RA target information to Fort Meait INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUBJECT + VERB (irregula r 3rd form/ regular ed)? Had they finished reading the book before starting to wri te an essay about it? NEGATIVE: S + HAD NOT ( HADNT) + VERB (irregular 3rd form/ r egular ed) They hadnt started writing the essay before reading that book. 52

USE: - it expresses a past action ended before another past action After I had b ought the house I started to decorate it. - a past action ended before a moment in time: He had finished writing the article by 5 oclock. - a past action which h ad just finished before another past action hardlywhen/ scarcely when/barelywhen/no than I had hardly put the receiver down when the phone rang again. No sooner had h e got home than all the guests arrived. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM: it is formed with had been + present participle AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + VERB ending ing They had been walking for hours before their arrival. INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB ending ing? How long had they been walking before coming here? NEGATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD NOT (HADNT) + BEEN + VERB ending ing They hadnt been driving before coming here. USE: - when the action bega n before the time of speaking in the past, and continued up to that time, or sto pped just before it: They were tired because they had been writing all day long. - a past action started before another past action and continued until it: They had been walking for five hours when they finally arrived. - a past action star ted before another past action and continued until it or more: They had been wri ting all the afternoon. (At 3 oclock they had still been writing) - The Resultati ve Past Perfect Continuous: it expresses the result of a past action ended befor e another past action: They were tired because they had been working all day lon g. I. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense: 1. They..(drive) for two hour s before they finally (reach) the destination. 53

2. The burglar .(get away) by the time the police (arrive). 3. By the time he.. (be) hteen he (become) a professional athlete. 4. How long..(they/dance) in competitions wh n they.(retire)? 5. He..(apologize) because he .(miss) the meeting. 6. The passeng their seat belts before the plane (land). 7. No sooner (begin) the match and immediate y the crowd(begin) to cheer. 8. Hardly (finish) the play when the audience (begin g. 9. The lecturer .(not continue) until the audience .. (stop) talking. 10. They bout this because one of the members (miss). II. Translate into English: 1. Rezultat ele de la alegeri au fost mai bune dect se ateptaser. . 2. Au ean nu mai clcase. . 3. Guvernul s-a vzut forat s adopte o po a domnit peste 60 de ani. . 5. Dup ce Parlamentul a votat aceas era mai mare dect speraser ei vreodat. . 54

7. Dup ce Parlamentul a votat aceast lege, sute de muncitori au ieit pe strzi. la 70 de ani, dup ce lucrase 40 de ani pentru aceeai companie. ... fotbal, cnd mii de oameni au pornit spre Piaa Universitii. .. fost anunat c la televizor nu se auzea nimic. 55

UNIT 6 MEANS OF TRANSPORT I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space THE CAR OF THE FUTURE

A French company has recently published (1) for a revolutionary car of the future which will (2) the nature of inner-city transport. The car of the future will (3) th e good points of private and public transport, giving users the advantages of a private car, (4) the cost of purchase or maintenance. The car will be hired by use rs on a pay-as-you-go basis. Drivers will simply (5) up the car at a special stati on, (6) . to a taxi-rank, and leave it at another station, (7) for their destination. Here it will be cleaned ready for the next user. The electronically-powered car will be about half the length of (8) mini cars and will improve traffic (9) . and (1 0) pollution in crowded cities. At present, most cars in town (11) only one person w ho spends most of his or her time looking for a parking (12) A magic key personal remote control opens the car and contains the (13) information to enable the car u sers (14) to be prepared. In the car the magic key also works to programme the mobi le phone, radio and heating (15) to the drivers preference. II. Match the words in the box with their correspondent from the words written below. (Some of them are used for more than one means of transport) by a) car b) bus c) tram d) undergro und/subway e) train f) plane g) boat h) ship 1) to arrive 2) boarding card 3) bus s top 4) catch 5) customs 6) check-in desk 7) compartment 8) cruise 9) depart 0) driver 11) engine 56

12) fare 13) flight assistant 14) take off 15) harbor 16) to land 17) to leave ing area 19) pilot 20) passenger . 21) passport control 22) platform 23) waiting ) railway station 25) to sail 26) seat belt 27) stand-by 28) gate 29) terminal inspector 31) ticket office 32) to row III. Put the words for the different means o f transport into the correct columns. Sometimes, words can go into more than one column bonnet boot brake cab cabin dashboard exhaust flap funnel gearbox hull i ndicator jet engine mast oar paddle porthole propeller radiator rudder steering wheel tyre undercarriage windscreen CAR TRAIN BOAT PLANE

bend bonnet brake clutch crash gear indicate junction lane overtake reverse roun dabout services skid steering wheel swerve windscreen IV. Which words in the box are parts of a car .... or words to do with the road to New York? Travel Agency: Would you like to travel Business class or Economy cl ass? Customer: Is there a cancellation fee, or do I have to take out insurance? TA: Direct its a long-haul flight about 12 hours. With a stopover at Paris, youll need to count another three hours. Theres also a time difference of 7 hours. You will have to be careful of the jetlag when you come back. Customer: Do I need any vacc inations or special medical treatment to go to New York? 57

TA: Certainly, what day are you flying on? Customer: Id prefer no stopover. Do I ne ed to apply for a visa? TA: Theres no need for insurance if you are travelling Busi ness class. However, you should take out medical insurance. Customer: Yes, Id like to enquire about flights to New York. TA: It leaves from Otopeni airport at 9.30 a m. Youll need to check in one hour before departure. You will need to confirm you r reservation 24 hours before departure. Could you give me your credit card numb er, and address ? Customer: Yes. You need also a passport and a return ticket. TA: L ng Travel Agency, can I help you? Customer: Its a long flight, I think. Business cla ss, please. By the way, how long is the flight? TA: Not at all, however I would su ggest that you take travellers cheques, even the supermarkets accept them. Customer : Out on Monday, back on Sunday. VI. Make new dialogues between a customer and tra vel agent about: Buying a ticket at the station First or second class; a single/ a return to ; how often the trains go; a direct train or a slow train (BE)/accomm odation train (AE); Taking a ferry to A 6-day return; to make a booking; How lon g is the crossing time?; How long is the car? Have you got a roof box?; ticket; Lane 2 after you have been through passport control and customs. VII. Complete w ith one appropriate word from the list each of the following sentences about the problems that may appear when you travel by plane: announce, airsick, cancelled , check-in, confirm, customs, delayed, flight, information, lost luggage, overbo oked, stopover, suitcase, terminal, transfer passengers a) We regret to (1) you that (2) Tarom 340 has been (3) and it even may be (4). b) Some passengers went to the (5) because their (6) havent arrived. 58

c) Im sorry there is no seat. You didnt (7) your reservation and the plane is (8) . d) Its too late now. You had to (9) in 60 minutes before departure. e) Many peop le ask if they have to declare their cameras at the (10) . f) The plane will hav e a (11) in Paris and (12) for Toronto should proceed to gate 2. g) They were af raid of a bumpy ride because they get (13) . h) You are in the wrong (14) , for fu rther (15) go to the Tarom desk in hall 7. VIII. Choose the word which best comp letes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. At the accident place the policeman told the driver to move on his old tramp which across the slippery country road. a) hopp ed b) skipped c) tore d) trudge 2. Motorway traffic was after a lorry overturned and spilt its load over the first lane. a) deflected b) digressed c) diverged d ) diverted 3. The bus skidded to a halt after its headlights smashed in the cras h. a) making b) doing c) having d) letting 4. The summer storm played the crosschannel ferry crossings. a) along with b) together with c) havoc with d) down 5. For many teenagers, driving cars at high speed seems to a rather fatal fascinat ion. a) comprise b) contain c) hold d) weave 6. The driver of the car out in fro nt of the coach and caused a bad accident. a) crashed b) pulled c) rounded d) tu rned 7. In many countries, seat belts are a legal for driving. a) commitment b) duty c) obligation d) requirement 8. They missed their flight of delays on the m otorway. a) by means b) owing c) in case d) as a result 9. The traffic warden ca n you to the railway station. a) direct b) lead c) indicate d) show 10. Most peo ple buy their cars with a loan which they then pay back five years. a) in b) wit h c) throughout d) over 59

11. They went to the airport to see the Managing Director yesterday morning. a) about b) in c) off d) out 12. Were sorry to be late. We were held by the traffic. a) at b) on c) onto d) up 13. Its a long-haul flight. They are bound to stop a) in b) off c) over d) with WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE There are several ways to us e verbs to talk about future in English. In many, but not all situations, two or more structures are possible with similar meaning. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE AFFIRMATIVE: Subject + will + bare infinitive They will ever know what has happened to the leader. (British people use I shall /I will and we shall/we will with no difference of meaning in most situations. H owever, shall is becoming very much less common than will. Shall is not normally used in American English. We shall call them for a meeting.) INTERROGATIVE: Wil l + Subject + Bare Infinitive? Will they find out about what has happened? NEGAT IVE: Subject + will not (wont) + bare infinitive She wont tell anybody about the s ecret meeting. - it is used to express the speakers opinions, assumptions about t he future: I think they will have a long discussion. - the future simple is used for future habitual actions which we assume will take place: Many foreign inves tors will leave this country because of inflation. - the future simple is used i n conditional clause (1st type): If he comes at the conference he will give a le cture. - the future simple is used in newspapers and news broadcasts, for formal announcements of future plans and for weather forecasts. The Prime Minister wil l give an interview about the negotiations. 60

