolinguisticsA14.8 . philology

RT +A6.6 etymology

A16 sociolinguisticsRT G8.10.4.8.4.2 immersion program

A16.2 . interactional sociolinguisticsA16.4 . variational sociolinguisticsA16.6 . language planning/policyA16.8 . language usage

A18 fields by physical aspects of language and communicationRT +G language processing

A18.2 . orthography, writing systemsA18.2.2 . . graphologyA18.4 . hearing and speech physiologyA18.6 . nonverbal communicationA18.6.2 . . human nonverbal languageA18.6.4 . . animal/interspecies communicationA18.6.6 . . art as language

A20 language pathologyRT +G language processing



A22 A fields of linguistics A22.4.6

A22 philosophy and history of languageA22.2 . philosophy of languageA22.2.2 . . logic of languageA22.4 . history of linguistics

RT A8.2 diachronic linguistics

A22.4.2 . . linguistics in antiquityA22.4.4 . . medieval linguisticsA22.4.6 . . modern western linguistics


B B theory and method B4

B theory and method

B2 theories of linguisticsNT +D2.2 theories and models of grammar

+D2.20 theories of grammar acquisition and instruction

+D6.2 theories and models of morphology

+D8.2 theories and models of syntax

+G2.2 theories of language processing

B2.2 . linguistic determinism

B4 methodology/method of linguistic inquiry


C C linguistic units C16

C linguistic unitsSN ordered from smallest unit to largest

NT +D12 grammatical units

RT D10.4.14 paradigmatic relation

D10.4.16 syntagmatic relation

C2 elemental unitsC2.2 . morpheme (linguistic unit)C2.4 . phoneme (linguistic unit)C2.6 . grapheme (linguistic unit)C2.6.2 . . graphC2.6.4 . . letterC2.6.6 . . ideogramC2.6.8 . . numerals

BT +D2.22.6.4 closed grammatical class

+D10.14.4 lexical categories

+D12.4.4 grammatical words

C2.6.10 . . punctuation markC2.8 . sememe (linguistic unit)C2.10 . lexeme (linguistic unit)C2.10.2 . . lemma

DF A lemma is the word in group of lexemes used to represent all similar

lexemes (one that appears in dictionary. Example: run for ran,

running, etc.).

BT +D12.2.24 lexeme

C4 syllable (linguistic unit)C4.2 . onsetsC4.2.2 . . consonantsC4.4 . rimesC4.4.2 . . vowels

C6 word (linguistic unit)

C8 phrase (linguistic unit)

C10 clause (linguistic unit)

C12 sentence (linguistic unit)

C14 text (linguistic unit)

C16 corpus (linguistic unit)


D D structure of language D2.2.2.4.4.4

D structure of languageDF the dimensions of language analysis that underlie all forms of language, whether

spoken, written, or signed.

SN This section includes terms concerned with the formal structure of language,

including phonology, morphology, and syntax as well as the interface between

linguistic structure and meaning

D2 grammarDF syntax and morphology; the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

SN scientific study of word structure and sentence structure

RT A2.2 field of grammar

D2.2 . theories and models of grammarBT +B2 theories of linguistics

D2.2.2 . . formal grammarsD2.2.2.2 . . . structuralism

DF A type of linguistic analysis which stresses the interrelatedness of all

levels and sub-levels of language. It was introduced at the

beginning of the century by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) as

a deliberate reaction to the historically oriented linguistics of the

19th century and subsequently established itself as the standard

paradigm until the 1950?s when it was joined, if not replaced, by

generative grammar. [NEAT]

RT +D2.2.2.4 generative grammar

D2.2.2.4 . . . generative grammarDF Models of grammar that use ordered rules or other processes capable

of generating all the well-formed sentences of a language, thereby

accounting for the grammaticality or ungrammaticality of

individual sentences. [LLBA]

RT D2.2.2.2 structuralism

+D2.2.2.6 constraint-based grammar

D2.2.2.12 phrase structure grammar

+D10.14 syntactic category

D2.2.2.4.2 . . . . surface structureDF In many models of generative grammar, a level of syntactic

representation that reflects the actual ordering of the elements

of sentences. [LLBA]

ST S-structure

RT D2.2.2.4.4.2 deep structure

+D2.2.4 government-binding theory

D8.2.8 phonological form

D2.2.2.4.4 . . . . transformational grammarST transformational generative grammar

D2.2.2.4.4.2 . . . . . deep structureDF A concept in transformational generative grammar that

describes and accounts for sentence structure; it is the

base component of generative grammar, encoding the

lexical properties of sentence constituents and

representing the basic grammatical relations in a sentence.

[LLBA]

ST D-structure

RT D2.2.2.4.2 surface structure


D2.2.2.4.4.4 . . . . . universal grammarDF Any set of statements claimed to apply to the structure of all

languages; chiefly used in the framework of Noam

Chomsky's principles-and-parameters approach to

designate a hypothesized single grammar, transmitted

genetically, that accounts for the ability of all normal

humans to learn and speak their native language. [LLBA]


D2.2.2.4.4.4.2 D structure of language D2.2.2.4.10

D2 grammar, cont.D2.2 . theories and models of grammar, cont.D2.2.2 . . formal grammars, cont.D2.2.2.4 . . . generative grammar, cont.D2.2.2.4.4 . . . . transformational grammar, cont.D2.2.2.4.4.4 . . . . . universal grammar, cont.

RT +A8.14 study of linguistic universals

D2.2.2.4.4.8 principles and parameters approach

+G4.2 language abilities by perception vs. production

G8.4.4.2.2 innate language knowledge

+G8.10.2 human language acquisition

D2.2.2.4.4.4.2 . . . . . . linguistic universalsST universal features of language

RT +A8.14 study of linguistic universals

D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.2 . . . . . . . substantive universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.4 . . . . . . . morphological universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.6 . . . . . . . syntactic universalD2.2.2.4.4.6 . . . . . minimalism

DF Research program aiming to eliminate from linguistic theory

anything which is not "virtually necessary." [LEX]

DF A development in the tradition of government-binding theory

and the principles and parameters approach during the

1990s, spearheaded by Noam Chomsky. D-structure and

S-structure are eliminated, leaving logical form and

phonetic form as the only syntactic representations;

morphological feature-checking and an economy principle

determine the course of derivations. [LLBA]

ST Minimalist Program

NT D8.2.2 covert syntax

D8.2.4 overt syntax

+D8.4 phase impenetrability condition

RT D2.2.2.4.4.8 principles and parameters approach


D8.2.10 logical form

D2.2.2.4.4.6.2 . . . . . . Procrastinate PrincipleD2.2.2.4.4.6.4 . . . . . . weak featureD2.2.2.4.4.6.6 . . . . . . strong featureD2.2.2.4.4.8 . . . . . principles and parameters approach

DF The approach to language developed by Noam Chomsky

during the 1980s, in which the human ability to speak is

explained by a biologically programmed universal

grammar, consisting of principles common to all

languages and specific parameters along which individual

languages vary. Children learn a language by discovering

its parameter settings. [LLBA]

RT +D2.2.2.4.4.4 universal grammar

+D2.2.2.4.4.6 minimalism

+D4 phonology



+G8.10.2 human language acquisition

D2.2.2.4.6 . . . . categorical grammarST nontransformational grammar

D2.2.2.4.8 . . . . restricted logic grammarD2.2.2.4.10 . . . . x-bar theory

DF In various models of generative grammar, a model of phrase


D2.2.2.4.10.2 D structure of language D2.2.2.8

structure as a binary branching tree with three levels of nodes,

termed (from bottom to top) X, X' or X-bar, and X'' or XP,

where X stands for any of the lexical word class symbols V

(verb), N (noun), A (adjective), and P (preposition) or for a

functional category; the entire structure is defined as a

projection of the X head, which is joined to a complement at

the X' node and a specifier at the XP node. [LLBA]

RT D2.2.2.4.12 lexical functional grammar

D2.24.6.4.2 tree diagram representation of grammar

D6.6.12 lexical tag

+D8 syntax

D2.2.2.4.10.2 . . . . . x-bar schemaD2.2.2.4.10.4 . . . . . x-bar projectionD2.2.2.4.12 . . . . lexical functional grammar

DF Generative models of language developed by Joan Bresnan and

others in the late 1970s and 1980s under the constraint that

grammar theory conform to results of psycholinguistic

research. Computational information-processing techniques are

used to derive competence-based models of linguistic

performance that claim to be psychologically realistic and

unify research in linguistics, language acquisition, and

language processing. [LLBA]

DF a theory of the structure of natural language and how different

aspects of linguistic structure are related. The name of the

theory expresses two ways in which it differs from other

theories of linguistic structure and organization. LFG is a

lexical theory: relations between linguistic forms, such as the

relation between an active and passive form of a verb, are

generalizations about the structure of the lexicon, not

transformational operations that derive one form on the basis

of another one. And LFG is a functional theory: grammatical

relations such as subject and object are basic, primitive

constructs, not defined in terms of phrase-structure

configurations or of semantic notions such as agent or patient.

[MIT]

SN do not confuse with functional grammar or systemic functional

grammar.

RT +D2.2.2.4.10 x-bar theory

D2.2.2.8 functional grammar

D2.2.2.10 systemic functional grammar

+D6.6 lexicon

D2.2.2.6 . . . constraint-based grammarDF unlike the generative methods, which define a language by applying

rules to a set of initial elements of some kind, a constraint

grammar specifies a set by saying what properties the elements of

the set must have. [MIT]


D2.2.2.6.2 . . . . optimality theoryDF An approach to generative grammar that replaces rules with highly

general principles that generate multiple outputs under a set of

universal violable constraints; the latter have language- and

dialect-specific rankings, and a higher ranking constraint may

violate a lower ranking one. Among candidate outputs, the

one involving fewest constraint violations at higher rank levels

corresponds to observed linguistic forms. [LLBA]

D2.2.2.8 . . . functional grammarDF A social-interaction model of language introduced in 1978 by Simon

C. Dik. It includes a lexicon and syntactic, semantic, and

pragmatic levels; predications are constructed from predicate

frames in the lexicon and mapped onto linguistic expressions by


D2.2.2.10 D structure of language D2.4

D2 grammar, cont.D2.2 . theories and models of grammar, cont.D2.2.2 . . formal grammars, cont.D2.2.2.8 . . . functional grammar, cont.

expression rules. [LLBA]

SN Do not confuse with lexical functional grammar or systemic functional

grammar.


D2.2.2.10 systemic functional grammar

+D6.6 lexicon

+D8 syntax

D10.12 valency

+E4 semantics

D2.2.2.10 . . . systemic functional grammarDF theory in which language is viewed as networks of interlocking

choices made by a speaker during the speech act. [LLBA]

SN Do not confuse with functional grammar or lexical functional

grammar.

ST systemic grammar

systemic linguistics



D2.2.2.12 . . . phrase structure grammarDF a type of primitive generative grammar which offers an analysis of

sentences by showing the structure which lies behind them, usually

with the help of tree diagrams. [NEAT]


D2.24.6.4.2 tree diagram representation of grammar

+D8 syntax

D2.2.2.14 . . . head-driven phrase structure grammarDF An integrated syntactic and semantic theory developed by Carl Pollard

and Ivan A. Sag in the 1980s and 1990s; a nonderivational model

based on relations of structure sharing and positing a

syntax-semantic level of representation that contains attributes of

category, content, and context. [LLBA]

BT +D10 structure-meaning relationship

RT +D6.6 lexicon

+D8 syntax

+E4 semantics

D2.2.2.16 . . . relational grammarD2.2.4 . . government-binding theory

DF A model of grammar distinguished by having two levels of syntactic

representation called D-structure and S-structure, logical form, and

phonetic form, all related by movement and constraints on movement.

It is used as a collective designation for theories of government,

binding, bounding, and control, the projection principle, theta criterion,

and empty category principle. [LLBA]


D2.2.2.4.4.2 deep structure


D6.2.24 morphemic tier hypothesis (mth)


+D10.6.2 theta role

D2.2.4.2 . . . theta theoryRT +D10.6.2 theta role

D2.2.4.2.2 . . . . theta criterionD2.4 . slot and filler grammar

RT +G language processing


D2.6 D structure of language D2.22.10.2.2

D2.6 . traditional grammarD2.8 . prescriptive grammar

DF grammar that ?prescribes? what people should say rather than 'describes' what

they do say [COOK]

D2.10 . scale and category grammarD2.12 . story grammarD2.14 . stratificational grammarD2.16 . structural grammar

DF teaching term for grammar concerned with how words go into phrases, phrases

into sentences [COOK]

D2.18 . case grammarNT +D10.2.16 case

D2.20 . theories of grammar acquisition and instructionBT +B2 theories of linguistics

D2.20.2 . . basic child grammarBT +N4.6 child

D2.20.4 . . core grammar: acquisitionBT +G6.2 language acquisition

D2.20.6 . . grammatical developmentDF the acquisition of grammar; growth in sentence length and complexity.

RT +G8.6.2 child language

G8.10.2.4.2.2.2 verbal development

G8.10.2.4.2.2.4 writing development

D2.20.8 . . teaching/learning grammarSN goes under processing

D2.22 . principles/characteristics of grammarD2.22.2 . . grammatical locationD2.22.4 . . repeatabilityD2.22.4.2 . . . repeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.4.4 . . . unrepeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.6 . . open or closed grammatical classesD2.22.6.2 . . . open grammatical class

DF words can be added to it

NT +D10.14.4.2 nouns

+D10.14.4.4 verbs

+D10.14.4.6 adverbs

+D10.14.4.8 adjectives

D2.22.6.4 . . . closed grammatical classDF can?t really add words; subject to change over time

NT C2.6.8 numerals

+D10.14.4.10 conjunctions

D10.14.4.16.4 articles

+D10.14.4.22 pronouns

RT +D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb

+D10.14.4.20 adpositions

D2.22.8 . . universal or language-specific characteristics of grammarD2.22.10 . . grammaticality, ungrammaticality

NT +D12.4.4 grammatical words

RT +D8 syntax

D10.14.4.4.14 transitive verb

D12.10.16 anomalous sentence

D2.22.10.2 . . . grammaticalityDF describes a well-formed sequence of words that conforms to rules of

syntax

RT +E meaning of language

D2.22.10.2.2 . . . . grammatical acceptability



D2 grammar, cont.D2.22 . principles/characteristics of grammar, cont.D2.22.10 . . grammaticality, ungrammaticality, cont.D2.22.10.2 . . . grammaticality, cont.

D2.22.10.2.4 . . . . grammatical optionSR WIESB

D2.22.10.2.6 . . . . grammatical agreementDF correspondence in gender, number, case, person between words

NT D10.2.4.2 gender agreement

RT +D10.2.4 gender (grammatical category)

+D10.2.8 number

D10.2.12 person

+D10.2.16 case

+D10.4 grammatical relations

D10.12 valency

SR LLBA

D2.22.10.2.8 . . . . grammaticalizationD2.22.10.4 . . . ungrammaticalityD2.22.10.4.2 . . . . anomaly

DF violation in semantic rules resulting in nonsense (FRO)

BT +E4 semantics

RT D12.10.16 anomalous sentence

D2.22.10.4.4 . . . . double negativeSR FIN

D2.22.12 . . grammatical ambiguityD2.22.14 . . ergativity

NT D10.2.16.14 ergative case

D2.22.14.2 . . . ergative/absolutive agreementD2.22.16 . . definiteness

DF category where a noun phrase refers to a unique object insofar as the

speakers and listeners are concerned (FROMKIN)

NT D10.14.4.2.12 proper nouns

RT +D10.16.2 noun phrase

+D12.6 phrases

D2.22.18 . . indefinitenessRT D2.22.20 deixis

+D10.16.2 noun phrase

+D12.6 phrases

SR ALEXP

D2.22.20 . . deixisSN pointing function in language; interpretation cannot be made from sentence

alone, understanding is provided by context (words such as here, there,

you, I, now?)

BT +E2 pragmatics

RT D2.22.18 indefiniteness

SR FRE

D2.22.22 . . grammar and pronunciation of morphemeBT +D12.2 morphemes

D2.24 . representation of grammarD2.24.2 . . mental representation of grammarD2.24.4 . . spoken representation of grammar

NT D12.10.14 meter

D2.24.4.2 . . . prosodySR FRE

D2.24.6 . . written representation of grammar



D2.24.6.2 . . . punctuationD2.24.6.4 . . . diagramming (sentences)D2.24.6.4.2 . . . . tree diagram representation of grammar

DF A method of representing the structure of a sentence, or

occasionally a compound, so that the internal hierarchical

organization is evident. Such structures can be equally well

represented using bracketing but this is not as effective

visually. [NEAT]

BT +D8.4.2 t-model



D2.24.8 . . signed representation of grammarD2.24.10 . . machine representation of grammarD2.26 . morphological component of grammar

DF A component in the grammar in which the word formation rules apply.

Linguists disagree about whether an autonomous morphological component

exists, proposing either: (1) a morphological component independent of

either phonology or syntax; (2) a morphological component related to

phonology and subject to the same rules; or (3) a morphological component

integrated with syntax are integrated and subject to the same rules. [LEX]

D4 phonologyRT +A2.4 field of phonology


D6.4.4 morpheme structure condition

D6.4.14 reduplication

D8.4.4.2 morpholexical rule

G10.8.4.2.2 artificial speech

D4.2 . phoneticsNT G8.4.6.8.2 pre-phonetic capacity

RT +A2.6 field of phonetics

D6 morphologyNT +D10.8 morphosyntax (morphology and syntax)

RT +A2.8 field of morphology

D6.4.4 morpheme structure condition

D8.4.4.2 morpholexical rule

D8.6.8 syntactic atom

+D12.2 morphemes

D6.2 . theories and models of morphologySN theories on how words are formed.

BT +B2 theories of linguistics

D6.2.2 . . morpheme-based morphologyDF a theory in which it is assumed that word formation rules may operate over

morphemes (e.g. Halle (1973), Siegel (1974), Kiparsky (1982)). This

theory is an alternative to the theory of word-based morphology (e.g.

Aronoff (1976), Booij (1977), Scalise (1984)). [LEX]

DF way of analyzing word forms as if they were made of morphemes put after

each other like beads on a string

D6.2.4 . . word-based morphologyDF a hypothesis proposed in Aronoff (1976) which says that all regular

word-formation processes are word-based. A new word is formed by

applying a regular rule to a single already existing word. Both the new

word and the existing one are members of major lexical categories.

This hypothesis entails the claim that English words such as deceive,

receive and conceive are not formed by regular prefixation processes,

since the base ceive is not an existing word which belongs to a major

lexical category. [LEX]



D6 morphology, cont.D6.2 . theories and models of morphology, cont.

D6.2.6 . . lexeme-based morphologyDF looks at word form as the result of applying rules that alter a word form or

stems to produce a new one

ST lexical morphology

NT +D12.2.24 lexeme

D6.2.8 . . natural morphologyDF a theoretical model developed by morphologists such as Dressler and

Wurzel. They seek to provide a theory of what constitutes a 'natural'

or 'unmarked' morphological system, and what laws govern deviations

from that natural system. The most natural type of morphology is fully

transparent, in the sense that every morpheme has one form and one

meaning, and every meaning corresponds to exactly one form. [LEX]

D6.2.10 . . split-morphology hypothesisDF hypothesis which entails that derivation and inflection are distinct, and

belong to separate components of the grammar. Derivation is handled

by lexical rules, while (regular) inflection is handled by syntactic rules.

[LEX]

D6.2.12 . . nonconcatenative morphologyDF a term which is used for non-agglutinative root-and-pattern morphologies.

In such systems, word formation processes generally do not take the

form of linear affixation. [LEX]

ST root-and-pattern morphology

D6.2.12.2 . . . template morphologyDF a term which is used for systems of nonconcatenative morphology in

which it is difficult or impossible to analyze the formation of

complex words as the addition of affixes one by one to a stem.

Rather, in these systems a word consists of several obligatory and

optional affixes, where each obligatory affix has its own position

in the string and optional affixes are slotted into this string, at the

appropriate point in the sequence. Usually one finds discontinuous

dependencies between affixes. Languages with template

morphologies are Navajo (Young & Morgan (1980)), Arabic

(McCarthy (1981)), Sierra Miwok (Smith (1985)), and Yawelmani

(Archangeli (1984)). [LEX]

D6.2.14 . . distributed morphologyD6.2.16 . . finite state morphologyD6.2.18 . . fusional morphologyD6.2.20 . . inflectional morphologyD6.2.22 . . layered morphologyD6.2.24 . . morphemic tier hypothesis (mth)

DF a hypothesis first introduced into the theory of Autosegmental phonology in

McCarthy (1981) which entails the claim that every morpheme making

up a word is assigned a separate tier, i.e., a separate and autonomous

level of representation. [LEX]

RT +D2.2.4 government-binding theory

D6.4 . principles/characteristics of morphologyD6.4.2 . . inflectional rules

DF gives you different forms of same word (dog and dogs); relates a lexeme to

its forms

ST inflecting

inflection

NT +D12.2.6.2.12 agentive

RT +D12.2.6.2 affixes

+D12.2.24 lexeme

D6.4.2.2 . . . paradigm



DF a term which is used for the set of all the inflected forms which an

individual word assumes [LEX] (e.g., the various forms of a verb)

DF The set of forms belonging to a particular word-class or member of a

word-class. A paradigm can be thought of as a vertical list of

forms which can occupy a slot in a syntagm. [NEAT]

ST paradigmatic axis

RT +D6.4.2.4 syntagm

D6.4.2.6 inflected form

D6.6.12 lexical tag

D10.4.14 paradigmatic relation


D6.4.2.2.2 . . . . suppletionDF A form in a paradigm (a set of morphologically related elements,

such as the forms of a verb or noun) which etymologically

comes from another source, e.g. the past tense form went in

English is not formally related to the verb go. [NEAT]

D6.4.2.4 . . . syntagmDF The linear (or temporal) sequence of elements which contrasts directly

with the vertical axis - the paradigmatic axis. [NEAT]

ST syntagmatic axis

RT +D6.4.2.2 paradigm



D6.4.2.4.2 . . . . grammatical slotDF Any point in a syntagm - a linear structure such as a phrase or

sentence - which can be occupied by a class of items such as

a noun or verb. [NEAT]

D6.4.2.6 . . . inflected formRT +D6.4.2.2 paradigm

D6.4.2.8 . . . inflectional elementD6.4.4 . . morpheme structure condition

DF conditions which express regularities about the phonological structure of

morphemes. [LEX]

ST MSC

RT +D4 phonology

+D6 morphology

+D8.4.4 redundancy rule

D6.4.6 . . word formationDF form new words (dog and dog-catcher - dog-catchers would be inflectional)

D6.4.6.2 . . . affixationNT D12.2.6.2.2 headedness in affixation

D6.4.6.4 . . . derivationDF making new words with affixes (dependent)

NT +D12.2.6.2.4 derivational affix

D12.2.22.2 derivative

BT +D10.8 morphosyntax (morphology and syntax)


+D12.2.24 lexeme

D6.4.6.6 . . . compoundingDF combining complete words to form new word (dog-catcher)

D6.4.6.8 . . . back formationDF creating a new word by removing what is mistakenly considered an

affix (edit from editor)


+D12.4 word

D6.4.8 . . plural formation ruleD6.4.10 . . postpositions

DF A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement.

BT +D10.14.4.20 adpositions



D6 morphology, cont.D6.4 . principles/characteristics of morphology, cont.

D6.4.12 . . truncationD6.4.14 . . reduplication

DF a word formation process by which some part of a base (= a segment,

syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right, or,

occasionally, in the middle. [LEX]

RT +D4 phonology

D6.4.16 . . diminutive formationD6.6 . lexicon

DF knowledge one has about form and meaning of words and phrases



D2.2.2.14 head-driven phrase structure grammar

D6.6.2 . . mental lexiconBT +M2 bra in

D6.6.4 . . lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)D6.6.6 . . lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)D6.6.8 . . lexicon by syntactic category

NT +D10.14 syntactic category

D6.6.10 . . lexicon by orthographyD6.6.12 . . lexical tag

ST morphological class

word class


+D6.4.2.2 paradigm

D8 syntaxDF grammatical arrangement of words in sentences, rules for ordering

NT G8.4.6.8.4 pre-syntactic capacity

RT +A2.10 field of syntax

+D2.2.2.4.10 x-bar theory




+D2.22.10 grammaticality, ungrammaticality

D8.2 . theories and models of syntaxBT +B2 theories of linguistics

D8.2.2 . . covert syntaxDF Notion in the Minimalist Program. Covert syntax is that part of syntax

which is ordered after Spell-Out, i.e. leaves no traces in the sound

structure of a language. [LEX]

BT +D2.2.2.4.4.6 minimalism

RT D8.2.4 overt syntax

D8.2.4 . . overt syntaxDF Notion in the Minimalist Program. Overt syntax is that part of syntax

which is ordered before Spell-Out, hence is reflected in the sound

structure. [LEX]

BT +D2.2.2.4.4.6 minimalism

RT D8.2.2 covert syntax

D8.2.6 . . spell-outDF (minimalist theory) instruction to switch to phonological form. What

happens at PF is a point of debate; if one assumes that lexical items

come from the lexicon fully inflected, phonological features are

'stripped away' at PF. Another possibility is that Spell-Out accesses the

lexicon to associate the syntactic structure with phonological features.


D8.2.8 D structure of language D8.6.4.2.2

[LEX]

RT D8.2.8 phonological form

D8.2.8 . . phonological formDF the level of representation in the T-model of grammar at which only

information relevant to the phonetic realization of the utterance is

present. At this level, which is derived from surface structure, only

phonological processes may apply. [LEX]


D8.2.6 spell-out


D8.2.10 . . logical formDF In logic, the translation of a natural-language sentence into a formal

language. In government-binding theory, a level of representation

derived by movement from S-structure and serving as the interface

between the grammar and a semantic interpreter. Retained in the

minimalist program in the absence of D- and S-structure as the only

nonphonetic level of representation. [LLBA]

RT +D2.2.2.4.4.6 minimalism


D8.2.8 phonological form

D8.4 . phase impenetrability conditionBT +D2.2.2.4.4.6 minimalism

D8.4.2 . . t-modelDF Model of grammar prevalent in the Principles and Parameters framework.

[LEX]

NT D2.24.6.4.2 tree diagram representation of grammar

D8.4.4 . . redundancy ruleDF rule which fills in predictable or redundant information. Redundancy rules

have two important properties: (a) they do not create structure, and (b)

they do not alter structure. [LEX]

RT D6.4.4 morpheme structure condition

D8.4.4.2 . . . morpholexical ruleDF a kind of lexical redundancy rule proposed by Lieber (1980) to relate

allomorphs which are listed in the lexicon, to each other.

Morpholexical rules apply in a subcomponent of the grammar

which precedes both the word formation component proper and the

phonological component. The main motivation for this type of rule

is that there are cases in which word formation rules need to have

access to derived allomorphs before the phonology applies. [LEX]

RT +D4 phonology

+D6 morphology

D12.2.8 allomorphs

D8.6 . principles/characteristics of syntaxD8.6.2 . . sentence structure

DF The overall pattern of elements in a sentence, based on recurrent

distributional patterns in groups of sentences. [LLBA]

D8.6.4 . . movementDF Movement is a way of describing the structure of the sentence as if

elements in it moved around, typically in English in questions and

passive constructions. Thus the question Will John go? comes from a

similar structure to that underlying the statement John will come by

movement of will. [COOK]

D8.6.4.2 . . . head movementDF movement within a sentence that ?displaces? syntactic categories, such

as wh-phrases, nominal phrases, and verbs. [adapted from MIT]

D8.6.4.2.2 . . . . wh-movementDF the "displacement" of an object phrase headed by a "wh-"

interrogative word (such as who, what, where, when)

SN Class items specific to wh-question formation under wh-questions.



D8 syntax, cont.D8.6 . principles/characteristics of syntax, cont.D8.6.4 . . movement, cont.D8.6.4.2 . . . head movement, cont.D8.6.4.2.2 . . . . wh-movement, cont.

Class items dealing with characteristics of wh-phrases under

wh-phrase.

RT D8.10.4 wh-island

D12.6.14 wh-phrase

D12.10.18.2 wh-question

D8.6.4.2.4 . . . . move alphaDF most general formulation of possible movements. In effect, Move

alpha says that some category alpha can be moved anytime

anywhere. It generalizes rules such as Move NP and Move

wh, which in their turn generalize construction specific

transformations such as Passivization and Raising. Move alpha

itself is considered an instance of Affect alpha. [LEX]

D8.6.6 . . syntactic ambiguityBT + ambiguity

D8.6.8 . . syntactic atomDF term introduced in Di Sciullo & Williams (1987) to refer to the property of

words that they are the indivisible building blocks of syntax. Words are

atomic with respect to syntax, since syntactic rules or principles cannot

make reference to their parts [LEX]

RT +D6 morphology

D8.6.10 lexical integrity

D8.6.10 . . lexical integrityDF a term used to refer to one of the most important properties of words, viz.

the property that no syntactic process is allowed to refer to parts of a

word. [LEX]

RT D8.6.8 syntactic atom

D8.6.12 . . reflexivityDF property in which a word or phrase refers to itself

ST reflexiveness

D8.6.14 . . structure dependence principleDF principle that all grammatical operations are dependent on the structure of

the surrounding sentence.

