testing of propellant

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TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

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Page 1: Testing of Propellant

TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

Page 2: Testing of Propellant

TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

• A GOOD PROPELLANT SHOULD BEHAVE IDENTICALLY IN EVERY ROUND.

• IT SHOULD FUNCTION IN CONTROLLED REPEATABLE & PREDICTABLE MANNER.

• THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PROPELLANT ARE ACHIEVED BY ADDING DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS.

• A PROPELLANT SHOULD GIVE REGULAR & REPEATABLE PERFORMANCE.

• THE QUALITY CONTROL OF PROPELLANT CAN BE ASSURED ONLY BY EVALUATING & TESTING THE PROPELLANT.

Page 3: Testing of Propellant

TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

• THEREFORE TO GET REQUIRED EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY ANALYSIS OR TESTING OF PROPELLANT HAS GOT GREAT SIGNIFICANCE.

• THE PERFORMANCE OF A PROPELLANT IS GOVERNED BY

• CHEMICAL COMPOSITION – DECIDES THERMAL ENERGY CONTENT.

• SHAPE AND SIZE – DECIDES BURNING RATE.

Page 4: Testing of Propellant

TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

• TESTING MAY BE DIVIDED INTO 4 MAIN HEADS:-• 1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION• -VISUAL• -PHYSICAL PARAMETERS• 2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION• - EXTRACTION.• -VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS• - GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS• - ASH CONTENT• - MOISTURE CONTENT• - NITROGEN CONTENT ( LUNGE NITROMETER )

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TESTING & EVALUATION OF PROPELLANTS

• -INSTRUMENTAL• - CHROMATROGRAPHY • - SPECTROMETRY• - FLAME PHOTOMETRY.• - POLAROGRAPHY.• 3. INSTRUMENTAL• - BOMB CALORIMETER.• - CAL VAL.• - STABILITY• - ABEL; MV; B&J• 4. PROOF ( SIMILAR TO END USE )

Page 6: Testing of Propellant

PHYSICAL PARAMETERS• APPEARANCE :- UNIFORMITY IN APPEARANCEAND

ABSENCE OF DUST.• GRAIN DIMENTIONS :- LENGTH, DIA, HOLE, DIA

THICKNESS etc. WITH THE HELP OF MICROSCOPE.• SPECIFIC GRAVITY :- BIANCHHI METHOD USING

GLASS APP., MERCURY AND VACCUM PUMP.• BULK DENSITY :- CONE & CYLINDER METHOD.• MOISTURE CONTENT :- DRYING WEIGHED PROP. AT

80 0C FOR TWO HOURS.• ASH CONTENT :- BURNING PROPELLANT IN A

PLATINUM CRUCIBLE OR CHINA DISH.• NO. OF GRAINS/GM.• LOOSE GRAPHITE :- SIEVING

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PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

• STABILISERS:-• TEST WITH 1% K2Cr2O7 + 70 % H2SO4 - DPA – BLUE

COLOURCENTRALITE – RED COLOUR

PHTHALIC ESTER – DESTROY NG BY FeSO4, HEAT WITH RESORCINOL & H2SO4 FLUROSCENCE ON MAKING IT ALKALINE.MINERAL JELLY :- INSOLUBLE IN 80% METHYL ALCOHOL. FLUROSCENCE UNDER ULTRAVIOLET RAYS.

Page 8: Testing of Propellant

TESTING OF OTHER INSOLUBLES

• (A) WATER SOLVENT PART

1. PICRITE – TEST WITH FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE + NaOH – RED COLOURATION.

2. POTASSIUM – COBALTNITRATE TEST

SODIUM – ZINC URANYL CITRATE TEST.

BARIUM – PPT AS SULPHATE

PERCHLORATE – METHYLENE BLUE TEST

SULPHATE , NITRATE – USUAL TEST

3. STARCH TEST - WITH HCl + KI – BLUE COLOUR

Page 9: Testing of Propellant

TESTING OF OTHER INSOLUBLES• 4. TARTRATE – PPT AS CALCIUM TARTRATE.