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE - This tense is made up of the future simple of to b e + the present participle. Affirmative: Subject + shall/will + present particip le (verb ending ing) They will be working on their projects tomorrow. Interrogati ve: Shall/Will + subject + present participle (verb ending ing)? Will they be wor king on their projects tomorrow? Negative: Subject + shall/will not + present pa rticiple (verb ending ing) They wont be working on their papers tomorrow. - it can be used to say that something will be in progress at a particular moment in the future. This time tomorrow well be talking about the new headquarters. - it can be used (without a progressive meaning) to refer to future events which are fixe d or decided, or which are expected to happen in the normal course of events. He will be giving another lecture at the same time next week. - polite inquiries: to make polite inquiries about peoples plans. Will you be attending this meeting?, asked the secretary. I. Which future? Simple Timetable Intention Already Spontaneous Immediate Forecast, fact planned intention future estimation 1 1. The Member of Parliament will be in Paris next week. 2. The Manager is flying out next Monday. 3. The Prime Minister will travel by motorcycle. 4. The plane takes off at 10.30. 5. The delegates will be stopping over in Paris. 6. The memb ers of committee are going to confirm their reservation on Tuesday. 7. It will c ertainly be faster to take the train. 8. Hes going to catch the train now. 9. The shuttle leaves at 9.15 from Bucharest to Athens. 10. The president is going to a remote part of Moldavia on his vacation. 11. The group of tourists will probab ly take the coach to visit the archeological site. 61

12. If the 5-day return is cheaper all the commuters will take that then. 13. Th e Bartons have just arrived at the station and theyll take the next train. 14. Th eyre very late they are going to miss their plane. II. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense: 1. The train ..(leave) as soon as the announcer (announce) it. e ticket inspector (check) the tickets as soon as the train (leave) the station. your passport .. (be) checked you ..(go) at the gate 5. 4. The flight assistant ers to put their seat belts when the plane .(take off). 5. The people .(stay) in t g room until the bus (be) announced. III. Put a preposition in each of the spaces: 1. Traveling train is more expensive than going your car. 2. They have never been an in ter-city train. 3. The cheapest way from Bucharest to Istanbul is coach. 4. We ar e going a Mediterranean cruise. 5. They have to find the way the car park the termi nal foot if they go to the airport car. 6. My neighbor goes to work bike. 7. You sh ould travel the main islands boat. 8. If we go to the station underground we arriv e train platform fourteen. 9. They decided not to fly France but to take the car the ferry. 10. The best way to reach those islands is helicopter. 62

UNIT 7 CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES I. Answer the following questions using the words wri tten in the box above: airport bank boulevard building bus stop car park church cinema cottage farm(er) field garden harvest hospital hotel library litter museu m orchard park pavement peasant police pollution station post office pub railway station shopping center street theatre traffic lights village 1. Where do you l ive now? Is it a city? Is it a town? 2. Where were you born? In the city or in t he country? 3. Which do you prefer: the city or the country? Why? II. Fill each of the following text with one suitable word: In many countries of Europe there has been a steady drift of people (1) from villages to large cities. These peopl e, many of them have grown up in great poverty and deprivation, hope to improve their standard of (2) , and see the metropolis as the (3) of their problems. In m any ways, they find what they are looking for. Large cities do offer a huge numb er of facilities, (4) which better education, better health care and improved ho using are perhaps the most important. Large companies and factories, the vast ma jority of which pride (5) on looking after the interests of their employees, also open up any (6) of career opportunities for (7) willing to work hard. Traffic pro blems and pollution, both of which affect most large cities today, (8) the most u nhappiness. For people (9) whom fresh air, unpolluted water and beautiful country side are distant but nonetheless painfully clear memories of a previous, peacefu l life in a village, the situation (10) at times be unbearable. The pressure of o verpopulation has meant, in the last thirty or forty years, thousands (11) of new flats (12) been built, often with (13) regard to architectural beauty, and the su rrounding countryside has all (14) disappeared in many cases. It is no (15) such a n easy matter to escape the turmoil of the streets and find a field or a forest where the children can play safely. 63

III. Read the text, put a line through each unnecessary word and then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Indic ate these lines with a tick against the line number Cities are the places of the extremes. The very wealthy and the very poor . often live as near as neighbours, wi th walls, visible or invisible, in between. The gradual recovery of many cities wit h centers around the world has pushed . up property prices far beyond expectations, making them unaffordable to all . but a lucky few. Their density, night life, busy s ome streets and original . spaces make them highly attractive to some, but unsuitabl e or unattaible to . others. City centers often sit cheek by cheek jowl with some of the poorest . and increasingly abandoned inner-city neighbourhoods. People who cann ot . afford, or do not want to, luxury city centers apartments, warehouses or . canal e flats often reject the inner neighbourhoods that ring about city . centers more an d prefer to leapfrog to the quieter, safer, greener suburbs. . GOING SHOPPING I. Ans wer to the following questions: 1. Do you like going shopping? Why? Why not? 2. When do you like to shop? Why? 3. Do you go shopping in a supermarket or in spec ialty shops? 4. Do you buy fruits and vegetables from supermarket or market? 5. Are there any ways to save money at the supermarket? II. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space BORN TO SHOP Good shoppers may be made in heaven. A scientific study into astrology and lifes tyles has shown a remarkable (1) between our star signs and the way we spend the money. The research, (2) on an 64

analysis of 30,000 peoples backgrounds, lifestyles and shopping habits. It states that chocolate firms (3) target those born under Aries, jewellers should find o ut Geminis and sport manufacturers should focus on Scorpios. All three signs hav e long been characterized by astrologers (4) outgoing, sociable and competitive. By (5) , those selling more mundance products such as DIY equipment should targe t Aquarians, while office (6) makers could do no worse (7) focus on Virgos, who have a (8) to be work-obsessed. Taureans, Pisceans and Cancerians are the ideal (9) for any company. Their insecurity makes them unusually cautious, meaning the y exhibit high levels of brand (10) . As for the other signs, well they could be just so mean theyre not worth targeting at all! III. Complete the shopping list a dding new items to each shop: Bakers Grocerys Greengrocers Butchers Confectioners bre ad rice apples lamb coke Dairys milk Chemists Bookshop pills books Newsagents Stationary newspapers pen IV. Complete the text below using one of the words from the box aisle cashier ca sh register counter line money pay sales shoppers shopping shopping cart SUPERMA RKET Most of the people like going (1) in a supermarket. It saves time and peopl e find there everything they 65

want. Most of the times there are some (2) and everybody can get cheaper things. It is nice that people can carry all your things in a (3) and walk along large (4) . But when the supermarket is very crowded people have to wait in (5) for a long time (6) at the (7) . Then the (8) put the things on the (9) and the (10) c hecks it out and asks for (11) . V. Read the text below and think of the word whi ch best fits each space Trolley Tales Raymond Joseph of Strasbourg, is believed to have been the inventor of the modern 4-wheeled wire supermarket trolley, (1) , at a shop in South London. There are now 1,300,000 active nationally, and alth ough 15 million shoppers (2) , maybe it shouldnt come as a surprise to learn that accidents do happen. There are, in fact, 7000 trolley-related injuries per year and (3) ; one man after ramming incident that followed an attempt at trolley-que ue jumping and another who punched a fellow shopper (4) But the most revealing st atistic (5) . They mostly turn up (6) , indeed 7000 were dragged out of the River Thames alone last year. But (7) , finding use as parrot cages, plant stands, barb ecue grills or tool containers. Its not always absolutely clear why people take t hem. Police once visited an 82-year-old womans flat and (8) she had brought home and stored in her lounge. a) concerning trolleys is that each year 140,000 of th em go missing b) whose trolley had Achilles-heeled his wife. c) leaning against lampposts or rusting semi-submerged in rivers d) which first arrived in Britain in 1950 e) others are far from abandoned f) took away 41 shopping trolleys g) th ree people were actually imprisoned last year for trolley offences h) safely man oeuvre a trolley round their local supermarket each week 66

VI. Complete the sentences below using one of the words from the box commission goods launch retail sales force spending power targeted warehouse sales techniqu e wholesale

1. Buying goods .. is much cheaper than obtaining them from a(n) outlet. 2. If a compa ny is going to new product on the market, then a committed will improve the chances f success. 3. The are moved from the factory to a(n) and then transported to the re ler. 4. The training course is designed for those salesmen who believe that an i mprovement in will lead to better sales, and so to increased . 5. In this country sioners has increased so considerably in recent decades that this group is now b eing by advertisers. MEALS I. Answer the following questions using the words in box: bill/to foot the bill menu cafeteria canteen chef restaurant waiter/waitress co urse 1. Where do you have your lunch as a rule? 2. Do you have traditional meals with family during the weekends? 3. Where do you like most to eat: in a restaurant o r in a fast food? II. Complete the chart below with the things you would like to eat: Breakfast omelet(te), boiled eggs yogurt toast Deserts Lunch sweets soup s teak, grilled pudding ice-cream meat beef, pork, Drinks water, mineral water/sod a soft drinks tea coffee 67

roll olive salami cheese ham, sausages chicken, fish lamb, mutton chop, turkey meat balls mashed potatoes chips, fried potatoes rice, salad beer brandy wine champagne III. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. The menu of various starters, main courses and deserts. a) contained b) consisted c) com posed d) comprised 2. The buyers were asked to test the product and give it a ma rk on a from one to ten. a) grade b) range c) rank d) scale 3. Eating a high-fat diet is likely to people at risk of heart disease. a) indulge b) lay c) leave d ) put 4. He hadnt enough money with him to pay the bill at the restaurant so he a sked his friends if they could make it ten while he put 7$. a) in b) into c) out d) up 5. An allergic reaction may occur a few hours of eating strawberries. a) at b) in c) to d) within 6. The doctor recommended him on a strict diet. a) go b ) going c) to go d) he should go 7. The little girl is the of her grandmothers ey e. a) peach b) apple c) cherry d) apricot 68