D8.6.16 . . syntactic phasesD8.6.18 . . predication

DF subject-predicate relation. [LEX]

RT D10.4.12 predicate

D8.6.18.2 . . . primary predicationD8.8 . rules for ordering words

BT +D10.4 grammatical relations

D8.8.2 . . adpositional word orderBT +D10.14.4.20 adpositions

D8.8.4 . . free word orderSR ZUSHD

D8.8.6 . . multiple wh questionD8.8.8 . . multiple wh-fronting

DF in certain languages, the requirement that all interrogative words in a

sentence with multiple interrogatives be placed at the front of the

sentence (e.g., in Bulgarian: Koj kogo kakvo e pital? translates

directly as ?who whom what asked? and is equivalent to the English

?Who asked whom what??). [adapted from LEX]

D8.8.10 . . node



D8.8.12 . . non expanding nominal head adjunctD8.8.14 . . word orderD8.8.16 . . word order typologyD8.10 . rules for ordering phrasesD8.10.2 . . annotated phrase structure ruleD8.10.4 . . wh-island

DF the extraction island created by an embedded sentence which is introduced

by a wh-word. [LEX]

RT D8.6.4.2.2 wh-movement

D12.6.14 wh-phrase

D8.10.6 . . oblique case markingD8.10.8 . . of-insertionD8.10.10 . . order of elementD8.10.12 . . parataxisD8.10.14 . . path containment conditionD8.10.16 . . restructuringD8.10.18 . . restructuring constructionD8.12 . rules for ordering clausesD8.12.2 . . clause structure

BT +D12.8 clauses

D8.14 . rules for ordering sentencesD8.14.2 . . parsing

BT +G10.8.6.6.2 automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar

D8.14.4 . . phrase structure ruleD8.14.6 . . pro dropD8.14.8 . . recursive ruleD8.16 . rules for ordering textsD8.16.2 . . poetic structureD8.16.4 . . poetic syntax

D10 structure-meaning relationshipST syntax-semantics interface

NT D2.2.2.14 head-driven phrase structure grammar

BT +E meaning of language

D10.2 . grammatical categorySN often used as synonym for ?part of speech?

RT +D10.14 syntactic category

D10.2.2 . . moodDF a division in the verbal area which refers to whether the action of the verb

represents a fact, a wish, a possibility, necessity, or a command.

[NEAT]

D10.2.2.2 . . . imperative moodDF a mood used to issue commands. [NEAT]

D10.2.2.4 . . . indicative moodDF A factual mood which is used to make statements rather than issue

commands (imperative) or make uncertain, hypothetical statements

(subjunctive). [NEAT]

D10.2.2.6 . . . subjunctive moodDF a mood used to make uncertain, hypothetical statements. [NEAT]

D10.2.4 . . gender (grammatical category)RT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

D10.2.4.2 . . . gender agreementBT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

D10.2.6 . . tenseRT +D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb



D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.2 . grammatical category, cont.

D10.2.8 . . numberRT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

+D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb

D10.2.8.2 . . . number agreementD10.2.8.4 . . . singularD10.2.8.6 . . . pluralD10.2.10 . . voice

NT +G8.8.2 language difficulties


D10.2.10.2 . . . active voiceD10.2.10.4 . . . passive voice

RT D10.8.2 theta-absorption

D10.2.12 . . personRT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

+D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb

D10.2.14 . . aspectRT +D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb

D10.2.16 . . caseDF Morphological form of nouns and pronouns, and in some languages articles

and adjectives as well, indicating the grammatical relationship to the

verb (i.e. in English ?I? is the nominative case of the first person

singular pronoun and functions as a subject; me is the accusative case

and can only function as an object) (FROMKIN)

NT D10.16.2.2 case marking and grammatical relations

BT +D2.18 case grammar

RT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

+D10.6 thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6.2 theta role

+D10.14.4.2 nouns

+D10.14.4.8 adjectives



D10.2.16.2 . . . ablative caseDF Ablative case is a case that expresses a variety of meanings including

instrument, cause, location, source, and time. [SIL] It indicates the

agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of

the action described by the verb. [WORDNET]

BT ablative

RT +D10.14.4.4 verbs

D10.2.16.4 . . . genitive caseDF The case that expresses ownership [WORDNET], the referent of the

marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.

[SIL]

BT genitive

RT D10.14.4.22.4 possessive pronouns

D10.2.16.6 . . . accusative caseD10.2.16.8 . . . locative case

NT D10.14.4.6.6 directional adverb

D10.14.4.6.8 locative adverb

D10.2.16.10 . . . dative caseDF used to indicate noun to which something is given

D10.2.16.10.2 . . . . movement ruleD10.2.16.12 . . . nominative caseD10.2.16.14 . . . ergative case


D10.4 D structure of language D10.6.2

BT +D2.22.14 ergativity

D10.4 . grammatical relationsDF Indicates any one of several structural positions that a noun phrase may assume

in a sentence. (FRO) A grammatical relation is a role of a noun phrase or

complement clause that determines syntactic behaviors such as word

position in a clause, verb agreement and participation and behavior in such

operations as passivization. [SIL]

NT +D8.8 rules for ordering words


D10.16.2.2 case marking and grammatical relations

+D12.8.14 complement clause

RT +D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

+D10.6 thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

D10.4.2 . . subjectD10.4.2.2 . . . null subject

DF subject that is not represented as a lexical item but which is made

explicit, e.g., by verb agreement. [WEIJER]

D10.4.2.4 . . . quirky subjectDF Word that behaves like a grammatical subject but which is

morphologically marked otherwise. Quirky subjects occur for

example in Icelandic, e.g. her was helped instead of she was

helped. [WEIJER]

D10.4.4 . . objectRT D10.14.4.4.14 transitive verb

+D10.14.4.4.16 intransitive verb

D10.4.4.2 . . . direct objectD10.4.4.4 . . . indirect objectD10.4.6 . . subject object verbD10.4.8 . . subject verb objectD10.4.10 . . verb subject objectD10.4.12 . . predicate

DF The part of a sentence that says something about the subject. In case the

verb is a copula (to be, to become) the predicate is the complement of

that copula, e.g. "ill" in "John is ill." In case the verb is not a copula,

the predicate is the verb, e.g. "has" in "John has a book." [WEIJER]

RT +D8.6.18 predication

D10.4.14 . . paradigmatic relationDF The relation between units (phonemes, words) which can occur in the same

context [Weijer]

RT +C linguistic units

+D6.4.2.2 paradigm

+D6.4.2.4 syntagm


+E2 pragmatics

D10.4.16 . . syntagmatic relationDF The relation between a linguistic unit (word, phoneme) and its context

[Weijer]

RT +C linguistic units

+D6.4.2.2 paradigm

+D6.4.2.4 syntagm


+E2 pragmatics

D10.6 . thematic role/semantic roles/functional categoriesRT +D10.2.16 case


D10.6.2 . . theta roleDF The semantic relations between a verbal form and its arguments. [MIT]

Roles include agent, theme, goal, source, experiencer. [LEX]



D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.6 . thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories, cont.D10.6.2 . . theta role, cont.

RT +D2.2.4 government-binding theory

+D2.2.4.2 theta theory

+D10.2.16 case

D10.6.2.2 . . . agent theta roleD10.6.2.2.2 . . . . causal agent theta roleD10.6.2.4 . . . theme theta roleD10.6.2.6 . . . goal theta roleD10.6.2.8 . . . source theta roleD10.6.2.10 . . . experiencer theta roleD10.6.2.12 . . . instrument theta roleD10.6.2.14 . . . patient theta roleD10.6.4 . . thematic processingD10.6.6 . . thematic structureD10.8 . morphosyntax (morphology and syntax)

NT +D6.4.6.4 derivation

BT +D6 morphology

D10.8.2 . . theta-absorptionDF some morpho-syntactic elements have the capacity of absorbing a theta-role

assigned by the verb (stem) to which they are attached, with the effect

that that theta-role cannot be assigned to its regular position. [LEX]

(e.g., passive voice, clitics)

RT D10.2.10.4 passive voice

+D12.2.10 clitic

D10.10 . level of speechD10.10.2 . . formal speechD10.10.4 . . informal speechD10.10.6 . . discursive levelD10.12 . valency

DF The capacity of a verb or other lexical item to combine with particular classes

of clause constituents; considered an essential lexical property, as verbs that

are otherwise grammatically similar may differ sharply in the number and

type of constituents that may or must accompany them. The notion of

valence is widespread in varieties of functional linguistics and dependency

grammar. [LLBA]

ST valence

RT D2.2.2.8 functional grammar

+D2.22.10.2.6 grammatical agreement

+D10.14.4.4 verbs

D10.14.4.4.14 transitive verb

+D10.14.4.4.16 intransitive verb

D10.14 . syntactic categoryDF A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share

a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based

on similar structure and sameness of distribution (the structural relationships

between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure),

and not on meaning. In generative grammar, a syntactic category is

symbolized by a node label in a constituent structure tree. [SIL]

Commonly referred to as ?parts of speech?.

ST syntactic class

BT +D6.6.8 lexicon by syntactic category


+D10.2 grammatical category

D10.14.2 . . interjection


D10.14.4 D structure of language D10.14.4.4.10.2

DF word or phrase that has no grammatical relationship to rest of sentence

(wiki) ex: ugh, wow

SN can be a phrase, word, or sentence

D10.14.4 . . lexical categoriesSN syntactic category at the word level

NT C2.6.8 numerals

D10.14.4.2 . . . nounsST nominals

NT +D10.16.2 noun phrase

D12.8.2.2 noun clauses

BT +D2.22.6.2 open grammatical class

RT +D10.2.16 case

+D10.14.4.12 classifiers

+D12.4.10 determiners

D10.14.4.2.2 . . . . agentive nounNT +D12.2.6.2.12 agentive

BT +D12.2.6.2.12 agentive

D10.14.4.2.4 . . . . adjectival nounBT +D10.14.4.8 adjectives

D10.14.4.2.6 . . . . common nounD10.14.4.2.8 . . . . complex noun

SR CHU

D10.14.4.2.10 . . . . plural nounsD10.14.4.2.10.2 . . . . . mass nounsD10.14.4.2.10.4 . . . . . count nounsD10.14.4.2.12 . . . . proper nouns

ST proper name

BT +D2.22.16 definiteness

RT A8.24 onomastics

D10.14.4.2.14 . . . . silent nounsD10.14.4.4 . . . verbs

NT +D12.2.6.2.12 agentive


RT D10.2.16.2 ablative case

D10.12 valency

D10.14.4.4.2 . . . . main verbRT +D10.14.4.4.10 auxiliary verb

D10.14.4.4.4 . . . . adjectival verbBT +D10.14.4.8 adjectives

D10.14.4.4.6 . . . . main clause verbSR CHU

D10.14.4.4.8 . . . . archetypal verbD10.14.4.4.10 . . . . auxiliary verb

DF Auxiliary verbs are verbal elements that accompany the lexical

verb of a verb phrase, and express grammatical distinctions

not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense,

aspect, and voice. Examples: can, may, do. [SIL]

BT auxiliary

RT +D2.22.6.4 closed grammatical class

D10.2.6 tense

+D10.2.8 number

+D10.2.10 voice

D10.2.12 person

D10.2.14 aspect

D10.14.4.4.2 main verb

D10.16.4 verb phrase

SR CHU

D10.14.4.4.10.2 . . . . . contraction


D10.14.4.4.10.4 D structure of language D10.14.4.6.12

D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.14 . syntactic category, cont.D10.14.4 . . lexical categories, cont.D10.14.4.4 . . . verbs, cont.D10.14.4.4.10 . . . . auxiliary verb, cont.D10.14.4.4.10.2 . . . . . contraction, cont.

SN only auxiliary verbs have a contracted form (it?s)

SR CHU

D10.14.4.4.10.4 . . . . . modal verbsD10.14.4.4.10.6 . . . . . copula verbsD10.14.4.4.12 . . . . finite verbD10.14.4.4.14 . . . . transitive verb

DF A verb, or verb form, that requires an object to be grammatical.

[WORDNET]

BT transitive

RT +D2.22.10 grammaticality, ungrammaticality

+D10.4.4 object

D10.12 valency

D10.14.4.4.16 . . . . intransitive verbDF verb that does not have a direct object

BT intransitive

RT +D10.4.4 object

D10.12 valency

D10.14.4.4.16.2 . . . . . unaccusative verbsDF Intransitive verbs that usually have theme subjects and

express change of state, existence: to break, to die, to

bleed, etc. The past participle of the verb can be used as

an adjective. [WEIJER]

RT D10.14.4.4.16.4 unergative verbs

D10.14.4.18.2 past participles

D10.14.4.4.16.4 . . . . . unergative verbsDF Intransitive verbs that usually have agentive subjects and

express volitional acts: to sleep, to laugh, to fly, etc. The

past participle of the verb cannot be used as an adjective.

[WEIJER]

RT D10.14.4.4.16.2 unaccusative verbs

D10.14.4.18.2 past participles

D10.14.4.4.18 . . . . linking verbDF connects a subject to a subject complement

D10.14.4.4.20 . . . . phrasal verbD10.14.4.4.22 . . . . serial verbD10.14.4.6 . . . adverbs

NT D12.8.2.6 adverb clauses


RT D12.2.4 free morphemes

D10.14.4.6.2 . . . . manner adverbD10.14.4.6.4 . . . . degree adverbD10.14.4.6.6 . . . . directional adverb

BT +D10.2.16.8 locative case

RT D10.14.4.6.8 locative adverb

D10.14.4.6.8 . . . . locative adverbBT +D10.2.16.8 locative case

RT D10.14.4.6.6 directional adverb

D10.14.4.6.10 . . . . temporal adverbD10.14.4.6.12 . . . . adverbial modification


D10.14.4.8 D structure of language D10.14.4.20

D10.14.4.8 . . . adjectivesNT D10.14.4.2.4 adjectival noun

D10.14.4.4.4 adjectival verb

D12.8.2.4 adjective clauses


RT +D10.2.16 case

SR CHU

D10.14.4.10 . . . conjunctionsDF word that links other words or phrases syntactically (and, but) and

expresses a semantic relationship between them (SIL)


+D12.2.16 function morpheme

+D12.4.4 grammatical words


D10.14.4.10.2 . . . . complementizerDF conjunction that marks a complement clause (that) (SIL)

BT +D12.8.14 complement clause

D10.14.4.12 . . . classifiersDF Small words or affixes to denote some kind of property of invariable

nouns, e.g. whether it is male or female (according to some

theories, classifiers are the origin of grammatical gender), or what

is the shape of an object. Examples or classifier languages are

Japanese, Yucatec Mayan and Sesotho. [WEIJER]

RT +D10.14.4.2 nouns

D10.14.4.12.2 . . . . numeral classifiersD10.14.4.14 . . . superordinates

DF Words that denote a category, e.g. animal, weapon [WEIJER]

D10.14.4.16 . . . particlesDF words with grammatical or pragmatic meaning, not part of main class

(to, not, oh)

D10.14.4.16.2 . . . . verbal particlesD10.14.4.16.4 . . . . articles



+D12.4.10 determiners

RT +D10.2.16 case

D12.2.4 free morphemes

SR LLBA

D10.14.4.16.6 . . . . definite articlesDF e.g., the

D10.14.4.16.8 . . . . indefinite articlesDF e.g., a, an

SR MUNNN

D10.14.4.18 . . . participlesD10.14.4.18.2 . . . . past participles

RT D10.14.4.4.16.2 unaccusative verbs

D10.14.4.4.16.4 unergative verbs

D10.14.4.20 . . . adpositionsDF An adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a

member of a closed set of items that occur before or after a

complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause

that functions as a noun phrase, and form a single structure with

the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to

another unit within a clause. [SIL]

NT D6.4.10 postpositions

D8.8.2 adpositional word order

RT +D2.22.6.4 closed grammatical class


D12.6.12 complements



D10 structure-meaning relationship, cont.D10.14 . syntactic category, cont.D10.14.4 . . lexical categories, cont.D10.14.4.20 . . . adpositions, cont.

D10.14.4.20.2 . . . . prepositionsDF A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement.

Examples are: to, with, from. [SIL]

BT +D12.2.16 function morpheme

D10.14.4.22 . . . pronounsBT +D2.22.6.4 closed grammatical class

RT +D10.2.16 case



D10.14.4.22.2 . . . . personal pronounsD10.14.4.22.4 . . . . possessive pronouns

RT D10.2.16.4 genitive case

D10.16 . phrasal categoryBT +D12.6 phrases

D10.16.2 . . noun phraseDF A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun as its head. A noun phrase

generally includes one or more modifying words, but allowance is

usually made for single-word minimal noun phrases that are composed

only of a noun or pronoun.

NT +D12.4.10 determiners


+D10.14.4.2 nouns

+D12.6 phrases

RT +D2.22.16 definiteness

D2.22.18 indefiniteness


D10.16.2.2 . . . case marking and grammatical relationsBT +D10.2.16 case


D10.16.4 . . verb phraseBT +D12.6 phrases


D10.16.6 . . prepositional phraseBT +D12.6 phrases

D12 grammatical unitsBT +C linguistic units

D12.2 . morphemesDF smallest meaningful unit of language

NT D2.22.22 grammar and pronunciation of morpheme

RT +D6 morphology

D12.2.2 . . morphDF single manifestation of a morpheme

D12.2.2.2 . . . zero morphST null morpheme

zero morpheme

D12.2.4 . . free morphemesDF Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as a word, like cat or

dog. [LANGF]

ST unbound morphemes

RT +D10.14.4.6 adverbs





+D10.14.4.20 adpositions


D12.2.6.6 roots

D12.2.14 content morpheme

D12.2.6 . . bound morphemesDF A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is

always attached to some other morpheme. An example is the -s in

dogs. [SIL]

D12.2.6.2 . . . affixesDF An affix is a bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a

root or stem. An affix is joined by derivation or inflection.

NT D12.2.22.2 derivative

RT +D6.4.2 inflectional rules

+D6.4.6.4 derivation

D6.4.6.8 back formation

D12.2.6.6 roots

+D12.2.22 stem

D12.2.6.2.2 . . . . headedness in affixationBT +D6.4.6.2 affixation

D12.2.6.2.4 . . . . derivational affixBT +D6.4.6.4 derivation

D12.2.6.2.4.2 . . . . . prefixD12.2.6.2.4.4 . . . . . suffixD12.2.6.2.6 . . . . inflectional affix

BT inflection


D12.2.6.2.8 . . . . infixDF An infix is an affix that is inserted within a root or stem.

D12.2.6.2.10 . . . . class i/ii affixD12.2.6.2.12 . . . . agentive

DF suffix that changes meaning of verb to noun indicating role:

runner

NT +D10.14.4.2.2 agentive noun

BT +D6.4.2 inflectional rules

+D10.14.4.2.2 agentive noun

+D10.14.4.4 verbs

D12.2.6.4 . . . cranberry morphemeDF A cranberry morpheme is a bound morpheme that only exists in one

lexeme. For example, twi in twilight and spick in spick-and-span.

[WIKI]

RT +D12.2.24 lexeme

D12.2.6.6 . . . rootsDF base to which an affix is joined

ST head


+D12.2.6.2 affixes

D12.2.8 . . allomorphsDF one of a set of morphemes with same function (-ed in loved, picked);

collection of morphs

RT D8.4.4.2 morpholexical rule

D12.2.10 . . cliticDF A clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but

shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word. An

example is the contraction of the morpheme is in: what?s going on?

[SIL] They do not function independently in sentence structure. Clitics

that precede their host are called proclitics; those that follow their host

are enclitics. [LLBA]

RT D10.8.2 theta-absorption



D12 grammatical units, cont.D12.2 . morphemes, cont.D12.2.10 . . clitic, cont.

D12.2.10.2 . . . procliticD12.2.10.4 . . . encliticD12.2.12 . . empty morphemeD12.2.14 . . content morpheme

DF conveys semantic content (meaning), can include affixes that change

meaning of root


D12.2.16 . . function morphemeDF give information about grammatical function

NT +D10.14.4.10 conjunctions


D10.14.4.20.2 prepositions

D12.2.6.2.6 inflectional affix

D12.2.18 . . heteronexual morphemeD12.2.20 . . homonexual morphemeD12.2.22 . . stem


D12.2.22.2 . . . derivativeDF stem formed by combining a root with an affix that adds meaning (sil)

BT +D6.4.6.4 derivation

+D12.2.6.2 affixes

D12.2.24 . . lexemeDF abstract concept of words that are roughly the same in meaning (run, runs,

ran) used in morphological analysis; unit of morphological analysis

NT C2.10.2 lemma

BT +D6.2.6 lexeme-based morphology

RT +D6.4.2 inflectional rules

+D6.4.6.4 derivation

D12.2.6.4 cranberry morpheme

D12.4 . wordSN types of words; components of words go in morphemes

NT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

G10.8.10.2.6.2 word frequency

RT D6.4.6.8 back formation

D12.4.2 . . lexical wordsDF belong to open class of words

D12.4.4 . . grammatical wordsDF belong to closed class of word

NT C2.6.8 numerals


BT +D2.22.10 grammaticality, ungrammaticality

D12.4.6 . . compound wordsSN a word containing a stem that is made up of more than one root

D12.4.8 . . function wordsD12.4.10 . . determiners

DF syntactic or lexical category of words and expressions that form a noun

phrase when combined with a noun (noun + determiner = noun

phrase); articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, etc. (FRO)

NT D10.14.4.16.4 articles

D12.6.10 determiner phrases

BT +D10.16.2 noun phrase

RT +D10.14.4.2 nouns

SR LLBA



D12.4.10.2 . . . quantifiersDF Words like more, most, two, few, etc. [WEIJER]

DF word pair with opposite meanings

D12.4.10.4 . . . binary/complementary antonymD12.4.12 . . onomatopoeia

DF formation of a word that sounds like what it represents (e.g., cuckoo, bang,

murmur)

D12.4.14 . . vocabularyD12.6 . phrases

SN types of phrases; components of phrases class under words

NT +D10.16 phrasal category


D10.16.4 verb phrase

D10.16.6 prepositional phrase

RT +D2.22.16 definiteness

D2.22.18 indefiniteness

D12.6.2 . . elliptical phrasesSR WIESB

D12.6.4 . . finiteness phrasesD12.6.6 . . complementizer phrases

RT +D12.8.14 complement clause

D12.6.8 . . locative phrasesSR WIESB

D12.6.10 . . determiner phrasesBT +D12.4.10 determiners

D12.6.12 . . complementsDF a constituent of a clause, such as a noun phrase or adjective phrase, that is

used to predicate a description of the subject or object of the clause

BT +D12.8.14 complement clause

RT +D10.14.4.20 adpositions

D12.6.14 . . wh-phraseDF In English, phrase with an interrogative ("wh-") word (such as who, what,

where, when)


D8.10.4 wh-island

D12.6.16 . . phrase markerD12.6.18 . . phrase structureD12.8 . clauses

DF group of words with a subject and predicate (a whole sentence or

sentence-within-a-sentence) (wiki)

NT D8.12.2 clause structure

D12.8.2 . . dependent clauseDF can?t stand alone as a sentence; acts as part of speech

D12.8.2.2 . . . noun clausesBT +D10.14.4.2 nouns

D12.8.2.4 . . . adjective clausesBT +D10.14.4.8 adjectives

D12.8.2.6 . . . adverb clausesBT +D10.14.4.6 adverbs

D12.8.4 . . independent clauseDF clause that can stand alone as a sentence

D12.8.6 . . main clauseD12.8.8 . . centre embedded relative clauseD12.8.10 . . indicative clauseD12.8.12 . . left peripheral relative clauseD12.8.14 . . complement clause


D12.10 D structure of language D12.12

D12 grammatical units, cont.D12.8 . clauses, cont.D12.8.14 . . complement clause, cont.

NT D10.14.4.10.2 complementizer

D12.6.12 complements


RT D12.6.6 complementizer phrases

D12.10 . sentencesD12.10.2 . . complex sentenceD12.10.4 . . complete sentence

SR NUN

D12.10.6 . . conjunctive sentenceD12.10.8 . . declarative sentence

ST declaration

D12.10.10 . . disjunctive sentenceD12.10.12 . . kernel sentenceD12.10.14 . . meter

BT +D2.24.4 spoken representation of grammar

SR FRE

D12.10.16 . . anomalous sentenceDF Sentences that are (semantically) strange, e.g., ?the TV is watching the

football game.? [WEIJER]

RT +D2.22.10 grammaticality, ungrammaticality

D2.22.10.4.2 anomaly

D12.10.18 . . questionD12.10.18.2 . . . wh-question

DF in a language with overt wh-movement, a question introduced by a

wh-phrase: what have they bought? Otherwise, a question

containing a wh-element. Distinguished from yes-no question.

[LEX]

ST wh-interrogative sentence


D12.10.18.4 . . . yes-no questionDF question that must be answered by yes or no.

D12.12 . texts


E E meaning of language E6

E meaning of languageNT +D10 structure-meaning relationship

RT +D2.22.10.2 grammaticality

E2 pragmaticsDF study of how context and situation affect meaning

NT D2.22.20 deixis

G8.4.6.8.8 pre-pragmatic capacity

RT D10.4.14 paradigmatic relation


E2.2 . discourse context

E4 semanticsSN focus on relationship between words and objects they represent

NT A2.10.6 syntax-semantics interaction

+A4.2 field of semantics

D2.22.10.4.2 anomaly

G8.4.6.8.6 pre-semantic capacity

RT D2.2.2.8 functional grammar


E6 semiotics


F F physical aspects of language and communication F8

F physical aspects of language and communicationNT +G4.2.2.2 perception abilities by physical aspects of language and communication

+G4.2.4.2 production abilities by physical aspects of language and communication

F2 sound/auditoryBT +A2.6.2 acoustic phonetics

F2.2 . hearingBT +A2.6.6 auditory phonetics

F2.4 . speechNT G10.8.4.2.2 artificial speech

BT +A2.6.4 articulatory phonetics

F4 sight/visualF4.2 . written textF4.2.2 . . orthography

ST spelling

F4.2.4 . . phonetic alphabetF4.4 . sign language

BT +F8 movement/haptic

RT G8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2 deafness

F6 touch/tactileF6.2 . brailleF6.4 . sign language into hands

F8 movement/hapticNT F4.4 sign language


G G language processing G2.6.2

G language processingDF mental and/or computational aspects of language activities such as language

production and language understanding

SN class here language processing in general, by human or computer agents. Class

human agents under human language processing and language computer agents

under automated language processing.

NT +G8.8.2 language difficulties

RT +A10 applied linguistics

+A18 fields by physical aspects of language and communication


D2.4 slot and filler grammar

G2.14 language understanding

G2 language processesNT +G10.8 automated language process

G2.2 . theories of language processingBT +B2 theories of linguistics

G2.2.2 . . mental space theoryRT +G8.2.10.4 mental model

G2.2.4 . . theories of language acquisitionG2.2.4.2 . . . maturational theory of language acquisitionG2.2.4.4 . . . behaviorismG2.2.4.4.2 . . . . imitation theory

BT +G6.2 language acquisition

G2.2.6 . . cognitive theory of linguisticsG2.2.6.2 . . . cognitive theory of metaphor

BT metaphor

G2.2.6.2.2 . . . . cognitive theory of metonymyBT metonymy

G2.4 . language perceptionSN class here the perception of any form of language, by human or computer; use

narrower terms below for perception of particular forms by physical aspects

of language and communication

NT +G8.2.2 human language perception

RT +G2.6 language production

G2.4.2 . . language perception by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G2.4.2.2 . . . language perception by hearingST listening habits

BT sound

G2.4.2.4 . . . language perception by readingSN class here the general concept of perception of written text by reading;

for skills related to reading, use reading skills; for reading by

touch and movement use reading Braille

BT sight

RT G2.4.2.8 reading Braille

G2.4.2.6 . . . perception of sign languageSN class here the general aspects of the perception of sign language, by

human or automated approaches

BT sight

G2.4.2.8 . . . reading BrailleBT touch and movement

RT G2.4.2.4 language perception by reading

G2.6 . language productionRT +G2.4 language perception

G2.6.2 . . language production by physical aspects of language andcommunication


G2.6.2.2 G language processing G2.16

G2 language processes, cont.G2.6 . language production, cont.G2.6.2 . . language production by physical aspects of language and

communication, cont.

G2.6.2.2 . . . spoken language productionG2.6.2.2.2 . . . . conceptualization stage of speech production

BT sound

+G2.6.4.2 conceptualization stage

+G8.2.4.4.2 pre-production stage

RT +G2.10 language and thought

G2.6.4 . . language production by stageG2.6.4.2 . . . conceptualization stage

NT G2.6.2.2.2 conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.8 . language recognitionG2.8.2 . . language recognition by physical aspects of language and

communicationG2.8.2.2 . . . visual recognition

BT sight

G2.8.2.2.2 . . . . optical character recognitionNT G10.8.2.2.2.2 automated optical character recognition

BT +G2.8.4.2 character recognition

G2.8.2.2.4 . . . . visual word recognitionBT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

G2.8.4 . . language recognition by linguistic unitsG2.8.4.2 . . . character recognition

NT +G2.8.2.2.2 optical character recognition

+G10.8.2.4.2 automated character recognition

BT character

G2.8.4.4 . . . word recognitionNT G2.8.2.2.4 visual word recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.4 automated visual word recognition

G10.8.2.4.4 automated word recognition

BT +D12.4 word

RT G4.2.2.2.4 reading skills

G10.8.10.2.6.2 word frequency

G2.10 . language and thoughtDF the complex relationship between language and thinking; the notion of language

relativity.

SN reasoning as a generic concept. From the linguistic perspective, use language

and thought

ST cognizing

thought

RT G2.6.2.2.2 conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.10.2 . . reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoningG2.10.2.2 . . . implicit reasoningG2.10.2.2.2 . . . . reasoning based upon the absence of evidenceG2.10.2.4 . . . explicit reasoningG2.10.2.4.2 . . . . evidential reasoningG2.12 . concept formation/modeling

DF process of forming concepts and models

G2.14 . language understandingST comprehension

RT +G language processing

+G8.8 human language proficiency

G2.16 . memory


G2.18 G language processing G6.2

SN use memory for general aspects of human and machine memory; use narrower

term human memory or machine memory for specific aspects.

NT +G8.2.14 human memory

G10.8.8 machine memory

G2.18 . recall/retrievalSN class here the general aspects of recall and retrieval processes by human or

computer; for cognitive processes involved in recall/retrieval by human

brain, use recall/retrieval by human brain; for automated information

recall/retrieval use automated information retrieval

NT G8.2.16 recall/retrieval by human brain

+G10.8.10 automated recall/retrieval

G2.20 . language translationSN the process of interpreting the meaning of a text in one form of language and

producing an equivalent text in another form of language.

