test 21 solutions

7/26/2019 Test 21 Solutions

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1. Solution: a)

The constitution does not specify the castes or tribes which are to be called the SCs or

the STs. It leaves to the President the power to specify as to what castes or tribes in

each state and union territory are to be treated as the SCs and STs. Thus, the lists of

the SCs or STs vary from state to state and union territory to union territory. In caseof the states, the President issues the notification after consulting the governor of the

state concerned. But, any inclusion or exclusion of any caste or tribe from

Presidential notification can be done only by the Parliament and not by a subsequent

Presidential notification. Presidents have issued several orders specifying the SCs

and STs in different states and union territories and these have also been amended

by the Parliament.

2.

Solution: c)

The President should set up a National Commission for the SCs to investigate all

matters relating to the constitutional safeguards for the SCs and to report to him

(Article 338). Similarly, the President should also set up a National Commission for

the STs to investigate all matters relating to the Constitutional safeguards for the STs

and to report to him (Article 338-A). The President should place all such reports

before the Parliament, along with the action taken memorandum. Previously, the

Constitution provided for a combined National Commission for SCs and STs. The

89thAmendment Act of 2003 bifurcated the combined commission into two separate

bodies.

The National Commission for SCs is also required to discharge similar functions with

regard to the OBCs and the Anglo-Indian Community as it does with respect to the

SCs. In other words, the commission has to investigate all matters relating to the

Constitutional and other legal safeguards for the OBCs and the Anglo-Indian

community and report to the President upon their working.

3.

Solution: d)The Election Commission registers political parties for the purpose of elections and

grants them recognition as national or state parties on the basis of their poll

performance. The other parties are simply declared as registered-unrecognised

parties.

The recognition granted by the Commission to the parties determines their right to

certain privileges like allocation of the party symbols, provision of time for political

broadcasts on the state-owned television and radio stations and access to electoral

rolls.


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4. Solution: c)

The Constitution (Article 324) provides for an independent Election Commission in

order to ensure free and fair elections in the country.

There is to be only one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency for

election to the Parliament and the state legislatures. Thus, the Constitution has

abolished the system of communal representation and separate electorates which led

to the partition of the country.

The state legislatures can also make provision with respect to all matters relating to

elections to the state legislatures including the preparation of electoral rolls and all

other matters necessary for securing their due constitution. But, they can make

provision for only those matters which are not covered by the Parliament. In otherwords, they can only supplement the parliamentary law and cannot override it.

5. Solution: d)

The Chief Electoral Officer of a state/ Union Territory is authorised to supervise the

election work in the state/Union Territory subject to the overall superintendence,

direction and control of the Election Commission. The Election Commission of Indianominates or designates an Officer of the Government of the state / Union Territory

as the Chief Electoral Officer in consultation with that State Government / Union

Territory Administration.

The Election Commission of India nominates officers of Government as Observers

(General Observers and Election Expenditure Observers) for Parliamentary and

assembly constituencies. They perform such functions as are entrusted to them by

the Commission. They report directly to the Commission.

Refer to the section on election machinery in Chapter-65, Election in Laxmikanth.

6. Solution: a)

The Commission normally announces the schedule of elections in a major press

conference a few weeks before the formal process is set in motion. The Model Code of

Conduct for guidance of candidates and political parties comes immediately into

effect after such announcement.


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The formal process for the elections starts with the Notification or Notifications

calling upon the electorate to elect Members of a House. As soon as Notifications are

issued, candidates can start filing their nominations in the constituencies from where

they wish to contest. These are scrutinised by the Returning Officer of the

constituency concerned after the last date for the same is over after about a week.

The validly nominated candidates can withdraw from the contest within two days

from the date of scrutiny. Contesting candidates get at least two weeks for political

campaign before the actual date of poll.

7. Solution: c)

In 2003, the election Commission issued an order directing every candidate seekingelection to the Parliament or a State Legislature to furnish on his nomination paper

the information on the following matters.

(i) Whether the candidate has been convicted or acquitted or discharged in any

criminal offence in the past? Whether he/she was imprisoned or fined?

(ii) Prior to six months of filing nomination, whether the candidate is accused in any

pending case, of any offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or more,

and in which charges were framed or cognizance was taken by a court; if so, the

details thereof

(iii) The assets (immovable, movable, bank balances, etc.) of a candidate and his/her

spouse and that of dependents

(iv) Liabilities, if any, particularly whether there are any dues of any public financial

institution or government dues

(v) The educational qualifications of the candidate

Furnishing of any false information in the affidavit is now an electoral offence

punishable with imprisonment upto six months or fine or both.

8. Solution: d)

In 2003, the following two changes were introduced with respect to elections to the

Rajya Sabha:

(i) Domicile or residency requirement of a candidate contesting an election to the

Rajya Sabha was removed. Prior to this, a candidate had to be an elector in the state


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from where he was to be elected. Now, it would be sufficient if he is an elector in any

parliamentary constituency in the country.

(ii) Introducing open ballot system, instead of secret ballot system, for elections to

the Rajya

Sabha. This was done to curb cross-voting and to wipe out the role of money power

during Rajya Sabha elections. Under the new system, an elector belonging to a

political party has to show the ballot paper after marking his vote to a nominated

agent of that political party.

9. Solution: d)

Go through first few paragraphs only.

http://eci.nic.in/archive/instruction/recent/media/pnxitpoll_FINAL.html

10. Solution: a)

A member of a House belonging to any political party becomes disqualified for beinga member of the House, (a) if he voluntarily gives up his membership of such

political party; or (b) if he votes or abstains from voting in such House contrary to

any direction issued by his political party without obtaining prior permission of such

party and such act has not been condoned by the party within 15 days.