IV. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space COCA-COLA

John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, was responsible (1) the invention of Coca-C ola in 1886. He decided to make a syrup that was (2) original and thirst-quenching. In his drugstore he produced a (3)of cola-nut extract, sugar and caffeine. The exa ct (4) is still a secret. A (5) months later, one of Pembertons assistants mistakenl served Coca-Cola with added soda water, which turned (6) to be very successful. T o market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a partnership with Frank Robert son (7) elegant handwriting was used for the Coca-Cola trademark. In 1985, the int roduction of an improved recipe (8) New Coke did not meet with the approval of Cok e (9) and the old (10) was revived. V. Write a new sentence using the word given: 1. We would prefer to go to a fast food than to a fancy restaurant. rather We d the restaurant too late to get a good table. enough We were ...to get a good you like jazz, dont go to that restaurant. if Dont go to that restaurant...j of the culinary show will give the viewers a new recipe for apple pie. be The vi ewers ...a new recipe for apple pie. 5. The doctor advised him to eat fewer fatty f ut He ... fatty foods. 69

VI. Cross out the odd word: 1. beef lamb mutton veal horse pork 2. grilled baked steamed stewed chopped smoked roasted 3. chicken turkey snail pigeon goose yster lobster mussels shrimps frogs legs prawns 5. (hard) boiled - scrambled sli ed poached fried 6. cod kipper crab pike salmon trout carp 7. chips French crisps leek jacket new mashed potatoes 8. rabbit hare wild boar duck pheas enison stag 9. raw rare medium medium rare over-done well-done VII. Put the foll owing sentences in the correct order: AT FAST FOOD

a) Assistant: Do you take sugar? b) Client: Yes, I would like a chicken roll and so me chips. c) Assistant: Here you are. Is that it? d) Client: Yes. How much is it? stant: Here is your change. Thank you very much. Good bye. f) Client: Two lumps of sugar, please. And an ice cream, please. g) Assistant: Hello. Can I help you? .. h) C ient: Yes, a can of coke. And a cup of coffee, please. i) Assistant: Something to dr ink? . j) Client: Thanks. Here you are. . k) Assistant: That comes to 5 pounds altoge r, please. . VIII. Complete the following dialogue: Assistant: Good morning. Can I he lp you ..? Client: Yes, .. . I .. an omelet with much ham and cheese. Assistant: you want. Client: Two. And some apple.. Assistant: .to drink? 70

Client: Assistant: Client: Assistant: Client:

Id like .of coffee. Here Is that it? Yes, That .pounds, altogether. IX. Match the following complains to their contrary meaning: a) The wine is cork ed. 1) This is too weak. b) Weve been overcharged. 2) Its nice and fresh. c) The f ish is almost raw. 3) Theres not enough sauce. d) The bread is stale. 4) Very ten der. e) Its swimming in sauce. 5) Weve been undercharged. f) We ordered our meal a n hour ago. 6) Too hot for a salad. g) The coffee is too strong. 7) Its overcooke d. h) The plates are cold. 8) This wine is too young. i) The meat is very tough. 9) Quite delicious. j) This is quite tasteless. 10) We would like to finish our starter before you remove the plates. THE PLURAL OF NOUNS nouns are made plural by adding: s : book books - es to nouns ending in o, -s, -x, -ch, -sh: fox-foxes - ies to nouns ending in consonant +y: try-tries; s to nouns ending in vowel +y : boy-boys - ves to nouns ending in f/fe: leaf-leaves; wife-wives (but: chiefs, cliffs, proofs, roofs) some nouns form their plural irregularly: man-men, womanw omen, child-children some nouns remain unchanged in the plural: craft, sheep, fi sh, deer, salmon, trout some nouns are only plural: arms (weapons), belongings, cattle, clothes, goods, congratulations, earnings, outskirts, people, police, pr emises, remains, stairs, statistics collective nouns (audience, class, clergy, c ommittee, crew, crowd, family, government, jury, team, union, youth can take eit her a singular or plural verb according to the meaning: 71

The staff were not in agreement with the new salary. (individual members) The st aff of the factory consists of 500 people. (the group as a unit) I. Correct the following sentences: 1) The police was trained to deal with crowd violence. 2) M ore than one pop group have found success too difficult to handle. 3) The singers family is not very good at posing for photos. 4) The underwater remains of a lo st city is being explored by twelve divers. 5) The cattle was driven into the ba rn by the old farmer. 6) The manager found the informations in the minutes of th e meeting. 7) The policeman reported that there were two suspects on the premise of the house. 8) An old saying illustrates that clothes does not make the man. 9) The Dacian people was very brave during the wars with Romans. UNCOUNTABLE NOU NS uncountable nouns take a singular verb and we are not used with a/an. The wor ds any, some, no, (a) little, much, etc, can be used with uncountable nouns. unc ountable nouns are: nouns ending in ics: politics, physics, gymnastics nouns of s ubstance or quantity: oil, water abstract nouns: accommodation, baggage, behavio ur, education, evidence, food, furniture, homework, information, knowledge, luck , money, music, news, soap, work II. Which of the words from the box are used wi th the uncountable nouns below? a) ball b) bar c) blade d) bottle e) can f) cart on g) clap h) crowd i) flash j) glass k) item l) jar m) kilo n) loaf o ) lump p) packet r) pane s) piece t) sheet v) shower u) slice x) tin y) tube w) word 72

1) abuse 2) advice 3) bread 4) butter 5) cake 6) chocolate 7) clothing 8) coke ) glass 10) grass 11) jam 12) lightning 13) milk 14) news . 15) paper 16) people 17) rain 18) sardines 19) string 20) sugar 21) thunder 22) tomatoes 23) tooth-pas te 24) water III. Correct the following sentences: 1) A large number of equipmen ts are needed to camp at the bottom of the mountain. 2) The Park Ranger gave the tourists several good advices about camping in the park. 3) Little of the soils can be used for the cultivation now the trees have been cut down. 4) A large nu mber of rainforests is being cut down every year. 5) The amount of traffic is ca using too many congestions in major cities. 6) Few luggages can be carried by th at little trolley. 7) Politics are getting interesting for more and more people. 8) The United States were formed in 1792. 9) The majority of politicians believ es they are doing the right thing. IV. Choose the correct form of the verb (coun table/ uncountable nouns): 1. The clergy responsible for the spiritual welfare of the parish. a) is b) are c) is/are 2. The examination team all wearing an identica l badge. a) was b) were c) was/were 3. The audience appreciative of his dramatic sk ills. a) was b) were c) was/were 4. The crew . all experienced sailors. a) was b) w ere c) was/were 5. The jury spending a long time over the verdict. a) is b) are c) is/are 73

a) is 6. The police investigating the food theft from this orphanage. b) are c) is/are 7. The government responsible for this bill. a) is b) are c) is/are 8. Many are give n to the tourist office. a) informations b) pieces of c) item of information inf ormation 9. The news about foreign children adoption unexpected. a) was b) were c) was/were Possession 1. When we are talking about people we use s or s: the tou rists tent; the visitors car. 2. s is used when we are talking about time or distan ce: a months holiday, a miles walk. 3. We usually use of when we are talking about objects or position: the pages of the book. Also for when a container has someth ing in it: a glass of water. 4. Quite often we use a noun to describe another no un when it describes either the kind, use or place: a lemon tree; a coffee cup; a shop window. I. Correct the following sentences: 1. The teacher of the student s announced them their next task. 1. Even if they dont work too hard they always look forward for the day of pay. 2. Can I have a coffee cup and a piece of pie? 3. The companys boss is having a big party to celebrate his last business success . 4. The magazines of cooking have a big impact in this country. 5. Many people could see the accident through the restaurants window. 74

UNIT 8

IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY I. Look at these words. When they are used to talk about ho lidays or transport, are they usually nouns or verbs, or both? Put one of the wo rds into the space in each of the sentences crossing cruise flight fly journey s ightseeing travel trip 1. They are going to New York on a business . 2. When I was i n London I went on a day to see the British Museum. 3. The from Bucharest to Mila three hours. 4. . The Golden Gate Bridge was one of the nicest parts of their visit. 5. The quickest sea .. from England to France was by hovercraft. 6. He can either tak e the train or he can , which is quicker but more expensive. 7. Our . to the universi ty each day takes us through some countryside. 8. For their holiday they are goi ng on a around the Hawaii. 9. After having graduated the college, they wanted tooverl and to China. 10. We will arrive in Athens in the morning so there are three hou rs free for II. The following list contains some laws that exist in Britain Which laws are true for your country as well? Which laws do you think are a good idea ? Why? Can you think of any laws not listed here, which exist in your country? People dont have to carry ID cards. - You can drive a car when you are seventeen . - You cant buy alcohol if you are under eighteen. - The minimum school-leaving age is sixteen. 75