DISSOLVE IN DIL SULPHURIC ACID, ADD A SPECK OF Mg POWDER – ADD RESORCINOL AND SHAKE AND COOL. ADD SULPHURIC ACID SLOWLY – A RED RING IS OBTAINED.

• (B) WATER INSOLUBLE PART

1. NC – ACETONE SOLUBLE, FORMS A THIN FILM , GIVES BLUE WITH DPA REAGENT.

2. CHALK, TIN & LEAD – TREAT WITH ACID AND CARRY OUT GROUP ANALYSIS.

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TESTING OF OTHER INSOLUBLES

(A) TEST TIN BY HgCl2 TEST

(B) TEST LEAD BY SULPHATE TEST

(C) TEST CACIUM BY OXALATE TEST

3. CRYOLITE – DURING GROUP ANALYSIS ABOVE TEST FOR ALUMINIUM.

TEST FLUORIDE ON ORIGINAL WATER INSOLUBLE PART BY DOING SILICON TETRA FLUORIDE TEST.

Page 11: Testing of Propellant

TESTING OF OTHER INSOLUBLES• VISUAL EXAMINATION :-

A) WHETHER GUN PROPELLANT OR ROCKET PROPELLANT OR A SMALL ARM PROPELLANT – JUDGED BY SHAPE .B) PICRITE PROPELLANT ARE WHITEC) SMELL OF CAMPHOR & NG IS TYPICALD) WHETHER IT IS GRAPHITEDE) GREENISH COLOUR OF A PROPELLANT SHOWS PRESENCE OF DPA & ITS NITRO – NITROSO PRODUCT.GROUND THE PROPELLANT – EXTRACTION BY DRY DISTILLED ETHER REPEATEDLY – INSOLUBLE IS REPEATEDLY EXTRACTED WITH WATER.

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ETHER SOLUBLE

1. CAMPHOR

2. NG

3. DNT OR TNT

4. DPA , CENTRALITE

5. MINERAL JELLY

6. PHTHALIC ESTERS

7. DYE

ETHER INSOLUBLES WATER EXTRACTION

WATER SOLUBLE

1. PICRITE (NIGU)

(CH4N4O2)

2. POT. SULPHATE

3. BA. NITRATE

4. KNO3

5. POT. CHLORATE

6. SOD.

BICARBONATE

7. SOD. SULPHATE

8.STARCH

9. POT. TARTARATE

WATER INSOLUBLE

1. GRAPHITE

2. CHALK

3. TIN

4. LEAD STEARATE

5. CA. STEARATE

6. CRYOLITE

7. NC

SAMPLE ETHER EXTRACTION

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TESTING OF ETHER SOLUBLE

• CAMPHOR – NOTE THE SMELL

• NG- A) HAMMER TEST – SHARP EXPLOSION

B) BURNING TEST – CRACKING & GREEN COLOURED FLAME

C) NESSALER REAGENT TEST – BLACK PPT.

• DNT OR TNT – COLOUR TEST WITH ACETONE + ALCOHOL – GIVES VIOLET COLOUR

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Identification & confirmation of Acetone soluble(HE)

• Acetone extract + 2 drops of ethyl alcohol + few ml KOH/NaOH + 10 ml of Acetone

Development of colour InferenceViolet colour TNTBlue colour changing to DNTViolet if acidifiedOrange red colour CE

• Acetone extract in water glass – evaporate – add one or two drops of DPA reagent – development of blue colour indicates presence of NC, PETN

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Identification & confirmation of Acetone soluble(HE)

• RDX:- (I) on heating with NaOH gives ammonia, which can be identified by wet red litmus paper turning blue.

• (II) Place a few drops of Acetone extract & evaporate – add 1 ml of Thymol + 3 drops of conc. H2SO4 - after a minute add 5-16 drops of 95% of ethanol – Pink or Rose colour indicate presence of RDX.

• (III) Sample + Chromo-tropic acid in H2SO4 – Reddish brown colour indicate the presence of RDX.