The above disqualification on the ground of defection does not apply in the following

two cases:

If a member goes out of his party as a result of a merger of the party with

another party. A merger takes place when two-thirds of the members of the

party have agreed to such merger.

If a member, after being elected as the presiding officer of the House,

voluntarily gives up the membership of his party or rejoins it after he ceases to

hold that office. This exemption has been provided in view of the dignity and

impartiality of this office.


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11.Solution: a)

Any question regarding disqualification arising out of defection is to be decided by

the presiding officer of the House. Originally, the act provided that the decision of

the presiding officer is final and cannot be questioned in any court. However, in

Kihoto Hollohan case (1993), the Supreme Court declared this provision asunconstitutional on the ground that it seeks to take away the jurisdiction of the

Supreme Court and the high courts.

It held that the presiding officer, while deciding a question under the Tenth

Schedule, function as a tribunal. Hence, his decision like that of any other tribunal, is

subject to judicial review on the grounds of mala fides, perversity, etc. But, the court

rejected the contention that the vesting of adjudicatory powers in the presiding

officer is by itself invalid on the ground of political bias.

12.Solution: d)

Nuclear retaliatory attacks can only be authorised by the civilian political leadership

through the Nuclear Command Authority.

The Nuclear Command Authority comprises a Political Council and an Executive

Council. The

Political Council is chaired by the Prime Minister. It is the sole body which can

authorise the use of nuclear weapons.

The Executive Council is chaired by the National Security Advisor. It provides inputs

for decision making by the Nuclear Command Authority and executes the directives

given to it by the Political Council.

13.Solution: b)

From the 7thnumber, here is the table of precedence.

The Table of Precedence is related to the rank and order of the officials of the Union

and State Governments.

7. Cabinet Ministers of the Union

Chief Ministers of States within their respective States

Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission


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Former Prime Ministers

Leaders of Opposition in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

7A. Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration

8. Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and High Commissioners of

Commonwealth countries accredited to India

Chief Ministers of States outside their respective States

Governors of States outside their respective States

9. Judges of Supreme Court

9A. Chairperson, Union Public Service Commission

Chief Election Commissioner

Comptroller & Auditor General of India

10. Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha

Deputy Chief Ministers of States

Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha

Members of the Planning Commission

Ministers of State of the Union (and any other Minister in the Ministry of Defence

for defence matters)

11. Attorney General of India

Cabinet Secretary

Lieutenant Governors within their respective Union Territories.


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14.Solution: d)

Anglo-Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors

in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the

territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually

resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only.

Indian State means any territory which the Government of the Dominion of India

recognized as such a State.

Ruler means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the

commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, was

recognised by the President as the Ruler of an Indian State or any person who, at anytime before such commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor

of such Ruler.

15.Solution: d)

Individual islands lie just outside the continent, very much associated with the

characteristic features of the mainland of which they were once part.

Some other examples are Sri Lanka separated by Palk strait; Formosa by Formosa

strait.

Archipelago or island groups are different from such kind of islands.

16.

Solution: d)

http://coral.org/coral-reefs-101/coral-reef-ecology/what-do-coral-reefs-need-to-

survive/

http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/crform.htm


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17.Solution: d)

Their shallowness allows the sunlight to penetrate the water which encourages the

growth of minute plants and microorganisms; hence, planktons, hence rich in fishes.

Their limited depth and gentle slope keep out cold currents and increase the height

of tides.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf#Economic_significance

18.Solution: d)

High rate of evaporation would take away water and leave more and more

concentration of salt in the ocean.

If continuously evaporated water is not mixed by currents, its salinity tends to

increase, thus becoming more denser.

Lesser precipitation ensures lesser inflow of fresh water and more salinity.

19.Solution: d)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Current#Effects_on_climate

20. Solution: d)

Refer to the section on Movement of Ocean water in Goh Che Leong Chapter 12. It

has been explained in detail.

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/currents.html


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21.Solution: c)

It is due to Monsoon winds. In summer, June-October, when the dominant direction

is South-west Monsoon, the direction is south-westerly. In winter, its in the North-

eastern direction.

This signifies the dominant effect of planetary winds on the circulation of ocean

currents.

22. Solution: a)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of increased

temperature and precipitation suggest the emergence of more disease-friendlyconditions in regions that did not previously host diseases or disease

carriers. Climate change accelerates the spread of disease primarily because warmer

global temperatures enlarge the geographic range in which disease-carrying animals,

insects and microorganisms--as well as the germs and viruses they carry--can

survive.

In addition to changing weather patterns, climatic conditions affect diseases

transmitted via vectors such as mosquitoes (vector-borne disease) or through

rodents (rodent-borne disease).

23. Solution: a)

A barometer used to measure pressure and some aspects of the local weather is

affected by the altitude. The same column of water would read half if it is raised from

sea level to a height of 3.5 miles above the sea level.

Similarily, gravitational forces also affect the overall weight of the air and objects,thus changing the pressure rating on the barometer.

http://weather.about.com/od/weatherinstruments/a/barometers.htm

24. Solution: a)


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25. Solution: b)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/135016/continentality

The effect of continentality may be moderated by proximity to the ocean, depending

on the direction and strength of the prevailing winds. Contrast with ocean

temperatures at the edges of each continent may be further modified by the presence

of a north- or south-flowing ocean current. For most latitudes, however,

continentality explains much of the variation in average temperature at a fixed

latitude as well as variations in the difference between January and July

temperatures.

26. Solution: d)

Temperature inversion, is a condition in which the temperature of the atmosphere

increases with altitude in contrast to the normal decrease with altitude. When

temperature inversion occurs, cold air underlies warmer air at higher altitudes.

Temperature inversion may occur during the passage of a cold front or result from

the invasion of sea air by a cooler onshore breeze.