- You dont have to vote in political elections. - You dont have to do military ser vice. III. Read the article Maoist manners , put a line through each unnecessary word and then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick against the line number Spi t happens Its the latest Cultural Revolution: China has begun cracking down up ... o n the custom of spitting. The unhygienic not to mention disgusting habit ... it is practiced regularly by two thirds of adults recently surveyed by a market .. resear ch company. The streets just arent safe: cabbies and bicyclists they are ... especia lly notorious for their drive-by spiting. But Beijing is been trying to .. stop the spiters in their tracks. The government is imposing the fines on anyone . caught i n the act $6 per gob, and they have to wipe up away their mess. .. Thankfully to, t heres also some positive reinforcement for the campaign against . uncouthness. A rec ently published book, Etiquette for the Modern Chinese, . exhorts from citizens to be stylish, tasteful and cultivated. And, of course, .. not to spit. (Newsweek, 2003) H OLIDAYS HOLIDAYS AT THE SEASIDE IN THE MOUNTAINS camping site cruise holiday hostel hotel motel resort sleeping bag sightseeing t ent 76 bar beach night club (to) lie in the sun sand seaside shell (to) swim (to) climb forest (to) hike mountain path (to) skate skating-rink (to) ski sledg e slope snow

I. Answer the following questions concerning the type of holiday you prefer, usi ng the words written in the chart above. You may also add in the box as many wor ds as you need for your description. 1. Do you prefer to visit a foreign country ? 2. Do you prefer to be alone or with your family or friends? 3. Do you prefer noisy places or quiet ones? 4. Whats your favorite season for a holiday? 5. What is the place you like the most to visit it? II. Complete the sentences below wit h words associated with holiday and travel: brochure, package tour, safari, souv enirs, charter, resort, half board, self-catering, handicrafts 1. I sent off to the tour operators for a giving details of their holiday in Egypt. 2. Most of the people say the has many advantages. Everything is organized for tourists: the flight , the hotels and all the entertainments. It is all included in price. 3. The fir st day of our holiday in Turkey was for as souvenirs. 4. Bed and breakfast is 25$ a night. If the tourists want a , it costs an extra 7$ which covers either lunch or di nner. 5. There are a lot of foreign tourists who enjoy .. holidays where they rent a cottage and look after themselves. III. Fill each of the blank spaces with a su itable word or phrase: 1. They were nervous about going to England because they hadnt been . 2. The tourism company fell ..... to a common problem r service. 3. Many tourists find it takes some tome to get . on the left in England. hey managed to get to the airport in time the traffic had been heavy. 77

5. Until recently the suggestion that music might be used to train athletes .. 6. Since . this fabulous training, they had noticed an improvement in their physical c ndition. IV. Some words occur together so regularly that they have the status of fixed expressions. Can you fill in the missing word in these pairs? 1. The tour ists didnt invite their guide to the party because he seemed dull and 2. The recept ionist asked the travelers 30 $ for bed and 3. Free board and will be provided for t he volunteers who will help to clear the mountain paths. 4. The shipwrecked tour ists have been rescued and are now back home safe and 5. At the restaurant the ban d played country and music. V. Read the leaflet of the hotel and find the words fo r the definitions written below THE AMBASSADOR HOTEL We have an excellent range of rooms to offer the business market, which provide a variety of sizes for different applications. This leaflet contains the floor a reas, power and telephone connections, capacities and travel details. However, i f you have any special requirements, our Manager or reception will be pleased to help. Advanced booking is essential as the Hotel is used commercially all year round. The restaurant: this room is ideal for banquet, buffet or formal settings , as well as a large meeting room for conference or seminar activities. The Well room: this is a room with plenty of light for smaller business meetings which c an be serviced easily for bar and catering requirements. The writing room: a sma ll private room off the main lounge/reception area, ideal for small board, commi ttee or sales meetings, interviews, etc. 78

Seminar equipment includes: flip charts and pencils, television and video, beame r, fax machine, computer with Internet facilities. The bedrooms: all 100 bedroom s (single, twin and double) are confortably furnished and are en-suite with T.V. , radio, direct dial telephone and courtesy tea and coffee. Laundry and dry-clea ning facilities are available. Other hotel facilities: indoor heated swimming po ol, gymnasium and steam room, private enclosed car-park, express checkout and fr ee airport shuttle. a) a place to hold a meeting b) how to get to the hotel ou . d) book before you arrive at the hotel . e) your needs for food a re you dont need the switchboard h) free tea and coffee offered by the hotel safe j) checkout faster than a traditional one k) bus to and its end in the following dialogue a) Good morning, Ambassador 1) could you hold the room? Hotel b) Id like to book 2) rates c) Certainly, what 3) board or half board? d) Would that be full 4) per night, please? e) Would you like a suite or 5) a room. f) How much does it cost 6) a double/single/twin? g) The price includ es 7) how can I help you? h) Im afraid 8) a deposit i) Could you send me 9) break fast and all taxes? j) I wont arrive before 10 pm 10) a cheque for the deposit k) For all reservation we require 11) were fully booked. l) Do you offer 12) date? m) Please find enclosed 13) a confirmation by fax? 79

VII. Write a new sentence using the word given 1. They saw their children off th e station and waved their scarves until they disappeared over the hill. sight Th ey waved their scarves until their children . over the hill. 2. They have made the 1 entury castle a tourist attraction. turned The castle a tourist attraction. 3. He n thought of going to Liban for his holiday. occurred It to go to Lebanon for his His holiday insurance scheme failed through lack of support. back His holiday in surance scheme failed .. 5. The last day of the vacation was disastrous. in The vaca he hotel is almost empty even if it is offering the tourists a good price on the room. take Why dont the touristsoffer on their room price. 7. Thunders terri ng on the beach. death The people . 8. A sudden downpour resulted in th ch. put The rugby match... 9. The group of tourists enjoyed the walk even spite The group of tourists enjoyed .. 80

VIII. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. Convers ations people strike up with traveling acquaintances usually tend to be . a) insu fficient b) imperative c) indiscreet d) trivial 2. Open plains are of the geogra phy of south Romania. a) specific b) separate c) characteristic d) proper 3. The huge form of the ancient temple seems to any other in the vicinity. a) diminish b) shrink c) belittle d) dwarf 4. There is a constant of visitors to this arche ological site. a) stream b) tide c) river d) current 5. The holiday was a big su ccess, only by the fact that our flight was delayed. a) marred b) scared c) dest royed d) excepted 6. Having walked for an hour across the moors in the pouring r ain, the tourists were . a) moist b) sodden c) watered d) damp 7. The insurance c ompany will reimburse you for any expenses you on your business trip to America. a) incur b) create c) lose d) make 8. The travel agency office advised tourists to a Mediterranean cruise. a) book b) go c) take d) travel 9. The chalet was be autifully furnished and close proximity to the woods. a) at b) in c) on d) to 10 . Although theyd had their holiday booked before their plans fell at the last min ute. a) back b) in c) through d) out 11. The travel insurance that Mr John had t aken out before leaving home meant that he was against the loss or theft of his camera. a) covered b) handed c) protected d) turned 12. The confusion when two m en with the same name checked into the hotel within ten minutes of each other. a ) arose b) aroused c) rose d) raised 81

13. These days the Medieval castle is swamped with of tourists a) cliques b) mobs c) assemblies d) hordes 14. A large group of tourists were waiting in front of t he ground to see the Queen. a) procession b) demonstration c) rally d) parade IX . Underline the odd word in the following list of complaints: 1. Im afraid the he ating lightning direct-line telephone car park key card lift doesnt work. 2. I t ink there is a mistake in the bill Ill look into it this isnt what I ordered Ive br oken the fax machine the room hasnt been cleaned. 3. Ill send someone up right awa y have been overcharged send someone to repair it be with you right away. 4. Im a fraid there isnt a/arent any air conditioning pens and paper clean towels in the m ini bar enough pillows. 5. Im sorry but I cant find my room key my briefcase hot w ater - the linguistic conference the public telephones my green card - my key ca rd. X. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space TOURISM Insurance companies specializing in insurance policies for dangerous activities are reporting a dramatic (1)in the number of British holiday makers (2) thrills and d anger for (3) . holiday fortnight. It seems that risky activities (4) white-water raft ing, freefall parachuting and bobsleighing appeal in particular (5) high-earning yo ung men. Two years ago, Andrew Blowers, a keen parachutist, set (6) his own travel insurance company. He (7) this because he had had such difficulty (8) insurance cover for (9) . In the past year, he has seen a huge increase in demand. Most other insu rance companies (10) from his own exclude dangerous activities from their policies , whereas Mr. Blowers insists that there are very (11) things that his company wou ld not cover. Big 82

game hunting, go karting, white-water rafting and scuba diving are all included in the standard rate of insurance (12) offer. People (13) read the small print of th eir insurance policies (14) setting off on holiday, but they really should, especi ally (15) adventure sports are concerned. Otherwise, the consequences could be ext remely costly. XI. Look at the following newspaper headlines. What arguments do they present for and against tourism? WEATHER I. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. Th e delay to the flight was brought by bad weather. a) down b) up c) about d) in 2 . The second day of Christmas was completely out by the torrential rain. a) brea ken b) grown c) poured d) washed 83