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Identification & confirmation of Acetone solubles(HE)

• High Explosives can be confirmed after crystallization by doing melting point.

RDX 2040CPETN 1400CCE 1290CHMX 2780CTNT 800C

• Nitroglycerine:- Acetone extract – evaporate – add methanol + few drops of Nesseler’s reagent – grayish black colour indicates the presence of NG,EGDN

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Identification & confirmation of Acetone solubles(HE)

• Inorganic Salts :- • Chlorates :- water extract – evaporate – add drop of aniline

hydrochloride Soln. + drop of Conc. HCl – intence green colour indicate Chlorates.

• Perchlorates :- water extract – evaporate – add drop of methylene blue – purple colour indicate Perchlorates.

• Nitrates:- Water extract + dil HCl + Griess reagent – Pink colour indicates the presence of Nitrates

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• CHROMATOGRAPHY:- CHROMATOGRAPHY IS WORKING ON THE PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENT MOBILITY OF DIFFERENT COMPOUND IN DIFFERENT PHASE ON PAPER ( INK, MARI GOLD FLOWER EXTRACT)

• SPECTROMETER:-

NC +NG PASTE – RAYS ARE PASSED THROUGH NC + NG PASTE, CALCULATE THE % OF NC- NG% IS KNOWN BY DIFFERENCE.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST• APPARATUS• HEAT STABILITY TEST BATH, WATER BATH TYPE,

ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AND ELECTRICALLY OPERATED ACCURACY ± 0.5 DEG C.

• HEAT TEST TUBE MADE FROM CORNING BOROSILICATE GLASS

• PLATINUM WIRE HOOK IN GLASS ROD.• S.S FORCEPS. • PIERCING NEEDLE.• STOP WATCH (MECHANICAL/ELECTRONIC), LEAST

COUNT 1/10TH SECONDS. • THERMOMETER STANDARD OR CALIBRATED,

GRADUATION 0.5 DEGC• RUBBER RINGS FOR TEST TUBE. • ALUMINIUM FUNNEL.• PRECISION ANALYTICAL BALANCE, ACCURACY 0.1 MG. • LIGHT PROOF CAP.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST• METHOD

• THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROPELLANTS ARE SUBJECTED TO HEAT TEST ARE AS FOLLOWS

TYPE OF PROPELLANT

TEST TEMPERATURE

TIME

SINGLE BASE PROPELLANT

80°C± 0.5 DEG C > 10 MINUTES

DOUBLE BASE PROPELLANT

71.1± 0.5 DEG C > 15 MINUTES

TRIPLE BASE PROPELLANT

65.5° C ± 0.5 DEG C > 10 MINUTES

Page 22: Testing of Propellant

ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• START THE HEAT TEST BATH AND SET THE BATH TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED TEST TEMPERATURE DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF PROPELLANT SUBJECTED TO HEAT TEST.

• THOROUGHLY CLEAN THE TEST TUBE AND DRY BEFORE COMMENCING THE TEST.

• TRANSFER 1.62G OF SAMPLE FRESHLY PREPARED ACCURATELY WEIGHED TO THE TEST TUBE WITH THE AID OF AN ALUMINIUM FUNNEL, SO THAT NO PROPELLANT REMAINS CLINGING TO THE SIDES OF THE UPPER PART OF THE TEST TUBE.

• GENTLY TAP THE TUBES TO COLLECT THE PROPELLANT AT THE BOTTOM.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• REMOVE ONE HEAT TEST PAPER FROM ITS TUBE USING FORCEPS AND PIERCE THE SMOOTHER SIDE WITH THE NEDDLE AT A POINT HALF WAY ACROSS ITS WIDTH NEAR THE OTHER END.

• APPLY EVENLY GLYCERINE WATER MIXTURE (1:1) V/V WITH THE HELP OF GLASS ROD DOWN THE SURFACE OF THE PAPER SO THAT HALF PORTION OF THE PAPER IS WET.