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Overnight radiative cooling of surface air often results in a nocturnal temperature

inversion that is dissipated after sunrise by the warming of air near the ground. A

more long-lived temperature inversion accompanies the dynamics of the large high-

pressure systems depicted on weather maps. Descending currents of air near the

center of the high-pressure system produce a warming (by adiabatic compression),

causing air at middle altitudes to become warmer than the surface air. Rising

currents of cool air lose their buoyancy and are thereby inhibited from rising further

when they reach the warmer, less dense air in the upper layers of a temperature

inversion.

27. Solution: a)

A more long-lived temperature inversion accompanies the dynamics of the large

high-pressure systems depicted on weather maps. Descending currents of air near

the center of the high-pressure system produce a warming (by adiabatic

compression), causing air at middle altitudes to become warmer than the surface air.

Rising currents of cool air lose their buoyancy and are thereby inhibited from rising

further when they reach the warmer, less dense air in the upper layers of a

temperature inversion.

During a temperature inversion, air pollution released into the atmosphere's lowest

layer is trapped there and can be removed only by strong horizontal winds. Because

high-pressure systems often combine temperature inversion conditions and low wind

speeds, their long residency over an industrial area usually results in episodes of

severe smog.

28. Solution: a)


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29. Solution: a)

30. Solution: a)


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Coriolis force is responsible for the deflection of winds in the Northern hemisphere

to the right.

For explanation of anti-cyclones in summer visit

http://www.lordgrey.org.uk/~f014/usefulresources/aric/Resources/Teaching_Packs

/Key_Stage_4/Weather_Climate/07.html

Cyclones occur in temperate zones too, wherever the conditions are met. An example

would be the hurricanes US faces.

31.Solution: c)

http://top5ofanything.com/list/7738a992/Rubber-Producing-Countries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber#Discovery_of_commercial_potential

Rubber plantations are not found in temperate regions. Right conditions do not exist

there.

32.

Solution: a)Vedic ritual is preserved in literary texts called the Brahmanas. The main division of

the contexts of these extensive texts is twofold the ritualistic injuction and

discussions on the meaning of Vedic ritual and all that is related to it. The Aranyakas

or the treatises of the forest present secret explanations of the ritual, have their

origin in the philosophical discussions of the Brahmanas, find their culmination in

the Upanishads and represent the transitional phase between the ritualistic

symbolism of the Brahmanas and the philosophical doctrines of the Upanishads. The

Upanishads, written both in prose and poetry, are expressions of philosophical

concepts.

In the literal term, it means that knowledge which is imparted to the student who is

sitting very near to the teacher. That knowledge by which all ignorance is destroyed.

The knowledge of the identity of the self (Atman) with the eternal (Brahman). The

Upanishads are the end of the Vedas. This is the literature in which ancient sages

realised that in the final analysis, man has to know himself.


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33. Solution: d)

The great epics (Mahakavya), the Ramayana (1500 BC) and the Mahabharata (1000

BC) are the, repositories of the ethnic memory of the Indian people. Valmiki, the poet

of the Ramayana, is known as Adikavi (first among the poets), and the story of Rama

is occasionally referred to in the Mahabharata. But both these epics were composedover a long passage of time, not by one poet, but by many poets, for the purpose of

oral transmission by singers and story tellers. Both are epics of the people, and as

such, reflect the ethos and the psyche of a group of people, not only in a given

temporal frame, but have a universal human context. The Ramayana tells us about

how a man can achieve divineness, as Rama achieves divinity through righteous

action.

It also tells us about how to achieve the fourfold objectives (Purushartha) of human

life, Dharma (righteousness, or loosely, religion), Artha (worldly achievement,

mainly wealth and prosperity), Kama (fulfilment of all desires), and Moksha

(liberation). Inwardly it is a quest to know oneself.

34. Solution: d)

The main Puranas are 18 encyclopaedic collections of legend and myth. Though the

archaic form of the genre might have existed as early as the fourth or the fifty century

B.C., the famous names of the 18 Mahapuranas were not discovered earlier than the

third century A.D. The phenomenal popularity of these Mahapuranas gave rise to yet

another sub-genre known as the Upapuranas or minor Puranas. They are also 19 in

number.

The Mahapuranas have five subjects. These are : (1) Sarga, the original creation of

the universe, (2) Pratisarga, the periodical process of destruction and re-creation, (3)

Manvantara, the different eras or cosmic cycles, (4) Surya Vamsha and Chandra

Vamsa, the histories of the solar and lunar dynasties of Gods and sages, (5)

Vamshanucharita, the genealogies of kings. Around this core skeleton of the fivesubjects any Purana adds other diverse materials like matters of religious concern,

customs, ceremonies, sacrifices, festivals, the duties of various castes, different types

of donations, details of the construction of temples and images, and descriptions of

places of pilgrimage. The Puranas are the meeting point of diverse religious and

social beliefs, are linked with the vital spiritual and social needs and urges of the

people, and are a unique outcome of the ever-continuing synthesis based on an

understanding between various groups of vedic Aryans and non-Aryans.


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35. Solution: d)

Buddha (500 B.C.) used Pali to give his sermons. All the Buddhist canonical

literature is in Pali which includes Tipitaka (threefold basket). The first basket,Vinaya Pitaka, contains the monastic rules of the Order of Buddhist monks. The

second basket, Sutta Pitaka, is the collection of the speeches and dialogues of the

Buddha. The third basket, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, elucidates the various topics

dealing with ethics, psychology or theory of knowledge. The jataka Kathas are non-

canonical Buddhist literature in which stories relating to the former births of the

Buddha (Bodhi-sattva or the would-be Buddha) are narrated.