3. Many of the hikers were overcome the blizzard and were forced to go back. a) at b) by c) to d) with 4. Hurricane winds the costal resort for several hours, c ausing huge damages. a) lashed b) punched c) tickled d) thumped 5. People thorou ghly enjoyed their holiday the poor weather. a) despite b) although c) in spite d) even 6. Todays match has been cancelled account of the heavy rain. a) by b) fo r c) from d) on 7. As hurricane had closed the airport, they had to the relief flights elsewhere . a) divert b) deflect c) detract d) distract 8. It never but it pours, says an old saying a) shines b) rains c) snows d) hails 9. Itll take the gas workers a month of days to fix that leaking pipe. a) snow b) blizzard c) rain d) sun 10. The shi p was sailing in the of a storm. a) ear b) eye c) hand d) head 11. Exaggerated r eports about the number of in the hurricane have caused panic. a) casualties b) w ounds c) injuries d) hurts 12. Who do the foreign tourists make their cheques pa yable ? a) for b) on c) to d) with 13. The English tourist was traveling for six months and was strict budget of 30$ a day. a) on b) out c) in d) for 14. The poll ution problems in the town have been by tourism campaigns in summer. a) develope d b) exacerbated c) contributed d) augmented II. Finish each of the following se ntences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed bef ore it: 1. Changeable weather conditions resulted in the storm, which devastated the area. 84

The storm, which devastated the remote area, was .. 2. The restoration of historical m numents is of prime importance for the town council. The first . 3. I ore foreign tourists than locals. In the summer, the locals are vastly 4. The w eadful so the rugby match was cancelled. If it hadnt .. 5. Climate ch ortages for people, animals and plants in this country. Serious water shortages for people, animals and plants in this country. THE FUTURE PERFECT S rfect infinitive - it is used to say that something will have been done, complet ed or achieved by a certain time in the future. - it is normally used with a tim e expression beginning with by: by then, by that time By the end of the month he will have taught here for five years. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Form: Subje ct + shall/will + have been + present participle By the end of the month he will have been teaching here for five years. - it is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the continuity of a future achievement - like the future perfect, it i s normally used with a time expression beginning with by: - it can be used inste ad of the future perfect when the action is continuous: By the end of the month he will have been studying here for three years. 85

BE GOING TO FUTURE Form: the present continuous tense of the to go + the full infi nitive: We are going to attend this meeting. - it is used to talk about plans, e specially in an informal style. Going to often emphasizes the idea of intention, of a decision that has already been made. We are going to subscribe for another periodical. - it is used to predict the future on the basis of present evidence to say that a future action or event is on the way, or starting to happen: Look at this survey. He is going to be elected president of his party. - it can also be used without a time expression: (see the examples above), but it can be used for the near future with a time expression as an alternative to the present con tinuous: They are not going to attend the classes this afternoon. -gonna (inform al speech especially in American English): I am gonna write a letter. BE TO + IN FINITIVE / BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE Form: subject + to be + verb (infinitive): T hey are to get a 10 per cent wage rise in May. - this structure is used in a for mal style to talk about plans and arrangements, especially when they are officia l. This construction is much used in newspapers: The President is to visit Franc e next week. - in headlines (the verb be is often omitted to save space): The Pres ident To Visit France - this structure is used to give orders: You are to read t hese books for your next exam. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE: expresses immediate fut ure: He is about to leave the party. FUTURE IN THE PAST - Form: subject + would + verb (short infinitive) - it is used in Indirect Speech as a past equivalent f or Future Tense 86

They will visit the mine tomorrow, said the spokesman. The spokesman said that the y would visit the mine the next day. I. Translate into English: 1. Reporterul va transmite imediat ce va ajunge la locul accidentului. 2. Pn l e timp de cinci ani. 3. Primul ministru urmeaz s discute cu si mitoare. .. 5. Mine, la aceast or, oficialitile vor ine o eca n vacan. .. 7. Muli turiti i-au cumprat cciuli i haine ce mai rece. .. 8. Muncitorii greviti se vor ntlni mine cu pat 0% i o prim de productivitate. 9. Se ateapt ca juriul s aju ense: 1. This time next month they (travel) around Italy. They (travel) around Ital they (save) enough money. 87

2. What (do) with your cat when you . (go) away this weekend? She (stay) at here .(you/go) for your holidays, now that winter is here? Nowhere. We .(study) f s in January. 4. In two weeks time they .. (finish) their preliminary training and . 5. Their committee .. (try) to raise money for an orphanage. By the end of the year they . (send) out 3,000 letters asking for contributions. 6. The police (test) the r fingerprints. If his fingerprints (be) on it he ..(be) charged with murder. 7. Th ter says he (be) tired of writing books about horrible people who .. (get) more and e horrible on every page, and now ... (write) about perfectly charming people who (b happily married. 8. The shop assistant says they (not deliver) any more orders becaus this branch . (close) down. 9. According to the brochure this hotel (pride) its service, but the staff not even .. (show) a guest to his room unless he (insist). 88

UNIT 9 POLITICS I. Read the following text about the influence of politics even in spor t business and choose which of the missing paragraphs (a-f) fits each of the num bered gaps The impact of the European Union on sport regulations continues apace . This has come from a number of sources. The European Commission has considered (1) (such as pyramid structure of sports organizations and open leagues with re legation and promotion) and indicated some concern (2) and need to reconcile the commercialization of sport with the role that it has in promoting solidarity. T he European Council, (3) agreed on a declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its function in Europe. There was recognition that (4) have a prim ary responsibility in the conduct of sporting affairs, the EU has supervisory po wers under a variety of Treaty provisions. This support for (5) by an example in the sale of television rights. The European Council supports mutualisation, (6) di stributed to the lower levels of a particular sport on the grounds of solidarity . (Sport Business) a) with a part of the revenue from the sale of rights b) alth ough sports governing bodies and the Member States c) about the encroaching Amer icanisation of European sport d) what are the essential characteristics of the Eu ropean Model of Sport e) comprised of Prime Ministers of the Member States f) supe rvised autonomy can be illustrated 89

II. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. In all th ere will be fraudulous elections in this country. a) probability b) possibilitie s c) odds d) certainty 2. The partys leader rehearsed his speech again and again until he was sure that he was word . a) exact b) perfect c) accurate d) precise 3 . The electorate will not easily forgive the mayor for failing to fulfil his . a) offers b) promises c) vows d) aspirations 4. The chain of events that led to th e coup detat was set in by the assassination of the military leader. a) train b) progress c) development d) momentum 5. The senator warned his colleagues that th e party was in danger of being over by extremists. a) taken b) attacked c) attra cted d) passed 6. In this country, the President is usually elected for a five-y ear in office. a) duration b) passage c) term d) length 7. People started to thi nk the mayor of the village likes to lead them up the wrong a) direction b) driv e c) path d) way 8. The president was questioned under about the love affair he had undertaken while power. a) oath b) pledge c) swear d) vow

III. Write a new sentence using the word given: 1. He welcomed people as the town councils representative. behalf He welcomed peo ple the council. 2. Somebody needs to announce the president about this case of c . told The president ..about this case of corruption. 3. Most citizens regard hi e best president for that African country. widely 90

He is . 4. The fact that he will never run for presidency again is some e cannot come 5. Most people took no notice of the speaker at the platfor s a corrupted politician has been established. name He has made 7. Any p part of the president in this raw would be disastrous. caught If the president ter just pretended to agree with presidents suggestion. along The Prime Minister just pretended . 9. The leader says his party has more important things to do at fish At the moment IV. Finish each of the following sentences in such a the same as the sentence printed before it: 1. The president is in disgrace for being so harshly behaved with his counselors. The president is under.. 2. No r chance of winning the presidency race than him. He is the man most 3. The reviewing their economic policies recently. The governments 4. People ac aving taken bribe. The politician ... 91

5. The State Secretary stormed out of the room after she had handed her resignat ion. Having .. 6. The experts say the government is bringing in a new t y surprised to hear that a Republican candidate had won the race. It came ds on the left with their meanings: 1. campaign a) a very fast campaigning trip, with a candidate making a lot of speeches and appearances in a lot of places 2. (AE) run for b) people who shout out their disagreement election/(BE) stand whe n a politician makes a speech for election 3. running mate c) an ideal combinati on of candidates for presidency and vice presidency 4. heckler (to heckle) d) co nsultants who try to minimize the effects of gaffes and improve the way candidat es are presented in the media 5. dream ticket e) to candidate 6. smear campaign f) series of ads, televisions appearances, meetings and speeches designed to get support for a candidate 7. whistle-stop tour g) a group of politicians and thei r supporters who have similar views on how the country should be run 8. party h) the candidate running for the vice presidency 9. spin doctors/ i) information a bout a politicians life, or business or spin controllers secret political activit ies. When media or other candidates do this they are said to be digging for dirt or muckraking. Damaging information of this kind is sleaze. 92