• INSERT THE WETTED PAPER INSIDER THE TEST TUBE CONTAINING PROPELLANT WITH THE HELP OF PLATINUM WIRE HOOK AND RUBBER BUNG, SO THAT THE PAPER HANGS VERTICALLY (DRY PORTION OF THE PAPER IS IN DOWNWARD DIRECTION) IN THE TUBE.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• ADJUST THE STOPPER WHICH CARRIES THE GLASS ROD WITH PLATINUM HOOK AND PAPER SO THAT ITS BOTTOM EDGE IS IN LEVEL WITH THE TOP ITCHED LINE ON THE TEST TUBE AND DRY/WET BOUNDARY OF THE SATISFACTORILY WETTED PAPER IS OPPOSITE TO THE MIDDLE ITCHED LINE.

• FIT THE RUBBER RING OVER THE TEST TUBES SO THAT ITS LOWER EDGE COINCIDES WITH THE THIRD LINE.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• THE TEST TUBE IS NOW IMMERSED IN THE BATH ALREADY MAINTAINED AT DESIRED TEMPERATURE.

• START THE STOPWATCH SIMULTANEOUSLY AND COVER THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TEST TUBE WITH BLACK PAPER CAPS RAISE THE CAP FROM TIME TO TIME TO SCRUTINISE THE PAPER AND REMOVE ALTOGETHER TOWARDS THE END OF THE TEST.

• THE TIME IS RECORDED WHICH ELAPSE UNTIL THE BROWN LINE APPEARING AT THE DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN THE WET AND DRY PORTION OF THE TEST PAPERS EQUALS/ MATCHES THE COLOUR OF THE STANDARD TINT PAPER.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• IN THIS RESPECT THE TEST IS TAKEN AS BEING COMPLETED AND THE STOPWATCH IS STOPPED.

• RECORD THE TIME TO THE NEAREST MINUTE. CARRY OUT THE HEAT TEST IN DUPLICATE SIMULTANEOUSLY.

• REPORT BOTH RESULTS TO THE NEAREST MINUTE TOGETHER WITH TEMPERATURE TO TESTING, HEAT TEST PAPER BATCH NUMBER WITH DATE OF ISSUE.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• NOTES:• HEAT TEST PAPER SHALL NEVER BE TOUCHED

BY HAND BUT WILL BE HELD IN THE FORCEPS.• PAPER WITHDRAWN FROM THE TUBE AND NOT

USED WILL NOT BE REPLACED BUT DESTROYED.• A HIGH STANDARD OF CLEANLINESS SHALL BE

MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT THE TEST ROOM.• PAPER NOT USED WITHIN THREE MINUTES OF

WETTING AND WHICH IS CLEARLY UNDER/OVER WETTED SHALL NOT BE USED BUT DISCARDED.

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ABEL’S HEAT TEST

• WHEN THE GLYCERINE WATER MIXTURE BECOMES TINTED OR CONTAMINATED THE SAME SHALL BE DISCARDED. IN ANY CASE GLYCERINE WATER MIXTURE (1:1) V / V SHALL INVARIABLY BE REPLACED WITH FRESH ONE AFTER TWO WEEKS.

• IF NO BROWN LINE APPEARS AFTER 30 MINUTES, THE TEST IS DISCONTINUED AND RESULTS REPORTED AS MORE THAN 30 MINUTES.

• THE HEAT TEST SHALL BE CARRIED OUT WITHOUT DELAY AFTER THE COMPLETION OF PRESCRIBED SAMPLE PREPARATION.

• FOR OBSERVING THE HEAT TEST CONSISTENT ARTIFICIAL LIGHT MAY BE USED

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METHYL VIOLET TEST• APPARATUS • METHYL VIOLET TEST BATH GLYCERINE -

WATER TYPE ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AND ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, ACCURACY ± 0..5 DEG C.

OR• METAL BLOCK TYPE BATH

THERMOSTATICALLY & ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED, ELECTRICALLY OPERATED ACCURACY ± 0..5 DEG C.