These stories propagate Buddhist religious doctrines and are available in both

Sanskrit and Pali. As the jataka tales grew in bulk, they assimilated popular tales,

ancient mythology, stories from older religious traditions, etc. Jatakas are, in fact,based on the common heritage of the Indian masses. Buddhist literature is also

abundantly available in Sanskrit, which includes the great epic Buddhacharita by

Aswaghosha (78 A.D.).

36. Solution: a)

Dravidian literature mainly consists of the four languages, Tamil, Telugu, Kannadaand Malayalam. Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature

meaning fraternity, indicating mainly two schools of poets, aham (subjective love

poems), and puram (objective, public poetry and heroic). Aham deals purely with the

subjective emotions of the lover, and puram with all kinds of emotions, mainly the

valour and glory of kings, and about good and evil.

The Tamils, in all their 2000 years of literary effort, wrote nothing better. The

famous Thirukkural by Thiruvalluvar, in the 6th century A.D., serves as a manual of

precepts to guide one to noble living. It expounds a secular, moral and practical

attitude towards life. The twin epics, Silappadhikaram (the story of the anklet),written by Ilango-Adigal, and Manimekalai (the story of Manimekalai) by Chattanar,

were written sometimes in A.D. 200-300 and give vivid accounts of Tamil society

during that period. These are valuable storehouses and epics of dignity and

sublimity, laying stress on the cardinal virtues of life. In Manimekalai there is an

elaborate exposition of the doctrines of Buddhism. If Tamil reveals a triumph of

Brahmanic and Buddhist knowledge, Kannada shows Jain ascendency in its ancient

phase. Malayalam absorbed a rich treasure contained in the Sanskrit language.

Nannaya (A.D.1100) was the first Telugu poet. In ancient times, Tamil and Telugu

spread to distant places.


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If one were to identify another striking feature of ancient Tamil literature, the

obvious choice would be Vaishnava (pertaining to Vishnu) bhakti (devotional)

literature. In Indian literature the effort has been to find out how a man can achieve

divinity.

37. Solution: d)

The religious and cultural synthesis that was a special feature of medieval India finds

abundant expression in its literature. The Islamic element is all-pervasive, next only

to the Upanishadic Hindu element. Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, wrote in many

languages, but mostly in Punjabi, and was a great poet of inter-religious

communication. Nanak says truth is supreme, but above truth is truthful living. Guru

Nanak and other Sikh Gurus belong to the sant tradition, which believes in one

omnipresent God, and not in many gods like Rama and Krishna.

The poetry of the Sikh Gurus is collected in the Guru Granth Sahib (the Revered

Book), a multilingual text which talks about the unchanging one reality (Sat) the

cosmic law (Hukum), meditation (Satnam), compassion and harmony (Daya and

Santosh). Bulleh Shah, the most famous Muslim Punjabi poet, popularised Sufism

through Punjabi Kafi (verse-form). Kafi is a small poem in stanzas followed by

refrain and is sung in a dramatic way. Shah Latif, the famous Sindhi Muslim poet

(1689 A.D.) in his sacred work Risalo explained Sufi mystic love as the divine truth.

38. Solution: a)

Unlike the dark middle ages of Europe, Indias middle ages brought about a very rich

tradition of devotional literature of remarkable merit which dispels the superstitious

assumption of a dark period of Indias history. Bhakti literature is the most

important development of the medieval period. It is love poetry. Love for ones Lord,

Krishna or Rama, the two main incarnations of the great God Vishnu. This love is

depicted as love between husband and wife, or between lovers, or between servantand master, or between parents and child. This is personalisation of the godhood,

which means a truthful perception of God residing in you, and also harmony in life

which only love can bring.

Worldly love is Kama (Eros) and divine love is Prema (mystic Eros). The dominating

note in bhakti is ecstasy and total identity with God. It is a poetic approach to

religion and an ascetic approach to poetry.


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39. Solution: d)

The conception of bhakti did away with the elite tradition of Sanskrit and accepted

the more acceptable language of the common man. Kabir (Hindi) says that Sanskritis like water of a well stagnant, Bhasa like flowing water. A seventh century Shaiva

Tamil writer Manikkarvachakar has something similar to say about in his book of

poetry Thiruvachakam. Bhakti also attacked the age-old caste system and devoted

itself to the worship of humanity, because the catch-word of bhakti is that God is

there in every human being. The movement was in essence subaltern, as most of its

poets belonged to the so-called lower castes. Bhakti is antitheology and against any

kind of conceptual erudition.

40. Solution: a)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism#Dhikr

41.Solution: b)

The practice of muraqabacan be likened to the practices of meditation attested in

many faith communities. The word muraqabais derived from the same root (r-q-b)

occurring as one of the 99 Names of God in the Qur'an, al-Raqb, meaning "the

Vigilant" and attested in the Qur'an. Through muraqaba, a person watches over or

takes care of the spiritual heart, acquires knowledge about it, and becomes attuned to

the Divine Presence, which is ever vigilant.

While variation exists, one description of the practice within a Naqshbandi lineage

reads as follows:

He is to collect all of his bodily senses in concentration, and to cut himself off from

all preoccupation and notions that inflict themselves upon the heart. And thus he is

to turn his full consciousness towards God Most High while saying three times: "Ilah

anta maqsd wa-ridka matlbmy God, you are my Goal and Your good

pleasure is what I seek". Then he brings to his heart the Name of the Essence

Allhand as it courses through his heart he remains attentive to its meaning, which

is "Essence without likeness". The seeker remains aware that He is Present,

Watchful, Encompassing of all, thereby exemplifying the meaning of his saying (may

God bless him and grant him peace): "Worship God as though you see Him, for if you


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do not see Him, He sees you". And likewise the prophetic tradition: "The most

favored level of faith is to know that God is witness over you, wherever you may be".

42. Solution: c)

http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi

India has been ranked lower than Nepal in 2015.

