test #8 comparative political and economic systems
TRANSCRIPT
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US GOVERNMENTTEST #8
COMPARATIVE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
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Unwritten Constitution – most done by custom that has developed over centuries◦writ
Historic documents monarchy
GREAT BRITAIN
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Parliament –holds legislative and executive powers◦ Legislative – lawmaking◦ Executive – chooses administrative departments
and runs nation’s affairs◦ Bi-cameral
House of Lords House of Commons
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House of Lords – until 1999, members were appointed by the queen or inherited noble titles, life peers (those honored for achievements in science, literature, politics or business.◦ 682 members◦ Most are chosen by committee now◦ Reviews bills made by the House of Commons – if
opposed, it will have to be reapproved Can delay a bill or improve details of a bill
◦ Serves as the final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases
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House of Commons – 659 members elected by single member districts of similar populations◦ Elections are held every 5 years◦ Opposing parties sit across from each other◦ Majority party does most of the work but any
member of Parliament can introduce a bill
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Prime Minister◦ Chosen by the majority party, approved by the
queen◦ No majority, a coalition – temporary alliance of
parties – will choose the Prime Minister The Cabinet
◦ Selected by the Prime Minister from the House of Commons or House of Lords
◦ Carries out public policy
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Calling elections◦ Held usually every 5 years◦ Sometimes the Prime Minister chooses to hold
elections when he thinks his party will win◦ If the majority loses votes and is judged
ineffective, the Prime Minister must ask the Monarch to dissolve Parliament and hold new elections – therefore the Prime Minister can be removed at anytime
◦ No checks and balances as in the US
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Political Parties◦ Conservative party (tories)
Middle and upper class – private economic initiatives over government, less government involvement and support the class structure
◦ Labour Party Working class and poor – redistribution of wealth,
nationalization of certain industries, public welfare programs
◦ Parties have more loyalty from voters than in the US
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The Courts – Northern Ireland, England and Wales◦ Crown court – criminal cases heard by judges and juries◦ Magistrate court – hears less serious cases◦ Appellate courts – hears appeals – final appeal goes to the
House of Lords Scotland – different system Decisions are based on parliamentary legislation,
common law or judicial precedent◦ Not bound to uphold a constitution or bill of rights◦ No right of judicial review – cannot overrule
Parliament
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Monarchy until 1917◦ Began to decline after the Russo-Japanese War of
1905◦ Was unable to stay together during WWI
Bolshevik Revolution◦ March 1917 – Czar Nicholas II abdicates and a
provisional government under Alexander Kerensky is created and continues to support WWI
◦ Nov. 1917 – Lenin leads a coup against the provisional government.
◦ Lenin – transforms Russia into a modern yet communist nation
RUSSIA – SOVIET UNION
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Lenin – transforms Russia into a modern yet communist nation
Stalin◦ “Great Purges” – purifies the party by executing
his political and military threats◦ Forced collectivization of agriculture◦ Placed emphasis on industry and military
growth◦ Rules during WWII and the beginning of the
Cold War
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Government Structure◦ Soviets (councils) ◦ 15 republics
Soviet Constitution◦ Established the structure and powers of the
government◦ No limits to government power – does not guarantee
basic rights but does provide for some civil rights Legislature
◦ Rubber stamps decrees of the communist party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)usually one candidate for each members seat
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Communist Party◦ pyramid structure – 400,000 primary
organizations representing 9% of the people – each headed by a party committee
◦ Top Committee – Central Committee or Politburo – head is the General Secretary
◦ Politburo was the decision making body Gorbachev
◦ Perestroika – political and economic reforms◦ Glasnost – openness of the society reducing
government censorship
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Fall of the Soviet Union◦ Baltic states declared independence◦ 1991 – elections were held and Boris Yeltsin
became the President of the Russian Republic and withdrew from the communist party