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METHYL VIOLET TEST

• S.S FORCEPS.• STOP WATCH/MECHANICALY ELECTRONIC /STOP

CLOCK. LEAST COUNT 1 SECONDS.• THERMOMETER, STANDARD OR CALIBRATED,

GRADUATION 0.5 DEG C • ALUMINIUM FUNNEL

• PERCISION ANALYTICAL BALANCE, ACCURACY ± 0.1 MG.

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METHYL VIOLET TEST

• HEAVY GLASS TEST TUBES ABOUT A FOOT LONG ARE USED.

• THEY ARE CLOSED LOOSELY AT THEIR UPPER ENDS WITH PERFORATED OR NOTCHED CORK STOPPERS, AND ARE HEATED FOR ALMOST THEIR WHOLE LENGTH IN A BATH WHICH IS WARMED BY THE VAPOURS OF BOILING XYLENE.

• TWO TUBES ARE USED.

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METHYL VIOLET TEST

• THE SAMPLES OCCUPY THE LOWER 2 INCHES OF THE TUBES, STRIPS OF METHYL VIOLET PAPER ARE INSERTED AND PUSHED DOWN UNTILL THEIR LOWER ENDS ARE ABOUT 1 INCH ABOVE THE SAMPLES, THE TUBES ARE HEATED AND EXAMINED EVERY 5 MINUTES AND THE TIMES ARE NOTED WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR THE TEST PAPERS TO BE TURNED COMPLETELY TO A SALMON PINK COLOUR, FOR THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF RED FUMES AND FOR EXPLOSION.

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METHYL VIOLET TEST

• THE EXPLOSION USUALLY MANIFESTS ITSELF BY THE AUDIBLE POPPING OF THE CORK FROM THE TUBE, BUT CAUSES NO OTHER DAMAGE.

• A TEST SIMILLAR TO THIS ONE, BUT OPERATED AT 120 0 C USING BLUE LITMUS PAPER AND REPORTING THE TIME NECESSARY FOR THE PAPER TO BE REDDENED COMPLETELY, IS SOMETIMES USED.

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KI STARCH TEST

• FIVE PORTIONS OF THE MATERIAL UNDER TEST, DIFFERING IN THEIR MOISTURE CONTENT FROM NEARLY DRY TO FULLY DRY ARE HEATED IN TEST TUBE INA BATH WARMED BY THE VAPOURS OF BOILING METHYL ALCOHOL WITHIN EACH TUBE, A STRIP OF POTASSIUM IODIDE STARCH PAPER, SPOTTED WITH A 50% AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF GLYCERINE, HANGS FROM A GLASS ROD THROUGH A CORK STOPPER.

• THE TUBES ARE EXAMINED CONSTANTLY, AND THE TIME NEEDED FOR THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF ANY COLOUR ON THE TEST PAPER IN ANYONE OF THE TUBES IS REPORTED.

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TEST FOR ASH CONTENT

• ASH IN NC IS DETERMINED BY GELATINIZING THE SAMPLE WITH ACETONE WHICH CONTAINS 5% OF CASTOR OIL, SETTING FIRE TO THE COLLOID, ALLOWING IT TO BURN TRANQUILTY & IGNITING THE CHARRED RESIDUE TO CONSTANT WEIGHT.

• IT IS SOMETIMES DETERMINED AS SULPHATE BY DISSOLVING THE SAMPLE IN PURE CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID AND IGNITING TO CONSTANT WEIGHT.

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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN

• NITROGEN IN NITROCELLULOSE IS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A NITROMETER.

• THE METHOD DEPENDS UPON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE VOLUME OF THE NITRIC OXIDE WHICH IS PRODUCED WHEN CONCERATED SULPHURIC ACID ACTS UPON THE SAMPLE IN THE PRESENCE OF MERCURY.