43.

Solution: c)

Minister of State for Textiles (I/C), Shri Santosh Kumar Gangwar launched a scheme

to promote usage of Geotechnical Textiles in the North Eastern Region of India.

The ultimate objective is to introduce modern cost-effective technology pertaining to

the application and usage of geotechnical textiles in the development of

infrastructure of NE Region, which is likely to boost the regions economy.

Geotechnical Textiles is a proven technology world over. Geotechnical Textiles

provide the functional advantages of higher endurance and durability in roads andinfrastructure projects. Most of the developed countries have established empirical

evidence about these advantages through numerous studies as well as onsite trials. In

consideration of these benefits, Geotechnical Textiles have now become a way of life

in the developed parts of the world.

Geotechnical textile products are used for work related soil, rock e.g. laying down

roads and pavements in hilly areas, slope stabilization, protecting river

embankments-tunnels-rail-track etc; Marine Engineering Soil Erosion landfills and

waste management. Benefits of Geotextile products are less maintenance; need less

space; and more durability; ground stabilization etc. India is a leading producer ofgeo-technical textiles.

44. Solution: b)

Law Commission- Justice A.P. Shah: 255th report about electoral reforms

ban newspaper advertisements on the eve of elections be banned


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ban Independent candidates from contesting elections because mostly theyre

dummy candidates with no chances of winning, they only confuse the voters

and split vote share.

if any candidate indulges in paid news- disqualify him

ban election related broadcast from both print and electronic media for 48hours before election

need to regulate exit polls and bring more transparency in their methodology.

make it compulsory for parties to declare all donations, even if less than

Rs.20,000, if total 20 crores or 20% of party contribution comes from such

small amounts. Upload all such data on ECI website, penalty for non-

disclosure

need collegium / selection Committee to pick Election commissioners. It

should include PM, LoP in Lok Sabha/leader of largest opposition party and

CJI.

did not favor compulsory voting model of Gujarat and NGOs demand for right

to recall- right to proportional representation or even state funding of

election. However, indirect subsidies in-kind may be given to political parties.

introduce common electoral rolls for parliament, Vidhan Sabha and local

assembly elections by amending the relevant acts.

Must use EVM totalizer to prevent voter harassment after results.

setup more election benches in high court and they should pass order within

90 days after argument conclusion.

Amend the 10th schedule about anti-defection. The disqualification decision

should be made by President /governor with help of ECI, instead of

Speaker/chairman.

ECI should be given separate independent Secretariat.

if candidate fails to give proper record of election Expenditures, debar him for

5 years, instead of present 3 years.

45.

Solution: c)

India on 9 April 2015 successfully test fired nuclear weapons-capable Dhanush

missile from a ship, off the Odisha coast.Indigenously developed by Defence

Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

The surface-to-surface missile is a naval variant of Prithvi missile. Capable of

carrying of 500 to 1000 kilogram conventional as well as nuclear payload. It is a

single-stage, liquid-propelled missile and has range of 350 km. Capable to target

both land-based and sea-based targets.


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It gives Indian Navy capability to strike enemy targets with great precision. It should

be noted that Dhanush is one of the 5 missiles developed by the DRDO under the

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).

46. Solution: c)

IRENA is an intergovernmental organization to promote adoption and sustainable

use of renewable energy. It is the global hub for renewable energy cooperation and

information exchange within its member nations. Founded in 2009 and its statute

entered into force on 8 July 2010. Headquarters is in Abu Dhabi.

Two governing structures are present- IRENA Assembly which takes decisions at

macro level and gives policy guidance. IRENA Council is main governing body and isresponsible for implementing various decisions of assembly. Members - In total it

has 140 Members. India is one of the 33 Permanent and founder members of IRENA

47. Solution: c)

Buddha / Malabar Peacock butterfly is endemic to South Asia. Remaining varities of

peacock butterflies found in West Bengal. Plus a new Malayan Green Banded

Peacock butterfly (Papilio palinurus) also discovered in W.Bengal recently. This

butterfly is also found in Mynmar, Borneo and Philippines.

Sarus Crane is the official bird of UP state. NGT orders declaring Dhanauri and

Parasaul as wetland to protect this species.

https://www.savingcranes.org/sarus-crane.html

48. Solution: b)

Union government has suspended the registration of Greenpeace India, a non-profit

environmental organization for six months with immediate effect. Decision in this

regard was taken by Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) after Greenpeace India

had prejudicially acted against the public interests and economic interests of the

country. As per MHA, Greenpeace India has used its funds received from foreign

sources for unauthorised purposes and has violated the rules mentioned Foreign

Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010. If Greenpeace India fails to make a


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satisfactory presentation to the Union government in this regard, its licence may be

cancelled permanently.

49. Solution: b)

The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body formed by

the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, 'Khadi and Village Industries

Commission Act of 1956'. It is an apex organization under the Ministry of Micro,

Small and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within

India, which seeks to - "plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the

establishment and development of khadi and village industries in the rural areas in

coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherevernecessary".67789::;?>8;@>A3BCD:=>?>:+6A@>EAGGAD;E!;IE*BJJ>II>B< -

K>7;E8;@>A3BCD:=>?>:+6A@>EAGGAD;E!;IE*BJJ>II>B< -

K>7;E


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52. Solution: a)

Chestnut-breasted Partridge (Arborophila mandellii) - This bird is endemic to the

Eastern Himalayas. IUCN status is Vulnerable. It is in news because after a longtime, photograph of the real bird has been taken in Arunanchal Pradesh.

Moreover, Osmania University researchers have found new species of spiders -

Telangana crab spider (Thomisus telanganensis) - at Nagnur in Karimnagar district.

They are called Crab spiders because they walk like crabs. They are also called Flower

spiders because they dont construct webs. They wait in flowers to catch insects by

venom sting. They benefit ecosystem by working as biocontrol agents against insects.