◦ Gorbachev and his wife are put under arrest in a failed coup by the communist to gain back control
◦ Gorbachev resigns – Soviet Union is dissolved
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1993 Constitution – establishes a republic and guarantees individual freedoms
40 political parties including the Communist Separation of Powers
◦ President – most power – appoints the Prime Minister (2nd in Command) and the ministers of the executive departments 4 yr. term, 2 term limit, 35 yrs. old, citizens, 10 year
resident◦ Legislative Branch – Federal Assembly
Bicameral – Council of Federation and the State Duma (more powerful)
Override presidential veto by 2/3’s vote◦ Constitutional Court – 19 members, 12 year terms
Power of “judicial review’
Russian Government Today
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Regional and Local Governments◦49 provinces with governors◦The Federation contains 21 republics of
which 10 are autonomous areas◦Constant pressure by some republics to
break away
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1949 – becomes communist nation under Mao Ze-Dong ◦ Support from the peasants◦ Great Leap Forward – plan to collectivize to increase
agricultural production and to place emphasis on heavy industry
1960’s – Cultural Revolution (1966)◦ “Red Guard” – young patriots◦ “Little Red Book” – Thoughts of Chairman Mao
1976 – Deng Xia Ping ◦ Reforms encouraging private enterprise◦ No right to political dissent◦ 1989 – Tiananmen Square demonstration
CHINA
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The Constitution reflects current governmental policies – 4 have been written 1954, 1975, 1978, and 1982
Communist Party (58 million) – hold all major positions, thus they control the government◦ Similar to Soviet Union with a politburo and
Secretariat National Government
◦ National Peoples Congress – 3000 deputies elected to 5 year terms
◦ State council – Executive Branch with Premier chosen by the Communist Party
Judiciary◦ Supreme People’s Court – appointed by the National
Peoples Congress
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Capitalism – economic system that rewards individuals through free enterprise and profit◦ Factors of Production
Land, Labor, capital and entrepreneurship◦ Market Economy
Free enterprise where the factors are owned by private individuals
Profits – gains from business dealings◦ Competition
Law of Supply and Demand – these forces will set prices in the market
Monopoly – one seller of a good or service within an industry Laissez-faire – business activity free of government
regulations
COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
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Socialism – an economic and political philosophy based on the idea that the benefits of economic activity-wealth should be equitably distributed throughout society.◦ Collective ownership of the factors of production
The government can be democratic but must have centralized planning
◦ Rejection of individualism and competition for profit
◦ Public controls to insure equitable distribution◦ Rose out of the abuses by owners during the
Industrial Revolution.
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Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto ◦ Condemned the misery of industrialism and
capitalist enslavement◦ Proletariat - workers◦ Bourgeoisie – capitalists –owners of the factors of
production◦ Socialist vs. Communist – socialist favor change
through peaceful means while communist believe change will occur through a violent revolution.
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Nationalization – government take over of industries◦ Compensating owners – usually utilities and transportation◦ Giving workers some say in running the companies
(Sweden) Public Welfare – emphasis on housing, food and
medical◦ Welfare state – countries that pay extensive social services
Taxation – high taxes to pay for government services (50-60%)
Central Planned or Command Economy – determines how the resources are used and what products will be produced
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Collectivist ideology which calls for the collective or state ownership of land and other productive property.
Karl Marx – Das Capital◦ View of history – class struggle◦ Theory of Labor – product should be valued based on the
labor put into making it. Workers should get the money from his labor
◦ Nature of the State – Government was used by the capitalist to keep power. Religion is used to make people tolerate the abuse in return for a better life after death
◦ Dictatorship of the Proletariat – transition phase between capitalism and classless society. Authoritarian to do the will of the masses.
COMMUNISM
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Marx had believed the revolution would occur in an industrialized nations but didn’t
Both Russia and China were backward agrarian cultures
CAPITALISM VS. COMMUNISM Characteristics of communist economies
◦ Role of the Party◦ Central Planning◦ Collectivization◦ State ownership