II. Complete the sentences using one of the words from the box: abstain/abstenti on ballot/ballot box by-election cast ballots/votes constituency election/electi on day electorate electoral fraud exit poll findings/results landslide victory o pinion poll poll/opinion survey polling/polling booth pollsters turnout vote vot e-rigging 1. On election day, people with the right to vote . They to elect their favorite candidates. 2. After the voters had marked their in a , the pollster in terrogated them and wrote their options in a/an chart. 3. There were a lot of pe ople who from voting because they claimed none of the candidates to be the right person. These people were counted as . 4. The proportion of people actually voti ng is the and the total number of cast represents the total ... 5. Only seven pe ople have their at the station number seven belonging to the Constituency 134. 6. Current estimates were that more than half of the eligible persons wrote their in the during the morning of the day. 7. occurs, for example, when are filled wi th fictitious papers or when are not counted properly. 8. The counselors advised the president not to call an early election at a time of high unemployment but he was sure of a . with an overwhelming majority. 9. If the are anything to go by, the present government stands to win the and the will be published in our speci al edition of the newspaper. III. Underline the right word for the sentences bel ow: 1. When a government is elected, there is often a honeymoon/ political wilde rness period when people are not too critical of it. 2. Whoever wins faces the p rospect of leading a collapse/lame duck administration. 3. Ministers may be give n new posts, or lose their posts, in a cabinet reshuffle/stand down. 93

4. A governments caretaker/grassroots support during its term of office may becom e apparent during a by-election. 5. When two parties or candidates have about th e same amount of support, they are said to be level meeting/pegging. 6. The poli ticians of the Conservative Party want a fresh /reelect mandate to raise value-a dded tax. 7. If, in a system usually dominated by two parties, neither party get s an overall majority, commentators talk about a breakaway/hung parliament. 8. T he Military Forces may handover/seize power in a coup dtat, putsch or military tak eover and impose martial law, or military control, on the country. 9. A riot wit h fighting, stone-throwing, damage to vehicles and buildings may be accompanied by looting/robbing: breaking into shops or houses during a riot to steal things. IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. When a g overnment is elected, there is often a period when people are not too critical o f it. a) crisis b) honeymoon c) political d) stand up wilderness 2. Whoever wins faces the prospect of leading a administration. a) collapse b) crisis c) incumb ent d) lame duck 3. Ministers may be given new posts, or lose their posts, in a cabinet a) quit b) reshuffle c) resign d) stand down 4. A governments support dur ing its term of office may become apparent during a by-election. a) caretaker b) grassroots c) interim d) marginal 5. When two parties or candidates have about the same amount of support, they are said to be level a) coming b) going c) meet ing d) pegging 6. The politicians of the Conservative Party want a mandate to ra ise value-added tax. a) fresh b) good c) re-elect d) swing 94

7. If, in a system usually dominated by two parties, neither party gets an overa ll majority, commentators talk about a parliament. a) breakaway b) fringe c) hun g d) splinter 8. The Military Forces may power in a coup dtat, putsch or military takeover and impose martial law, or military control, on the country. a) depose b) handover c) seize d) take 9. A riot with fighting, stone-throwing, damage to vehicles and buildings may be accompanied by : breaking into shops or houses duri ng a riot to steal things. a) burglarizing b) looting c) robbing d) stealing PAS SIVE VOICE - the passive form of the verb phrase contains this pattern: to be + past participle - simple present: am/are/is + past participle: English is spoken here. - present progressive: am/are/is being+past participle: The song is being performed. - simple past: was/were + past participle: That article was written last week. - past progressive: was/were being+past participle: The interview was being taken. - present perfect: have/has been+past participle: The article has been published. - past perfect: had been+past participle: She knew why she had b een nomineed. - simple future: will be + past participle: The interview will be taken tomorrow. - future perfect: will have been+past participle: The article wi ll have been written. - going to future: am/are/is going to be+past participle: Who is going to be invited? - future progressive passives (will be being + past participle) and perfect progressive passives (has been being + past participle) are unusual. 95

examples of passive infinitives: (to) be written perfect passive infinitives: (t o) have been written - examples of passive ing forms: being written perfect passi ve ing forms: having been written. - examples of passive conditional : would be w ritten perfect passive conditional: would have been written - modal perfect: The building might have been destroyed by a bomb. He could have been asked to talk at the press conference. She should/ought to have been told. These windows must be shut. This castle may have been visited by the Queen. Infinitive construction s after passive verbs: acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand - sentence of the type : People consider/think/know/believe, etc. that he ishave two possible passive fo rms: He is considered/thought/known/believed etc. that he is It is considered/tho ught/known/believed etc. that he is Prepositional passives the passive is not lim ited to cases where the object of an active becomes subject. There are some unus ual passives, where the noun phrase following a preposition becomes the subject. The preposition must remain immediately after the verb. be + past participle + preposition: this pattern can only be used if the verb and the preposition form a unit (a prepositional verb) e.g. be called for, be called upon, be hoped for, be shouted at, be looked after, be talked about The president was called upon to make a speech. be + past participle + adverb + preposition She admitted herself having been put up with the situation. I. Change the following sentences to the passive voice. Decide when by is necessary. 1. The police have caught the man w ho broke into the office last night. 96 -

2. The thief had completely destroyed some very important files. .. il until he can contact his lawyer. 4.They are going to schedule administration may do away with the tax on the car. ... 6. The boss otices of the next meeting to everyone. 8. By the end of the nex procedures. 9. The tourists can hope for some improvement in th elected the new president. .. II. Translate into English: 1. A mr timpul luptelor de strad. 3. Cldirea urma s fie inaugurat de -o nchisoare n alta. 6. Preedintele va fi condus la aeroport 97

7. Lumea crede c jurnalistul a fost ucis de teroriti. 8. Vnza it interzis. 9. Rniii au fost scoi de sub moloz nainte ca sa st fits each space. THE POPULATION PROBLEM At the end of the 20th century, the worlds population figure stands at (1) to 6 bil lion and is (2) o double during the next hundred years. However, only 10% of this growth is expected to occur (3) rich, developed countries. This means that many poor, developing countries will find it impossible to provide everyone (4) the ba sics needed (5) survival housing, food and fuel. Fields are already (6) overgrazed by animals and overworked by farmers, and trees are being chopped down for fuel . All these things (7) led to drought and famine in many parts of the world, part icularly in Africa. Indian governmental reports state that 37% of its people are (8) to buy enough food to sustain (9) . As a result, officials fear the establish ment of a new sub-human race of people (10) are physically too week and hungry to deal with their problems. To (11) prevent this from happening, scientists want t o (12) the worlds population growth in half over the next ten years. Family planni ng and educational campaigns will be the main focus of this (13) Another possible (14) combine family planning methods with some of wealth redistribution. For many countries, (15) , the problem lies in the fact that they have so (16) desperately poor citizens in the first (17) . As the countries of the west have illustrated, the wealthier your population is, the slower it will (18) 98

UNIT 10

COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE Euphemisms and Political correctness Euphemism is the act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. Pass away and depart this life are well-known euphe misms for die, loo is a modern euphemism for toilet and many of the milder oaths are euphemisms for swear words, or to avoid the profane use of the names of God and Christ. We are using a euphemism again, instead of saying Go to hell, we sa y Go to blazes (hell fire). Morris, in the Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usa ge, quotes this delightful letter that illustrates the changing ways in which po verty has been publicly referred to: I used to think I was poor. Then they told m e I wasnt poor. I was needy. Then they told me it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy. I was deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, I w as underprivileged. Then they told me underprivileged was overused, I was disadv antaged. I still dont have a dime. But I sure have a great vocabulary.(Jules Feife r) The use of a particular kind of euphemism is currently reffered to as politic al correctness or being PC. These are expressions, which relate to people and so ciety, and political correctness is a concern not to use language that might be perceived as offensive by particular members of society. Thus the term people wi th learning difficulties was felt to be better than mentally handicapped and the phrase senior citizens was preferred to old age pensioners. I. Underline the eu phemisms in the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentences in more direct l anguage 1. This house is a handymans dream/ideal for the DIY enthusiast. 2. Tom bo pre-driven car for two hundred dollars. 99

3. After the laboratory experiments, the scientists sacrificed the mice. .. 4. The san tary engineers will form a union next year. 5. His supervisor said he had been ause of too many absences .. 6. The press secretary admitted that he had made an err oneous report. 7. There is a mirror in the little girls powder room. g a work stoppage in two days. 9.The infantry executed a withdrawal after the surpr ttack. .. 10. Well have to let you go, Tom, said the managing director. would be to put Blackie to sleep, said the vet. .. 12. There is no chance that a reve nue enhancement measure will pass during this session of Congress. . 13. A man i ice with their enquires . 14. New Prices! . 15. The po e company to make a downward revision in production costs. II. He h people often use euphemisms for. Match them to the sentences and decide what t he sentences really mean in straightforward English alcohol, birth, crime, lying , obesity, prison, strikes, toilet, unemployment, warfare 1. Would you like to w ash your hands? 2. At the end of the evening, the minister seemed to be tired an d emotional. 3. John has been resting since his widely-acclaimed performance as Prince Hamlet. 100