53. Solution: a)

Radar uses high frequency radio waves. Theyre electromagnetic waves, can travel

long distance in air because theyre not much absorbed by air molecules. However,

Radar sent in water, then it can hardly travel beyond meter because water will absorb

those electromagnetic waves. Therefore, we cant use radar to track objects in water.

On the other hand, Sonar uses high frequency sound waves. Theyre mechanical

waves, they dont lose energy even after traveling long distance in water. So we useSonar to track objects in water.

54. Solution: c)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality

TRAI consultation paper proposes that Viber, Whatsapp etc. are Over-the-Top (OTT)

Services. So then TRAI may try to regulate them by issuing license similar to

spectrum. This will kill startup companies and innovation. Ignored because its still a

consultation paper and no final verdict is reached

55. Solution: d)

Project 75 aims to develop submarine with joint India-France collaboration.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/project-75.htm


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https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-to-sign-multibillion-dollar-scorpene-

sub-contract-updated-01194/

56. Solution: d)

http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/canada-to-supply-uranium-to-india-for-next-

five-years/67761.html\

57.Solution: d)

Union Government on 14 April 2015 constituted a task force on interlinking of rivers

in the country. The Task Force will be chaired by former Secretary of Ministry of

Water Resources B N Navalawala and comprises experts and senior officials.

Terms of References of Task Force

Take up all issues related to expediting the work on interlinking of rivers in

the country.

Consider alternative plans in case of infeasible links in the present National

Perspective Plan (NPP) apart from examining the existing links which are laid

out as per the NPP under both Himalayan and Peninsular components.

Facilitate interlinking of intra-basin and intra-state Rivers, along with that of

inter-state and inter-basin links.

Recommend time schedules for completing feasibility studies of all the river

links along with implementation schedule.

Suggest different means of funding mechanisms for the interlinking of rivers

project.

Provide guidance norms of appraisal for individual projects in respect of

economic viability, environmental impacts, socio-economic and preparation

of resettlement plans.

Device suitable mechanisms in order to bring speedy consensus among the

states. To implement the interlinking of Rivers, propose suitable

organizational structure.

58. Solution: c)

Bhakti was not the only aspect of medieval literature. Love ballads and heroic poetry

in Punjabi, known as Kissa and Var, were popular Punjabi medieval forms. The mostfamous Punjabi love ballad is Hir Ranjha, an immortal book by a Muslim poet called


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Warris Shah. A popular Punjabi heroic ballad, sung by village bards orally, is

Najabats Var of Nadir Shah. Var is the most popular form of Punjabi poetry, music

and drama, all rolled into one, and has been in vogue since the earliest times. In

Hindi, between 1700 and 1800 A.D., many poets like Bihari Lal and Keshav Das

created secular poetry of Sringara (erotic sentiment), and a large number of other

poets, wrote academic accounts of the entire range of poetry, in verse form.

During the medieval period, Urdu, as a language, came into being. It was Amir

Khusro (1253 A.D.), an early architect of Indias composite culture, and a great Sufi

poet, who first experimented with Persian and Hindi (then known as Hindavi) mixed

poetry, which was the genesis of a new language, subsequently recognised as Urdu.

59. Solution: a)

The birth of the novel is associated with the social reform-oriented movement of the

19th century. This new genre, borrowed from the West, is characterized by a spirit of

revolt, right from its adoption into the Indian system.

The first Tamil novel, Pratap Mudaliyar Charitram (1879) by Samuel V. Pillai, the

first Telugu novel, Sri Ranga Raja Charitra (1872) by Krishnamma Chetty, and the

first Malayalam novel, Indu Lekha (1889) by Chandu Menon were written with

didactic intentions and to re-examine evil social customs and practices like

untouchability, caste distinctions, denial of remarriage of widows, etc.

In other first novels, like the Bengali novel, Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran (1852), by

an Englishwoman, H. Catherine Mullens, or the Hindi novel, Pariksha Guru (1882)

by Lala Sriniwas Das, one can discover shared patterns of response and articulation

towards social problems.

60. Solution: c)

Historical novels were written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (Bengali), Hari

Narayan Apte (Marathi), and others, to describe the glorious past of India, and toinstill nationalist fervour in her people. Novels were found to be the most

appropriate medium to eulogize the intellectual and physical richness of the past,

and reminded Indians about their obligations and rights. In fact, in the 19th century,

the idea of national identity emerged from literature, and most Indian writings

turned into the voice of enlightment. This paved the way for India to understand the

real, factual position by the time it reached the threshold of the 20th century. It was

during this time that Tagore started writing the novel Gora (1910), to challenge

colonial rule, colonial criteria and colonial authority, and to give new meaning to

Indian nationalism.


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61.Solution: a)

Encouraged by the greater macro-economic stability and the reformist intent and

actions of the government, coupled with improved business sentiments in the

country, institutions like the IMF and the World Bank have presented an optimistic

growth outlook for India for the year 2015 and beyond.

The possible headwinds to such promising prospects, however, emanate from factors

like inadequate support from the global economy saddled with subdued demand

conditions, particularly in Europe and Japan, recent slowdown in China, and, on the

domestic front, from possible spill-overs of below normal agricultural growth and

challenges relating to the massive requirements of skill creation and infrastructural

upgradation. The encouraging results from the Advance Estimates for 2014-15

suggest that though the global sluggishness has partly fed into the lacklustre growth

in foreign trade; yet this downward pressure has been compensated by strong

domestic demand, keeping the growth momentum going.