NT A10.18 translation (human generated)

+G10.8.12 machine translation

G4 language abilitiesG4.2 . language abilities by perception vs. production



+G4.4.2 pre-existing language abilities

G4.4.4 acquired language abilities


G8.4.4.4 human acquired language abilities

G4.2.2 . . language perception abilitiesG4.2.2.2 . . . perception abilities by physical aspects of language and

communicationBT +F physical aspects of language and communication

G4.2.2.2.2 . . . . listening skillsG4.2.2.2.4 . . . . reading skills

RT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

G4.2.2.2.6 . . . . perceiving sign language skillsG4.2.4 . . language production abilitiesG4.2.4.2 . . . production abilities by physical aspects of language and

communicationBT +F physical aspects of language and communication

G4.2.4.2.2 . . . . verbal skillsG4.2.4.2.4 . . . . writing skillsG4.2.4.2.6 . . . . signing skillsG4.4 . language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquiredG4.4.2 . . pre-existing language abilities

RT +G4.2 language abilities by perception vs. production

G4.4.2.2 . . . creative capacityG4.4.4 . . acquired language abilities


G4.6 . prerequisites for language processingNT +G8.4.6 prerequisites for human language processing

G6 language acquisition, language instructionG6.2 . language acquisition

SN class here general aspects of learning/acquiring language by human or computer

agents

ST acquisition

acquisition, formal theories of

language development



G6 language acquisition, language instruction, cont.G6.2 . language acquisition, cont.

language learning

planning goals and acquisition

NT D2.20.4 core grammar: acquisition

G2.2.4.4.2 imitation theory

RT +G8.6.2 child language

G8.10.2.10.4 bilingual acquisition

G6.4 . language instructionRT G8.10.2.4.6.4 language acquisition in school

G8 human language processingSN class here aspects of language processing by human agents

RT +A12 psycholinguistics

G8.2 . human language processesNT A10.18 translation (human generated)

G8.2.2 . . human language perceptionBT +G2.4 language perception

G8.2.2.2 . . . human language perception by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G8.2.2.2.2 . . . . human language perception by hearingST listening habits

BT sound

G8.2.2.2.4 . . . . human language perception by readingBT sight

G8.2.2.2.6 . . . . perceiving sign languageBT sight

G8.2.2.4 . . . human language perception by objectivityG8.2.2.4.2 . . . . objective language perceptionG8.2.2.4.4 . . . . subjective language perceptionG8.2.4 . . human language productionG8.2.4.2 . . . human language production by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.2.4.2.2 . . . . spoken human language productionG8.2.4.4 . . . human language production by stageG8.2.4.4.2 . . . . pre-production stage

NT G2.6.2.2.2 conceptualization stage of speech production

G8.2.6 . . human language production recognitionG8.2.8 . . human language and thoughtG8.2.10 . . mental concept formation/modeling

ST conceptual transition

conceptualization

G8.2.10.2 . . . mental concept formation by unitG8.2.10.2.2 . . . . basic concept formation

BT basic concept

RT G8.4.6.8.6 pre-semantic capacity

G8.2.10.2.4 . . . . conceptual system formationG8.2.10.4 . . . mental model

ST mental space

NT G8.10.2.6 learning model

RT G2.2.2 mental space theory

G8.2.10.4.2 . . . . human cognitive environmentDF a mental model of the world


G8.2.10.4.4 G language processing G8.4.6.8.6

ST mental dictionary

schematic approach: mental model

BT global scale

G8.2.10.4.4 . . . . human cognitive metaphorDF a mental model of a particular event or phenomena

SN metaphor as a mode of thought, not language

ST cognitive instrument

conceptual representation

G8.2.12 . . human language understandingG8.2.14 . . human memory

BT +G2.16 memory

G8.2.14.2 . . . central executive component, working memoryG8.2.16 . . recall/retrieval by human brain

BT +G2.18 recall/retrieval

RT +G10.8.10.2 information retrieval

G8.4 . human language abilitiesG8.4.2 . . mental flexibilityG8.4.4 . . human language abilities by innate vs. acquiredG8.4.4.2 . . . innate language abilitiesG8.4.4.2.2 . . . . innate language knowledge

ST innate idea

innateness of language




G8.4.4.2.4 . . . . language creative capacityG8.4.4.4 . . . human acquired language abilities


G8.4.6 . . prerequisites for human language processingST cognitive base

cognitive preadaptation

BT +G4.6 prerequisites for language processing

RT G8.6.2.2.2 period of prelinguistic development

G8.4.6.2 . . . consciousnessST sentience

G8.4.6.4 . . . Theory of MindG8.4.6.6 . . . intersubjective experienceG8.4.6.8 . . . preadaptive bases for human language

DF a change in a species which is not itself adaptive but which paves the

way for subsequent adaptive changes. For example, bipedalism set

in train anatomical changes which culminated in the human vocal

tract. Though speech is clearly adaptive, bipedalism is not itself an

adaptation for speech; it is a preadaptation. This example involves

the hardware of language, the vocal tract. Many changes in our

species' software, our mental capacities, were necessary before we

became language-ready; these are cognitive preadaptations for

language

ST preadaptation

G8.4.6.8.2 . . . . pre-phonetic capacityDF capacity to perform speech sounds or manual gestures

BT D4.2 phonetics

RT G8.6.2.2.4 baby talk

G8.4.6.8.4 . . . . pre-syntactic capacityDF capacity to organize longer sequences of sounds or gestures

BT +D8 syntax

G8.4.6.8.6 . . . . pre-semantic capacityDF capacities: (a) to form basic concepts, (b) to construct more


G8.4.6.8.8 G language processing G8.8.2

G8 human language processing, cont.G8.4 . human language abilities, cont.G8.4.6 . . prerequisites for human language processing, cont.G8.4.6.8 . . . preadaptive bases for human language, cont.G8.4.6.8.6 . . . . pre-semantic capacity, cont.

complex concepts (e.g. propositions), (c) to carry out mental

calculations over complex concepts

BT +E4 semantics

RT G8.2.10.2.2 basic concept formation

G8.4.6.8.8 . . . . pre-pragmatic capacityDF capacities: (a) to infer what mental calculations others can carry

out, (b) to act cooperatively, (c) to attend to the same external

situations as others, (d) to accept symbolic action as a

surrogate for real action

BT +E2 pragmatics

G8.4.6.8.10 . . . . elementary symbolic capacityDF capacity to link sounds or gestures arbitrarily with basic concepts,

such that perception of the action activates the concept, and

attention to the concept may initiate the sound or gesture.

G8.6 . human language by stage of lifeG8.6.2 . . child language

DF the study of the way children learn to understand and speak their mother

tongue, methods, theories, and findings; later language learning in

school.

BT +N4.6 child

RT D2.20.6 grammatical development

+G6.2 language acquisition

G8.10.2.4.2.2.2 verbal development

G8.6.2.2 . . . pre-speech periodG8.6.2.2.2 . . . . period of prelinguistic development

RT +G8.4.6 prerequisites for human language processing

G8.6.2.2.4 . . . . baby talkBT N4.6.2 infant

RT A10.2.2 study of native language instruction

G8.4.6.8.2 pre-phonetic capacity

G8.6.2.4 . . . critical age, in language acquisitionSN critical age theory states that children have a special propensity for

acquiring language, especially between the ages of 2-13

RT G8.10.2.8.2 first language acquisition

G8.6.4 . . adult languageBT +N4.10 adult

G8.6.4.2 . . . elderly periodNT G8.8.2.4.10.2 dementia

BT N4.10.6 elderly

G8.8 . human language proficiencyST communicative competence (language)

language proficiency

language skills

linguistic competence

linguistic performance

BT +G8.8 human language proficiency

RT G2.14 language understanding

G8.8.2.2 loss of language skill

G8.8.2 . . language difficultiesDF the neurological basis of language, and the range of physical or

psychological problems that can give rise to disabilities in spoken,

written, or signed language.


G8.8.2.2 G language processing G8.8.2.4.10.12

ST communicative disorder

disorder

language disorders (general)

language, brain, and handicap

linguistic difficulty

BT +D10.2.10 voice

+G language processing



G8.8.2.2 . . . loss of language skillST fossilized competence

language attrition (skills)

language loss (skills)

language skill attrition

RT +G8.8 human language proficiency

G8.8.2.4 . . . language difficulties by language processBT +N22.4.4 disabled

G8.8.2.4.2 . . . . perception difficultiesG8.8.2.4.2.2 . . . . . perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.8.2.4.2.2.2 . . . . . . hearing difficultiesG8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2 . . . . . . . deafness

ST interpreting for the deaf

RT F4.4 sign language

G8.8.2.4.2.2.4 . . . . . . reading difficultiesRT +N24.4.2 status by literacy

G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.2 . . . . . . . illiteracyRT N24.4.2.2 illiterate

G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.4 . . . . . . . semiliteracyRT N24.4.2.4 semiliterate

G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.6 . . . . . . . dyslexiaG8.8.2.4.4 . . . . production difficultiesG8.8.2.4.4.2 . . . . . receptive competence

ST receptive communication

RT A10.12 reading processes

G8.8.2.4.10.4 aphasia

G8.8.2.4.4.4 . . . . . production difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G8.8.2.4.4.4.2 . . . . . . limited speaking proficiencyG8.8.2.4.6 . . . . dysarthriaG8.8.2.4.6.2 . . . . . limited writing proficiencyG8.8.2.4.6.4 . . . . . movement and touch difficultiesG8.8.2.4.6.6 . . . . . dyspraxiaG8.8.2.4.8 . . . . limited reasoning proficiency

BT +N22.4.4.6 mentally disabled

RT N22.4.4.6.2 mentally retarded

G8.8.2.4.10 . . . . limited understanding proficiencyG8.8.2.4.10.2 . . . . . dementia

BT +G8.6.4.2 elderly period

G8.8.2.4.10.4 . . . . . aphasiaRT G8.8.2.4.4.2 receptive competence

G8.8.2.4.10.6 . . . . . agrammatismG8.8.2.4.10.8 . . . . . broca's lesionG8.8.2.4.10.10 . . . . . conduction aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.12 . . . . . transcortical motor aphasia


G8.8.2.4.10.14 G language processing G8.10.2.8.4

G8 human language processing, cont.G8.8 . human language proficiency, cont.G8.8.2 . . language difficulties, cont.G8.8.2.4 . . . language difficulties by language process, cont.G8.8.2.4.10 . . . . limited understanding proficiency, cont.

G8.8.2.4.10.14 . . . . . transcortical sensory aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.16 . . . . . Wernicke?s aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.18 . . . . . western aphasia batteryG8.8.2.4.10.20 . . . . . dysphasiaG8.10 . human language acquisition, human language instructionG8.10.2 . . human language acquisition



G8.10.2.2 . . . human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitiveG8.10.2.2.2 . . . . physical language developmentG8.10.2.2.4 . . . . cognitive language developmentG8.10.2.4 . . . human language acquisition by perception vs. production

(language process)G8.10.2.4.2 . . . . acquisition of language productionG8.10.2.4.2.2 . . . . . language acquisition by physical aspects of language and

communicationG8.10.2.4.2.2.2 . . . . . . verbal development

RT D2.20.6 grammatical development

+G8.6.2 child language

G8.10.2.4.2.2.4 . . . . . . writing developmentRT D2.20.6 grammatical development

G8.10.2.4.4 . . . . acquisition of language perceptionG8.10.2.4.4.2 . . . . . acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of

language and communicationG8.10.2.4.4.2.2 . . . . . . auditory developmentG8.10.2.4.4.2.4 . . . . . . reading developmentG8.10.2.4.6 . . . . acquisition of language perception by type of environmentG8.10.2.4.6.2 . . . . . language acquisition at homeG8.10.2.4.6.4 . . . . . language acquisition in school

DF the study of language in school; later oral development;

learning to read and write

BT +N24.2 student

RT G6.4 language instruction

G8.10.2.6 . . . learning modelBT +G8.2.10.4 mental model

RT +G8.10.4.10.4 foreign language instruction

G8.10.2.8 . . . human language acquisition by order of acquisitionG8.10.2.8.2 . . . . first language acquisition

ST native language acquisition

RT G8.6.2.4 critical age, in language acquisition

G8.10.2.8.4 . . . . second language acquisitionST foreign language acquisition

foreign language learning

RT +G8.10.4.10.4 foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction


G8.10.2.8.4.2 G language processing G8.10.4.10.4.2

G8.10.2.8.4.2 . . . . . language interferenceSN the effect of first language on the production of the second

language that a learner is learning

ST linguistic difficulty (contrastive)

linguistic difficulty (inherent)


+K6 bilingualism


G8.10.2.10 . . . human language acquisition by number of languages acquiringsimultaneously

G8.10.2.10.2 . . . . monolingual acquisitionG8.10.2.10.4 . . . . bilingual acquisition

RT +G6.2 language acquisition

G8.10.2.12 . . . stages of language acquisitionST developmental stages of language

G8.10.4 . . human language instructionRT +A10.2 study of human language instruction

G8.10.4.2 . . . human language instruction by approachG8.10.4.4 . . . grammatical approach to human language instructionG8.10.4.6 . . . human language instruction by type of instructorG8.10.4.6.2 . . . . human instructorG8.10.4.6.4 . . . . computer instructor

ST computer assisted language learning

G8.10.4.8 . . . human language instruction by language processG8.10.4.8.2 . . . . human language instruction of perceptionG8.10.4.8.2.2 . . . . . reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.2 . . . . . . phonetic approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.4 . . . . . . global approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.6 . . . . . . eclectic approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.4 . . . . language of instruction

ST instructional language

medium of instruction (language)

teaching language

G8.10.4.8.4.2 . . . . . immersion programST bilingual immersion programs

two-way bilingual education programs

two-way immersion programs

RT +A16 sociolinguistics

+G8.10.4.10.4 foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.8.4.4 . . . . . bilingual education programsRT +K6 bilingualism

G8.10.4.10 . . . human language instruction by native vs. foreign languageG8.10.4.10.2 . . . . native language instruction

ST first language instruction

BT +N14.8.2 native speaker

RT A10.2.2 study of native language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4 . . . . foreign language instructionST second language instruction

second language programs

NT G8.10.4.12.2.2.2 foreign languages in the elementary school

RT A10.2.4 study of foreign language instruction

G8.10.2.6 learning model

+G8.10.2.8.4 second language acquisition

G8.10.4.8.4.2 immersion program

G8.10.4.10.4.2 . . . . . english as a foreign language instruction



G8 human language processing, cont.G8.10 . human language acquisition, human language instruction, cont.G8.10.4 . . human language instruction, cont.G8.10.4.10 . . . human language instruction by native vs. foreign language, cont.G8.10.4.10.4 . . . . foreign language instruction, cont.G8.10.4.10.4.2 . . . . . english as a foreign language instruction, cont.

ST efl

english (second language)

esl

esol

tefl

tenes

tesl

tesol

RT +G8.10.2.8.4 second language acquisition

N14.8.4 dominant language as second language

G8.10.4.12 . . . human language instruction by level of educationBT +N24.2.2 student by educational level

G8.10.4.12.2 . . . . language instruction in K-12 educationG8.10.4.12.2.2 . . . . . language instruction in elementary school

BT +N24.2.2.4.2 elementary school student

G8.10.4.12.2.2.2 . . . . . . foreign languages in the elementary schoolBT +G8.10.4.10.4 foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.12.2.4 . . . . . language instruction in middle schoolBT +N24.2.2.4.4 middle school student

G8.10.4.12.2.6 . . . . . language instruction in high schoolBT +N24.2.2.4.6 high school student

G8.10.4.12.4 . . . . language instruction in higher educationBT +N24.2.2.6 undergraduate or graduate student

G8.10.4.14 . . . human language instruction by level of competenceG8.10.4.14.2 . . . . beginning language instructionG8.10.4.14.4 . . . . language instruction of false beginnerG8.10.4.14.6 . . . . intermediate language instructionG8.10.4.14.8 . . . . advanced language instruction

G10 automated language processingSN class here aspects of language processing by computerized or otherwise automated

agents

BT computer

RT +A8.10 computational linguistics

G10.2 . automated language processing by point of processing executionG10.2.2 . . real-time language processing

SN automated language processing where the operation and reaction time is

short and the system seems synchronous

G10.2.4 . . offline language processingSN automated language processing that is delayed to be processed at a later

time

G10.4 . automated language processing by degree of structure of languageG10.4.2 . . structured language processingG10.4.4 . . semi-structured language processingG10.4.6 . . natural language processing

ST NLP



BT +G10.14 applications of automated language processing

G10.6 . automated language processing by linguistic unit processedG10.6.2 . . automatic grammar testing

BT computer

G10.6.4 . . sentence processingSR CRA

G10.8 . automated language processBT computer

+G2 language processes

G10.8.2 . . automated recognitionBT computer

recognition

G10.8.2.2 . . . automated recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G10.8.2.2.2 . . . . automated visual recognitionBT sight

G10.8.2.2.2.2 . . . . . automated optical character recognitionBT +G2.8.2.2.2 optical character recognition

+G10.8.2.4.2 automated character recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.4 . . . . . automated visual word recognitionBT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

G10.8.2.2.4 . . . . automated speech recognitionST ASR

BT computer

sound

+G10.14 applications of automated language processing

RT A8.10.2 speech synthesis/recognition

G10.8.2.4 . . . automated recognition by linguistic unitsG10.8.2.4.2 . . . . automated character recognition

NT G10.8.2.2.2.2 automated optical character recognition

BT character

computer

+G2.8.4.2 character recognition

G10.8.2.4.4 . . . . automated word recognitionBT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

RT G10.8.10.2.6.2 word frequency

G10.8.2.6 . . . automatic speaker identificationG10.8.4 . . automated production

BT computer

production

G10.8.4.2 . . . automated production by physical aspects of language andcommunication

G10.8.4.2.2 . . . . artificial speechST simulated speech

synthetic speech

BT computer

production

sound

+F2.4 speech


RT +D4 phonology

G10.8.6 . . artificial intelligenceNT G10.12.2.2 machine learning

BT computer

G10.8.6.2 . . . models of artificial intelligenceG10.8.6.2.2 . . . . Hidden Markov Model

ST HMM


G10.8.6.2.4 G language processing G10.8.10.2.6.2

G10 automated language processing, cont.G10.8 . automated language process, cont.G10.8.6 . . artificial intelligence, cont.G10.8.6.2 . . . models of artificial intelligence, cont.G10.8.6.2.2 . . . . Hidden Markov Model, cont.

NT G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2 stochastic tagging

G10.8.6.2.4 . . . . neural network modelG10.8.6.4 . . . automated reasoningG10.8.6.4.2 . . . . expert systemG10.8.6.4.4 . . . . grammarless systemG10.8.6.6 . . . automated understandingG10.8.6.6.2 . . . . automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar

NT +D8.14.2 parsing

G10.8.6.6.2.2 . . . . . automated disambiguationBT + ambiguity

computer

G10.8.6.6.2.4 . . . . . anaphor resolutionG10.8.6.6.2.4.2 . . . . . . binding domain for anaphorG10.8.6.6.2.6 . . . . . tagging

ST automatic assignment of part of speech

G10.8.6.6.2.6.2 . . . . . . tagging algorithmG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2 . . . . . . . stochastic tagging

ST HMM tagging

BT +G10.8.6.2.2 Hidden Markov Model

G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4 . . . . . . . rule-based taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6 . . . . . . . transformation-based tagging

ST Brill tagging

transformational tagging

G10.8.6.6.2.6.4 . . . . . . tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2 . . . . . . . brown tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4 . . . . . . . c5 tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.6 . . . . . . tagging manualG10.8.6.6.2.6.8 . . . . . . context free parserG10.8.6.6.2.6.10 . . . . . . shallow text parsingG10.8.6.6.2.6.12 . . . . . . transformational parsing

ST automated transformational parsing

G10.8.8 . . machine memoryBT +G2.16 memory

G10.8.10 . . automated recall/retrievalBT +G2.18 recall/retrieval

G10.8.10.2 . . . information retrievalDF systems for indexing, searching, and recalling data, particularly text or

other unstructured forms

ST IR


RT G8.2.16 recall/retrieval by human brain

+G10.8.10.4 information extraction

G10.8.10.2.2 . . . . boolean approachG10.8.10.2.4 . . . . language modelG10.8.10.2.6 . . . . statistic modelG10.8.10.2.6.2 . . . . . word frequency


G10.8.10.2.6.4 G language processing G10.16.6

BT +D12.4 word

RT +G2.8.4.4 word recognition

G10.8.2.4.4 automated word recognition

G10.8.10.2.6.4 . . . . . character frequencyBT character

G10.8.10.2.8 . . . . concordancing programG10.8.10.4 . . . information extraction

DF a type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract

structured or semistructured information from unstructured

machine-readable documents

ST IE


RT +G10.8.10.2 information retrieval

G10.8.10.4.2 . . . . frameG10.8.10.4.2.2 . . . . . frame featureG10.8.12 . . machine translation

ST mechanical translation

translation: automatic machine

BT computer

+G2.20 language translation


RT A10.18 translation (human generated)

G10.8.12.2 . . . decodingG10.10 . automated language abilitiesG10.10.2 . . prerequisites for automated language processingG10.10.4 . . automated creative capacityG10.10.6 . . behaviorG10.12 . automated language acquisition, automated language instructionG10.12.2 . . automated language acquisitionG10.12.2.2 . . . machine learning

BT +G10.8.6 artificial intelligence

G10.12.4 . . automated language instructionG10.12.4.2 . . . automated assistant learningG10.14 . applications of automated language processing

NT G10.4.6 natural language processing

G10.8.2.2.4 automated speech recognition

G10.8.4.2.2 artificial speech

+G10.8.10.2 information retrieval



G10.16 . tools for automated conceptual processingG10.16.2 . . analysis tools in corpus linguistics

BT +A4.6.6 corpus linguistics

G10.16.4 . . computational lexiconG10.16.6 . . machine readable corpora


H H types of languages, characteristics of languages H



I I linguistic change I10.2

I linguistic change

I2 grammatical change

I4 phonological change

I6 morphological change

I8 syntactic change

I10 causes of linguistic changeI10.2 . migration

SN Includes concepts such as forced or mass migration, immigration, emigration


J J specific languages & specific language families J



K K monolingualism/multilingualism K10


K2 societal vs. individualK2.2 . individual bilingualism

BT +K6 bilingualism

K4 monolingualismNT N14.2 monolingual person

RT +K10 multilingualism

K6 bilingualismNT K2.2 individual bilingualism

N14.4 bilingual person

N14.8.4 dominant language as second language

RT G8.10.2.8.4.2 language interference

G8.10.4.8.4.4 bilingual education programs


K6.2 . double semilingual

K8 trilingualism

K10 multilingualismST plurilingualism

NT N14.6 multilingual group


G8.10.2.8.4.2 language interference

+K4 monolingualism

+K6 bilingualism


L L organism L6

L organism

L2 humans

L4 animals

L6 automated


M M parts of the body M2.2.6

M parts of the body

M2 brainDF brain structure and function; hemispheric dominance and localization; slips of the

tongue and critical periods.

ST brain: and language

cerebellum

human: brain

language and brain

language and the brain

language(s) and the brain

the gray matter of language: language and the brain (frotoc: DE)

NT D6.6.2 mental lexicon

M2.2 . structure of the brainSN terms are arranged by physical structure

ST brain organization and auditory pathway

brain: asymmetry of

brain: lateralization

central nervous system

M2.2.2 . . cerebral hemisphereM2.2.2.2 . . . left hemisphere of the brain

BT left

M2.2.2.2.2 . . . . wernicke's areaM2.2.2.2.4 . . . . broca's areaM2.2.2.4 . . . right hemisphere of the brain

BT right

M2.2.4 . . brain cortexST electrical stimulation of the cortex

M2.2.6 . . synapse


N N demographic characteristics N12.6

N demographic characteristicsSR AOD

N2 general population

N4 ageN4.2 . prenatalN4.4 . perinatalN4.6 . child

NT D2.20.2 basic child grammar

+G8.6.2 child language

N4.6.2 . . infantNT G8.6.2.2.4 baby talk

N4.6.4 . . young childN4.6.6 . . preadolescentN4.8 . adolescentN4.10 . adult

NT +G8.6.4 adult language

N4.10.2 . . young adultN4.10.4 . . mature adultN4.10.4.2 . . . middle-aged adultN4.10.6 . . elderly

NT +G8.6.4.2 elderly period

N6 genderN6.2 . maleN6.2.2 . . manN6.4 . femaleN6.4.2 . . pregnant femaleN6.4.4 . . womanN6.4.4.2 . . . pregnant womanN6.4.6 . . pregnant teen

N8 sexual orientationN8.2 . heterosexualN8.4 . homosexual or bisexualN8.6 . homosexualN8.6.2 . . lesbianN8.6.4 . . gay maleN8.8 . bisexual

N10 marital status

N12 racial and ethnic originN12.2 . single race/ethnic groupN12.2.2 . . single race groupN12.2.4 . . single ethnic groupN12.4 . mixed racial/ethnic individual or groupN12.4.2 . . mixed race individualN12.4.4 . . mixed racial groupN12.4.6 . . mixed ethnic groupN12.6 . racial group


N12.8 N demographic characteristics N24.2.2.4.4

N12.8 . ethnic group

N14 status by language spokenN14.2 . monolingual person

BT +K4 monolingualism

N14.4 . bilingual personBT +K6 bilingualism

N14.6 . multilingual groupBT +K10 multilingualism

N14.8 . status by knowledge of dominant languageN14.8.2 . . native speaker

NT G8.10.4.10.2 native language instruction

N14.8.4 . . dominant language as second languageBT +K6 bilingualism

RT G8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

N14.8.6 . . no knowledge of dominant language

N16 place of residence

N18 citizenship/immigration statusN18.2 . citizenN18.4 . immigrantN18.6 . temporary residentN18.8 . foreign visitorN18.10 . refugee

N20 religious affiliation

N22 status by ability or handicapN22.2 . intelligence levelN22.4 . status by disabilityN22.4.2 . . not disabledN22.4.4 . . disabled

NT +G8.8.2.4 language difficulties by language process

N22.4.4.2 . . . developmentally disabledN22.4.4.4 . . . physically disabledN22.4.4.4.2 . . . . mobility impairedN22.4.4.6 . . . mentally disabled

NT G8.8.2.4.8 limited reasoning proficiency

N22.4.4.6.2 . . . . mentally retardedRT G8.8.2.4.8 limited reasoning proficiency

N22.4.4.6.4 . . . . mentally ill

N24 educational and socioeconomic statusN24.2 . student

NT G8.10.2.4.6.4 language acquisition in school

N24.2.2 . . student by educational levelN24.2.2.2 . . . preschool studentN24.2.2.4 . . . elementary secondary studentN24.2.2.4.2 . . . . elementary school student

NT +G8.10.4.12.2.2 language instruction in elementary school

N24.2.2.4.4 . . . . middle school student


N24.2.2.4.6 N demographic characteristics N26.2

N24 educational and socioeconomic status, cont.N24.2 . student, cont.N24.2.2 . . student by educational level, cont.N24.2.2.4 . . . elementary secondary student, cont.N24.2.2.4.4 . . . . middle school student, cont.