• IT IS SATISFACTORY ALSO FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OF NITRO GROUP IN CERTAIN NITROAMINES, IN NITROGUANIDINE AND IN TETRYL

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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN

• IN THE EXTREMELY INGENIOUS Du PONT NITROMETER, A 1 GM. SAMPLE IS USED FOR THE ANALYSIS, AND THE GAS IS COLLECTED IN A MEASURING TUBE WHICH HAS BEEN GRADUATED TO READ, AT A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE, THE CORRECT % OF NITROGEN IN THE 1 GM. SAMPLE.

• BY MEANS OF A COMPENSATING BULB AND LEVELLING DEVICE, THE GAS IN THE MEASURING TUBE IS BROUGHT TO THE VOLUME WHICH IT WOULD OCCUPY IF IT WERE CONFINED AT THE TEMPERATURURE & PRESSURE AT WHICH THE GRADUATIONS ARE CORRECT & THE % OF NITROGEN IS THEN READ OFF DIRECTLY.

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ESTIMATION OF N2 CONTENT BY LUNGE NITROMETER

• SAMPLE PREPARATION- WEIGH ABOUT 0.45 GM. PRE DRIED NC IN A GLASS WEIGH TUBE, THIS SAMPLE DISSOLVE IN TO 2-5 ML H2SO4 95%.

• PREPARATION NITROMETER- CLEAN THE NITROMETER WITH THE HELP OF CONC. H2SO4 95%. THEN SEALED THE NITROMETER BY HELP OF H2SO4. NO TRACES OF AIR IN TO NITROMETER.

• TRANSFER OF SAMPLE- TRANSFER THE SAMPLE IN TO NITROMETER, BY HELP OF APPOX. 20 ML H2SO4 95%, BY REPEAT WASHNGS OF WEIGH TUBE IN WHICH ‘NC’ DISSOLVED. TO ENSURE COMPLETE TRANSFER OF SAMPLE IN TO NITROMETER.

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ESTIMATION OF N2 CONTENT BY LUNGE NITROMETER

• SHAKING & BALANCE THE NITROMETER- VIGROUS BY SHAKING OF NITROMETER ARM IN WHICH SAMPLE WAS TRANSFERRED.

• SAMPLE REACTS WITH SULPHURIC ACID IN PRESENCE OF MERCURY (CATALYST) & PRODUCE ‘NO’ GAS IN NITROMETER.

• AFTER SHAKING OF NITROMETER BY ‘5’ MINUTES, KEPT NITROMETER IN FREE TO SETTLE NO GAS.

• THEN ADJUSTED THE NITROMETER ARM IN JUST A WAY, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS EQUALS TO PRESSURE DEVELOPED BY NO GAS INSIDE THE NITROMETER.

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ESTIMATION OF N2 CONTENT BY LUNGE NITROMETER

• CALCULATION & ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT-

• THEN TAKE THE TOTAL VOLUME (TV) AT NITROMETER ARM TO GIVE HOW MUCH NO GAS IS LIBERATED IN MLS.

TV X FACTOR OF NITROMETER X

BAROMETRICPRESSURE ( ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE )

N2 % =--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WT OF SAMPLE X TEMP. IN DEGREE KELVIN

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Reaction Bulb

Open / Close

Cup

MercuryMercury Reservoir

Graduations in ml

Stop Cock Attention

NITROMETER

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BERGMANN JUNK TEST• IN THIS TEST THE NUMBER OF CUBIC

CENTIMETERS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE PRODUCED BY HEATING A 5 GM. SAMPLE FOR 5 HOURS AT 132 0C IS REPORTED.

• THE DETERMINATION WAS ORIGINALLY MADE BY ABSORBING THE GAS IN FERROUS SULPHATE SOLUTION, LIBERATING THE NITRIC OXIDE BY WARMING, & MEASURING ITS VOLUME.

• A METHOD BASED UPON THE ADSORPTION OF THE GAS IN CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION & THE TITRATION FOR ITS ACIDITY IS NOW OFTEN USED INSTEAD.

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CALORIMETRIC VALUE

• THE CALORIMETRIC VALUE OF A PROPELLANT IS MEASURE OF THE HEAT ENERGY LIBERATED BY ITS COMBUSTION IN ITS OWN OXYGEN.