62. Solution: a)


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63. Solution: c)

64. Solution: a)


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65. Solution: a)

Juxtaposing savings with investment, it becomes clear that it was the large saving-

investment gap of the consolidated public sector, complemented by a less

pronounced gap in the private corporate sector, which could not be fully defrayed bythe savings of households, that constituted the aggregate saving-investment gap. The

gap between domestic savings and domestic investment is definitionally equal to the

current account balance.

The general equation is that:

Investment Savings = Current account balance (i.e. exports imports etc.)

In view of the above, it is clear that household financial savings need to be raised to

keep the saving-investment gap at acceptable levels.

66. Solution: d)

Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) refers to the net increase in physical assets

(investment minus disposals) within the measurement period. It does not account

for the consumption (depreciation) of fixed capital, and also does not include land

purchases. It is a component of expenditure approach to calculating GDP.


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67. Solution: d)

Global factors, namely persistent decline in crude prices, soft global prices of

tradables, particularly edible oils and even coal, helped moderate headline inflation.

The tight monetary policy was helpful in keeping the demand pressures contained,

creating a buffer against any external shock, and keeping volatility in the value of the

rupee under check. During the last one year, the rupee remained relatively stable vis-

-vis the major currencies, which too had sobering influence on inflation.

Moderation in wage rate growth reduced demand pressures on proteinbased items.

Base effect also contributed to the decline in headline inflation.

68. Solution: a)

Over the last ten years, Indias merchandise trade (on customs basis) increased

manifold from US$ 195.1 billion in 2004-05 to US$ 764.6 billion in 2013-14 helping

Indias share in global exports and imports improve from 0.8 per cent and 1.0 per

cent respectively in 2004 to 1.7 per cent and 2.5 per cent in 2013.

Manufactured goods constituted the bulk of exportsover 63 per cent in recent

years followed by crude and petroleum products (including coal) with 20 per centshare and agriculture and allied products with 13.7 per cent share.

69. Solution: c)

With net capital flows remaining higher than the CAD, there was net accretion of

US$ 18.1 billion to Indias foreignexchange reserves (on BoP basis) in H1 of 2014- 15

as against a drawdown of US$ 10.7 billion in H1 of 2013-14.Among the majoreconomies with a CAD, India is the second largest foreign exchange reserve holder

after Brazil. Indias foreign exchange reserves at US$ 330.2 billion as on 6 February

2015 mainly comprised foreign currency assets amounting to US$ 305.0 billion,

accounting for about 92.5 per cent of the total.

70. Solution: a)


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In the first half of 2014-15, Indias external-sector position was benign and

comfortable. Two important developments were: (i) lower trade deficit along with

moderate growth in invisibles that resulted in lower CAD and (ii) surge in capital

inflows, enabled by higher portfolio investment, foreign direct investment (FDI), and

external commercial borrowings (ECB).

Higher FDI or FII is directly credited to Indias foreign exchange reserves as it

bridges the CAD. Higher ECBs result in higher debts on the country, and not lead to

accretion in foreign exchange reserves.

71.Solution: d)

An external commercial borrowing(ECB) is an instrument used in India tofacilitate the access to foreign money by Indian corporations and PSUs (public

sector undertakings). ECBs include commercial bank loans, buyers' credit, suppliers'

credit, securitised instruments such as floating rate notes and fixed rate bonds etc.,

credit from official export credit agencies and commercial borrowings from the

private sector window of multilateral financial Institutions such as International

Finance Corporation (Washington), ADB, AFIC, CDC, etc. ECBs cannot be used for

investment in stock market or speculation in real estate.

The DEA (Department of Economic Affairs), Ministry of Finance, Government of

India along with Reserve Bank of India, monitors and regulates ECB guidelines and

policies. For infrastructure and greenfield projects, funding up to 50% (through ECB)

is allowed. In telecom sector too, up to 50% funding through ECBs is allowed.

Recently Government of India allowed borrowings in Chinese currency

yuan.Corporate sectors can mobilize USD 750 million via automatic route,whereas

service sectors and NGO's for microfinance can mobilize USD 200 million and 10

million respectively.

Borrowers can use 25 per cent of the ECB to repay rupee debt and the remaining 75

per cent should be used for new projects. A borrower cannot refinance its existingrupee loan through ECB. The money raised through ECB is cheaper given near-zero

interest rates in the US and Europe, Indian companies can repay their existing

expensive loans from that.

72. Solution: b)


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Indias external debt stock increased by US$ 13.7 billion (3.1 per cent) to US$ 455.9

billion at end-September 2014 over the end-March 2014 level. The rise in external

debt was on account of higher long-term debt particularly commercial borrowings

and non-resident Indian (NRI) deposits. The maturity profile of Indias external debt

indicates the dominance of long-term borrowings.

FDI does not lead to any debt on the country. It adds to the foreign exchange

reserves.

The case of ECBs has been explained in the previous few questions.

73. Solution: d)

74. Solution: a)

The broad sector-wise allocations of central Plan outlay (gross budgetary support in

central Plan plus internal and extra-budgetary resources of the CPSEs) indicate that

the energy, transport, social service, and industry and minerals, got the maximum

share in BE 2014-15.


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75.Solution: a)


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76. Solution: a)

Quit India, Bharat Choro. This simple hut powerful slogan launched the

legendary struggle which also became famous by the name of the AugustRevolution.) In this struggle, the common people of the country demonstrated an

unparalleled heroism and militancy. Moreover, the repression that they faced was

the most brutal that had ever been used against the national movement. The

circumstances in which the resistance was offered were also the most adverse faced

by the national movement until then using the justification of the war effort, the

Government had armed itself with draconian measures, and suppressed even basic

civil liberties. Virtually any political activity, however peaceful and legal, was at this

time an illegal and revolutionary activity.

77.Solution: a)

The failure of the Cripps Mission in April 1942 made it clear that Britain was

unwilling to offer an honourable settlement and a real constitutional advance during

the War, and that she was determined to continue Indias unwilling partnership in

the War efforts.