NT G8.10.4.12.2.4 language instruction in middle school

N24.2.2.4.6 . . . . high school studentNT G8.10.4.12.2.6 language instruction in high school

N24.2.2.6 . . . undergraduate or graduate studentNT G8.10.4.12.4 language instruction in higher education

N24.2.2.6.2 . . . . undergraduate studentN24.2.2.6.4 . . . . graduate studentN24.2.4 . . student by academic performanceN24.4 . status by level of knowledgeN24.4.2 . . status by literacy

RT +G8.8.2.4.2.2.4 reading difficulties

N24.4.2.2 . . . illiterateRT G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.2 illiteracy

N24.4.2.4 . . . semiliterateRT G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.4 semiliteracy

N24.4.2.6 . . . literateN24.6 . socioeconomic statusN24.6.2 . . lower socioeconomic classN24.6.4 . . middle classN24.6.4.2 . . . lower middle classN24.6.4.4 . . . middle middle classN24.6.4.6 . . . upper middle classN24.6.6 . . upper classN24.8 . status by type of neighborhoodN24.10 . status by relationship to othersN24.12 . status by social relationship

N26 special populationsN26.2 . hidden populations


O O specific person O

O specific person


P P other terms P

P other terms

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Alphabetical Index 102

Alphabetical Index

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Alphabetic Index 103


ability

abilityacquired language abilities G4.4.4automated language abilities +G10.10human acquired language abilities G8.4.4.4human language abilities +G8.4human language abilities by innate vs. acquired

+G8.4.4innate language abilities +G8.4.4.2language abilities +G4language abilities by perception vs. production

+G4.2language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired

+G4.4language perception abilities +G4.2.2language production abilities +G4.2.4perception abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.2.2pre-existing language abilities +G4.4.2production abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.4.2status by ability or handicap +N22

ablative ablative case D10.2.16.2

absencereasoning based upon the absence of evidence

G2.10.2.2.2absolutive

ergative/absolutive agreement D2.22.14.2absorption

theta-absorption D10.8.2academic

student by academic performance N24.2.4acceptability

grammatical acceptability D2.22.10.2.2accusative

accusative case D10.2.16.6acoustic

acoustic phonetics +A2.6.2acquired

acquired language abilities G4.4.4human acquired language abilities G8.4.4.4human language abilities by innate vs. acquired

+G8.4.4language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired

+G4.4acquiring

human language acquisition by number of languagesacquiring simultaneously +G8.10.2.10

acquisition USE +G6.2acquisition of language perception +G8.10.2.4.4acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of

language and communication +G8.10.2.4.4.2

acquisition of language perception by type of environment +G8.10.2.4.6

acquisition of language production +G8.10.2.4.2acquisition, formal theories of USE +G6.2automated language acquisition +G10.12.2automated language acquisition, automated language

instruction +G10.12bilingual acquisition G8.10.2.10.4

adverb

core grammar: acquisition D2.20.4critical age, in language acquisition G8.6.2.4first language acquisition G8.10.2.8.2foreign language acquisition USE +G8.10.2.8.4human language acquisition +G8.10.2human language acquisition by number of languages

acquiring simultaneously +G8.10.2.10human language acquisition by order of acquisition

+G8.10.2.8human language acquisition by perception vs. production

(language process) +G8.10.2.4human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitive

+G8.10.2.2human language acquisition, human language instruction

+G8.10language acquisition +G6.2language acquisition at home G8.10.2.4.6.2language acquisition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.10.2.4.2.2language acquisition in school G8.10.2.4.6.4language acquisition, language instruction +G6maturational theory of language acquisition

G2.2.4.2monolingual acquisition G8.10.2.10.2native language acquisition USE G8.10.2.8.2planning goals and acquisition USE +G6.2reading readiness/acquisition A10.8second language acquisition +G8.10.2.8.4stages of language acquisition G8.10.2.12theories of grammar acquisition and instruction

+D2.20theories of language acquisition +G2.2.4writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testing

A10.16active

active voice D10.2.10.2adjectival

adjectival noun D10.14.4.2.4adjectival verb D10.14.4.4.4

adjective -s +D10.14.4.8adjective clauses D12.8.2.4

adjunctnon expanding nominal head adjunct D8.8.12

adolescent N4.8adposition -s +D10.14.4.20adpositional

adpositional word order D8.8.2adult +N4.10

adult language +G8.6.4adult language development/literacy studies A10.6mature adult +N4.10.4middle-aged adult N4.10.4.2young adult N4.10.2

advancedadvanced language instruction G8.10.4.14.8

adverb -s +D10.14.4.6adverb clauses D12.8.2.6degree adverb D10.14.4.6.4directional adverb D10.14.4.6.6locative adverb D10.14.4.6.8manner adverb D10.14.4.6.2


adverbial

temporal adverb D10.14.4.6.10adverbial

adverbial modification D10.14.4.6.12affiliation

religious affiliation N20affix -es +D12.2.6.2

class i/ii affix D12.2.6.2.10derivational affix +D12.2.6.2.4inflectional affix D12.2.6.2.6

affixation +D6.4.6.2headedness in affixation D12.2.6.2.2

age +N4critical age, in language acquisition G8.6.2.4

agedmiddle-aged adult N4.10.4.2

agentagent theta role +D10.6.2.2causal agent theta role D10.6.2.2.2

agentive +D12.2.6.2.12agentive noun +D10.14.4.2.2

agrammatism G8.8.2.4.10.6agreement

ergative/absolutive agreement D2.22.14.2gender agreement D10.2.4.2grammatical agreement +D2.22.10.2.6number agreement D10.2.8.2

algorithmtagging algorithm +G10.8.6.6.2.6.2

allomorph -s D12.2.8alpha

move alpha D8.6.4.2.4alphabet

phonetic alphabet F4.2.4ambiguity

grammatical ambiguity D2.22.12syntactic ambiguity D8.6.6

analysisanalysis tools in corpus linguistics G10.16.2field of discourse analysis +A4.6.2field of discourse analysis/text linguistics +A4.6

anaphoranaphor resolution +G10.8.6.6.2.4binding domain for anaphor G10.8.6.6.2.4.2

animal -s L4animal/interspecies communication A18.6.4

annotatedannotated phrase structure rule D8.10.2

anomalousanomalous sentence D12.10.16

anomaly D2.22.10.4.2anthropological

anthropological linguistics +A14antiquity

linguistics in antiquity A22.4.2antonym

binary/complementary antonym D12.4.10.4aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.4

conduction aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.10transcortical motor aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.12transcortical sensory aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.14Wernicke?s aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.16

aspect

western aphasia battery G8.8.2.4.10.18application

applications of automated language processing +G10.14

appliedapplied linguistics +A10

approachboolean approach G10.8.10.2.2eclectic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.6global approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.4grammatical approach to human language instruction

G8.10.4.4human language instruction by approach G8.10.4.2phonetic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.2principles and parameters approach D2.2.2.4.4.8schematic approach: mental model

USE G8.2.10.4.2archetypal

archetypal verb D10.14.4.4.8area

broca's area M2.2.2.2.4language area studies A8.14.4wernicke's area M2.2.2.2.2

arealareal classification A8.30.6

artart as language A18.6.6

article -s D10.14.4.16.4definite articles D10.14.4.16.6indefinite articles D10.14.4.16.8

articulatoryarticulatory phonetics +A2.6.4

artificialartificial intelligence +G10.8.6artificial speech G10.8.4.2.2models of artificial intelligence +G10.8.6.2

aspect D10.2.14acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of


automated production by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G10.8.4.2

automated recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G10.8.2.2

fields by physical aspects of language and communication +A18

human language perception by physical aspects of languageand communication +G8.2.2.2

human language production by physical aspects of languageand communication +G8.2.4.2

language acquisition by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G8.10.2.4.2.2

language perception by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.4.2

language production by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.6.2

language recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.8.2


ASR

perception abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G4.2.2.2

perception difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G8.8.2.4.2.2

physical aspects of language and communication +F

production abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G4.2.4.2

production difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G8.8.2.4.4.4

ASR USE G10.8.2.2.4assessment

language testing and assessment A10.4assignment

automatic assignment of part of speech USE +G10.8.6.6.2.6

assistantautomated assistant learning G10.12.4.2

assistedcomputer assisted language learning

USE G8.10.4.6.4asymmetry

brain: asymmetry of USE +M2.2atom

syntactic atom D8.6.8attrition

language attrition (skills) USE G8.8.2.2language skill attrition USE G8.8.2.2

auditoryauditory development G8.10.2.4.4.2.2auditory phonetics +A2.6.6brain organization and auditory pathway

USE +M2.2sound/auditory +F2

automated L6applications of automated language processing

+G10.14automated assistant learning G10.12.4.2automated character recognition +G10.8.2.4.2automated creative capacity G10.10.4automated disambiguation G10.8.6.6.2.2automated language abilities +G10.10automated language acquisition +G10.12.2automated language acquisition, automated language

instruction +G10.12automated language instruction +G10.12.4automated language process +G10.8automated language processing +G10automated language processing by degree of structure of

language +G10.4automated language processing by linguistic unit processed

+G10.6automated language processing by point of processing

execution +G10.2automated optical character recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.2automated production +G10.8.4automated production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.4.2automated reasoning +G10.8.6.4automated recall/retrieval +G10.8.10

bias

automated recognition +G10.8.2automated recognition by linguistic units

+G10.8.2.4automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar

+G10.8.6.6.2automated recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.2.2automated speech recognition G10.8.2.2.4automated transformational parsing

USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.12automated understanding +G10.8.6.6automated visual recognition +G10.8.2.2.2automated visual word recognition G10.8.2.2.2.4automated word recognition G10.8.2.4.4prerequisites for automated language processing

G10.10.2tools for automated conceptual processing +G10.16

automaticautomatic assignment of part of speech

USE +G10.8.6.6.2.6automatic grammar testing G10.6.2automatic speaker identification G10.8.2.6translation: automatic machine USE +G10.8.12

auxiliary auxiliary verb +D10.14.4.4.10

axisparadigmatic axis USE +D6.4.2.2syntagmatic axis USE +D6.4.2.4

babybaby talk G8.6.2.2.4

backback formation D6.4.6.8

barx-bar projection D2.2.2.4.10.4x-bar schema D2.2.2.4.10.2x-bar theory +D2.2.2.4.10

basecognitive base USE +G8.4.6preadaptive bases for human language +G8.4.6.8

basedconstraint-based grammar +D2.2.2.6lexeme-based morphology +D6.2.6morpheme-based morphology D6.2.2reasoning based upon the absence of evidence

G2.10.2.2.2rule-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4transformation-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6word-based morphology D6.2.4

basicbasic child grammar D2.20.2basic concept formation G8.2.10.2.2

batterywestern aphasia battery G8.8.2.4.10.18

beginnerlanguage instruction of false beginner G8.10.4.14.4

beginningbeginning language instruction G8.10.4.14.2

behavior G10.10.6behaviorism +G2.2.4.4behaviorist

behaviorist linguistics A12.6


bilingual

bilingualbilingual acquisition G8.10.2.10.4bilingual education programs G8.10.4.8.4.4bilingual immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2bilingual person N14.4two-way bilingual education programs

USE G8.10.4.8.4.2bilingualism +K6

individual bilingualism K2.2binary

binary/complementary antonym D12.4.10.4binding

binding domain for anaphor G10.8.6.6.2.4.2government-binding theory +D2.2.4

bisexual N8.8homosexual or bisexual N8.4

bodyparts of the body +M

booleanboolean approach G10.8.10.2.2

borrowinglanguages in contact/borrowing A8.14.2

bottombound

bound morphemes +D12.2.6braille F6.2

reading Braille G2.4.2.8brain +M2

brain cortex M2.2.4brain organization and auditory pathway

USE +M2.2brain: and language USE +M2brain: asymmetry of USE +M2.2brain: lateralization USE +M2.2human: brain USE +M2language and brain USE +M2language and the brain USE +M2language(s) and the brain USE +M2language, brain, and handicap USE +G8.8.2left hemisphere of the brain +M2.2.2.2recall/retrieval by human brain G8.2.16right hemisphere of the brain M2.2.2.4structure of the brain +M2.2the gray matter of language: language and the brain

(frotoc: DE) USE +M2brill

Brill tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6broca

broca's area M2.2.2.2.4broca's lesion G8.8.2.4.10.8

brownbrown tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2

c5c5 tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4

capacityautomated creative capacity G10.10.4creative capacity G4.4.2.2elementary symbolic capacity G8.4.6.8.10language creative capacity G8.4.4.2.4pre-phonetic capacity G8.4.6.8.2pre-pragmatic capacity G8.4.6.8.8

Chicano

pre-semantic capacity G8.4.6.8.6pre-syntactic capacity G8.4.6.8.4

case +D10.2.16ablative case D10.2.16.2accusative case D10.2.16.6case grammar +D2.18case marking and grammatical relations D10.16.2.2dative case +D10.2.16.10ergative case D10.2.16.14genitive case D10.2.16.4locative case +D10.2.16.8nominative case D10.2.16.12oblique case marking D8.10.6

categoricalcategorical grammar D2.2.2.4.6

categorygender (grammatical category) +D10.2.4grammatical category +D10.2lexical categories +D10.14.4lexicon by syntactic category +D6.6.8phrasal category +D10.16scale and category grammar D2.10syntactic category +D10.14thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6causal

causal agent theta role D10.6.2.2.2cause

causes of linguistic change +I10central

central executive component, working memory G8.2.14.2

central nervous system USE +M2.2centre

centre embedded relative clause D12.8.8cerebellum USE +M2cerebral

cerebral hemisphere +M2.2.2change

causes of linguistic change +I10grammatical change I2linguistic change +Imorphological change I6phonological change I4syntactic change I8

character automated character recognition +G10.8.2.4.2automated optical character recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.2character frequency G10.8.10.2.6.4character recognition +G2.8.4.2optical character recognition +G2.8.2.2.2

characteristicsdemographic characteristics +Nprinciples/characteristics of grammar +D2.22principles/characteristics of morphology +D6.4principles/characteristics of syntax +D8.6types of languages, characteristics of languages Huniversal or language-specific characteristics of grammar

D2.22.8chart


child

child +N4.6basic child grammar D2.20.2child language +G8.6.2young child N4.6.4

citizen N18.2citizenship

citizenship/immigration status +N18class

class i/ii affix D12.2.6.2.10closed grammatical class +D2.22.6.4lower middle class N24.6.4.2lower socioeconomic class N24.6.2middle class +N24.6.4middle middle class N24.6.4.4morphological class USE D6.6.12open grammatical class +D2.22.6.2open or closed grammatical classes +D2.22.6syntactic class USE +D10.14upper class N24.6.6upper middle class N24.6.4.6word class USE D6.6.12

classificationareal classification A8.30.6genetic classification A8.30.4language classification +A8.30typological classification A8.30.2

classifier -s +D10.14.4.12numeral classifiers D10.14.4.12.2

clause -s +D12.8adjective clauses D12.8.2.4adverb clauses D12.8.2.6centre embedded relative clause D12.8.8clause (linguistic unit) C10clause structure D8.12.2complement clause +D12.8.14dependent clause +D12.8.2independent clause D12.8.4indicative clause D12.8.10left peripheral relative clause D12.8.12main clause D12.8.6main clause verb D10.14.4.4.6noun clauses D12.8.2.2rules for ordering clauses +D8.12

clinicalclinical linguistics A12.8

clitic +D12.2.10closed

closed grammatical class +D2.22.6.4open or closed grammatical classes +D2.22.6

cognitivecognitive base USE +G8.4.6cognitive instrument USE G8.2.10.4.4cognitive language development G8.10.2.2.4cognitive linguistics A12.10cognitive preadaptation USE +G8.4.6cognitive theory of linguistics +G2.2.6cognitive theory of metaphor +G2.2.6.2cognitive theory of metonymy G2.2.6.2.2human cognitive environment G8.2.10.4.2human cognitive metaphor G8.2.10.4.4

complete

human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitive +G8.10.2.2

neuro-cognitive linguistics A12.4cognizing USE +G2.10common

common noun D10.14.4.2.6communication

acquisition of language perception by physical aspects oflanguage and communication +G8.10.2.4.4.2

animal/interspecies communication A18.6.4automated production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.4.2automated recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.2.2fields by physical aspects of language and communication

+A18human language perception by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.2.2human language production by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.4.2language acquisition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.10.2.4.2.2language perception by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.4.2language production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.6.2language recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.8.2nonverbal communication +A18.6perception abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.2.2perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.2.2physical aspects of language and communication

+Fproduction abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.4.2production difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.4.4receptive communication USE G8.8.2.4.4.2

communicativecommunicative competence (language) USE +G8.8communicative disorder USE +G8.8.2

comparativecomparative linguistics A8.4

competencecommunicative competence (language) USE +G8.8fossilized competence USE G8.8.2.2human language instruction by level of competence

+G8.10.4.14linguistic competence USE +G8.8receptive competence G8.8.2.4.4.2

complement -s D12.6.12complement clause +D12.8.14

complementarybinary/complementary antonym D12.4.10.4

complementizer D10.14.4.10.2complementizer phrases D12.6.6

completecomplete sentence D12.10.4


complex

complexcomplex noun D10.14.4.2.8complex sentence D12.10.2

componentcentral executive component, working memory

G8.2.14.2morphological component of grammar D2.26

compoundcompound words D12.4.6

compounding D6.4.6.6comprehension USE G2.14computational

computational lexicon G10.16.4computational linguistics +A8.10

computer computer assisted language learning

USE G8.10.4.6.4computer instructor G8.10.4.6.4

conceptbasic concept formation G8.2.10.2.2concept formation/modeling G2.12mental concept formation by unit +G8.2.10.2mental concept formation/modeling +G8.2.10

conceptualconceptual representation USE G8.2.10.4.4conceptual system formation G8.2.10.2.4conceptual transition USE +G8.2.10tools for automated conceptual processing +G10.16

conceptualization USE +G8.2.10conceptualization stage +G2.6.4.2conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.6.2.2.2concordancing

concordancing program G10.8.10.2.8condition

morpheme structure condition D6.4.4path containment condition D8.10.14phase impenetrability condition +D8.4

conductionconduction aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.10

conjunction -s +D10.14.4.10conjunctive

conjunctive sentence D12.10.6consciousness G8.4.6.2consonant -s C4.2.2constraint

constraint-based grammar +D2.2.2.6constraint-based

constraint-based grammar +D2.2.2.6construction

restructuring construction D8.10.18contact

languages in contact/borrowing A8.14.2containment

path containment condition D8.10.14content

content morpheme D12.2.14context

context free parser G10.8.6.6.2.6.8discourse context E2.2

contraction D10.14.4.4.10.2

demographic

contrastivecontrastive linguistics A8.6linguistic difficulty (contrastive) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2

copulacopula verbs D10.14.4.4.10.6

corecore grammar: acquisition D2.20.4

corporamachine readable corpora G10.16.6

corpusanalysis tools in corpus linguistics G10.16.2corpus (linguistic unit) C16corpus linguistics +A4.6.6

cortexbrain cortex M2.2.4electrical stimulation of the cortex USE M2.2.4

countcount nouns D10.14.4.2.10.4

covertcovert syntax D8.2.2

cranberrycranberry morpheme D12.2.6.4

creativeautomated creative capacity G10.10.4creative capacity G4.4.2.2language creative capacity G8.4.4.2.4

creolecreole/pidgin studies A8.20

criteriontheta criterion D2.2.4.2.2

criticalcritical age, in language acquisition G8.6.2.4

culturelanguage and culture A14.2

DD-structure USE D2.2.2.4.4.2

D-structure USE D2.2.2.4.4.2dative

dative case +D10.2.16.10DE

the gray matter of language: language and the brain(frotoc: DE) USE +M2

deafinterpreting for the deaf USE G8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2

deafness G8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2declaration USE D12.10.8declarative

declarative sentence D12.10.8decoding G10.8.12.2deep

deep structure D2.2.2.4.4.2definite

definite articles D10.14.4.16.6definiteness +D2.22.16degree

automated language processing by degree of structure oflanguage +G10.4

degree adverb D10.14.4.6.4deixis D2.22.20dementia G8.8.2.4.10.2demographic


dependence

demographic characteristics +Ndependence

structure dependence principle D8.6.14dependent

dependent clause +D12.8.2derivation +D6.4.6.4derivational

derivational affix +D12.2.6.2.4derivative D12.2.22.2descriptive

descriptive linguistics +A8determiner -s +D12.4.10

determiner phrases D12.6.10determinism

linguistic determinism B2.2development

adult language development/literacy studies A10.6auditory development G8.10.2.4.4.2.2cognitive language development G8.10.2.2.4grammatical development D2.20.6language development USE +G6.2period of prelinguistic development G8.6.2.2.2physical language development G8.10.2.2.2reading development G8.10.2.4.4.2.4verbal development G8.10.2.4.2.2.2writing development G8.10.2.4.2.2.4

developmentaldevelopmental stages of language USE G8.10.2.12

developmentallydevelopmentally disabled N22.4.4.2

diachronicdiachronic linguistics A8.2diachronic morphology A2.8.2diachronic pragmatics A4.4.2

diagramtree diagram representation of grammar

D2.24.6.4.2diagramming

diagramming (sentences) +D2.24.6.4dialectology A8.22dictionary

mental dictionary USE G8.2.10.4.2difficulty

hearing difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2.2.2language difficulties +G8.8.2language difficulties by language process

+G8.8.2.4linguistic difficulty USE +G8.8.2linguistic difficulty (contrastive) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2linguistic difficulty (inherent) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2movement and touch difficulties G8.8.2.4.6.4perception difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.2.2production difficulties +G8.8.2.4.4production difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.4.4reading difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2.2.4

diminutivediminutive formation D6.4.16

direct

elderly

direct object D10.4.4.2directional

directional adverb D10.14.4.6.6disability

status by disability +N22.4disabled +N22.4.4

developmentally disabled N22.4.4.2mentally disabled +N22.4.4.6not disabled N22.4.2physically disabled +N22.4.4.4

disambiguationautomated disambiguation G10.8.6.6.2.2

discoursediscourse context E2.2field of discourse analysis +A4.6.2field of discourse analysis/text linguistics +A4.6

discursivediscursive level D10.10.6

disjunctivedisjunctive sentence D12.10.10

disorder USE +G8.8.2communicative disorder USE +G8.8.2language disorders (general) USE +G8.8.2

distributeddistributed morphology D6.2.14

domainbinding domain for anaphor G10.8.6.6.2.4.2

dominantdominant language as second language N14.8.4no knowledge of dominant language N14.8.6status by knowledge of dominant language +N14.8

doubledouble negative D2.22.10.4.4double semilingual K6.2

downdriven

head-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14drop

pro drop D8.14.6dysarthria +G8.8.2.4.6dyslexia G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.6dysphasia G8.8.2.4.10.20dyspraxia G8.8.2.4.6.6eclectic

eclectic approach to reading instruction G8.10.4.8.2.2.6

educationbilingual education programs G8.10.4.8.4.4human language instruction by level of education

+G8.10.4.12language instruction in higher education

G8.10.4.12.4language instruction in K-12 education

+G8.10.4.12.2two-way bilingual education programs

USE G8.10.4.8.4.2educational

educational and socioeconomic status +N24student by educational level +N24.2.2

efl USE G8.10.4.10.4.2elderly N4.10.6


electrical

elderly period +G8.6.4.2electrical

electrical stimulation of the cortex USE M2.2.4element

inflectional element D6.4.2.8order of element D8.10.10

elementalelemental units +C2

elementaryelementary school student +N24.2.2.4.2elementary secondary student +N24.2.2.4elementary symbolic capacity G8.4.6.8.10foreign languages in the elementary school

G8.10.4.12.2.2.2language instruction in elementary school

+G8.10.4.12.2.2elliptical

elliptical phrases D12.6.2embedded

centre embedded relative clause D12.8.8empty

empty morpheme D12.2.12enclitic D12.2.10.4english

english (second language) USE G8.10.4.10.4.2english as a foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4.2environment


human cognitive environment G8.2.10.4.2ergative

ergative case D10.2.16.14ergative/absolutive agreement D2.22.14.2

ergativity +D2.22.14esl USE G8.10.4.10.4.2esol USE G8.10.4.10.4.2ethnic

ethnic group N12.8mixed ethnic group N12.4.6mixed racial/ethnic individual or group +N12.4racial and ethnic origin +N12single ethnic group N12.2.4single race/ethnic group +N12.2

ethnographicethnographic linguistics A14.4

ethnolinguistics A14.6etymology +A6.6

folk etymology A6.6.2evidence

reasoning based upon the absence of evidence G2.10.2.2.2

evidentialevidential reasoning G2.10.2.4.2

executionautomated language processing by point of processing

execution +G10.2executive


existing

flexibility

language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired +G4.4

pre-existing language abilities +G4.4.2expanding

non expanding nominal head adjunct D8.8.12experience

intersubjective experience G8.4.6.6experiencer

experiencer theta role D10.6.2.10experimental

experimental neurolinguistics A12.2.2experimental phonetics A2.6.8

expertexpert system G10.8.6.4.2

explicitexplicit reasoning +G2.10.2.4reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoning

+G2.10.2extraction

information extraction +G10.8.10.4false

language instruction of false beginner G8.10.4.14.4family

specific languages & specific language families Jfeature

frame feature G10.8.10.4.2.2strong feature D2.2.2.4.4.6.6universal features of language

USE +D2.2.2.4.4.4.2weak feature D2.2.2.4.4.6.4

female +N6.4pregnant female N6.4.2

fieldfield of discourse analysis +A4.6.2field of discourse analysis/text linguistics +A4.6field of grammar A2.2field of lexical semantics A4.2.2field of morphology +A2.8field of narratology A4.6.2.2field of phonetics +A2.6field of phonology +A2.4field of pragmatics +A4.4field of semantics +A4.2field of syntax +A2.10fields by physical aspects of language and communication

+A18fields of linguistics +Afields related to the structure of language +A2fields relating to the meaning of language +A4

fillerslot and filler grammar D2.4

finitefinite state morphology D6.2.16finite verb D10.14.4.4.12

finitenessfiniteness phrases D12.6.4

firstfirst language acquisition G8.10.2.8.2first language instruction USE G8.10.4.10.2

flexibilitymental flexibility G8.4.2


folk

folkfolk etymology A6.6.2

foreignenglish as a foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4.2foreign language acquisition USE +G8.10.2.8.4foreign language instruction +G8.10.4.10.4foreign language learning USE +G8.10.2.8.4foreign languages in the elementary school

G8.10.4.12.2.2.2foreign visitor N18.8human language instruction by native vs. foreign language

+G8.10.4.10study of foreign language instruction A10.2.4

forensicforensic linguistics +A10.20forensic phonetics A2.6.10

forminflected form D6.4.2.6logical form D8.2.10phonological form D8.2.8

formalacquisition, formal theories of USE +G6.2formal grammars +D2.2.2formal speech D10.10.2

formationback formation D6.4.6.8basic concept formation G8.2.10.2.2concept formation/modeling G2.12conceptual system formation G8.2.10.2.4diminutive formation D6.4.16mental concept formation by unit +G8.2.10.2mental concept formation/modeling +G8.2.10plural formation rule D6.4.8word formation +D6.4.6

fossilizedfossilized competence USE G8.8.2.2

frame +G10.8.10.4.2frame feature G10.8.10.4.2.2

freecontext free parser G10.8.6.6.2.6.8free morphemes D12.2.4free word order D8.8.4

frequencycharacter frequency G10.8.10.2.6.4word frequency G10.8.10.2.6.2

frontingmultiple wh-fronting D8.8.8

frotocthe gray matter of language: language and the brain

(frotoc: DE) USE +M2function

function morpheme +D12.2.16function words D12.4.8

functionalfunctional grammar D2.2.2.8lexical functional grammar D2.2.2.4.12systemic functional grammar D2.2.2.10thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6fusional

grammar

fusional morphology D6.2.18gay

gay male N8.6.4gender +N6

gender (grammatical category) +D10.2.4gender agreement D10.2.4.2

generalgeneral population N2language disorders (general) USE +G8.8.2

generatedtranslation (human generated) A10.18

generativegenerative grammar +D2.2.2.4transformational generative grammar

USE +D2.2.2.4.4genetic

genetic classification A8.30.4genitive

genitive case D10.2.16.4geolinguistics A8.16global

global approach to reading instruction G8.10.4.8.2.2.4

goalgoal theta role D10.6.2.6planning goals and acquisition USE +G6.2

governmentgovernment-binding theory +D2.2.4

government-bindinggovernment-binding theory +D2.2.4

graduategraduate student N24.2.2.6.4undergraduate or graduate student +N24.2.2.6

grammar +D2automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar

+G10.8.6.6.2automatic grammar testing G10.6.2basic child grammar D2.20.2case grammar +D2.18categorical grammar D2.2.2.4.6constraint-based grammar +D2.2.2.6core grammar: acquisition D2.20.4field of grammar A2.2formal grammars +D2.2.2functional grammar D2.2.2.8generative grammar +D2.2.2.4grammar and pronunciation of morpheme D2.22.22head-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14lexical functional grammar D2.2.2.4.12machine representation of grammar D2.24.10mental representation of grammar D2.24.2morphological component of grammar D2.26nontransformational grammar USE D2.2.2.4.6phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.12prescriptive grammar D2.8principles/characteristics of grammar +D2.22relational grammar D2.2.2.16representation of grammar +D2.24restricted logic grammar D2.2.2.4.8scale and category grammar D2.10signed representation of grammar D2.24.8


grammarless

slot and filler grammar D2.4spoken representation of grammar +D2.24.4story grammar D2.12stratificational grammar D2.14structural grammar D2.16systemic functional grammar D2.2.2.10systemic grammar USE D2.2.2.10teaching/learning grammar D2.20.8theories and models of grammar +D2.2theories of grammar acquisition and instruction

+D2.20traditional grammar D2.6transformational generative grammar

USE +D2.2.2.4.4transformational grammar +D2.2.2.4.4tree diagram representation of grammar

D2.24.6.4.2universal grammar +D2.2.2.4.4.4universal or language-specific characteristics of grammar

D2.22.8written representation of grammar +D2.24.6

grammarlessgrammarless system G10.8.6.4.4

grammaticalcase marking and grammatical relations D10.16.2.2closed grammatical class +D2.22.6.4gender (grammatical category) +D10.2.4grammatical acceptability D2.22.10.2.2grammatical agreement +D2.22.10.2.6grammatical ambiguity D2.22.12grammatical approach to human language instruction

G8.10.4.4grammatical category +D10.2grammatical change I2grammatical development D2.20.6grammatical location D2.22.2grammatical option D2.22.10.2.4grammatical relations +D10.4grammatical slot D6.4.2.4.2grammatical units +D12grammatical words +D12.4.4open grammatical class +D2.22.6.2open or closed grammatical classes +D2.22.6

grammaticality +D2.22.10.2grammaticality, ungrammaticality +D2.22.10

grammaticalization D2.22.10.2.8graph C2.6.2grapheme

grapheme (linguistic unit) +C2.6graphology A18.2.2gray

the gray matter of language: language and the brain(frotoc: DE) USE +M2

groupethnic group N12.8mixed ethnic group N12.4.6mixed racial group N12.4.4mixed racial/ethnic individual or group +N12.4multilingual group N14.6racial group N12.6single ethnic group N12.2.4

human

single race group N12.2.2single race/ethnic group +N12.2

habitlistening habits USE G2.4.2.2

handsign language into hands F6.4

handicaplanguage, brain, and handicap USE +G8.8.2status by ability or handicap +N22

hapticmovement/haptic +F8

head USE D12.2.6.6head movement +D8.6.4.2head-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14non expanding nominal head adjunct D8.8.12

head-drivenhead-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14

headednessheadedness in affixation D12.2.6.2.2

hearing F2.2hearing and speech physiology A18.4hearing difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2.2.2human language perception by hearing G8.2.2.2.2language perception by hearing G2.4.2.2

hemispherecerebral hemisphere +M2.2.2left hemisphere of the brain +M2.2.2.2right hemisphere of the brain M2.2.2.4

heteronexualheteronexual morpheme D12.2.18

heterosexual N8.2hidden

Hidden Markov Model +G10.8.6.2.2hidden populations N26.2

highhigh school student +N24.2.2.4.6language instruction in high school G8.10.4.12.2.6

higherlanguage instruction in higher education

G8.10.4.12.4historical

historical linguistics A8.8history

history of linguistics +A22.4philosophy and history of language +A22

HMM USE +G10.8.6.2.2HMM tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2

homelanguage acquisition at home G8.10.2.4.6.2

homonexualhomonexual morpheme D12.2.20

homosexual +N8.6homosexual or bisexual N8.4

human -s L2grammatical approach to human language instruction

G8.10.4.4human acquired language abilities G8.4.4.4human cognitive environment G8.2.10.4.2human cognitive metaphor G8.2.10.4.4human instructor G8.10.4.6.2human language abilities +G8.4


hypothesis

human language abilities by innate vs. acquired +G8.4.4

human language acquisition +G8.10.2human language acquisition by number of languages





+G8.10human language and thought G8.2.8human language by stage of life +G8.6human language instruction +G8.10.4human language instruction by approach G8.10.4.2human language instruction by language process

+G8.10.4.8human language instruction by level of competence

+G8.10.4.14human language instruction by level of education

+G8.10.4.12human language instruction by native vs. foreign language

+G8.10.4.10human language instruction by type of instructor

+G8.10.4.6human language instruction of perception

+G8.10.4.8.2human language perception +G8.2.2human language perception by hearing G8.2.2.2.2human language perception by objectivity