4. When the lawyer questioned him closely, his client was economical with the tr uth. 5. There were two hundred casualties in the battle for control of the pass. 6. The union of teachers is organizing a day of action tomorrow. 7. His uncles a guest of Her Majesty for two years. 8. Their cassette recorder fell off the bac k of a lorry. 9. When is the happy event going to be? 10. Jennys got a bit of a s pare tyre these months, hasnt she? III. Match the euphemism on the left with what it stands for on the right 1. an approved school a) to get drunk 2. cash flow p roblems b) to lock someone up (in prison or a mental hospital) 3. cuddly c) pros titution 4. to drown ones sorrow d) in the habit of stealing 5. to have a liquid lunch e) underwear 6. intelligence agencies f) a penal institution for minors 7. light fingered g) financial trouble 8. the oldest profession h) fat 9. to put a way i) spying organizations 10. smalls j) to drink a lot of alcohol in the middl e of the day IV. Some expressions introduced for PC reasons have become a part o f standard English now. Underline that one you think is the more PC expression i n each case? Why? 1. African American Black American 2. children with special ne eds educationally subnormal children 3. a fireman a firefighter 4. hearing-impai red deaf 5. a housewife homemaker 6. a refuse collector dustman 7. slum substand ard housing 8. an unmarried mother single parent 9. Third World countries develo ping countries 101

RACISM AND SEXISM - use black (of a persons skin color as opposed to Black or Asian or egro or colored) - such words as businessman (prefer business executive), foreman (p supervisor) and policeman (prefer police officer). - opposition to sexism is also one reason for the widespread adoption of the plural pronoun they/them in the place o f he/him. This is both easy to say and politically correct - but opposition to sex ism is also responsible for the Ms complication. To avoid having to call people Mis s or Mrs antisexists use the American Ms. - in English, a lot of words are marked as masculine or feminine by suffixes, but many other words have female or male associat ions and should be used carefully. - Suffixes marking gender - er (-or)/-ess: tr aditionally used to mark male and female (actor/actress) - These two words are s till often used in both forms, but forms such as authoress, poetess, murderess, and manageress are considered oldfashioned. If you want to be neutral, you can u se the er (-or) suffix for male or female. Schoolmistress/master sound old-fashi oned, use teacher instead; for air hostess use flight attendant (neutral) or ste wardess - man, -woman and person - Traditional social roles often meant that man w as used even for roles performed by women. Now many people prefer a neutral form for both sexes, if there is one available. neutral traditional male traditional female barman barmaid bartender businesswoman businessperson businessman chairw oman chair(person) chairman stewardess/airhostess flight attendant steward firef ighter fireman fisherman headmistress head (teacher) headmaster policewoman poli ce officer policeman postwoman postman spokeswoman spokesperson spokesman 102

Social marking of words Some words, particularly the names of jobs (barber, burgla r, butcher, cheerleader, conductor, detective, dressmaker, farmer, general, hair dresser, secretary, station master, tailor, typist), are socially marked as belo nging to one gender even though the words are neutral in form, e.g. in English, nurse was considered so female that if a man was a nurse, he was often referred to a male nurse. Bachelor and spinster can both have negative or undesirable ass ociations. Use unmarried or single (man/woman) instead. You can use partner inst ead of fianc(e), especially for someone you live with as a couple but are not mar ried to. I. Avoiding gender specific language. In the following sentences change the words in italics to neutral political correctness words with the same meaning . Make any other grammatical changes that then become necessary 1. These young p eople need to have been physically trained if they apply to be policemen. 1. Dea r Miss/ Mrs Johnson, Im writing to you in order to help me with the Sale&Purchase contract. 2. The evolution of man was a contentious issue for the 19th century. 3. The air hostesses will shortly be moving through the cabin serving drinks an d food. 4. In 1969 man first set foot on the moon. Neil Armstrongs famous words w ere: That is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. 5. Every salesm an in the company is required to meet a monthly target. The best of him will be nominee for the best salesman of the year. 6. Nylon is a man-made fibre. 7. The members of the committee agreed to a man to elect a new chairman. 8. Who was the first man to fly in across the Pacific? 9. The firemen has been fighting with t he blazes for two hours. 103

II. Sometimes political correctness goes to such extremes to avoid hurting other s feelings that it verges on the ridiculous, creating expressions that are excess ively convoluted. Can you match the PC expressions on the left with their transl ations on the right? 1. charm-free 2. chronologically gifted 3. cosmetically dif ferent 4. hair disadvantaged 5. mentally challenged 6. nontraditionally ordered 7. vertically inconvenienced a) ugly b) tall c) disorganized d) boring e) old f) bald g) stupid III. Now can you work out what the rather extreme PC speaker is saying about the different people below? 1. In his autobiographical book he tells of his experie nce as a gentleman of the road. 2. Mary achieved a deficiency on her driving nee ds assessment. 3. The manager complains that his secretary is temporally challen ged. 4. Samantha is larger than the average citizen. 5. The teacher said that Jo hn is a child with an attention deficit disorder. 6. The employer warned Mr. Smi th with sacking if he doesnt stop being a person of differing sobriety. 7. The po litician admitted that his mother was an unwaged domestic artist. The headline i s the article reduced to a few words. To save space, newspapers abbreviate artic le titles (see the list of abbreviations on ANNEX 3) and use short terms (see AN NEX 8) which are understandable to native speakers, but which may be unfamiliar to non-native speakers. The headline of a feature should identify the subject an d it must attract and inform Here is a list of headlines that illustrates the le xical particularities discussed above: 1. Nine Months Later, Balkan Aid Project Is Being Funded 2. Evidence backs rate cut . 104

3. To Thwart a Rival, Quebecor, Fund Make a Bid for Videotron . 4. Japanese Surv ses Helps Boost Yen.... 5. Brazils Central Bank Curbs Surging Currency ... 6. B For Jobless and More Tax Cuts 7. European Parliament Moves Closer to Echelon es Loan for Swissair 9. Blair reaffirms vow to reform public services to the right explanation given below: 1. AID FOR FAMINE VICTIMS WAITED a) reduct ion b) increase c) assistance d) attempt 2. POLICE QUIZ TREASURER OF CHILDRENS OR GANIZATION a) look for b) seek c) question d) follow 3. KIDNAP VICTIMS ORDEAL a) surprise b) prohibition c) bad experience d) clash 4. MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT CLA SH ON GREEN POLICY a) disagree b) prohibition c) attempt d) assistance 5. PRIME MINISTERS PLEDGE ON POLLUTION a) assistance b) bad experience c) commitment d) di sagree 6. DEATH TOLL GOING UP a) number of b) reduction c) surprise d) increase people killed 7. PERIL ON REMOTE CHILDREN CAMP a) increase b) prohibition c) ext reme danger d) explosion 8.POLITICIANS WOO PEOPLE a) persuade b) attract c) disa gree d) look for 9. DRUG HAUL AT THE CUSTOMS OFFICE a) surprise b) something c) loophole d) prohibition seized 10. FREE SCHOOL MEALS AXED a) reduced b) assisted c) prohibited d) stopped 105

11. TAKEOVER BID FOR BRITISH ENVIROMENT ORGANIZATIONS a) bad experience b) question c) attempt 12. SOCIAL ASSISTANTS STRIKES LOOMS a) approaches in b) finishes c) prohibits a threatening way REPORTED SPEECH d) assistance d) increases - words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by other person. Because of this there are often grammatical differences between direct and indirect speech. - t he change of speaker mean a change of pronoun: I he or she / We they - a change of place and time mean changing the following words: DIRECT SPEECH now next last (Monday) yesterday tomorrow today this these here the day after tomorrow ago IN DIRECT SPEECH then the next the (Monday) before / (on) the previous (Monday) a d ay before the next day/ the following day (on) that day that those there two day s later, after two days before - the conjunction that is often dropped, especially after common reporting verbs (e.g. say, think) in informal speech: He said (that) he hadnt been at office. after present, future and present perfect reporting verbs, tenses are usually th e same as in the original (because there is no important change of time). He say s he likes writing such an article. - verbs in the direct speech have to be chan ged into a corresponding past tense: 106

Simple Present I like watching movies, said John. Present Continuous I am watching a movie, said John. Present Perfect I have seen this movie, said Tom. Present Perfe ct Continuous I have been watching TV all day long, said Tom. Simple Past I saw thi s movie at the festival, said Mary. Past Continuous I was watching this show at th is time yesterday, said Mary. Future I will go at the cinema tomorrow, said Adrian. Simple Past John said he liked watching movies. Past Continuous John said he was watching a movie. Past Perfect Tom said that he had seen that movie. Past Perfe ct Continuous Tom said he had been watching Past Perfect Mary said she had seen t hat movie Past Perfect Continuous Mary said she had been watching that show a da y before. Future in the Past Adrian said he would go at the cinema the next day.