Combined with this was the impact of the manner of the British evacuation fromMalaya and Burma. It was common knowledge that the British had evacuated, the

white residents and generally left the subject people to their fate. /Letters from

Indians in South-East Asia to their relatives in India were full of graphic accounts of

British betrayal and their being left at the mercy of the dreaded Japanese.

78. Solution: d)

Though Gandhiji himself had begun to talk of the coming struggle for some time

now, it was at the Working Committee meeting at Wardha on 14 July, 1942 that the

Congress first accepted the idea of a struggle. The All-India Congress Committee was

then to meet in Bombay in August to ratify this decision.

The historic August meeting at Gowalia Tank in Bombay was unprecedented in the

popular enthusiasm it generated. Huge crowds waited outside as the leaders

deliberated on the issue.


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And the feeling of anticipation and expectation ran so high that in the open session,

when the leaders made their speeches before the many thousands who had collected

to hear them, there was pin-drop silence.

79. Solution: d)

Gandhijis speech also contained specific instructions for different sections of the

peop1e. Government servants would not yet be asked to resign, but they should

openly declare their allegiance to the Congress, soldiers were also not to leave their

posts, but they were to refuse to fire on our own people .

The Princes were asked to accept the sovereignty of your own people, instead of

paying homage to a foreign power. And the people of the Princely States were askedto declare that they (were) part of the Indian nation and that they (would) accept the

leadership of the Princes, if the latter cast their lot with the People, but not

otherwise. Students were to give up studies if they were sure they could continue to

remain firm independence was achieved.

Gandhiji had placed the instructions he had drafted before the Waking Committee,

and in these he had proposed that peasants who have the courage, and are prepared

to risk their all should refuse to pay the land revenue. Tenants were told that the

Congress holds that the land belongs to those who work on it and to no one else.

80. Solution: d)

The first one was proclaimed in Ballia, in East U P, in August 1942 under the

leadership of Chittu Pande, who called himself a Gandhian. Though it succeeded in

getting the Collector to hand over power and release all the arrested Congress

leaders, it could not survive for long and when the soldiers marched in, a week after

the parallel government was formed, they found that the leaders had fled.

In Tamluk in the Midnapur district of Bengal, theJatiya Sarkar came into existence

on 17 December, 1942 and lasted till September 1944. Tamluk was an area where

Gandhian constructive work had made considerable headway and it was also the

scene of earlier mass struggles.

Satara, in Maharashtra, emerged as the base of the longest lasting and effective

parallel government. From the very beginning of the Quit India Movement, the

region played an active role. In the first phase from August 1942, there were marches


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on local government headquarters the ones on Karad, Tasgaon and Islampur

involving thousands.

81.Solution: d)

The idea of the INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer

of the British Indian Army, when he decided not to join the retreating British army

and instead went to the Japanese for help. The Japanese had till then only

encouraged civilian Indians to form anti-British organizations, but had no

conception of forming a military wing consisting of Indians.

Indian prisoners of war were handed over by the Japanese to Mohan Singh who then

tried to recruit them into an Indian National Army. The fall of Singapore was crucial,for this brought 45,000 Indian POWs into Mohan Singhs sphere of influence. By the

end of 1942, forty thousand men expressed their willingness to join the INA.

The INA was also seen by many as a means of checking the misconduct of the

Japanese against Indians in South-East Asia and a bulwark against a future Japanese

occupation of India.

The outbreak of the Quit India Movement gave a fillip to the INA as well.

Anti-British demonstrations were organized in Malaya. On 1 September 1942 thefirst division of the INA was formed with 16,300 men. The Japanese were by now

more amenable to the idea of an armed Indian wing because they were

contemplating an Indian invasion. But, by December 1942, serious differences

emerged between the Indian army officers led by Mohan Singh and the Japanese

over the role that the INA was to play. Mohan Singh and Niranjan Singh Gill, the

senior-most Indian officer to join the INA, were arrested. The Japanese, it turned

out, wanted only a token force of 2,000 men, while Mohan Singh wanted to raise an

Indian National Army of 20,000.

82. Solution: a)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal

One INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was allowed to accompany the

Japanese Army to the Indo-Burma front and participate in the Imphal campaign. But

the discriminatory treatment which Included being denied rations, arms and being

made to do menial work for the Japanese units, completely demoralized the INA


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men. The failure of the Imphal campaign, and the steady Japanese retreat thereafter,

quashed any hopes of the INA liberating the nation.

83. Solution: a)

The Tebhaga movementwas an independence campaign initiated in Bengal by

the Kisan Sabha (peasants front of Communist Party of India) in 1946-1947. At that

time share-cropping peasants (essentially, tenants) had to give half of their harvest to

the owners of the land. The demand of the Tebhaga(sharing by thirds) movement

was to reduce the share given to landlords to one third.

In many areas the agitations turned violent, and landlords fled villages leaving parts

of the countryside in the hands of Kisan Sabha.

As a response to the agitations, the then Muslim League ministry in the province

launched the Bargadari Act, which provided that the share of the harvest given to the

landlords would be limited to one third of the total. But the law was not fully

implemented.

84.

Solution: d)

http://www.indianetzone.com/50/indian_women_warli_movement.htm

85. Solution: b)

The leadership of the INM arrived at a clear and scientific understanding of

colonialism. The British were using political control to subordinate the Indian

economy and society to the needs of the British economy and society. This

understanding has given rise to certain ideological themes in the INM.

These themes came in because of the Drain of wealth from India due to the following,

plunder and taxation; Employment of Englishmen in India; Investing British capital

in India ; and Free and unequal trade.

This was the complex economic mechanism of modern imperialism.


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test 21 solutions

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