+G8.2.2.4human language perception by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.2.2human language perception by reading G8.2.2.2.4human language processes +G8.2human language processing +G8human language production +G8.2.4human language production by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.4.2human language production by stage +G8.2.4.4human language production recognition G8.2.6human language proficiency +G8.8human language understanding G8.2.12human memory +G8.2.14human nonverbal language A18.6.2human: brain USE +M2preadaptive bases for human language +G8.4.6.8prerequisites for human language processing

+G8.4.6recall/retrieval by human brain G8.2.16spoken human language production G8.2.4.2.2study of human language instruction +A10.2translation (human generated) A10.18

hypothesismorphemic tier hypothesis (mth) D6.2.24split-morphology hypothesis D6.2.10

iclass i/ii affix D12.2.6.2.10

idea

information

innate idea USE G8.4.4.2.2identification

automatic speaker identification G10.8.2.6ideogram C2.6.6IE USE +G10.8.10.4ii

class i/ii affix D12.2.6.2.10ill

mentally ill N22.4.4.6.4illiteracy G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.2illiterate N24.4.2.2imitation

imitation theory G2.2.4.4.2immersion

bilingual immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2immersion program G8.10.4.8.4.2two-way immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2

immigrant N18.4immigration

citizenship/immigration status +N18impaired

mobility impaired N22.4.4.4.2impenetrability

phase impenetrability condition +D8.4imperative

imperative mood D10.2.2.2implicit

implicit reasoning +G2.10.2.2reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoning

+G2.10.2indefinite

indefinite articles D10.14.4.16.8indefiniteness D2.22.18independent

independent clause D12.8.4indicative

indicative clause D12.8.10indicative mood D10.2.2.4

indirectindirect object D10.4.4.4

individualindividual bilingualism K2.2mixed race individual N12.4.2mixed racial/ethnic individual or group +N12.4societal vs. individual +K2

infant N4.6.2infix D12.2.6.2.8inflected

inflected form D6.4.2.6inflecting USE +D6.4.2inflection inflectional

inflectional affix D12.2.6.2.6inflectional element D6.4.2.8inflectional morphology D6.2.20inflectional rules +D6.4.2

informalinformal speech D10.10.4

informationinformation extraction +G10.8.10.4information retrieval +G10.8.10.2


inherent

inherentlinguistic difficulty (inherent) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2

innatehuman language abilities by innate vs. acquired

+G8.4.4innate idea USE G8.4.4.2.2innate language abilities +G8.4.4.2innate language knowledge G8.4.4.2.2

innatenessinnateness of language USE G8.4.4.2.2

inquirymethodology/method of linguistic inquiry B4

insertionof-insertion D8.10.8

instructionadvanced language instruction G8.10.4.14.8automated language acquisition, automated language

instruction +G10.12automated language instruction +G10.12.4beginning language instruction G8.10.4.14.2eclectic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.6english as a foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4.2first language instruction USE G8.10.4.10.2foreign language instruction +G8.10.4.10.4global approach to reading instruction


G8.10.4.4human language acquisition, human language instruction

+G8.10human language instruction +G8.10.4human language instruction by approach G8.10.4.2human language instruction by language process






+G8.10.4.8.2intermediate language instruction G8.10.4.14.6language acquisition, language instruction +G6language instruction G6.4language instruction in elementary school

+G8.10.4.12.2.2language instruction in high school G8.10.4.12.2.6language instruction in higher education


+G8.10.4.12.2language instruction in middle school

G8.10.4.12.2.4language instruction of false beginner G8.10.4.14.4language of instruction +G8.10.4.8.4medium of instruction (language)

K

USE +G8.10.4.8.4native language instruction G8.10.4.10.2phonetic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.2reading instruction +G8.10.4.8.2.2reading instruction and remediation A10.10second language instruction USE +G8.10.4.10.4study of foreign language instruction A10.2.4study of human language instruction +A10.2study of native language instruction A10.2.2theories of grammar acquisition and instruction

+D2.20writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testing

A10.16instructional

instructional language USE +G8.10.4.8.4instructor

computer instructor G8.10.4.6.4human instructor G8.10.4.6.2human language instruction by type of instructor

+G8.10.4.6instrument

cognitive instrument USE G8.2.10.4.4instrument theta role D10.6.2.12

integritylexical integrity D8.6.10

intelligenceartificial intelligence +G10.8.6intelligence level N22.2models of artificial intelligence +G10.8.6.2

interactionsyntax-morphology interaction A2.10.2syntax-phonology interaction A2.10.4syntax-semantics interaction A2.10.6

interactionalinteractional sociolinguistics A16.2

interfacesyntax-semantics interface USE +D10

interferencelanguage interference G8.10.2.8.4.2

interjection D10.14.2intermediate

intermediate language instruction G8.10.4.14.6international

international languages A8.18interpreting

interpreting for the deaf USE G8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2interrogative

wh-interrogative sentence USE D12.10.18.2interspecy

animal/interspecies communication A18.6.4intersubjective

intersubjective experience G8.4.6.6intransitive

intransitive verb +D10.14.4.4.16IR USE +G10.8.10.2island

wh-island D8.10.4K

language instruction in K-12 education +G8.10.4.12.2


K-12

K-12language instruction in K-12 education

+G8.10.4.12.2kernel

kernel sentence D12.10.12knowledge

innate language knowledge G8.4.4.2.2no knowledge of dominant language N14.8.6status by knowledge of dominant language +N14.8status by level of knowledge +N24.4

languageacquired language abilities G4.4.4acquisition of language perception +G8.10.2.4.4acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of



acquisition of language production +G8.10.2.4.2adult language +G8.6.4adult language development/literacy studies A10.6advanced language instruction G8.10.4.14.8applications of automated language processing

+G10.14art as language A18.6.6automated language abilities +G10.10automated language acquisition +G10.12.2automated language acquisition, automated language

instruction +G10.12automated language instruction +G10.12.4automated language process +G10.8automated language processing +G10automated language processing by degree of structure of



execution +G10.2automated production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.4.2automated recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.2.2beginning language instruction G8.10.4.14.2brain: and language USE +M2child language +G8.6.2cognitive language development G8.10.2.2.4communicative competence (language) USE +G8.8computer assisted language learning

USE G8.10.4.6.4critical age, in language acquisition G8.6.2.4developmental stages of language USE G8.10.2.12dominant language as second language N14.8.4english (second language) USE G8.10.4.10.4.2english as a foreign language instruction

G8.10.4.10.4.2fields by physical aspects of language and communication

+A18fields related to the structure of language +A2fields relating to the meaning of language +A4first language acquisition G8.10.2.8.2first language instruction USE G8.10.4.10.2

language

foreign language acquisition USE +G8.10.2.8.4foreign language instruction +G8.10.4.10.4foreign language learning USE +G8.10.2.8.4foreign languages in the elementary school


G8.10.4.4human acquired language abilities G8.4.4.4human language abilities +G8.4human language abilities by innate vs. acquired

+G8.4.4human language acquisition +G8.10.2human language acquisition by number of languages





+G8.10human language and thought G8.2.8human language by stage of life +G8.6human language instruction +G8.10.4human language instruction by approach G8.10.4.2human language instruction by language process






+G8.10.4.8.2human language perception +G8.2.2human language perception by hearing G8.2.2.2.2human language perception by objectivity


and communication +G8.2.2.2human language perception by reading G8.2.2.2.4human language processes +G8.2human language processing +G8human language production +G8.2.4human language production by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.4.2human language production by stage +G8.2.4.4human language production recognition G8.2.6human language proficiency +G8.8human language understanding G8.2.12human nonverbal language A18.6.2innate language abilities +G8.4.4.2innate language knowledge G8.4.4.2.2innateness of language USE G8.4.4.2.2instructional language USE +G8.10.4.8.4intermediate language instruction G8.10.4.14.6international languages A8.18


language

language abilities +G4language abilities by perception vs. production

+G4.2language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired

+G4.4language acquisition +G6.2language acquisition at home G8.10.2.4.6.2language acquisition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.10.2.4.2.2language acquisition in school G8.10.2.4.6.4language acquisition, language instruction +G6language and brain USE +M2language and culture A14.2language and the brain USE +M2language and thought +G2.10language area studies A8.14.4language attrition (skills) USE G8.8.2.2language classification +A8.30language creative capacity G8.4.4.2.4language development USE +G6.2language difficulties +G8.8.2language difficulties by language process

+G8.8.2.4language disorders (general) USE +G8.8.2language instruction G6.4language instruction in elementary school

+G8.10.4.12.2.2language instruction in high school G8.10.4.12.2.6language instruction in higher education


+G8.10.4.12.2language instruction in middle school

G8.10.4.12.2.4language instruction of false beginner G8.10.4.14.4language interference G8.10.2.8.4.2language learning USE +G6.2language loss (skills) USE G8.8.2.2language model G10.8.10.2.4language of instruction +G8.10.4.8.4language origins A8.28language pathology A20language perception +G2.4language perception abilities +G4.2.2language perception by hearing G2.4.2.2language perception by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.4.2language perception by reading G2.4.2.4language planning/policy A16.6language processes +G2language processing +Glanguage production +G2.6language production abilities +G4.2.4language production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.6.2language production by stage +G2.6.4language proficiency USE +G8.8language recognition +G2.8language recognition by linguistic units +G2.8.4language recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.8.2

language

language skill attrition USE G8.8.2.2language skills USE +G8.8language testing and assessment A10.4language translation +G2.20language understanding G2.14language usage A16.8language, brain, and handicap USE +G8.8.2languages in contact/borrowing A8.14.2logic of language A22.2.2loss of language skill G8.8.2.2maturational theory of language acquisition

G2.2.4.2meaning of language +Emedium of instruction (language)

USE +G8.10.4.8.4native language acquisition USE G8.10.2.8.2native language instruction G8.10.4.10.2natural language processing G10.4.6no knowledge of dominant language N14.8.6objective language perception G8.2.2.4.2offline language processing G10.2.4perceiving sign language G8.2.2.2.6perceiving sign language skills G4.2.2.2.6perception abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.2.2perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.2.2perception of sign language G2.4.2.6philosophy and history of language +A22philosophy of language +A22.2physical aspects of language and communication

+Fphysical language development G8.10.2.2.2pre-existing language abilities +G4.4.2preadaptive bases for human language +G8.4.6.8prerequisites for automated language processing

G10.10.2prerequisites for human language processing

+G8.4.6prerequisites for language processing +G4.6production abilities by physical aspects of language and


communication +G8.8.2.4.4.4real-time language processing G10.2.2second language acquisition +G8.10.2.8.4second language instruction USE +G8.10.4.10.4second language programs USE +G8.10.4.10.4semi-structured language processing G10.4.4sign language F4.4sign language into hands F6.4specific languages & specific language families Jspoken human language production G8.2.4.2.2spoken language production +G2.6.2.2stages of language acquisition G8.10.2.12status by knowledge of dominant language +N14.8status by language spoken +N14structure of language +Dstructured language processing G10.4.2study of foreign language instruction A10.2.4study of human language instruction +A10.2


language(

study of native language instruction A10.2.2subjective language perception G8.2.2.4.4teaching language USE +G8.10.4.8.4the gray matter of language: language and the brain

(frotoc: DE) USE +M2theories of language acquisition +G2.2.4theories of language processing +G2.2types of languages, characteristics of languages Huniversal features of language

USE +D2.2.2.4.4.4.2universal or language-specific characteristics of grammar

D2.22.8language(

language(s) and the brain USE +M2language-specific

universal or language-specific characteristics of grammar D2.22.8

lateralizationbrain: lateralization USE +M2.2

layeredlayered morphology D6.2.22

learningautomated assistant learning G10.12.4.2computer assisted language learning

USE G8.10.4.6.4foreign language learning USE +G8.10.2.8.4language learning USE +G6.2learning model G8.10.2.6machine learning G10.12.2.2teaching/learning grammar D2.20.8

left left hemisphere of the brain +M2.2.2.2left peripheral relative clause D12.8.12

lemma C2.10.2lesbian N8.6.2lesion

broca's lesion G8.8.2.4.10.8letter C2.6.4level

discursive level D10.10.6human language instruction by level of competence


+G8.10.4.12intelligence level N22.2level of speech +D10.10status by level of knowledge +N24.4student by educational level +N24.2.2

lexeme +D12.2.24lexeme (linguistic unit) +C2.10lexeme-based morphology +D6.2.6

lexeme-basedlexeme-based morphology +D6.2.6

lexicalfield of lexical semantics A4.2.2lexical categories +D10.14.4lexical functional grammar D2.2.2.4.12lexical integrity D8.6.10lexical morphology USE +D6.2.6lexical tag D6.6.12lexical words D12.4.2

linguistics

lexicography A6.2lexicography/lexicology +A6

lexicography/lexicology +A6lexicology A6.4

lexicography/lexicology +A6lexicon +D6.6

computational lexicon G10.16.4lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)

D6.6.6lexicon by orthography D6.6.10lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)

D6.6.4lexicon by syntactic category +D6.6.8mental lexicon D6.6.2

lifehuman language by stage of life +G8.6

limitedlimited reasoning proficiency G8.8.2.4.8limited speaking proficiency G8.8.2.4.4.4.2limited understanding proficiency +G8.8.2.4.10limited writing proficiency G8.8.2.4.6.2

linguisticautomated language processing by linguistic unit processed

+G10.6automated recognition by linguistic units

+G10.8.2.4causes of linguistic change +I10clause (linguistic unit) C10corpus (linguistic unit) C16grapheme (linguistic unit) +C2.6language recognition by linguistic units +G2.8.4lexeme (linguistic unit) +C2.10linguistic change +Ilinguistic competence USE +G8.8linguistic determinism B2.2linguistic difficulty USE +G8.8.2linguistic difficulty (contrastive) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2linguistic difficulty (inherent) USE G8.10.2.8.4.2linguistic performance USE +G8.8linguistic units +Clinguistic universals +D2.2.2.4.4.4.2methodology/method of linguistic inquiry B4morpheme (linguistic unit) C2.2phoneme (linguistic unit) C2.4phrase (linguistic unit) C8repeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.2sememe (linguistic unit) C2.8sentence (linguistic unit) C12study of linguistic universals +A8.14syllable (linguistic unit) +C4text (linguistic unit) C14unrepeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.4word (linguistic unit) C6

linguisticsanalysis tools in corpus linguistics G10.16.2anthropological linguistics +A14applied linguistics +A10behaviorist linguistics A12.6clinical linguistics A12.8cognitive linguistics A12.10cognitive theory of linguistics +G2.2.6


linking

comparative linguistics A8.4computational linguistics +A8.10contrastive linguistics A8.6corpus linguistics +A4.6.6descriptive linguistics +A8diachronic linguistics A8.2ethnographic linguistics A14.4field of discourse analysis/text linguistics +A4.6fields of linguistics +Aforensic linguistics +A10.20historical linguistics A8.8history of linguistics +A22.4linguistics in antiquity A22.4.2mathematical linguistics +A8.12medieval linguistics A22.4.4modern western linguistics A22.4.6neuro-cognitive linguistics A12.4statistical linguistics A8.12.2synchronic linguistics USE +A8systemic linguistics USE D2.2.2.10text linguistics A4.6.4theories of linguistics +B2

linkinglinking verb D10.14.4.4.18

listeninglistening habits USE G2.4.2.2listening skills G4.2.2.2.2

literacyadult language development/literacy studies A10.6status by literacy +N24.4.2

literate N24.4.2.6location

grammatical location D2.22.2locative

locative adverb D10.14.4.6.8locative case +D10.2.16.8locative phrases D12.6.8

logiclogic of language A22.2.2restricted logic grammar D2.2.2.4.8

logicallogical form D8.2.10

losslanguage loss (skills) USE G8.8.2.2loss of language skill G8.8.2.2

lowerlower middle class N24.6.4.2lower socioeconomic class N24.6.2

machinemachine learning G10.12.2.2machine memory G10.8.8machine readable corpora G10.16.6machine representation of grammar D2.24.10machine translation +G10.8.12translation: automatic machine USE +G10.8.12

mainmain clause D12.8.6main clause verb D10.14.4.4.6main verb D10.14.4.4.2

male +N6.2gay male N8.6.4

mentally

man N6.2.2manner

manner adverb D10.14.4.6.2manual

tagging manual G10.8.6.6.2.6.6marital

marital status N10mark

punctuation mark C2.6.10marker

phrase marker D12.6.16marking

case marking and grammatical relations D10.16.2.2oblique case marking D8.10.6

markovHidden Markov Model +G10.8.6.2.2

massmass nouns D10.14.4.2.10.2

mathematicalmathematical linguistics +A8.12

matterthe gray matter of language: language and the brain

(frotoc: DE) USE +M2maturational

maturational theory of language acquisition G2.2.4.2

maturemature adult +N4.10.4

meaningautomated recognition by meaning vs. grammar

+G10.8.6.6.2fields relating to the meaning of language +A4lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)

D6.6.6meaning of language +Estructure-meaning relationship +D10

mechanicalmechanical translation USE +G10.8.12

medievalmedieval linguistics A22.4.4

mediummedium of instruction (language)

USE +G8.10.4.8.4memory +G2.16


human memory +G8.2.14machine memory G10.8.8

mentalmental concept formation by unit +G8.2.10.2mental concept formation/modeling +G8.2.10mental dictionary USE G8.2.10.4.2mental flexibility G8.4.2mental lexicon D6.6.2mental model +G8.2.10.4mental representation of grammar D2.24.2mental space USE +G8.2.10.4mental space theory G2.2.2schematic approach: mental model

USE G8.2.10.4.2mentally


metaphor

mentally disabled +N22.4.4.6mentally ill N22.4.4.6.4mentally retarded N22.4.4.6.2

metaphor cognitive theory of metaphor +G2.2.6.2human cognitive metaphor G8.2.10.4.4

meter D12.10.14method

methodology/method of linguistic inquiry B4theory and method +B

methodologymethodology/method of linguistic inquiry B4

metonymy cognitive theory of metonymy G2.2.6.2.2

metricalmetrical phonology A2.4.4

middlelanguage instruction in middle school

G8.10.4.12.2.4lower middle class N24.6.4.2middle class +N24.6.4middle middle class N24.6.4.4middle school student +N24.2.2.4.4middle-aged adult N4.10.4.2upper middle class N24.6.4.6

middle-agedmiddle-aged adult N4.10.4.2

migration I10.2mind

Theory of Mind G8.4.6.4minimalism +D2.2.2.4.4.6minimalist

Minimalist Program USE +D2.2.2.4.4.6mixed

mixed ethnic group N12.4.6mixed race individual N12.4.2mixed racial group N12.4.4mixed racial/ethnic individual or group +N12.4

mobilitymobility impaired N22.4.4.4.2

modalmodal verbs D10.14.4.4.10.4

modelHidden Markov Model +G10.8.6.2.2language model G10.8.10.2.4learning model G8.10.2.6mental model +G8.2.10.4models of artificial intelligence +G10.8.6.2neural network model G10.8.6.2.4schematic approach: mental model

USE G8.2.10.4.2statistic model +G10.8.10.2.6t-model +D8.4.2theories and models of grammar +D2.2theories and models of morphology +D6.2theories and models of syntax +D8.2

modelingconcept formation/modeling G2.12mental concept formation/modeling +G8.2.10

modernmodern western linguistics A22.4.6

morphology

modificationadverbial modification D10.14.4.6.12

monolingualmonolingual acquisition G8.10.2.10.2monolingual person N14.2

monolingualism +K4monolingualism/multilingualism +K

monolingualism/multilingualism +Kmood +D10.2.2

imperative mood D10.2.2.2indicative mood D10.2.2.4subjunctive mood D10.2.2.6

moraicmoraic phonology A2.4.2

morph +D12.2.2zero morph D12.2.2.2

morpheme -s +D12.2bound morphemes +D12.2.6content morpheme D12.2.14cranberry morpheme D12.2.6.4empty morpheme D12.2.12free morphemes D12.2.4function morpheme +D12.2.16grammar and pronunciation of morpheme D2.22.22heteronexual morpheme D12.2.18homonexual morpheme D12.2.20morpheme (linguistic unit) C2.2morpheme structure condition D6.4.4morpheme-based morphology D6.2.2null morpheme USE D12.2.2.2unbound morphemes USE D12.2.4zero morpheme USE D12.2.2.2

morpheme-basedmorpheme-based morphology D6.2.2

morphemicmorphemic tier hypothesis (mth) D6.2.24

morpholexicalmorpholexical rule D8.4.4.2

morphologicalmorphological change I6morphological class USE D6.6.12morphological component of grammar D2.26morphological universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.4

morphology +D6diachronic morphology A2.8.2distributed morphology D6.2.14field of morphology +A2.8finite state morphology D6.2.16fusional morphology D6.2.18inflectional morphology D6.2.20layered morphology D6.2.22lexeme-based morphology +D6.2.6lexical morphology USE +D6.2.6morpheme-based morphology D6.2.2morphosyntax (morphology and syntax) +D10.8natural morphology D6.2.8nonconcatenative morphology +D6.2.12principles/characteristics of morphology +D6.4root-and-pattern morphology USE +D6.2.12split-morphology hypothesis D6.2.10syntax-morphology interaction A2.10.2


morphosyntax

template morphology D6.2.12.2theories and models of morphology +D6.2word-based morphology D6.2.4

morphosyntaxmorphosyntax (morphology and syntax) +D10.8

motortranscortical motor aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.12

movemove alpha D8.6.4.2.4

movement +D8.6.4head movement +D8.6.4.2movement and touch difficulties G8.8.2.4.6.4movement rule D10.2.16.10.2movement/haptic +F8wh-movement D8.6.4.2.2

movement/haptic +F8MSC USE D6.4.4mth

morphemic tier hypothesis (mth) D6.2.24multilingual

multilingual group N14.6multilingualism +K10

monolingualism/multilingualism +Kmultiple

multiple wh question D8.8.6multiple wh-fronting D8.8.8

nameproper name USE D10.14.4.2.12

narratologyfield of narratology A4.6.2.2

nativehuman language instruction by native vs. foreign language

+G8.10.4.10native language acquisition USE G8.10.2.8.2native language instruction G8.10.4.10.2native speaker +N14.8.2study of native language instruction A10.2.2

naturalnatural language processing G10.4.6natural morphology D6.2.8

negativedouble negative D2.22.10.4.4

neighborhoodstatus by type of neighborhood N24.8

nervouscentral nervous system USE +M2.2

networkneural network model G10.8.6.2.4

neuralneural network model G10.8.6.2.4

neuroneuro-cognitive linguistics A12.4

neuro-cognitiveneuro-cognitive linguistics A12.4

neurolinguistics +A12.2experimental neurolinguistics A12.2.2

NLP USE G10.4.6node D8.8.10nominal -s USE +D10.14.4.2

non expanding nominal head adjunct D8.8.12nominative

order

nominative case D10.2.16.12nonconcatenative

nonconcatenative morphology +D6.2.12nontransformational

nontransformational grammar USE D2.2.2.4.6nonverbal

human nonverbal language A18.6.2nonverbal communication +A18.6

noun -s +D10.14.4.2adjectival noun D10.14.4.2.4agentive noun +D10.14.4.2.2common noun D10.14.4.2.6complex noun D10.14.4.2.8count nouns D10.14.4.2.10.4mass nouns D10.14.4.2.10.2noun clauses D12.8.2.2noun phrase +D10.16.2plural nouns +D10.14.4.2.10proper nouns D10.14.4.2.12silent nouns D10.14.4.2.14

nullnull morpheme USE D12.2.2.2null subject D10.4.2.2

number +D10.2.8human language acquisition by number of languages

acquiring simultaneously +G8.10.2.10number agreement D10.2.8.2

numeral -s C2.6.8numeral classifiers D10.14.4.12.2

object +D10.4.4direct object D10.4.4.2indirect object D10.4.4.4subject object verb D10.4.6subject verb object D10.4.8verb subject object D10.4.10

objectiveobjective language perception G8.2.2.4.2

objectivityhuman language perception by objectivity

+G8.2.2.4oblique

oblique case marking D8.10.6of-insertion D8.10.8offline

offline language processing G10.2.4onomastics A8.24onomatology USE A8.24onomatopoeia D12.4.12onset -s +C4.2open

open grammatical class +D2.22.6.2open or closed grammatical classes +D2.22.6

opticalautomated optical character recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.2optical character recognition +G2.8.2.2.2

optimalityoptimality theory D2.2.2.6.2

optiongrammatical option D2.22.10.2.4

order


ordering

adpositional word order D8.8.2free word order D8.8.4human language acquisition by order of acquisition

+G8.10.2.8order of element D8.10.10word order D8.8.14word order typology D8.8.16

orderingrules for ordering clauses +D8.12rules for ordering phrases +D8.10rules for ordering sentences +D8.14rules for ordering texts +D8.16rules for ordering words +D8.8

organism +Lorganization

brain organization and auditory pathway USE +M2.2

orientationsexual orientation +N8

originlanguage origins A8.28racial and ethnic origin +N12

orthography F4.2.2lexicon by orthography D6.6.10orthography, writing systems +A18.2

overtovert syntax D8.2.4

paleographypaleolinguistics/ paleography A8.26

paleolinguisticspaleolinguistics/ paleography A8.26

paradigm +D6.4.2.2paradigmatic

paradigmatic axis USE +D6.4.2.2paradigmatic relation D10.4.14

parameterprinciples and parameters approach D2.2.2.4.4.8

parataxis D8.10.12parser

context free parser G10.8.6.6.2.6.8parsing +D8.14.2

automated transformational parsing USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.12

shallow text parsing G10.8.6.6.2.6.10transformational parsing G10.8.6.6.2.6.12

partautomatic assignment of part of speech

USE +G10.8.6.6.2.6parts of the body +M

participle -s +D10.14.4.18past participles D10.14.4.18.2

particle -s +D10.14.4.16verbal particles D10.14.4.16.2

passivepassive voice D10.2.10.4

pastpast participles D10.14.4.18.2

pathpath containment condition D8.10.14

pathologylanguage pathology A20

phase

pathwaybrain organization and auditory pathway

USE +M2.2patient

patient theta role D10.6.2.14pattern

root-and-pattern morphology USE +D6.2.12perceiving

perceiving sign language G8.2.2.2.6perceiving sign language skills G4.2.2.2.6

perceptionacquisition of language perception +G8.10.2.4.4acquisition of language perception by physical aspects of



human language acquisition by perception vs. production(language process) +G8.10.2.4

human language instruction of perception +G8.10.4.8.2

human language perception +G8.2.2human language perception by hearing G8.2.2.2.2human language perception by objectivity


and communication +G8.2.2.2human language perception by reading G8.2.2.2.4language abilities by perception vs. production

+G4.2language perception +G2.4language perception abilities +G4.2.2language perception by hearing G2.4.2.2language perception by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.4.2language perception by reading G2.4.2.4objective language perception G8.2.2.4.2perception abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.2.2perception difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2perception difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.2.2perception of sign language G2.4.2.6subjective language perception G8.2.2.4.4

performancelinguistic performance USE +G8.8student by academic performance N24.2.4

perinatal N4.4period

elderly period +G8.6.4.2period of prelinguistic development G8.6.2.2.2pre-speech period +G8.6.2.2

peripheralleft peripheral relative clause D12.8.12

person D10.2.12bilingual person N14.4monolingual person N14.2specific person O

personalpersonal pronouns D10.14.4.22.2

phase


philology

phase impenetrability condition +D8.4syntactic phases D8.6.16

philology A14.8philosophy

philosophy and history of language +A22philosophy of language +A22.2

phonemephoneme (linguistic unit) C2.4

phonemicphonemic phonology A2.4.6

phoneticphonetic alphabet F4.2.4phonetic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.2pre-phonetic capacity G8.4.6.8.2

phonetics D4.2acoustic phonetics +A2.6.2articulatory phonetics +A2.6.4auditory phonetics +A2.6.6experimental phonetics A2.6.8field of phonetics +A2.6forensic phonetics A2.6.10

phonologicallexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)

D6.6.4phonological change I4phonological form D8.2.8

phonology +D4field of phonology +A2.4metrical phonology A2.4.4moraic phonology A2.4.2phonemic phonology A2.4.6syntax-phonology interaction A2.10.4

phrasalphrasal category +D10.16phrasal verb D10.14.4.4.20

phrase -s +D12.6annotated phrase structure rule D8.10.2complementizer phrases D12.6.6determiner phrases D12.6.10elliptical phrases D12.6.2finiteness phrases D12.6.4head-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14locative phrases D12.6.8noun phrase +D10.16.2phrase (linguistic unit) C8phrase marker D12.6.16phrase structure D12.6.18phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.12phrase structure rule D8.14.4prepositional phrase D10.16.6rules for ordering phrases +D8.10verb phrase D10.16.4wh-phrase D12.6.14

physicalacquisition of language perception by physical aspects of


automated production by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G10.8.4.2

pragmatic


fields by physical aspects of language and communication +A18

human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitive +G8.10.2.2

human language perception by physical aspects of languageand communication +G8.2.2.2

human language production by physical aspects of languageand communication +G8.2.4.2

language acquisition by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G8.10.2.4.2.2

language perception by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.4.2

language production by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.6.2

language recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G2.8.2

perception abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G4.2.2.2

perception difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication +G8.8.2.4.2.2

physical aspects of language and communication +F

physical language development G8.10.2.2.2production abilities by physical aspects of language and


communication +G8.8.2.4.4.4physically

physically disabled +N22.4.4.4physiology

hearing and speech physiology A18.4pidgin

creole/pidgin studies A8.20place

place of residence N16planning

language planning/policy A16.6planning goals and acquisition USE +G6.2

plural D10.2.8.6plural formation rule D6.4.8plural nouns +D10.14.4.2.10

plurilingualism USE +K10poetic

poetic structure D8.16.2poetic syntax D8.16.4

pointautomated language processing by point of processing

execution +G10.2policy

language planning/policy A16.6population

general population N2hidden populations N26.2special populations +N26

possessivepossessive pronouns D10.14.4.22.4

postposition -s D6.4.10pragmatic

pre-pragmatic capacity G8.4.6.8.8


pragmatics

pragmatics +E2diachronic pragmatics A4.4.2field of pragmatics +A4.4

prelanguage abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired

+G4.4pre-existing language abilities +G4.4.2pre-phonetic capacity G8.4.6.8.2pre-pragmatic capacity G8.4.6.8.8pre-production stage +G8.2.4.4.2pre-semantic capacity G8.4.6.8.6pre-speech period +G8.6.2.2pre-syntactic capacity G8.4.6.8.4

pre-existinglanguage abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired

+G4.4pre-existing language abilities +G4.4.2

pre-phoneticpre-phonetic capacity G8.4.6.8.2

pre-pragmaticpre-pragmatic capacity G8.4.6.8.8

pre-productionpre-production stage +G8.2.4.4.2

pre-semanticpre-semantic capacity G8.4.6.8.6

pre-speechpre-speech period +G8.6.2.2

pre-syntacticpre-syntactic capacity G8.4.6.8.4

preadaptation USE +G8.4.6.8cognitive preadaptation USE +G8.4.6

preadaptivepreadaptive bases for human language +G8.4.6.8

preadolescent N4.6.6predicate D10.4.12predication +D8.6.18

primary predication D8.6.18.2prefix D12.2.6.2.4.2pregnant

pregnant female N6.4.2pregnant teen N6.4.6pregnant woman N6.4.4.2

prelinguisticperiod of prelinguistic development G8.6.2.2.2

prenatal N4.2preposition -s D10.14.4.20.2prepositional

prepositional phrase D10.16.6prerequisite

prerequisites for automated language processing G10.10.2

prerequisites for human language processing +G8.4.6

prerequisites for language processing +G4.6preschool

preschool student N24.2.2.2prescriptive

prescriptive grammar D2.8primary

primary predication D8.6.18.2principle

production

principles and parameters approach D2.2.2.4.4.8principles/characteristics of grammar +D2.22principles/characteristics of morphology +D6.4principles/characteristics of syntax +D8.6Procrastinate Principle D2.2.2.4.4.6.2structure dependence principle D8.6.14

propro drop D8.14.6

processautomated language process +G10.8human language acquisition by perception vs. production