• THE CALORIMETRIC VALUE IS A FAIR INDICATION OF THE POWER OF A PROPELLANT.

• THE CALORIMETRIC VALUE IS DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF CALORIES OF HEAT LIBERATED BY THE BURNING OF ONE GRAM OF PROPELLANT.

• THE CALORIMETRIC VALUE IS DEPENDENT ON THE PROPELLANT COMPOSITION.

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BOMB CALORIMETER• ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION • IMPRESSION IS PLACED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE

JACKET.• BUCKET IS PLACED ON THE STAR SHAPED

SUPPORT.• BOMB IS PLACED INSIDE THE STAINLESS STEEL

CONTAINER (BUCKET). • SUPPLY CONNECTIONS ARE ATTACHED TO THE

ELECTRODES OF THE BOMB.• COMBINED LID OF BUCKET AND OUTER JACKET IS

PLACED.• VIBRATOR - TIMER MAGNIFIER UNIT AND

BEEKMEN THERMOMETER ARE ASSEMBLED CARE FULLY.

• STIRRER ASSEMBLY IS MOUNTED ON THE STIRRER ROD.

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BOMB CALORIMETER

• METHOD• 0.4 TO 0.5 GM PROPELLANT IS WEIGHED IN THE

CRUCIBLE.• A PIECE OF FIRING WIRE IS STRETCHED ACROSS

THE ELECTRODES WITH IN THE BOMB.• BOMB IS PLACED IN THE BUCKET AND BUCKET IS

FILLED WITH TWO LITRES (TEMPERATURE ADJUSTED) DISTILLED WATER.

• ASSEMBLY AND CONTINUITY ARE CHECKED AND BOMB IS FIRED.

• DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE IS RECORDED.

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BOMB CALORIMETER

• CALCULATION :- WATER EQUIVALENT OF CALORIMETER IS DETERMINED OF FIRING STANDARD PROPELLANT WHOSE CALORIMETRIC VALUE IS KNOWN

• WATER EQUIVALENT (W) = MH/T (CAL/DEG C)• WHERE

M = MASS OF THE STANDARD PROPELLANTH = CALORIMETRIC VALUE OF STANDARD PROPELLANTT = DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE.

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BOMB CALORIMETER

• B. EVALUATIONS OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF PROPELLANT UNDER TEST

H = WT/M (CAL/DEG C)

WHERE

W == WATER EQUIVALENT OF CALORI METER (FROM A)

T = DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE.

M = MASS OF THE PROPELLANT

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BOMB CALORIMETER

• PRECAUTION :- 1. CALORIMETER SHOULD BE USED IN A ROOM WHERE MOISTURE IN TEMPERATURE MAY BE AVOIDED.

• 2. ALL PARTS OF CALORIMETER SHOULD BE CLEANED AND DRY. INSIDE WALLS OF THE JACKET SHOULD BE WIPED CLEAN TO REMOVE ANY MOISTURE WHICH MAY HAVE CONDENSED AS THE WALLS.

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CHROMATOGRAPHY

• Chromatography A chemist uses liquid chromatography to analyse a complex mixture of substances. The chromatograph utilizes an adsorptive medium, which, when placed in contact with a sample, adsorbs the various constituents of the sample at different rates. In this manner, the components of a mixture are separated. Chromatography has many valuable applications, such as determining the level of pollutants in air, analysing drugs, and testing blood and urine samples.Phototake NYC/Mitch Kezar

• Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights

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• FLAME TEST• The flame test is a well established laboratory procedure to

identify the presence of a particular element in a chemical sample. The flame of a Bunsen burner is adjusted until it is colourless. A small amount of the substance to be tested is placed on the tip of a clean rod made of platinum or of the nickel-chromium alloy Nichrome, and the rod is inserted in the flame. The elements shown give their characteristic colours to the flame. In this diagram, Ca2+ refers to doubly ionized calcium—that is, calcium in which each atom has lost two electrons, leaving it with a double positive charge—and so on for the other elements named.

• Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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