I. Put the following into indirect speech: 1. The new underpass is being official ly opened tomorrow, said the BBC announcer. . 2. I know exactly to his client, because I bugged their phone. . 3. This is qu lf, said the salesman. .. 4. The advertisement said, If you ans g for our next match, the coach said to them. .. 107

6. If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow, the c aptain said. .. 7. The speaker on the radio said: The concert in nt said, My administration will cut taxes in this country. .. 9. this region. .. 10. The lawyer said, I told the witnesses to tel irect speech: 1. Tocmai am arestat doi traficani de droguri, a spus eful Poliiei Loca le. 2. Aceti oameni au fost depen un nalt oficial. .... .... 5. Polii 108

UNIT 11 CRIME AND LAW I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space Whatever may be said about the causes of crime, one can be certain of one thing. Crime levels, (1) among the young, are far higher than they used to (2) even a decade ago, and the tabloids are continually claiming that society seems to be falling (3) . The governments current policies are not working well enough and clea rly (4) re-evaluating. The government should look at this (5) from two points of vie w. If crime (6) to fall they must deal with its social causes, as well as take ste ps to (7) social conditions, even if this means (8) more money. They must also devel op new (9) of dealing with young offenders, which may entail the (10) up of new insti tutions. II. You have the following categories: CAR PEOPLE PROPERTY MONEY Say which of the following crimes go in which categories. (There is more than on e answer, depending on your point of view) arson, bank robbery, blackmail, burgl ary, con tricks, drug pushing, fraud, hijacking, joyriding, kidnapping, manslaug hter, mugging, pickpocketing, rape, shoplifting, speeding, vandalism 109

III. Underline the extra word in the lines of this text and write them in the sp ace: WHITE-COLLAR CRIME White-collar crime is defined as illegal acts were committed by middle or upper-cl ass people while at the work. The term gained popularity in 1940 when it was first used by the American criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland. He did argued that there were important sociological difference between any conventional crimes such as bur glary and murder, and white-collar crimes such as some fraud and income tax evaded . In general speaking, the latter are committed by persons of relatively high soci al status and are treated more leniently than are more conventional crimes done. W hite-collar crime has become an increasing problem. The authorities are now dealin g up with such crimes more severely because of a growing feeling that the effort m ust be made to establish equality before the law for all its citizens regardless o f money, power or social status. IV. Choose the word which best completes the sent ence (vocabulary): 1. The two hooligans got very lightly. Their sentences were r educed to three months. a) away with b) down c) off d) over 2. Shoplifting accou nts for more than half of all recorded crime in this town. a) solely b) uniquely c) individually d) alone 3. The police believed what the man told them because it was with other reports they heard. a) consistent b) tied c) tallied d) connec ted 110

4. The masked man asked the passengers to over all their money and jewellery to his accomplice. a) take b) pass c) get d) hand 5. When his accomplices didnt come at the meeting point, it on him that he had been tricked. a) broke b) became cl ear c) dawned d) awoke 6. The defendant was confident he could answer any questi on the policeman might care to him. a) drop on b) roll to c) slide to d) throw a t 7. The police arrived within five minutes at the of the crime. a) area b) plac e c) scene d) spot 8. The police were tipped by an anonymous phone-caller, who d idnt feel at all guilty reporting something suspicious. a) off/of b) off/about c) off/with d) on/of 10. Unfortunately, many people a blind eye if they see a crim e being committed. a) close b) show c) turn d) wink 11. Many criminals feel no a bout their bad actions. a) apology b) distress c) regret d) remorse 12. During t he rioting, many cars were overturned and the shops were a) embezzled b) looted c) pilfered d) stolen V. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way th at it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it: 1. The authoriti es failed to provide protection for witnesses, which caused considerable concern . Considerable concern. 2. The allies thought the terrorists had been hiding n abandoned basement. The terrorists 3. The doorkeeper said that burglar efficient alarm system. The only deterrent ... 4. The jury couldnt reach a complexity of the case. The complexity of the case. 111

5. The teenagers who vandalised the college posed as students to gain entry. Tho se who .. VI. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or phras give evidence in court as the suspects admitted they had started the fire. 2 er suspicion because his account didnt tie the other witnesses report. 3. The po covered the man was not at all angry when the bike was stolen; , he seemed delight e got rid of it. 4. The robbers get into the bank after they had been digging for 5. The police arrested the suspect after finding evidence at his home. 6. A young man, arrested on suspicion of murder .. in court yesterday. 7. The judge passed had given their verdict. 8. The burglars had a fully worked out plane for the olice have enough they will arrest 10. It is virtually impossible nowadays commited a crime there is always something that will give people away. VII. Rea d the following newspaper article about graffiti on the London Underground and t hink of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space Is it art or vandalism? Just a few weeks ago, eight graffiti gang members were conv icted (1) There are more than seventy hardcore graffiti artists thought to be op erating in London today. Graffiti artists operate in many towns. They often work at night, (2) with brightly painted murals in spray paint or marker pen. 112

Some people regard (3) and a menace. London Underground says that rail users fin d it ugly and offensive. It spends 2 million a year (4) trains with graffiti-resi stant paint. We dont think it is artistic or creative. As far as were concerned, its vandalism, says Serena Holley, a spokeswoman for London Underground. It creates a sense of anarchy and chaos, says Richard Mandel, the barrister who prosecuted th e graffiti gang. Passengers feel (5) out of control. Graffiti art can also be a d angerous pastime. Some teenagers have died in accidents following nocturnal graf fiti raids. However, others say that (6) Of course, graffiti is art. Theres no que stion about that, says David Grob, director of the Grob Gallery in London. Even s ome of those who think it is wrong admit that some of the people who do graffiti are talented. Its just that (7) , says Barry Kogan, the barrister who represented one of the gang members. a) dealing with graffiti and has even introduced b) as though the whole rail system is c) graffiti as a form of vandalism d) of causing 5,000 worth of damage on the London Underground e) covering walls, trains and ra ilway stations f) their talent is channelled in the wrong direction g) at its be st graffiti is an art form. VIII. Write a new sentence using the word given: 1. Some critics consider Agatha Christie was the best crime writer ever. than Some critics consider no one has ever .. Agatha Christie. 2. The accused man claimed to etely innocent. anything The accused man. 3. They received a seven-year s he roberry. sentenced They . 113

4. Soon the whole country had heard the news about the biggest robbery. wildfire The news about the biggest robbery .. 5. The police have discovered some interes formation. light Some interesting new information ... 6. The parents were shocked heard the news of their boys arrest. came It.. IX. Complete these e s from the box and then complete the sentences below: above by down into unto wi th a) lay the law b) is the law c) a law himself d) in trouble the law e) tak your own hands f) law

1. Its up to the police to control crime. Theres no point 2. His landlord real ould order all the tenants to be home by 9 pm. 3. They act as if they .and can get aw ay with anything, but soon theyll find themselves in big trouble. 4. The police o fficer comes often to his parentshouse. Hes constantly . 5. When it comes to driving ns ... Hes always driving over the speed limit. 6. Selling alcohol to young people und er 18 is prohibited ... X. Match the following idioms about control of emotions anings: a. be cool as a cucumber 1. lose control of oneself b. be tough as nails 2. recover self-control 114

c. be tough-skinned d. come apart at the seams e. fall apart f. flip out g. go t o pieces h. pull oneself togetherars, and many valuable b) losing battle if they are not supported by the population as a whole c) how to put this message throu gh to the people d) true fact that only an environmental catastrophe e) items in trendy recycled paper bags with environmental logos VI. Choose the word which b est completes the sentence (vocabulary): 1. The candidate couldnt speak very well because he had butterflies in his stomach and a in his throat. a) fish b) fly c ) frog d) snail 2. According to this map, the old castle is about three miles fr om here as the flies. a) crow b) eagle c) ostrich d) sparrow 3. Even if he did a ll the work, his boss got all the credit. a) camel b) donkey c) elephant d) mule 4. Many species of mammals are on the of becoming extinct. a) verge b) tip c) s ide d) edge 5. The criminal didnt leave clues at the crime-scene, so the police w ere completely a) dogged b) ducked c) fished d) foxed 6. The children were despa ir when their cat went missing from home. a) about b) in c) on d) with 51

7. The governing party will always try to find a scape if anything goes wrong. a ) duck b) snake c) goat d) donkey 8. He turned out to be a real in the grass whe n he betrayed his colleagues. a) mouse b) frog c) snail d) snake 9. The accusati ons he was charged with were like water off a ducks a) wings b) body c) feathers d) back 10. The Prime Minister opted out of the race and went to live in another town. a) cat and mouse b) rat c) dog d) horse 11. Nobody have ever questioned t heir leadership. They just follow like a) ducks b) sheep c) beavers d) crows 12. I n order to carry out who is the mole of the company, he his way into the chairmans confidence. a) waspished b) dogged c) wormed d) hounded 13. The quality papers a re a different of fish from the tabloids. a) basket b) box c) kettle d) net THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE FORM: it is formed with had and the past participle AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD + VERB (irregular 3rd form/ regular ed) They had finished reading the book before starting to write an essay about t b) in c) to d) within 9. The whole company is with corruption and someon e cant get on without bribing the manager. a) brimmed b) instilled c) riddled d) trimmed 10. Following todays announcement that two important petrol companies are raising their prices, its only a matter of time before the other companies a) fo llow suit b) imitate them c) mimic them d) plagiarise them V. Write a new senten ce using the word given: 1. They employ extra staff to work for their restaurant in the summer. on Extra staff to work for their restaurant in the summer 121

2. It seems that the company will go bankrupt. odds .... that the company will go ba t. 3. The manager really knows how to get people involved. very The manager . . 4. Provided this is the case, the clients money will be refunded. so If ny has proved successful, thanks to the managers hard work. made As a result of h is hard work, the manager.. ..his company. 6. The president of the company always ything look so difficult! weather The president . .. 7. Interest e There this week. 8. The final date of the meeting is still undecided, ac committee. on The marketing committee... . VI. Finish each of the means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. The employees belie ve that the accountant stole the companys pension fund money. The accountant have not officially stated where to send the proceeds of the auction. No 122

3. The specialists say that the communication industry will be the money spinner of the future. The communication industry 4. The workers will only withdraw th trike action when the manag