(language process) +G8.10.2.4human language instruction by language process

+G8.10.4.8human language processes +G8.2language difficulties by language process

+G8.8.2.4language processes +G2reading processes A10.12writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testing

A10.16processed

automated language processing by linguistic unit processed +G10.6

processingapplications of automated language processing

+G10.14automated language processing +G10automated language processing by degree of structure of



execution +G10.2human language processing +G8language processing +Gnatural language processing G10.4.6offline language processing G10.2.4prerequisites for automated language processing

G10.10.2prerequisites for human language processing

+G8.4.6prerequisites for language processing +G4.6real-time language processing G10.2.2semi-structured language processing G10.4.4sentence processing G10.6.4structured language processing G10.4.2thematic processing D10.6.4theories of language processing +G2.2tools for automated conceptual processing +G10.16

proclitic D12.2.10.2procrastinate

Procrastinate Principle D2.2.2.4.4.6.2production

acquisition of language production +G8.10.2.4.2automated production +G10.8.4automated production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G10.8.4.2conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.6.2.2.2


proficiency

human language acquisition by perception vs. production(language process) +G8.10.2.4

human language production +G8.2.4human language production by physical aspects of language

and communication +G8.2.4.2human language production by stage +G8.2.4.4human language production recognition G8.2.6language abilities by perception vs. production

+G4.2language production +G2.6language production abilities +G4.2.4language production by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.6.2language production by stage +G2.6.4pre-production stage +G8.2.4.4.2production abilities by physical aspects of language and

communication +G4.2.4.2production difficulties +G8.8.2.4.4production difficulties by physical aspects of language and

communication +G8.8.2.4.4.4spoken human language production G8.2.4.2.2spoken language production +G2.6.2.2

proficiencyhuman language proficiency +G8.8language proficiency USE +G8.8limited reasoning proficiency G8.8.2.4.8limited speaking proficiency G8.8.2.4.4.4.2limited understanding proficiency +G8.8.2.4.10limited writing proficiency G8.8.2.4.6.2

programbilingual education programs G8.10.4.8.4.4bilingual immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2concordancing program G10.8.10.2.8immersion program G8.10.4.8.4.2Minimalist Program USE +D2.2.2.4.4.6second language programs USE +G8.10.4.10.4two-way bilingual education programs

USE G8.10.4.8.4.2two-way immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2

projectionx-bar projection D2.2.2.4.10.4

pronoun -s +D10.14.4.22personal pronouns D10.14.4.22.2possessive pronouns D10.14.4.22.4

pronunciationgrammar and pronunciation of morpheme D2.22.22lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)

D6.6.4proper

proper name USE D10.14.4.2.12proper nouns D10.14.4.2.12

prosody D2.24.4.2psycholinguistics +A12punctuation D2.24.6.2

punctuation mark C2.6.10quantifier -s D12.4.10.2question +D12.10.18

multiple wh question D8.8.6wh-question D12.10.18.2yes-no question D12.10.18.4

quirky

recognition

quirky subject D10.4.2.4race

mixed race individual N12.4.2single race group N12.2.2single race/ethnic group +N12.2

racialmixed racial group N12.4.4mixed racial/ethnic individual or group +N12.4racial and ethnic origin +N12racial group N12.6

readablemachine readable corpora G10.16.6

readinessreading readiness/acquisition A10.8

readingeclectic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.6global approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.4human language perception by reading G8.2.2.2.4language perception by reading G2.4.2.4phonetic approach to reading instruction

G8.10.4.8.2.2.2reading Braille G2.4.2.8reading development G8.10.2.4.4.2.4reading difficulties +G8.8.2.4.2.2.4reading instruction +G8.10.4.8.2.2reading instruction and remediation A10.10reading processes A10.12reading readiness/acquisition A10.8reading skills G4.2.2.2.4reading testing A10.14

realreal-time language processing G10.2.2

real-timereal-time language processing G10.2.2

reasoningautomated reasoning +G10.8.6.4evidential reasoning G2.10.2.4.2explicit reasoning +G2.10.2.4implicit reasoning +G2.10.2.2limited reasoning proficiency G8.8.2.4.8reasoning based upon the absence of evidence

G2.10.2.2.2reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoning

+G2.10.2recall

automated recall/retrieval +G10.8.10recall/retrieval +G2.18recall/retrieval by human brain G8.2.16

recall/retrieval +G2.18receptive

receptive communication USE G8.8.2.4.4.2receptive competence G8.8.2.4.4.2

recognition automated character recognition +G10.8.2.4.2automated optical character recognition

G10.8.2.2.2.2automated recognition +G10.8.2automated recognition by linguistic units

+G10.8.2.4


recursive

automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar +G10.8.6.6.2


automated speech recognition G10.8.2.2.4automated visual recognition +G10.8.2.2.2automated visual word recognition G10.8.2.2.2.4automated word recognition G10.8.2.4.4character recognition +G2.8.4.2human language production recognition G8.2.6language recognition +G2.8language recognition by linguistic units +G2.8.4language recognition by physical aspects of language and

communication +G2.8.2optical character recognition +G2.8.2.2.2speech synthesis/recognition A8.10.2visual recognition +G2.8.2.2visual word recognition G2.8.2.2.4word recognition +G2.8.4.4

recursiverecursive rule D8.14.8

redundancyredundancy rule +D8.4.4

reduplication D6.4.14reflexiveness USE D8.6.12reflexivity D8.6.12refugee N18.10relating

fields relating to the meaning of language +A4relation

case marking and grammatical relations D10.16.2.2grammatical relations +D10.4paradigmatic relation D10.4.14syntagmatic relation D10.4.16

relationalrelational grammar D2.2.2.16

relationshipstatus by relationship to others N24.10status by social relationship N24.12structure-meaning relationship +D10

relativecentre embedded relative clause D12.8.8left peripheral relative clause D12.8.12

religiousreligious affiliation N20

remediationreading instruction and remediation A10.10

repeatability +D2.22.4repeatable

repeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.2representation

conceptual representation USE G8.2.10.4.4lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)

D6.6.6lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)

D6.6.4machine representation of grammar D2.24.10mental representation of grammar D2.24.2representation of grammar +D2.24signed representation of grammar D2.24.8spoken representation of grammar +D2.24.4

scale

tree diagram representation of grammar D2.24.6.4.2

written representation of grammar +D2.24.6residence

place of residence N16resident

temporary resident N18.6resolution

anaphor resolution +G10.8.6.6.2.4restricted

restricted logic grammar D2.2.2.4.8restructuring D8.10.16

restructuring construction D8.10.18retarded

mentally retarded N22.4.4.6.2retrieval

automated recall/retrieval +G10.8.10information retrieval +G10.8.10.2recall/retrieval +G2.18recall/retrieval by human brain G8.2.16

right right hemisphere of the brain M2.2.2.4

rime -s +C4.4role

agent theta role +D10.6.2.2causal agent theta role D10.6.2.2.2experiencer theta role D10.6.2.10goal theta role D10.6.2.6instrument theta role D10.6.2.12patient theta role D10.6.2.14source theta role D10.6.2.8thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6theme theta role D10.6.2.4theta role +D10.6.2

root -s D12.2.6.6root-and-pattern morphology USE +D6.2.12

root-and-patternroot-and-pattern morphology USE +D6.2.12

ruleannotated phrase structure rule D8.10.2inflectional rules +D6.4.2morpholexical rule D8.4.4.2movement rule D10.2.16.10.2phrase structure rule D8.14.4plural formation rule D6.4.8recursive rule D8.14.8redundancy rule +D8.4.4rule-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4rules for ordering clauses +D8.12rules for ordering phrases +D8.10rules for ordering sentences +D8.14rules for ordering texts +D8.16rules for ordering words +D8.8

rule-basedrule-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4

SS-structure USE D2.2.2.4.2

S-structure USE D2.2.2.4.2scale

scale and category grammar D2.10


schema

schemax-bar schema D2.2.2.4.10.2

schematicschematic approach: mental model

USE G8.2.10.4.2school

elementary school student +N24.2.2.4.2foreign languages in the elementary school

G8.10.4.12.2.2.2high school student +N24.2.2.4.6language acquisition in school G8.10.2.4.6.4language instruction in elementary school

+G8.10.4.12.2.2language instruction in high school G8.10.4.12.2.6language instruction in middle school

G8.10.4.12.2.4middle school student +N24.2.2.4.4

seconddominant language as second language N14.8.4english (second language) USE G8.10.4.10.4.2second language acquisition +G8.10.2.8.4second language instruction USE +G8.10.4.10.4second language programs USE +G8.10.4.10.4

secondaryelementary secondary student +N24.2.2.4

semanticlexicon by meaning (semantic representation)

D6.6.6pre-semantic capacity G8.4.6.8.6thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6semantics +E4

field of lexical semantics A4.2.2field of semantics +A4.2syntax-semantics interaction A2.10.6syntax-semantics interface USE +D10

sememesememe (linguistic unit) C2.8

semisemi-structured language processing G10.4.4

semi-structuredsemi-structured language processing G10.4.4

semilingualdouble semilingual K6.2

semiliteracy G8.8.2.4.2.2.4.4semiliterate N24.4.2.4semiotics E6sensory

transcortical sensory aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.14sentence -s +D12.10

anomalous sentence D12.10.16complete sentence D12.10.4complex sentence D12.10.2conjunctive sentence D12.10.6declarative sentence D12.10.8diagramming (sentences) +D2.24.6.4disjunctive sentence D12.10.10kernel sentence D12.10.12rules for ordering sentences +D8.14sentence (linguistic unit) C12sentence processing G10.6.4

socioeconomic

sentence structure D8.6.2wh-interrogative sentence USE D12.10.18.2

sentience USE G8.4.6.2serial

serial verb D10.14.4.4.22set

brown tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2c5 tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4tag set +G10.8.6.6.2.6.4

sexualsexual orientation +N8

shallowshallow text parsing G10.8.6.6.2.6.10

sight sight/visual +F4

sight/visual +F4sign

perceiving sign language G8.2.2.2.6perceiving sign language skills G4.2.2.2.6perception of sign language G2.4.2.6sign language F4.4sign language into hands F6.4

signedsigned representation of grammar D2.24.8

signingsigning skills G4.2.4.2.6

silentsilent nouns D10.14.4.2.14

simulatedsimulated speech USE G10.8.4.2.2

simultaneouslyhuman language acquisition by number of languages

acquiring simultaneously +G8.10.2.10single

single ethnic group N12.2.4single race group N12.2.2single race/ethnic group +N12.2

singular D10.2.8.4skill

language attrition (skills) USE G8.8.2.2language loss (skills) USE G8.8.2.2language skill attrition USE G8.8.2.2language skills USE +G8.8listening skills G4.2.2.2.2loss of language skill G8.8.2.2perceiving sign language skills G4.2.2.2.6reading skills G4.2.2.2.4signing skills G4.2.4.2.6verbal skills G4.2.4.2.2writing skills G4.2.4.2.4

slotgrammatical slot D6.4.2.4.2slot and filler grammar D2.4

socialstatus by social relationship N24.12

societalsocietal vs. individual +K2

socioeconomiceducational and socioeconomic status +N24lower socioeconomic class N24.6.2socioeconomic status +N24.6


sociolinguistics

sociolinguistics +A16interactional sociolinguistics A16.2variational sociolinguistics A16.4

sound sound/auditory +F2

sound/auditory +F2source

source theta role D10.6.2.8space

mental space USE +G8.2.10.4mental space theory G2.2.2

speakerautomatic speaker identification G10.8.2.6native speaker +N14.8.2

speakinglimited speaking proficiency G8.8.2.4.4.4.2

specialspecial populations +N26

specificspecific languages & specific language families Jspecific person Ouniversal or language-specific characteristics of grammar

D2.22.8speech +F2.4

artificial speech G10.8.4.2.2automated speech recognition G10.8.2.2.4automatic assignment of part of speech

USE +G10.8.6.6.2.6conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.6.2.2.2formal speech D10.10.2hearing and speech physiology A18.4informal speech D10.10.4level of speech +D10.10pre-speech period +G8.6.2.2simulated speech USE G10.8.4.2.2speech synthesis/recognition A8.10.2synthetic speech USE G10.8.4.2.2

spellspell-out D8.2.6

spell-out D8.2.6spelling USE F4.2.2split

split-morphology hypothesis D6.2.10split-morphology

split-morphology hypothesis D6.2.10spoken

spoken human language production G8.2.4.2.2spoken language production +G2.6.2.2spoken representation of grammar +D2.24.4status by language spoken +N14

stageconceptualization stage +G2.6.4.2conceptualization stage of speech production

G2.6.2.2.2developmental stages of language USE G8.10.2.12human language by stage of life +G8.6human language production by stage +G8.2.4.4language production by stage +G2.6.4pre-production stage +G8.2.4.4.2stages of language acquisition G8.10.2.12

structured

statefinite state morphology D6.2.16

statisticstatistic model +G10.8.10.2.6

statisticalstatistical linguistics A8.12.2

statuscitizenship/immigration status +N18educational and socioeconomic status +N24marital status N10socioeconomic status +N24.6status by ability or handicap +N22status by disability +N22.4status by knowledge of dominant language +N14.8status by language spoken +N14status by level of knowledge +N24.4status by literacy +N24.4.2status by relationship to others N24.10status by social relationship N24.12status by type of neighborhood N24.8

stem +D12.2.22stimulation

electrical stimulation of the cortex USE M2.2.4stochastic

stochastic tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2story

story grammar D2.12stratificational

stratificational grammar D2.14strong

strong feature D2.2.2.4.4.6.6structural

structural grammar D2.16structuralism D2.2.2.2structure

annotated phrase structure rule D8.10.2automated language processing by degree of structure of

language +G10.4clause structure D8.12.2D-structure USE D2.2.2.4.4.2deep structure D2.2.2.4.4.2fields related to the structure of language +A2head-driven phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.14morpheme structure condition D6.4.4phrase structure D12.6.18phrase structure grammar D2.2.2.12phrase structure rule D8.14.4poetic structure D8.16.2S-structure USE D2.2.2.4.2sentence structure D8.6.2structure dependence principle D8.6.14structure of language +Dstructure of the brain +M2.2structure-meaning relationship +D10surface structure D2.2.2.4.2thematic structure D10.6.6

structure-meaningstructure-meaning relationship +D10

structuredsemi-structured language processing G10.4.4structured language processing G10.4.2


student

student +N24.2elementary school student +N24.2.2.4.2elementary secondary student +N24.2.2.4graduate student N24.2.2.6.4high school student +N24.2.2.4.6middle school student +N24.2.2.4.4preschool student N24.2.2.2student by academic performance N24.2.4student by educational level +N24.2.2undergraduate or graduate student +N24.2.2.6undergraduate student N24.2.2.6.2

studyadult language development/literacy studies A10.6creole/pidgin studies A8.20language area studies A8.14.4study of foreign language instruction A10.2.4study of human language instruction +A10.2study of linguistic universals +A8.14study of native language instruction A10.2.2

stylistics A4.6.8subject +D10.4.2

null subject D10.4.2.2quirky subject D10.4.2.4subject object verb D10.4.6subject verb object D10.4.8verb subject object D10.4.10

subjectivesubjective language perception G8.2.2.4.4

subjunctivesubjunctive mood D10.2.2.6

substantivesubstantive universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.2

suffix D12.2.6.2.4.4superordinate -s D10.14.4.14suppletion D6.4.2.2.2surface

surface structure D2.2.2.4.2syllable

syllable (linguistic unit) +C4symbolic

elementary symbolic capacity G8.4.6.8.10synapse M2.2.6synchronic

synchronic linguistics USE +A8syntactic

lexicon by syntactic category +D6.6.8pre-syntactic capacity G8.4.6.8.4syntactic ambiguity D8.6.6syntactic atom D8.6.8syntactic category +D10.14syntactic change I8syntactic class USE +D10.14syntactic phases D8.6.16syntactic universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.6

syntagm +D6.4.2.4syntagmatic

syntagmatic axis USE +D6.4.2.4syntagmatic relation D10.4.16

syntax +D8covert syntax D8.2.2field of syntax +A2.10

temporal

morphosyntax (morphology and syntax) +D10.8overt syntax D8.2.4poetic syntax D8.16.4principles/characteristics of syntax +D8.6syntax-morphology interaction A2.10.2syntax-phonology interaction A2.10.4syntax-semantics interaction A2.10.6syntax-semantics interface USE +D10theories and models of syntax +D8.2

syntax-morphologysyntax-morphology interaction A2.10.2

syntax-phonologysyntax-phonology interaction A2.10.4

syntax-semanticssyntax-semantics interaction A2.10.6syntax-semantics interface USE +D10

synthesisspeech synthesis/recognition A8.10.2

syntheticsynthetic speech USE G10.8.4.2.2

systemcentral nervous system USE +M2.2conceptual system formation G8.2.10.2.4expert system G10.8.6.4.2grammarless system G10.8.6.4.4orthography, writing systems +A18.2

systemicsystemic functional grammar D2.2.2.10systemic grammar USE D2.2.2.10systemic linguistics USE D2.2.2.10

tt-model +D8.4.2

t-model +D8.4.2tactile

touch/tactile +F6tag

brown tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2c5 tag set G10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4lexical tag D6.6.12tag set +G10.8.6.6.2.6.4

tagging +G10.8.6.6.2.6Brill tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6HMM tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2rule-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4stochastic tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2tagging algorithm +G10.8.6.6.2.6.2tagging manual G10.8.6.6.2.6.6transformation-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6transformational tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6

talkbaby talk G8.6.2.2.4

teachingteaching language USE +G8.10.4.8.4teaching/learning grammar D2.20.8

teenpregnant teen N6.4.6

tefl USE G8.10.4.10.4.2template

template morphology D6.2.12.2temporal

temporal adverb D10.14.4.6.10


temporary

temporarytemporary resident N18.6

tene -s USE G8.10.4.10.4.2tense D10.2.6term

other terms Pterminology A6.8tesl USE G8.10.4.10.4.2tesol USE G8.10.4.10.4.2testing

automatic grammar testing G10.6.2language testing and assessment A10.4reading testing A10.14writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testing

A10.16text -s D12.12

field of discourse analysis/text linguistics +A4.6rules for ordering texts +D8.16shallow text parsing G10.8.6.6.2.6.10text (linguistic unit) C14text linguistics A4.6.4written text +F4.2

thematicthematic processing D10.6.4thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories

+D10.6thematic structure D10.6.6

themetheme theta role D10.6.2.4

theoryacquisition, formal theories of USE +G6.2cognitive theory of linguistics +G2.2.6cognitive theory of metaphor +G2.2.6.2cognitive theory of metonymy G2.2.6.2.2government-binding theory +D2.2.4imitation theory G2.2.4.4.2maturational theory of language acquisition

G2.2.4.2mental space theory G2.2.2optimality theory D2.2.2.6.2theories and models of grammar +D2.2theories and models of morphology +D6.2theories and models of syntax +D8.2theories of grammar acquisition and instruction

+D2.20theories of language acquisition +G2.2.4theories of language processing +G2.2theories of linguistics +B2theory and method +BTheory of Mind G8.4.6.4theta theory +D2.2.4.2x-bar theory +D2.2.2.4.10

thetaagent theta role +D10.6.2.2causal agent theta role D10.6.2.2.2experiencer theta role D10.6.2.10goal theta role D10.6.2.6instrument theta role D10.6.2.12patient theta role D10.6.2.14source theta role D10.6.2.8theme theta role D10.6.2.4

type

theta criterion D2.2.4.2.2theta role +D10.6.2theta theory +D2.2.4.2theta-absorption D10.8.2

theta-absorption D10.8.2thought USE +G2.10

human language and thought G8.2.8language and thought +G2.10

tiermorphemic tier hypothesis (mth) D6.2.24

timereal-time language processing G10.2.2

toolanalysis tools in corpus linguistics G10.16.2tools for automated conceptual processing +G10.16

toptouch

movement and touch difficulties G8.8.2.4.6.4touch/tactile +F6

touch/tactile +F6traditional

traditional grammar D2.6transcortical

transcortical motor aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.12transcortical sensory aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.14

transformationtransformation-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6

transformation-basedtransformation-based tagging G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6

transformationalautomated transformational parsing

USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.12transformational generative grammar

USE +D2.2.2.4.4transformational grammar +D2.2.2.4.4transformational parsing G10.8.6.6.2.6.12transformational tagging USE G10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6

transitionconceptual transition USE +G8.2.10

transitive transitive verb D10.14.4.4.14

translationlanguage translation +G2.20machine translation +G10.8.12mechanical translation USE +G10.8.12translation (human generated) A10.18translation: automatic machine USE +G10.8.12

trash Ztree

tree diagram representation of grammar D2.24.6.4.2

trilingualism K8truncation D6.4.12two-way

two-way bilingual education programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2

two-way immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2type


human language instruction by type of instructor


typological

+G8.10.4.6status by type of neighborhood N24.8types of languages, characteristics of languages H

typologicaltypological classification A8.30.2

typologyword order typology D8.8.16

unaccusativeunaccusative verbs D10.14.4.4.16.2

unboundunbound morphemes USE D12.2.4

undergraduateundergraduate or graduate student +N24.2.2.6undergraduate student N24.2.2.6.2

understandingautomated understanding +G10.8.6.6human language understanding G8.2.12language understanding G2.14limited understanding proficiency +G8.8.2.4.10

unergativeunergative verbs D10.14.4.4.16.4

ungrammaticality +D2.22.10.4grammaticality, ungrammaticality +D2.22.10

unitautomated language processing by linguistic unit processed

+G10.6automated recognition by linguistic units

+G10.8.2.4clause (linguistic unit) C10corpus (linguistic unit) C16elemental units +C2grammatical units +D12grapheme (linguistic unit) +C2.6language recognition by linguistic units +G2.8.4lexeme (linguistic unit) +C2.10linguistic units +Cmental concept formation by unit +G8.2.10.2morpheme (linguistic unit) C2.2phoneme (linguistic unit) C2.4phrase (linguistic unit) C8repeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.2sememe (linguistic unit) C2.8sentence (linguistic unit) C12syllable (linguistic unit) +C4text (linguistic unit) C14unrepeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.4word (linguistic unit) C6

universallinguistic universals +D2.2.2.4.4.4.2morphological universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.4study of linguistic universals +A8.14substantive universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.2syntactic universal D2.2.2.4.4.4.2.6universal features of language

USE +D2.2.2.4.4.4.2universal grammar +D2.2.2.4.4.4universal or language-specific characteristics of grammar

D2.22.8unrepeatable

unrepeatable linguistic units D2.22.4.4upper

wh

upper class N24.6.6upper middle class N24.6.4.6

usagelanguage usage A16.8

valence USE D10.12valency D10.12variational

variational sociolinguistics A16.4verb -s +D10.14.4.4

adjectival verb D10.14.4.4.4archetypal verb D10.14.4.4.8auxiliary verb +D10.14.4.4.10copula verbs D10.14.4.4.10.6finite verb D10.14.4.4.12intransitive verb +D10.14.4.4.16linking verb D10.14.4.4.18main clause verb D10.14.4.4.6main verb D10.14.4.4.2modal verbs D10.14.4.4.10.4phrasal verb D10.14.4.4.20serial verb D10.14.4.4.22subject object verb D10.4.6subject verb object D10.4.8transitive verb D10.14.4.4.14unaccusative verbs D10.14.4.4.16.2unergative verbs D10.14.4.4.16.4verb phrase D10.16.4verb subject object D10.4.10

verbalverbal development G8.10.2.4.2.2.2verbal particles D10.14.4.16.2verbal skills G4.2.4.2.2

visitorforeign visitor N18.8

visualautomated visual recognition +G10.8.2.2.2automated visual word recognition G10.8.2.2.2.4sight/visual +F4visual recognition +G2.8.2.2visual word recognition G2.8.2.2.4

vocabulary D12.4.14voice +D10.2.10

active voice D10.2.10.2passive voice D10.2.10.4

vowel -s C4.4.2way

two-way bilingual education programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2

two-way immersion programs USE G8.10.4.8.4.2weak

weak feature D2.2.2.4.4.6.4wernicke

wernicke's area M2.2.2.2.2wernicke?

Wernicke?s aphasia G8.8.2.4.10.16western

modern western linguistics A22.4.6western aphasia battery G8.8.2.4.10.18

whmultiple wh question D8.8.6multiple wh-fronting D8.8.8


wh-fronting

wh-interrogative sentence USE D12.10.18.2wh-island D8.10.4wh-movement D8.6.4.2.2wh-phrase D12.6.14wh-question D12.10.18.2

wh-frontingmultiple wh-fronting D8.8.8

wh-interrogativewh-interrogative sentence USE D12.10.18.2

wh-island D8.10.4wh-movement D8.6.4.2.2wh-phrase D12.6.14wh-question D12.10.18.2woman +N6.4.4

pregnant woman N6.4.4.2word +D12.4

adpositional word order D8.8.2automated visual word recognition G10.8.2.2.2.4automated word recognition G10.8.2.4.4compound words D12.4.6free word order D8.8.4function words D12.4.8grammatical words +D12.4.4lexical words D12.4.2rules for ordering words +D8.8visual word recognition G2.8.2.2.4word (linguistic unit) C6word class USE D6.6.12word formation +D6.4.6word frequency G10.8.10.2.6.2word order D8.8.14word order typology D8.8.16word recognition +G2.8.4.4word-based morphology D6.2.4

word-basedword-based morphology D6.2.4

workingcentral executive component, working memory

G8.2.14.2writing

limited writing proficiency G8.8.2.4.6.2orthography, writing systems +A18.2writing development G8.10.2.4.2.2.4writing skills G4.2.4.2.4writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testing

A10.16written

written representation of grammar +D2.24.6written text +F4.2

xx-bar projection D2.2.2.4.10.4x-bar schema D2.2.2.4.10.2x-bar theory +D2.2.2.4.10

x-barx-bar projection D2.2.2.4.10.4x-bar schema D2.2.2.4.10.2x-bar theory +D2.2.2.4.10

yesyes-no question D12.10.18.4

yes-noyes-no question D12.10.18.4

zero

youngyoung adult N4.10.2young child N4.6.4

zerozero morph D12.2.2.2zero morpheme USE D12.2.2.2

UMD LBSC775 Linguistic Thesaurus. Alphabetical List. 133

Alphabetical List


ablative

ablative

ablative caseD10.2.16.2DF Ablative case is a case that expresses a variety of

meanings including instrument, cause, location,source, and time. [SIL] It indicates the agent inpassive sentences or the instrument or manner orplace of the action described by the verb.[WORDNET]

accusative caseD10.2.16.6

acoustic phonetics+A2.6.2

acquired language abilitiesG4.4.4

acquisitionUSE ST


acquisition of language perception+G8.10.2.4.4

acquisition of language perception by physical aspects oflanguage and communication+G8.10.2.4.4.2

acquisition of language perception by type of environment+G8.10.2.4.6

acquisition of language production+G8.10.2.4.2

acquisition, formal theories ofUSE ST


active voiceD10.2.10.2

adjectival nounD10.14.4.2.4

adjectival verbD10.14.4.4.4

adjectives+D10.14.4.8

adjective clausesD12.8.2.4

adolescentN4.8

adpositions+D10.14.4.20

DF An adposition is a cover term for prepositions andpostpositions. It is a member of a closed set ofitems that occur before or after a complementcomposed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, orclause that functions as a noun phrase, and forma single structure with the complement to expressits grammatical and semantic relation to anotherunit within a clause. [SIL]

adpositional word orderD8.8.2

anomalous sentence

adult+N4.10

adult language+G8.6.4

adult language development/literacy studiesA10.6

advanced language instructionG8.10.4.14.8

adverbs+D10.14.4.6

adverb clausesD12.8.2.6

adverbial modificationD10.14.4.6.12

affixes+D12.2.6.2

DF An affix is a bound morpheme that is joined before,after, or within a root or stem. An affix is joinedby derivation or inflection.

affixation+D6.4.6.2

age+N4

agent theta role+D10.6.2.2

agentive+D12.2.6.2.12

DF suffix that changes meaning of verb to nounindicating role: runner

agentive noun+D10.14.4.2.2

agrammatismG8.8.2.4.10.6

allomorphsD12.2.8DF one of a set of morphemes with same function (-ed

in loved, picked); collection of morphs

ambiguity

analysis tools in corpus linguisticsG10.16.2

anaphor resolution+G10.8.6.6.2.4

animalsL4

animal/interspecies communicationA18.6.4

annotated phrase structure ruleD8.10.2

anomalous sentenceD12.10.16DF Sentences that are (semantically) strange, e.g., ?the

TV is watching the football game.? [WEIJER]


anomaly

anomalyD2.22.10.4.2DF violation in semantic rules resulting in nonsense

(FRO)

anthropological linguistics+A14

aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.4

applications of automated language processing+G10.14

applied linguistics+A10

archetypal verbD10.14.4.4.8

areal classificationA8.30.6

art as languageA18.6.6

articlesD10.14.4.16.4

articulatory phonetics+A2.6.4

artificial intelligence+G10.8.6

artificial speechG10.8.4.2.2

aspectD10.2.14

ASRUSE STG10.8.2.2.4 automated speech recognition

auditory developmentG8.10.2.4.4.2.2

auditory phonetics+A2.6.6

automatedL6

automated assistant learningG10.12.4.2

automated character recognition+G10.8.2.4.2

automated creative capacityG10.10.4

automated disambiguationG10.8.6.6.2.2

automated language abilities+G10.10

automated language acquisition+G10.12.2

automated language acquisition, automated languageinstruction

automatic assignment of part of speech

+G10.12

automated language instruction+G10.12.4

automated language process+G10.8

automated language processing+G10

automated language processing by degree of structure oflanguage+G10.4

automated language processing by linguistic unit processed+G10.6

automated language processing by point of processingexecution+G10.2

automated optical character recognitionG10.8.2.2.2.2

automated production+G10.8.4

automated production by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G10.8.4.2

automated reasoning+G10.8.6.4

automated recall/retrieval+G10.8.10

automated recognition+G10.8.2

automated recognition by linguistic units+G10.8.2.4

automated recognition by meaning vs. grammar+G10.8.6.6.2

automated recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G10.8.2.2

automated speech recognitionG10.8.2.2.4

automated transformational parsingUSE STG10.8.6.6.2.6.12 transformational parsing

automated understanding+G10.8.6.6

automated visual recognition+G10.8.2.2.2

automated visual word recognitionG10.8.2.2.2.4

automated word recognitionG10.8.2.4.4

automatic assignment of part of speechUSE ST

+G10.8.6.6.2.6 tagging


automatic grammar testing

automatic grammar testingG10.6.2

automatic speaker identificationG10.8.2.6

auxiliary

auxiliary verb+D10.14.4.4.10

DF Auxiliary verbs are verbal elements that accompanythe lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expressgrammatical distinctions not carried by thelexical verb, such as person, number, tense,aspect, and voice. Examples: can, may, do. [SIL]


baby talk

baby talkG8.6.2.2.4

back formationD6.4.6.8DF creating a new word by removing what is mistakenly

considered an affix (edit from editor)

basic child grammarD2.20.2

basic concept

basic concept formationG8.2.10.2.2

beginning language instructionG8.10.4.14.2

behaviorG10.10.6

behaviorism+G2.2.4.4

behaviorist linguisticsA12.6

bilingual acquisitionG8.10.2.10.4

bilingual education programsG8.10.4.8.4.4

bilingual immersion programsUSE STG8.10.4.8.4.2 immersion program

bilingual personN14.4

bilingualism+K6

binary/complementary antonymD12.4.10.4

binding domain for anaphorG10.8.6.6.2.4.2

bisexualN8.8

boolean approachG10.8.10.2.2

bottom up parsing

bound morphemes+D12.2.6

DF A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that neveroccurs by itself, but is always attached to someother morpheme. An example is the -s in dogs.[SIL]

brailleF6.2

brain+M2

DF brain structure and function; hemispheric dominanceand localization; slips of the tongue and criticalperiods.

brown tag set

brain cortexM2.2.4

brain organization and auditory pathwayUSE ST

+M2.2 structure of the brain

brain: and languageUSE ST

+M2 brain

brain: asymmetry ofUSE ST


brain: lateralizationUSE ST


Brill taggingUSE STG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6 transformation-based tagging

broca's areaM2.2.2.2.4

broca's lesionG8.8.2.4.10.8

brown tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.2


c5 tag set

c5 tag setG10.8.6.6.2.6.4.4

case+D10.2.16

DF Morphological form of nouns and pronouns, and insome languages articles and adjectives as well,indicating the grammatical relationship to theverb (i.e. in English ?I? is the nominative case ofthe first person singular pronoun and functions asa subject; me is the accusative case and can onlyfunction as an object) (FROMKIN)

case grammar+D2.18

case marking and grammatical relationsD10.16.2.2

categorical grammarD2.2.2.4.6

causal agent theta roleD10.6.2.2.2

causes of linguistic change+I10

central executive component, working memoryG8.2.14.2

central nervous systemUSE ST


centre embedded relative clauseD12.8.8

cerebellumUSE ST

+M2 brain

cerebral hemisphere+M2.2.2

character

character frequencyG10.8.10.2.6.4

character recognition+G2.8.4.2

chart parser

child+N4.6

child language+G8.6.2

DF the study of the way children learn to understand andspeak their mother tongue, methods, theories, andfindings; later language learning in school.

citizenN18.2

citizenship/immigration status+N18

class i/ii affixD12.2.6.2.10

common noun

classifiers+D10.14.4.12

DF Small words or affixes to denote some kind ofproperty of invariable nouns, e.g. whether it ismale or female (according to some theories,classifiers are the origin of grammatical gender),or what is the shape of an object. Examples orclassifier languages are Japanese, Yucatec Mayanand Sesotho. [WEIJER]

clauses+D12.8

DF group of words with a subject and predicate (a wholesentence or sentence-within-a-sentence) (wiki)

clause (linguistic unit)C10

clause structureD8.12.2

clinical linguisticsA12.8

clitic+D12.2.10

DF A clitic is a morpheme that has syntacticcharacteristics of a word, but shows evidence ofbeing phonologically bound to another word. Anexample is the contraction of the morpheme is in:what?s going on? [SIL] They do not functionindependently in sentence structure. Clitics thatprecede their host are called proclitics; those thatfollow their host are enclitics. [LLBA]

closed grammatical class+D2.22.6.4

DF can?t really add words; subject to change over time

cognitive baseUSE ST

+G8.4.6 prerequisites for human language processing

cognitive instrumentUSE STG8.2.10.4.4 human cognitive metaphor

cognitive language developmentG8.10.2.2.4

cognitive linguisticsA12.10

cognitive preadaptationUSE ST

+G8.4.6 prerequisites for human language processing

cognitive theory of linguistics+G2.2.6

cognitive theory of metaphor+G2.2.6.2

cognitive theory of metonymyG2.2.6.2.2

cognizingUSE ST

+G2.10 language and thought

common nounD10.14.4.2.6


communicative competence (language)

communicative competence (language)USE ST


communicative disorderUSE ST


comparative linguisticsA8.4

complementsD12.6.12DF a constituent of a clause, such as a noun phrase or

adjective phrase, that is used to predicate adescription of the subject or object of the clause

complement clause+D12.8.14

complementizerD10.14.4.10.2DF conjunction that marks a complement clause (that)

(SIL)

complementizer phrasesD12.6.6

complete sentenceD12.10.4

complex nounD10.14.4.2.8

complex sentenceD12.10.2

compound wordsD12.4.6

compoundingD6.4.6.6DF combining complete words to form new word

(dog-catcher)

comprehensionUSE STG2.14 language understanding

computational lexiconG10.16.4

computational linguistics+A8.10

computer

computer assisted language learningUSE STG8.10.4.6.4 computer instructor

computer instructorG8.10.4.6.4

concept formation/modelingG2.12DF process of forming concepts and models

conceptual representationUSE STG8.2.10.4.4 human cognitive metaphor

conceptual system formationG8.2.10.2.4

conceptual transition


count nouns

USE ST+G8.2.10 mental concept formation/modeling

conceptualizationUSE ST

+G8.2.10 mental concept formation/modeling

conceptualization stage+G2.6.4.2

conceptualization stage of speech productionG2.6.2.2.2

concordancing programG10.8.10.2.8

conduction aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.10

conjunctions+D10.14.4.10

DF word that links other words or phrases syntactically(and, but) and expresses a semantic relationshipbetween them (SIL)

conjunctive sentenceD12.10.6

consciousnessG8.4.6.2

consonantsC4.2.2

constraint-based grammar+D2.2.2.6

DF unlike the generative methods, which define alanguage by applying rules to a set of initialelements of some kind, a constraint grammarspecifies a set by saying what properties theelements of the set must have. [MIT]

content morphemeD12.2.14DF conveys semantic content (meaning), can include

affixes that change meaning of root

context free parserG10.8.6.6.2.6.8

contractionD10.14.4.4.10.2

contrastive linguisticsA8.6

copula verbsD10.14.4.4.10.6

core grammar: acquisitionD2.20.4

corpus (linguistic unit)C16

corpus linguistics+A4.6.6

count nounsD10.14.4.2.10.4

covert syntax

covert syntaxD8.2.2DF Notion in the Minimalist Program. Covert syntax is

that part of syntax which is ordered afterSpell-Out, i.e. leaves no traces in the soundstructure of a language. [LEX]

cranberry morphemeD12.2.6.4DF A cranberry morpheme is a bound morpheme that

only exists in one lexeme. For example, twi intwilight and spick in spick-and-span. [WIKI]

creative capacityG4.4.2.2

creole/pidgin studiesA8.20

critical age, in language acquisitionG8.6.2.4


D-structure

D-structureUSE STD2.2.2.4.4.2 deep structure

dative case+D10.2.16.10

DF used to indicate noun to which something is given

deafnessG8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2

declarationUSE STD12.10.8 declarative sentence

declarative sentenceD12.10.8

decodingG10.8.12.2

deep structureD2.2.2.4.4.2DF A concept in transformational generative grammar

that describes and accounts for sentencestructure; it is the base component of generativegrammar, encoding the lexical properties ofsentence constituents and representing the basicgrammatical relations in a sentence. [LLBA]

definite articlesD10.14.4.16.6DF e.g., the

definiteness+D2.22.16

DF category where a noun phrase refers to a uniqueobject insofar as the speakers and listeners areconcerned (FROMKIN)

degree adverbD10.14.4.6.4

deixisD2.22.20

dementiaG8.8.2.4.10.2

demographic characteristics+N

dependent clause+D12.8.2

DF can?t stand alone as a sentence; acts as part ofspeech

derivation+D6.4.6.4

DF making new words with affixes (dependent)

derivational affix+D12.2.6.2.4

derivativeD12.2.22.2DF stem formed by combining a root with an affix that

adds meaning (sil)

descriptive linguistics+A8


dyslexia

determiners+D12.4.10

DF syntactic or lexical category of words andexpressions that form a noun phrase whencombined with a noun (noun + determiner =noun phrase); articles, demonstratives, quantifiers,etc. (FRO)

determiner phrasesD12.6.10

developmental stages of languageUSE STG8.10.2.12 stages of language acquisition

developmentally disabledN22.4.4.2

diachronic linguisticsA8.2

diachronic morphologyA2.8.2

diachronic pragmaticsA4.4.2

diagramming (sentences)+D2.24.6.4

dialectologyA8.22

diminutive formationD6.4.16

direct objectD10.4.4.2

directional adverbD10.14.4.6.6

disabled+N22.4.4

discourse contextE2.2

discursive levelD10.10.6

disjunctive sentenceD12.10.10

disorderUSE ST


distributed morphologyD6.2.14

dominant language as second languageN14.8.4

double negativeD2.22.10.4.4

double semilingualK6.2

dysarthria+G8.8.2.4.6

dyslexiaG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.6


dysphasia

dysphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.20

dyspraxiaG8.8.2.4.6.6


eclectic approach to reading instruction

eclectic approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.6

educational and socioeconomic status+N24

eflUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

elderlyN4.10.6

elderly period+G8.6.4.2

electrical stimulation of the cortexUSE STM2.2.4 brain cortex

elemental units+C2

elementary school student+N24.2.2.4.2

elementary secondary student+N24.2.2.4

elementary symbolic capacityG8.4.6.8.10DF capacity to link sounds or gestures arbitrarily with

basic concepts, such that perception of the actionactivates the concept, and attention to the conceptmay initiate the sound or gesture.

elliptical phrasesD12.6.2

empty morphemeD12.2.12

encliticD12.2.10.4

english (second language)USE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

english as a foreign language instructionG8.10.4.10.4.2

ergative caseD10.2.16.14

ergative/absolutive agreementD2.22.14.2

ergativity+D2.22.14

eslUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

esolUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

ethnic groupN12.8

explicit reasoning

ethnographic linguisticsA14.4

ethnolinguisticsA14.6

etymology+A6.6

evidential reasoningG2.10.2.4.2

experiencer theta roleD10.6.2.10

experimental neurolinguisticsA12.2.2

experimental phoneticsA2.6.8

expert systemG10.8.6.4.2

explicit reasoning+G2.10.2.4


female

female+N6.4

field of discourse analysis+A4.6.2

field of discourse analysis/text linguistics+A4.6

field of grammarA2.2

field of lexical semanticsA4.2.2

field of morphology+A2.8

field of narratologyA4.6.2.2

field of phonetics+A2.6

field of phonology+A2.4

field of pragmatics+A4.4

field of semantics+A4.2

field of syntax+A2.10

fields by physical aspects of language and communication+A18

fields of linguistics+A

fields related to the structure of language+A2

fields relating to the meaning of language+A4

finite state morphologyD6.2.16

finite verbD10.14.4.4.12

finiteness phrasesD12.6.4

first language acquisitionG8.10.2.8.2

first language instructionUSE STG8.10.4.10.2 native language instruction

folk etymologyA6.6.2

foreign language acquisitionUSE ST


foreign language instruction+G8.10.4.10.4


fusional morphology

foreign language learningUSE ST


foreign languages in the elementary schoolG8.10.4.12.2.2.2

foreign visitorN18.8

forensic linguistics+A10.20

forensic phoneticsA2.6.10

formal grammars+D2.2.2

formal speechD10.10.2

fossilized competenceUSE STG8.8.2.2 loss of language skill

frame+G10.8.10.4.2

frame featureG10.8.10.4.2.2

free morphemesD12.2.4DF Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone

as a word, like cat or dog. [LANGF]

free word orderD8.8.4

function morpheme+D12.2.16

DF give information about grammatical function

function wordsD12.4.8

functional grammarD2.2.2.8DF A social-interaction model of language introduced in

1978 by Simon C. Dik. It includes a lexicon andsyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels;predications are constructed from predicateframes in the lexicon and mapped onto linguisticexpressions by expression rules. [LLBA]

fusional morphologyD6.2.18


gay male

gay maleN8.6.4

gender+N6

gender (grammatical category)+D10.2.4

gender agreementD10.2.4.2

general populationN2

generative grammar+D2.2.2.4

DF Models of grammar that use ordered rules or otherprocesses capable of generating all thewell-formed sentences of a language, therebyaccounting for the grammaticality orungrammaticality of individual sentences. [LLBA]

genetic classificationA8.30.4

genitive

genitive caseD10.2.16.4DF The case that expresses ownership [WORDNET], the

referent of the marked noun is the possessor ofthe referent of another noun. [SIL]

geolinguisticsA8.16

global approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.4

global scale

goal theta roleD10.6.2.6

government-binding theory+D2.2.4

DF A model of grammar distinguished by having twolevels of syntactic representation calledD-structure and S-structure, logical form, andphonetic form, all related by movement andconstraints on movement. It is used as acollective designation for theories of government,binding, bounding, and control, the projectionprinciple, theta criterion, and empty categoryprinciple. [LLBA]

graduate studentN24.2.2.6.4

grammar+D2

DF syntax and morphology; the structure of words,phrases, clauses, and sentences.

grammar and pronunciation of morphemeD2.22.22

grammarless systemG10.8.6.4.4


grapheme (linguistic unit)

grammatical acceptabilityD2.22.10.2.2

grammatical agreement+D2.22.10.2.6

DF correspondence in gender, number, case, personbetween words

grammatical ambiguityD2.22.12

grammatical approach to human language instructionG8.10.4.4

grammatical category+D10.2

grammatical changeI2

grammatical developmentD2.20.6DF the acquisition of grammar; growth in sentence

length and complexity.

grammatical locationD2.22.2

grammatical optionD2.22.10.2.4

grammatical relations+D10.4

DF Indicates any one of several structural positions that anoun phrase may assume in a sentence. (FRO) Agrammatical relation is a role of a noun phrase orcomplement clause that determines syntacticbehaviors such as word position in a clause, verbagreement and participation and behavior in suchoperations as passivization. [SIL]

grammatical slotD6.4.2.4.2DF Any point in a syntagm - a linear structure such as a

phrase or sentence - which can be occupied by aclass of items such as a noun or verb. [NEAT]

grammatical units+D12

grammatical words+D12.4.4

DF belong to closed class of word

grammaticality+D2.22.10.2

DF describes a well-formed sequence of words thatconforms to rules of syntax

grammaticality, ungrammaticality+D2.22.10

grammaticalizationD2.22.10.2.8

graphC2.6.2

grapheme (linguistic unit)+C2.6

graphology

graphologyA18.2.2


head

headUSE STD12.2.6.6 roots

head movement+D8.6.4.2

DF movement within a sentence that ?displaces?syntactic categories, such as wh-phrases, nominalphrases, and verbs. [adapted from MIT]

head-driven phrase structure grammarD2.2.2.14DF An integrated syntactic and semantic theory

developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag in the1980s and 1990s; a nonderivational model basedon relations of structure sharing and positing asyntax-semantic level of representation thatcontains attributes of category, content, andcontext. [LLBA]

headedness in affixationD12.2.6.2.2

hearingF2.2

hearing and speech physiologyA18.4

hearing difficulties+G8.8.2.4.2.2.2

heteronexual morphemeD12.2.18

heterosexualN8.2

Hidden Markov Model+G10.8.6.2.2

hidden populationsN26.2

high school student+N24.2.2.4.6

historical linguisticsA8.8

history of linguistics+A22.4

HMMUSE ST

+G10.8.6.2.2 Hidden Markov Model

HMM taggingUSE STG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2 stochastic tagging

homonexual morphemeD12.2.20

homosexual+N8.6

homosexual or bisexualN8.4

humansL2

human acquired language abilitiesG8.4.4.4

human language perception

human cognitive environmentG8.2.10.4.2


DF a mental model of the world

human cognitive metaphorG8.2.10.4.4DF a mental model of a particular event or phenomena

human instructorG8.10.4.6.2

human language abilities by innate vs. acquired+G8.4.4

human language abilities+G8.4

human language acquisition+G8.10.2

human language acquisition by number of languagesacquiring simultaneously+G8.10.2.10

human language acquisition by order of acquisition+G8.10.2.8

human language acquisition by perception vs. production(language process)+G8.10.2.4

human language acquisition by physical vs. cognitive+G8.10.2.2

human language acquisition, human language instruction+G8.10

human language and thoughtG8.2.8

human language by stage of life+G8.6

human language instruction+G8.10.4

human language instruction by approachG8.10.4.2

human language instruction by language process+G8.10.4.8

human language instruction by level of competence+G8.10.4.14

human language instruction by level of education+G8.10.4.12

human language instruction by native vs. foreign language+G8.10.4.10

human language instruction by type of instructor+G8.10.4.6

human language instruction of perception+G8.10.4.8.2

human language perception+G8.2.2


human language perception by hearing

human language perception by hearingG8.2.2.2.2

human language perception by objectivity+G8.2.2.4

human language perception by physical aspects of languageand communication+G8.2.2.2

human language perception by readingG8.2.2.2.4

human language processes+G8.2

human language processing+G8

human language production+G8.2.4

human language production by physical aspects of languageand communication+G8.2.4.2

human language production by stage+G8.2.4.4

human language production recognitionG8.2.6

human language proficiency+G8.8

human language understandingG8.2.12

human memory+G8.2.14

human nonverbal languageA18.6.2

human: brainUSE ST

+M2 brain


ideogram

ideogramC2.6.6

IEUSE ST


illiteracyG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.2

illiterateN24.4.2.2

imitation theoryG2.2.4.4.2

immersion programG8.10.4.8.4.2

immigrantN18.4

imperative moodD10.2.2.2DF a mood used to issue commands. [NEAT]

implicit reasoning+G2.10.2.2

indefinite articlesD10.14.4.16.8DF e.g., a, an

indefinitenessD2.22.18

independent clauseD12.8.4DF clause that can stand alone as a sentence

indicative clauseD12.8.10

indicative moodD10.2.2.4DF A factual mood which is used to make statements

rather than issue commands (imperative) or makeuncertain, hypothetical statements (subjunctive). [NEAT]

indirect objectD10.4.4.4

individual bilingualismK2.2

infantN4.6.2

infixD12.2.6.2.8DF An infix is an affix that is inserted within a root or

stem.

inflected formD6.4.2.6

inflectingUSE ST

+D6.4.2 inflectional rules

inflection

intersubjective experience

inflectional affixD12.2.6.2.6

inflectional elementD6.4.2.8

inflectional morphologyD6.2.20

inflectional rules+D6.4.2

DF gives you different forms of same word (dog anddogs); relates a lexeme to its forms

informal speechD10.10.4

information extraction+G10.8.10.4

DF a type of information retrieval whose goal is toautomatically extract structured or semistructuredinformation from unstructured machine-readabledocuments

information retrieval+G10.8.10.2

DF systems for indexing, searching, and recalling data,particularly text or other unstructured forms

innate ideaUSE STG8.4.4.2.2 innate language knowledge

innate language abilities+G8.4.4.2

innate language knowledgeG8.4.4.2.2

innateness of languageUSE STG8.4.4.2.2 innate language knowledge

instructional languageUSE ST

+G8.10.4.8.4 language of instruction

instrument theta roleD10.6.2.12

intelligence levelN22.2

interactional sociolinguisticsA16.2

interjectionD10.14.2DF word or phrase that has no grammatical relationship

to rest of sentence (wiki) ex: ugh, wow

intermediate language instructionG8.10.4.14.6

international languagesA8.18

interpreting for the deafUSE STG8.8.2.4.2.2.2.2 deafness

intersubjective experienceG8.4.6.6

intransitive

intransitive verb

intransitive verb


+D10.14.4.4.16DF verb that does not have a direct object

IRUSE ST

+G10.8.10.2 information retrieval


kernel sentence

kernel sentenceD12.10.12


language abilities by perception vs. . . .

language abilities by perception vs. production+G4.2

language abilities by pre-existing vs. acquired+G4.4

language abilities+G4

language acquisition+G6.2

language acquisition at homeG8.10.2.4.6.2

language acquisition by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G8.10.2.4.2.2

language acquisition in schoolG8.10.2.4.6.4DF the study of language in school; later oral

development; learning to read and write

language acquisition, language instruction+G6

language and brainUSE ST

+M2 brain

language and cultureA14.2

language and the brainUSE ST

+M2 brain

language and thought+G2.10

DF the complex relationship between language andthinking; the notion of language relativity.

language area studiesA8.14.4

language attrition (skills)USE STG8.8.2.2 loss of language skill

language classification+A8.30

language creative capacityG8.4.4.2.4

language developmentUSE ST


language difficulties by language process+G8.8.2.4

language difficulties+G8.8.2

DF the neurological basis of language, and the range ofphysical or psychological problems that can giverise to disabilities in spoken, written, or signedlanguage.

language disorders (general)USE ST


language instructionG6.4


language production abilities

language instruction in elementary school+G8.10.4.12.2.2

language instruction in high schoolG8.10.4.12.2.6

language instruction in higher educationG8.10.4.12.4

language instruction in K-12 education+G8.10.4.12.2

language instruction in middle schoolG8.10.4.12.2.4

language instruction of false beginnerG8.10.4.14.4

language interferenceG8.10.2.8.4.2

language learningUSE ST


language loss (skills)USE STG8.8.2.2 loss of language skill

language modelG10.8.10.2.4

language of instruction+G8.10.4.8.4

language originsA8.28

language pathologyA20

language perception+G2.4

language perception abilities+G4.2.2

language perception by hearingG2.4.2.2

language perception by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G2.4.2

language perception by readingG2.4.2.4

language planning/policyA16.6

language processes+G2

language processing+G

DF mental and/or computational aspects of languageactivities such as language production andlanguage understanding

language production+G2.6

language production abilities+G4.2.4

language production by physical aspects . . .

language production by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G2.6.2

language production by stage+G2.6.4

language proficiencyUSE ST


language recognition+G2.8

language recognition by linguistic units+G2.8.4

language recognition by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G2.8.2

language skillsUSE ST


language skill attritionUSE STG8.8.2.2 loss of language skill

language testing and assessmentA10.4

language translation+G2.20

language understandingG2.14

language usageA16.8

language(s) and the brainUSE ST

+M2 brain

language, brain, and handicapUSE ST


languages in contact/borrowingA8.14.2

layered morphologyD6.2.22

learning modelG8.10.2.6

left

left hemisphere of the brain+M2.2.2.2

left peripheral relative clauseD12.8.12

lemmaC2.10.2DF A lemma is the word in group of lexemes used to

represent all similar lexemes (one that appears indictionary. Example: run for ran, running, etc.).

lesbianN8.6.2

letter


C2.6.4 lexicography

level of speech+D10.10

lexeme+D12.2.24

DF abstract concept of words that are roughly the samein meaning (run, runs, ran) used in morphologicalanalysis; unit of morphological analysis

lexeme (linguistic unit)+C2.10

lexeme-based morphology+D6.2.6

DF looks at word form as the result of applying rulesthat alter a word form or stems to produce a newone

lexical categories+D10.14.4

lexical functional grammarD2.2.2.4.12DF Generative models of language developed by Joan

Bresnan and others in the late 1970s and 1980sunder the constraint that grammar theory conformto results of psycholinguistic research.Computational information-processing techniquesare used to derive competence-based models oflinguistic performance that claim to bepsychologically realistic and unify research inlinguistics, language acquisition, and languageprocessing. [LLBA]

DF a theory of the structure of natural language and howdifferent aspects of linguistic structure arerelated. The name of the theory expresses twoways in which it differs from other theories oflinguistic structure and organization. LFG is alexical theory: relations between linguistic forms,such as the relation between an active andpassive form of a verb, are generalizations aboutthe structure of the lexicon, not transformationaloperations that derive one form on the basis ofanother one. And LFG is a functional theory:grammatical relations such as subject and objectare basic, primitive constructs, not defined interms of phrase-structure configurations or ofsemantic notions such as agent or patient. [MIT]

lexical integrityD8.6.10DF a term used to refer to one of the most important

properties of words, viz. the property that nosyntactic process is allowed to refer to parts of aword. [LEX]

lexical morphologyUSE ST

+D6.2.6 lexeme-based morphology

lexical tagD6.6.12

lexical wordsD12.4.2DF belong to open class of words

lexicographyA6.2


lexicography/lexicology

lexicography/lexicology+A6

lexicologyA6.4

lexicon+D6.6

DF knowledge one has about form and meaning of wordsand phrases

lexicon by meaning (semantic representation)D6.6.6

lexicon by orthographyD6.6.10

lexicon by pronunciation (phonological representation)D6.6.4

lexicon by syntactic category+D6.6.8

limited reasoning proficiencyG8.8.2.4.8

limited speaking proficiencyG8.8.2.4.4.4.2

limited understanding proficiency+G8.8.2.4.10

limited writing proficiencyG8.8.2.4.6.2

linguistic change+I

linguistic competenceUSE ST


linguistic determinismB2.2

linguistic difficultyUSE ST


linguistic difficulty (contrastive)USE STG8.10.2.8.4.2 language interference

linguistic difficulty (inherent)USE STG8.10.2.8.4.2 language interference

linguistic performanceUSE ST


linguistic units+C

linguistic universals+D2.2.2.4.4.4.2

linguistics in antiquityA22.4.2

linking verbD10.14.4.4.18DF connects a subject to a subject complement

listening habits

USE STG2.4.2.2 language perception by hearing


lower socioeconomic class

listening skillsG4.2.2.2.2

literateN24.4.2.6

locative adverbD10.14.4.6.8

locative case+D10.2.16.8

locative phrasesD12.6.8

logic of languageA22.2.2

logical formD8.2.10DF In logic, the translation of a natural-language

sentence into a formal language. Ingovernment-binding theory, a level ofrepresentation derived by movement fromS-structure and serving as the interface betweenthe grammar and a semantic interpreter. Retainedin the minimalist program in the absence of D-and S-structure as the only nonphonetic level ofrepresentation. [LLBA]

loss of language skillG8.8.2.2

lower middle classN24.6.4.2

lower socioeconomic classN24.6.2


machine learning

machine learningG10.12.2.2

machine memoryG10.8.8

machine readable corporaG10.16.6

machine representation of grammarD2.24.10

machine translation+G10.8.12

main clauseD12.8.6

main clause verbD10.14.4.4.6

main verbD10.14.4.4.2

male+N6.2

manN6.2.2

manner adverbD10.14.4.6.2

marital statusN10

mass nounsD10.14.4.2.10.2

mathematical linguistics+A8.12

maturational theory of language acquisitionG2.2.4.2

mature adult+N4.10.4

meaning of language+E

mechanical translationUSE ST


medieval linguisticsA22.4.4

medium of instruction (language)USE ST


memory+G2.16

mental concept formation by unit+G8.2.10.2

mental concept formation/modeling+G8.2.10

mental dictionaryUSE STG8.2.10.4.2 human cognitive environment

Minimalist Program

mental flexibilityG8.4.2

mental lexicon


D6.6.2

mental model+G8.2.10.4

mental representation of grammarD2.24.2

mental spaceUSE ST

+G8.2.10.4 mental model

mental space theoryG2.2.2

mentally disabled+N22.4.4.6

mentally illN22.4.4.6.4

mentally retardedN22.4.4.6.2

metaphor

meterD12.10.14

methodology/method of linguistic inquiryB4

metonymy

metrical phonologyA2.4.4

middle class+N24.6.4

middle middle classN24.6.4.4

middle school student+N24.2.2.4.4

middle-aged adultN4.10.4.2

migrationI10.2

minimalism+D2.2.2.4.4.6

DF Research program aiming to eliminate from linguistictheory anything which is not "virtuallynecessary." [LEX]

DF A development in the tradition ofgovernment-binding theory and the principles andparameters approach during the 1990s,spearheaded by Noam Chomsky. D-structure andS-structure are eliminated, leaving logical formand phonetic form as the only syntacticrepresentations; morphological feature-checkingand an economy principle determine the courseof derivations. [LLBA]

Minimalist ProgramUSE ST


mixed ethnic group

mixed ethnic groupN12.4.6

mixed race individualN12.4.2

mixed racial groupN12.4.4

mixed racial/ethnic individual or group+N12.4

mobility impairedN22.4.4.4.2

modal verbsD10.14.4.4.10.4

models of artificial intelligence+G10.8.6.2

modern western linguisticsA22.4.6

monolingual acquisitionG8.10.2.10.2

monolingual personN14.2

monolingualism+K4

monolingualism/multilingualism+K

mood+D10.2.2

DF a division in the verbal area which refers to whetherthe action of the verb represents a fact, a wish, apossibility, necessity, or a command. [NEAT]

moraic phonologyA2.4.2

morph+D12.2.2

DF single manifestation of a morpheme

morphemes+D12.2

DF smallest meaningful unit of language

morpheme (linguistic unit)C2.2

morpheme structure conditionD6.4.4DF conditions which express regularities about the

phonological structure of morphemes. [LEX]

morpheme-based morphologyD6.2.2DF a theory in which it is assumed that word formation

rules may operate over morphemes (e.g. Halle(1973), Siegel (1974), Kiparsky (1982)). Thistheory is an alternative to the theory ofword-based morphology (e.g. Aronoff (1976),Booij (1977), Scalise (1984)). [LEX]

DF way of analyzing word forms as if they were madeof morphemes put after each other like beads on


movement

a string

morphemic tier hypothesis (mth)D6.2.24DF a hypothesis first introduced into the theory of

Autosegmental phonology in McCarthy (1981)which entails the claim that every morphememaking up a word is assigned a separate tier, i.e.,a separate and autonomous level ofrepresentation. [LEX]

morpholexical ruleD8.4.4.2DF a kind of lexical redundancy rule proposed by Lieber

(1980) to relate allomorphs which are listed inthe lexicon, to each other. Morpholexical rulesapply in a subcomponent of the grammar whichprecedes both the word formation componentproper and the phonological component. Themain motivation for this type of rule is that thereare cases in which word formation rules need tohave access to derived allomorphs before thephonology applies. [LEX]

morphological changeI6

morphological classUSE STD6.6.12 lexical tag

morphological component of grammarD2.26DF A component in the grammar in which the word

formation rules apply. Linguists disagree aboutwhether an autonomous morphologicalcomponent exists, proposing either: (1) amorphological component independent of eitherphonology or syntax; (2) a morphologicalcomponent related to phonology and subject tothe same rules; or (3) a morphologicalcomponent integrated with syntax are integratedand subject to the same rules. [LEX]

morphological universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.4

morphology+D6

morphosyntax (morphology and syntax)+D10.8

move alphaD8.6.4.2.4DF most general formulation of possible movements. In

effect, Move alpha says that some category alphacan be moved anytime anywhere. It generalizesrules such as Move NP and Move wh, which intheir turn generalize construction specifictransformations such as Passivization andRaising. Move alpha itself is considered aninstance of Affect alpha. [LEX]

movement+D8.6.4

DF Movement is a way of describing the structure of thesentence as if elements in it moved around,typically in English in questions and passiveconstructions. Thus the question Will John go?

movement and touch difficulties

comes from a similar structure to that underlyingthe statement John will come by movement ofwill. [COOK]

movement and touch difficultiesG8.8.2.4.6.4

movement ruleD10.2.16.10.2

movement/haptic+F8

MSCUSE STD6.4.4 morpheme structure condition

multilingual groupN14.6

multilingualism+K10

multiple wh questionD8.8.6

multiple wh-frontingD8.8.8DF in certain languages, the requirement that all

interrogative words in a sentence with multipleinterrogatives be placed at the front of thesentence (e.g., in Bulgarian: Koj kogo kakvo epital? translates directly as ?who whom whatasked? and is equivalent to the English ?Whoasked whom what??). [adapted from LEX]


native language acquisition

native language acquisitionUSE STG8.10.2.8.2 first language acquisition

native language instructionG8.10.4.10.2

native speaker+N14.8.2

natural language processingG10.4.6

natural morphologyD6.2.8DF a theoretical model developed by morphologists such

as Dressler and Wurzel. They seek to provide atheory of what constitutes a 'natural' or'unmarked' morphological system, and what lawsgovern deviations from that natural system. Themost natural type of morphology is fullytransparent, in the sense that every morpheme hasone form and one meaning, and every meaningcorresponds to exactly one form. [LEX]

neural network modelG10.8.6.2.4

neuro-cognitive linguisticsA12.4

neurolinguistics+A12.2

NLPUSE STG10.4.6 natural language processing

no knowledge of dominant languageN14.8.6

nodeD8.8.10

nominalsUSE ST

+D10.14.4.2 nouns

nominative caseD10.2.16.12

non expanding nominal head adjunctD8.8.12

nonconcatenative morphology+D6.2.12

DF a term which is used for non-agglutinativeroot-and-pattern morphologies. In such systems,word formation processes generally do not takethe form of linear affixation. [LEX]

nontransformational grammarUSE STD2.2.2.4.6 categorical grammar

nonverbal communication+A18.6

not disabledN22.4.2

nouns+D10.14.4.2

numeral classifiers

noun clauses

D12.8.2.2

noun phrase+D10.16.2


DF A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun as itshead. A noun phrase generally includes one ormore modifying words, but allowance is usuallymade for single-word minimal noun phrases thatare composed only of a noun or pronoun.

null morphemeUSE STD12.2.2.2 zero morph

null subjectD10.4.2.2DF subject that is not represented as a lexical item but

which is made explicit, e.g., by verb agreement. [WEIJER]

number+D10.2.8

number agreementD10.2.8.2

numeralsC2.6.8

numeral classifiersD10.14.4.12.2


object

object+D10.4.4

objective language perceptionG8.2.2.4.2

oblique case markingD8.10.6

of-insertionD8.10.8

offline language processingG10.2.4

onomasticsA8.24

onomatologyUSE STA8.24 onomastics

onomatopoeiaD12.4.12DF formation of a word that sounds like what it

represents (e.g., cuckoo, bang, murmur)

onsets+C4.2

open grammatical class+D2.22.6.2

DF words can be added to it

open or closed grammatical classes+D2.22.6

optical character recognition+G2.8.2.2.2

optimality theoryD2.2.2.6.2DF An approach to generative grammar that replaces

rules with highly general principles that generatemultiple outputs under a set of universal violableconstraints; the latter have language- anddialect-specific rankings, and a higher rankingconstraint may violate a lower ranking one.Among candidate outputs, the one involvingfewest constraint violations at higher rank levelscorresponds to observed linguistic forms. [LLBA]

order of elementD8.10.10

organism+L

orthographyF4.2.2

orthography, writing systems+A18.2

other termsP

overt syntaxD8.2.4DF Notion in the Minimalist Program. Overt syntax is

that part of syntax which is ordered before

overt syntax

Spell-Out, hence is reflected in the soundstructure. [LEX]


paleolinguistics/ paleography

paleolinguistics/ paleographyA8.26

paradigm+D6.4.2.2

DF a term which is used for the set of all the inflectedforms which an individual word assumes [LEX](e.g., the various forms of a verb)

DF The set of forms belonging to a particular word-classor member of a word-class. A paradigm can bethought of as a vertical list of forms which canoccupy a slot in a syntagm. [NEAT]

paradigmatic axisUSE ST

+D6.4.2.2 paradigm

paradigmatic relationD10.4.14DF The relation between units (phonemes, words) which

can occur in the same context [Weijer]

parataxisD8.10.12

parsing+D8.14.2

participles+D10.14.4.18

particles+D10.14.4.16

DF words with grammatical or pragmatic meaning, notpart of main class (to, not, oh)

parts of the body+M

passive voiceD10.2.10.4

past participlesD10.14.4.18.2

path containment conditionD8.10.14

patient theta roleD10.6.2.14

perceiving sign languageG8.2.2.2.6

perceiving sign language skillsG4.2.2.2.6

perception abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G4.2.2.2

perception difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G8.8.2.4.2.2

perception difficulties+G8.8.2.4.2

perception of sign languageG2.4.2.6

perinatalN4.4

phrase structure grammar

period of prelinguistic developmentG8.6.2.2.2

personD10.2.12

personal pronounsD10.14.4.22.2

phase impenetrability condition+D8.4

philologyA14.8

philosophy and history of language+A22

philosophy of language+A22.2

phoneme (linguistic unit)C2.4

phonemic phonologyA2.4.6

phonetic alphabetF4.2.4

phonetic approach to reading instructionG8.10.4.8.2.2.2

phoneticsD4.2

phonological changeI4

phonological formD8.2.8DF the level of representation in the T-model of

grammar at which only information relevant tothe phonetic realization of the utterance ispresent. At this level, which is derived fromsurface structure, only phonological processesmay apply. [LEX]

phonology+D4

phrasal category+D10.16

phrasal verbD10.14.4.4.20

phrases+D12.6

phrase (linguistic unit)C8

phrase markerD12.6.16

phrase structureD12.6.18

phrase structure grammarD2.2.2.12DF a type of primitive generative grammar which offers

an analysis of sentences by showing the structure


phrase structure rule

which lies behind them, usually with the help oftree diagrams. [NEAT]

phrase structure ruleD8.14.4

physical aspects of language and communication+F

physical language developmentG8.10.2.2.2

physically disabled+N22.4.4.4

place of residenceN16

planning goals and acquisitionUSE ST


pluralD10.2.8.6

plural formation ruleD6.4.8

plural nouns+D10.14.4.2.10

plurilingualismUSE ST


poetic structureD8.16.2

poetic syntaxD8.16.4

possessive pronounsD10.14.4.22.4

postpositionsD6.4.10DF A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its

complement.

pragmatics+E2

DF study of how context and situation affect meaning

pre-existing language abilities+G4.4.2

pre-phonetic capacityG8.4.6.8.2DF capacity to perform speech sounds or manual

gestures

pre-pragmatic capacityG8.4.6.8.8DF capacities: (a) to infer what mental calculations

others can carry out, (b) to act cooperatively, (c)to attend to the same external situations as others,(d) to accept symbolic action as a surrogate forreal action

pre-production stage+G8.2.4.4.2

pre-semantic capacityG8.4.6.8.6DF capacities: (a) to form basic concepts, (b) to construct


prepositional phrase

more complex concepts (e.g. propositions), (c) tocarry out mental calculations over complexconcepts

pre-speech period+G8.6.2.2

pre-syntactic capacityG8.4.6.8.4DF capacity to organize longer sequences of sounds or

gestures

preadaptationUSE ST

+G8.4.6.8 preadaptive bases for human language

preadaptive bases for human language+G8.4.6.8

DF a change in a species which is not itself adaptive butwhich paves the way for subsequent adaptivechanges. For example, bipedalism set in trainanatomical changes which culminated in thehuman vocal tract. Though speech is clearlyadaptive, bipedalism is not itself an adaptationfor speech; it is a preadaptation. This exampleinvolves the hardware of language, the vocaltract. Many changes in our species' software, ourmental capacities, were necessary before webecame language-ready; these are cognitivepreadaptations for language

preadolescentN4.6.6

predicateD10.4.12DF The part of a sentence that says something about the

subject. In case the verb is a copula (to be, tobecome) the predicate is the complement of thatcopula, e.g. "ill" in "John is ill." In case the verbis not a copula, the predicate is the verb, e.g."has" in "John has a book." [WEIJER]

predication+D8.6.18

DF subject-predicate relation. [LEX]

prefixD12.2.6.2.4.2

pregnant femaleN6.4.2

pregnant teenN6.4.6

pregnant womanN6.4.4.2

prenatalN4.2

prepositionsD10.14.4.20.2DF A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its

complement. Examples are: to, with, from. [SIL]

prepositional phraseD10.16.6

prerequisites for automated language . . .

prerequisites for automated language processingG10.10.2

prerequisites for human language processing+G8.4.6

prerequisites for language processing+G4.6

preschool studentN24.2.2.2

prescriptive grammarD2.8DF grammar that ?prescribes? what people should say

rather than 'describes' what they do say [COOK]

primary predicationD8.6.18.2

principles and parameters approachD2.2.2.4.4.8DF The approach to language developed by Noam

Chomsky during the 1980s, in which the humanability to speak is explained by a biologicallyprogrammed universal grammar, consisting ofprinciples common to all languages and specificparameters along which individual languagesvary. Children learn a language by discovering itsparameter settings. [LLBA]

principles/characteristics of grammar+D2.22

principles/characteristics of morphology+D6.4

principles/characteristics of syntax+D8.6

pro dropD8.14.6

procliticD12.2.10.2

Procrastinate PrincipleD2.2.2.4.4.6.2

production

production abilities by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G4.2.4.2

production difficulties by physical aspects of language andcommunication+G8.8.2.4.4.4

production difficulties+G8.8.2.4.4

pronouns+D10.14.4.22

proper nameUSE STD10.14.4.2.12 proper nouns

proper nounsD10.14.4.2.12


punctuation mark

prosodyD2.24.4.2

psycholinguistics+A12

punctuationD2.24.6.2

punctuation markC2.6.10


quantifiers

quantifiersD12.4.10.2DF Words like more, most, two, few, etc. [WEIJER]DF word pair with opposite meanings

question+D12.10.18

quirky subjectD10.4.2.4DF Word that behaves like a grammatical subject but

which is morphologically marked otherwise.Quirky subjects occur for example in Icelandic,e.g. her was helped instead of she was helped. [WEIJER]


racial and ethnic origin

racial and ethnic origin+N12

racial groupN12.6

reading BrailleG2.4.2.8

reading developmentG8.10.2.4.4.2.4

reading difficulties+G8.8.2.4.2.2.4

reading instruction+G8.10.4.8.2.2

reading instruction and remediationA10.10

reading processesA10.12

reading readiness/acquisitionA10.8

reading skillsG4.2.2.2.4

reading testingA10.14

real-time language processingG10.2.2

reasoning based upon the absence of evidenceG2.10.2.2.2

reasoning by implicit vs. explicit reasoning+G2.10.2

recall/retrieval+G2.18

recall/retrieval by human brainG8.2.16

receptive communicationUSE STG8.8.2.4.4.2 receptive competence

receptive competenceG8.8.2.4.4.2

recognition

recursive ruleD8.14.8

redundancy rule+D8.4.4

DF rule which fills in predictable or redundantinformation. Redundancy rules have twoimportant properties: (a) they do not createstructure, and (b) they do not alter structure. [LEX]

reduplicationD6.4.14DF a word formation process by which some part of a

base (= a segment, syllable, morpheme) isrepeated, either to the left, or to the right, or,


rules for ordering words

occasionally, in the middle. [LEX]

reflexivenessUSE STD8.6.12 reflexivity

reflexivityD8.6.12DF property in which a word or phrase refers to itself

refugeeN18.10

relational grammarD2.2.2.16

religious affiliationN20

repeatability+D2.22.4

repeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.4.2

representation of grammar+D2.24

restricted logic grammarD2.2.2.4.8

restructuringD8.10.16

restructuring constructionD8.10.18

right

right hemisphere of the brainM2.2.2.4

rimes+C4.4

rootsD12.2.6.6DF base to which an affix is joined

root-and-pattern morphologyUSE ST

+D6.2.12 nonconcatenative morphology

rule-based taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.4

rules for ordering clauses+D8.12

rules for ordering phrases+D8.10

rules for ordering sentences+D8.14

rules for ordering texts+D8.16

rules for ordering words+D8.8


S-structure

S-structureUSE STD2.2.2.4.2 surface structure

scale and category grammarD2.10

schematic approach: mental modelUSE STG8.2.10.4.2 human cognitive environment

second language acquisition+G8.10.2.8.4

second language instructionUSE ST


second language programsUSE ST


semantics+E4

sememe (linguistic unit)C2.8

semi-structured language processingG10.4.4

semiliteracyG8.8.2.4.2.2.4.4

semiliterateN24.4.2.4

semioticsE6

sentences+D12.10

sentence (linguistic unit)C12

sentence processingG10.6.4

sentence structureD8.6.2DF The overall pattern of elements in a sentence, based

on recurrent distributional patterns in groups ofsentences. [LLBA]

sentienceUSE STG8.4.6.2 consciousness

serial verbD10.14.4.4.22

sexual orientation+N8

shallow text parsingG10.8.6.6.2.6.10

sight

sight/visual+F4

sign languageF4.4

spell-out

sign language into hands


F6.4

signed representation of grammarD2.24.8

signing skillsG4.2.4.2.6

silent nounsD10.14.4.2.14

simulated speechUSE STG10.8.4.2.2 artificial speech

single ethnic groupN12.2.4

single race groupN12.2.2

single race/ethnic group+N12.2

singularD10.2.8.4

slot and filler grammarD2.4

societal vs. individual+K2

socioeconomic status+N24.6

sociolinguistics+A16

sound

sound/auditory+F2

source theta roleD10.6.2.8

special populations+N26

specific languages & specific language familiesJ

specific personO

speech+F2.4

speech synthesis/recognitionA8.10.2

spell-outD8.2.6DF (minimalist theory) instruction to switch to

phonological form. What happens at PF is a pointof debate; if one assumes that lexical items comefrom the lexicon fully inflected, phonologicalfeatures are 'stripped away' at PF. Anotherpossibility is that Spell-Out accesses the lexiconto associate the syntactic structure withphonological features. [LEX]


spelling

spellingUSE STF4.2.2 orthography

split-morphology hypothesisD6.2.10DF hypothesis which entails that derivation and inflection

are distinct, and belong to separate componentsof the grammar. Derivation is handled by lexicalrules, while (regular) inflection is handled bysyntactic rules. [LEX]

spoken human language productionG8.2.4.2.2

spoken language production+G2.6.2.2

spoken representation of grammar+D2.24.4

stages of language acquisitionG8.10.2.12

statistic model+G10.8.10.2.6

statistical linguisticsA8.12.2

status by ability or handicap+N22

status by disability+N22.4

status by knowledge of dominant language+N14.8

status by language spoken+N14

status by level of knowledge+N24.4

status by literacy+N24.4.2

status by relationship to othersN24.10

status by social relationshipN24.12

status by type of neighborhoodN24.8

stem+D12.2.22

stochastic taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.2

story grammarD2.12

stratificational grammarD2.14

strong featureD2.2.2.4.4.6.6

structural grammarD2.16


subject verb object

DF teaching term for grammar concerned with howwords go into phrases, phrases into sentences [COOK]

structuralismD2.2.2.2DF A type of linguistic analysis which stresses the

interrelatedness of all levels and sub-levels oflanguage. It was introduced at the beginning ofthe century by Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913) as a deliberate reaction to thehistorically oriented linguistics of the 19thcentury and subsequently established itself as thestandard paradigm until the 1950?s when it wasjoined, if not replaced, by generative grammar. [NEAT]

structure dependence principleD8.6.14DF principle that all grammatical operations are

dependent on the structure of the surroundingsentence.

structure of language+D

DF the dimensions of language analysis that underlie allforms of language, whether spoken, written, orsigned.

structure of the brain+M2.2

structure-meaning relationship+D10

structured language processingG10.4.2

student+N24.2

student by academic performanceN24.2.4

student by educational level+N24.2.2

study of foreign language instructionA10.2.4

study of human language instruction+A10.2

study of linguistic universals+A8.14

study of native language instructionA10.2.2

stylisticsA4.6.8

subject+D10.4.2

subject object verbD10.4.6

subject verb objectD10.4.8

subjective language perception

subjective language perceptionG8.2.2.4.4

subjunctive moodD10.2.2.6DF a mood used to make uncertain, hypothetical

statements. [NEAT]

substantive universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.2

suffixD12.2.6.2.4.4

superordinatesD10.14.4.14DF Words that denote a category, e.g. animal, weapon

[WEIJER]

suppletionD6.4.2.2.2DF A form in a paradigm (a set of morphologically

related elements, such as the forms of a verb ornoun) which etymologically comes from anothersource, e.g. the past tense form went in Englishis not formally related to the verb go. [NEAT]

surface structureD2.2.2.4.2DF In many models of generative grammar, a level of

syntactic representation that reflects the actualordering of the elements of sentences. [LLBA]

syllable (linguistic unit)+C4

synapseM2.2.6

synchronic linguisticsUSE ST

+A8 descriptive linguistics

syntactic ambiguityD8.6.6

syntactic atomD8.6.8DF term introduced in Di Sciullo & Williams (1987) to

refer to the property of words that they are theindivisible building blocks of syntax. Words areatomic with respect to syntax, since syntacticrules or principles cannot make reference to theirparts [LEX]

syntactic category+D10.14

DF A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrasesin a language which share a significant numberof common characteristics. The classification isbased on similar structure and sameness ofdistribution (the structural relationships betweenthese elements and other items in a largergrammatical structure), and not on meaning. Ingenerative grammar, a syntactic category issymbolized by a node label in a constituentstructure tree. [SIL] Commonly referred to as?parts of speech?.

syntactic changeI8


systemic linguistics

syntactic classUSE ST

+D10.14 syntactic category

syntactic phasesD8.6.16

syntactic universalD2.2.2.4.4.4.2.6

syntagm+D6.4.2.4

DF The linear (or temporal) sequence of elements whichcontrasts directly with the vertical axis - theparadigmatic axis. [NEAT]

syntagmatic axisUSE ST

+D6.4.2.4 syntagm

syntagmatic relationD10.4.16DF The relation between a linguistic unit (word,

phoneme) and its context [Weijer]

syntax+D8

DF grammatical arrangement of words in sentences, rulesfor ordering

syntax-morphology interactionA2.10.2

syntax-phonology interactionA2.10.4

syntax-semantics interactionA2.10.6

syntax-semantics interfaceUSE ST

+D10 structure-meaning relationship

synthetic speechUSE STG10.8.4.2.2 artificial speech

systemic functional grammarD2.2.2.10DF theory in which language is viewed as networks of

interlocking choices made by a speaker duringthe speech act. [LLBA]

systemic grammarUSE STD2.2.2.10 systemic functional grammar

systemic linguisticsUSE STD2.2.2.10 systemic functional grammar


t-model

t-model+D8.4.2

DF Model of grammar prevalent in the Principles andParameters framework. [LEX]

tag set+G10.8.6.6.2.6.4

tagging+G10.8.6.6.2.6

tagging algorithm+G10.8.6.6.2.6.2

tagging manualG10.8.6.6.2.6.6

teaching languageUSE ST


teaching/learning grammarD2.20.8

teflUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

template morphologyD6.2.12.2DF a term which is used for systems of nonconcatenative

morphology in which it is difficult or impossibleto analyze the formation of complex words as theaddition of affixes one by one to a stem. Rather,in these systems a word consists of severalobligatory and optional affixes, where eachobligatory affix has its own position in the stringand optional affixes are slotted into this string, atthe appropriate point in the sequence. Usuallyone finds discontinuous dependencies betweenaffixes. Languages with template morphologiesare Navajo (Young & Morgan (1980)), Arabic(McCarthy (1981)), Sierra Miwok (Smith(1985)), and Yawelmani (Archangeli (1984)). [LEX]

temporal adverbD10.14.4.6.10

temporary residentN18.6

tenesUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

tenseD10.2.6

terminologyA6.8

teslUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction

tesolUSE STG8.10.4.10.4.2 english as a foreign language instruction


theta-absorption

textsD12.12

text (linguistic unit)C14

text linguisticsA4.6.4

the gray matter of language: language and the brain (frotoc: DE)USE ST

+M2 brain

thematic processingD10.6.4

thematic role/semantic roles/functional categories+D10.6

thematic structureD10.6.6

theme theta roleD10.6.2.4

theories and models of grammar+D2.2

theories and models of morphology+D6.2

theories and models of syntax+D8.2

theories of grammar acquisition and instruction+D2.20

theories of language acquisition+G2.2.4

theories of language processing+G2.2

theories of linguistics+B2

theory and method+B

Theory of MindG8.4.6.4

theta criterionD2.2.4.2.2

theta role+D10.6.2

DF The semantic relations between a verbal form and itsarguments. [MIT] Roles include agent, theme,goal, source, experiencer. [LEX]

theta theory+D2.2.4.2

theta-absorptionD10.8.2DF some morpho-syntactic elements have the capacity of

absorbing a theta-role assigned by the verb(stem) to which they are attached, with the effectthat that theta-role cannot be assigned to itsregular position. [LEX] (e.g., passive voice,clitics)

thought

thoughtUSE ST

+G2.10 language and thought

tools for automated conceptual processing+G10.16

top down parsing

touch and movement

touch/tactile+F6

traditional grammarD2.6

transcortical motor aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.12

transcortical sensory aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.14

transformation-based taggingG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6

transformational generative grammarUSE ST

+D2.2.2.4.4 transformational grammar

transformational grammar+D2.2.2.4.4

transformational parsingG10.8.6.6.2.6.12

transformational taggingUSE STG10.8.6.6.2.6.2.6 transformation-based tagging

transitive

transitive verbD10.14.4.4.14DF A verb, or verb form, that requires an object to be

grammatical. [WORDNET]

translation (human generated)A10.18

translation: automatic machineUSE ST


trashZ

tree diagram representation of grammarD2.24.6.4.2DF A method of representing the structure of a sentence,

or occasionally a compound, so that the internalhierarchical organization is evident. Suchstructures can be equally well represented usingbracketing but this is not as effective visually. [NEAT]

trilingualismK8

truncationD6.4.12

two-way bilingual education programsUSE STG8.10.4.8.4.2 immersion program

typological classification

two-way immersion programs


USE STG8.10.4.8.4.2 immersion program

types of languages, characteristics of languagesH

typological classificationA8.30.2


unaccusative verbs

unaccusative verbsD10.14.4.4.16.2DF Intransitive verbs that usually have theme subjects

and express change of state, existence: to break,to die, to bleed, etc. The past participle of theverb can be used as an adjective. [WEIJER]

unbound morphemesUSE STD12.2.4 free morphemes

undergraduate or graduate student+N24.2.2.6

undergraduate studentN24.2.2.6.2

unergative verbsD10.14.4.4.16.4DF Intransitive verbs that usually have agentive subjects

and express volitional acts: to sleep, to laugh, tofly, etc. The past participle of the verb cannot beused as an adjective. [WEIJER]

ungrammaticality+D2.22.10.4

universal features of languageUSE ST

+D2.2.2.4.4.4.2 linguistic universals

universal grammar+D2.2.2.4.4.4

DF Any set of statements claimed to apply to thestructure of all languages; chiefly used in theframework of Noam Chomsky'sprinciples-and-parameters approach to designate ahypothesized single grammar, transmittedgenetically, that accounts for the ability of allnormal humans to learn and speak their nativelanguage. [LLBA]

universal or language-specific characteristics of grammarD2.22.8

unrepeatable linguistic unitsD2.22.4.4

upper classN24.6.6

upper middle classN24.6.4.6


valence

valenceUSE STD10.12 valency

valencyD10.12DF The capacity of a verb or other lexical item to

combine with particular classes of clauseconstituents; considered an essential lexicalproperty, as verbs that are otherwisegrammatically similar may differ sharply in thenumber and type of constituents that may or mustaccompany them. The notion of valence iswidespread in varieties of functional linguisticsand dependency grammar. [LLBA]

variational sociolinguisticsA16.4

verbs+D10.14.4.4

verb phraseD10.16.4

verb subject objectD10.4.10

verbal developmentG8.10.2.4.2.2.2

verbal particlesD10.14.4.16.2

verbal skillsG4.2.4.2.2

visual recognition+G2.8.2.2

visual word recognitionG2.8.2.2.4

vocabularyD12.4.14

voice+D10.2.10

vowelsC4.4.2


weak feature

weak featureD2.2.2.4.4.6.4

wernicke's areaM2.2.2.2.2

Wernicke?s aphasiaG8.8.2.4.10.16

western aphasia batteryG8.8.2.4.10.18

wh-interrogative sentenceUSE STD12.10.18.2 wh-question

wh-islandD8.10.4DF the extraction island created by an embedded

sentence which is introduced by a wh-word. [LEX]

wh-movementD8.6.4.2.2DF the "displacement" of an object phrase headed by a

"wh-" interrogative word (such as who, what,where, when)

wh-phraseD12.6.14DF In English, phrase with an interrogative ("wh-") word

(such as who, what, where, when)

wh-questionD12.10.18.2DF in a language with overt wh-movement, a question

introduced by a wh-phrase: what have theybought? Otherwise, a question containing awh-element. Distinguished from yes-no question. [LEX]

woman+N6.4.4

word+D12.4

word (linguistic unit)C6

word classUSE STD6.6.12 lexical tag

word formation+D6.4.6

DF form new words (dog and dog-catcher - dog-catcherswould be inflectional)

word frequencyG10.8.10.2.6.2

word orderD8.8.14

word order typologyD8.8.16

word recognition+G2.8.4.4

word-based morphologyD6.2.4


written text

DF a hypothesis proposed in Aronoff (1976) which saysthat all regular word-formation processes areword-based. A new word is formed by applying aregular rule to a single already existing word.Both the new word and the existing one aremembers of major lexical categories. Thishypothesis entails the claim that English wordssuch as deceive, receive and conceive are notformed by regular prefixation processes, since thebase ceive is not an existing word which belongsto a major lexical category. [LEX]

writing developmentG8.10.2.4.2.2.4

writing skillsG4.2.4.2.4

writing: instruction, acquisition, processes, and testingA10.16

written representation of grammar+D2.24.6

written text+F4.2


x-bar projection

x-bar projectionD2.2.2.4.10.4

x-bar schemaD2.2.2.4.10.2

x-bar theory+D2.2.2.4.10

DF In various models of generative grammar, a model ofphrase structure as a binary branching tree withthree levels of nodes, termed (from bottom totop) X, X' or X-bar, and X'' or XP, where Xstands for any of the lexical word class symbolsV (verb), N (noun), A (adjective), and P(preposition) or for a functional category; theentire structure is defined as a projection of theX head, which is joined to a complement at theX' node and a specifier at the XP node. [LLBA]


yes-no question

yes-no questionD12.10.18.4DF question that must be answered by yes or no.

young adultN4.10.2

young childN4.6.4


zero morph

zero morphD12.2.2.2

zero morphemeUSE STD12.2.2.2 zero morph

tesauro ling

Documents