Contact : valerie.cadot@geves.fr / valerie.grimault@geves.fr1 - GEVES-SEV : Variety Testing Department | 2 - GEVES-SNES : National Seed Testing Station

GEVES - Groupe d’étude et de contrôle des Variétés Et des Semences 25, rue G. Morel, CS 90024 - 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex •

Testing varieties for resistance to diseases and pests at GEVES: a way to improve genetic progress

and to reduce the use of pesticidesCadot V. 1, Grimault V. 2, Perrot S. 2

Use of disease and pest resistance tests: for what aims ?

Resistance test managed by GEVES in lab and in field Disease resistance evaluation

How to get reliable and reproducible criteria of assessment? • GEVES manages international research projects in order to harmonize disease and pest resistance tests, with CPVO and EU counterparts.

• GEVES takes part in working groups within ISF and APS for the codification of pathogens and the definition of differentials.

• GEVES manages reference material collection: controls and differentials varieties and 250 pathogens and pests, administrated with a database. a mainly available in the MATREF network, coordinated by GEVES

• For DUS tests: concerns all the species, but mainly vegetables,either for registration (for CTPS) or for Plant Breeder’s Rights (for INOV and CPVO). - Mainly of lab tests, carried out by GEVES-SNES - Some tests carried out by INRA - Some tests carried out by seed companies (blind tests)• For VCUS tests: concerns field crops for registration. - Majority of field tests, performed by CTPS network and managed by GEVES-SEV - Lab tests carried out by GEVES –SNES - Some tests carried out by INRA

• For seed companies, phytosanitary companies…

With the aim of improving genetic progress and reducing the use of pesticides, in the frame of Grenelle Environment

Species Pathogens Races Species Pathogens Races Species Pathogens Races Species Pathogens RacesBeet Cercospora Beet Heterodera Beet Heterodera HeteroderaLettuce Bremia 15 races Crucifers Heterodera Crucifers Heterodera Aphanomyces

LMV Strawberry Colletotrichum 2 races Strawberry Colletotrichum 2 races Crucifers HeteroderaAlfalfa Verticillium Bean BCMNV BCMNV Strawberry Colletotrichum 2 racesSunflower Plasmopara 3 races Colletotrichum Colletotrichum BCMNV

Pseudomonas Pseudomonas ColletotrichumLettuce Bremia 15 races Bremia 15 races Pseudomonas

LMV LMV Bremia 15 racesAlfalfa Ditylenchus Ditylenchus LMV 2 races

Verticillium Verticillium DitylenchusMelon Fusarium 2 races Corn salad Peronospora 2 races VerticilliumPea Ascochyta Melon Fusarium 2 races Colletotrichum

Fusarium PVY 3 races Corn salad Peronospora 2 racesBYMV TMV Fusarium 3 racesGlobodera rost. PMMV 3 races Golovinomyces 1 raceGlobodera pal. TSWV Podosphaera 4 races

Rye-grass Xanthomonas Ascochyta MNSVTomato Cladosporium Fusarium CMV

Fusarium 2 races BYMV ZYMVFORL Globodera rost. MWMVStemphylium Globodera pal. PVY 3 racesTMV Rye-grass Xanthomonas TMVVerticillium Cladosporium PMMV 3 races

Sunflower Plasmopara 4 races Fusarium 3 races TSWVFORL AscochytaStemphylium FusariumTMV BYMVVerticillium Globodera rost.TSWV Globodera pal.

Sunflower Plasmopara 9 races Test miniaturiséYellow rust 3-4 races Rye-grass XanthomonasBrown rust 4-5 races Tomato Cladosporium 2 racesCoronated rust Fusarium 3 racesEye spot FORLFusarium 2 species StemphyliumSeptoria TMV

VerticilliumTSWVPseudomonas

Sunflower Plasmopara 9 racesYellow rust 3-4 racesBrown rust 4-5 racesCoronated rustEye spotFusarium 2 speciesWSSMVSBCMVSeptoria

Pepper

Cereals

Potato

Melon

Cereals

Potato

Tomato

Pea

Pea

Beet

Bean

Lettuce

Alfalfa

1993 2003 2008 2011

Potato

Bean

Lettuce

Alfalfa

Pepper

Station Nationale d’Essais de Semences Evolution de l’activité d’évaluation de la résistance des variétés aux bioagresseurs du laboratoire de pathologie

Evolution du nombre de couples hôtes/ races de bioagresseurs évalués entre 1993 et 2011

The resistance evaluation of cultivars enables a genetic progress in order to have cultivars adapted to the conditions of culture, in a context of decreasing pesticides

• Evaluation of varieties resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes.• Activities in progress and diversification, due to the integration of new resistances in DUS and VCUS criteria, evolution of pathogens, and transfer of tests from INRA

From + to – miniaturized, + to – controlled, and – to + longTests performed in:

growth chamber greenhouse field

• 85 hosts race/pests and diseases combinations at pathology lab of GEVES-SNES

• 8287 tests performed, mainly for vegetables

45 combinations host/pathogens in specific trials in the field, of which 32 are inoculated.

About one hundred diseases and pests listed in the CTPS technical rules or in VCUS protocols, able to be scored.

Disease and pest resistance lab tests at GEVES-SNES

Illustration of inoculated trials for field crops

Pea : Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi

Glossary

1- Choice of the strains:

Conclusion

Mai

201

2 - p

hoto

s et r

éalis

ation

GEV

ES

GEVES : Variety and Seed Study and Control GroupCTPS : Technical Committee for Plant BreedingCPVO : Community Plant Variety OfficeINOV : National Office for plant breeder’s rightsMATREF : Reference material network

DUS : Distinctness, Uniformity and StabilityVCUS : Value for Cultivation, Use and SustainabilityISF : International Seed Federation APS : American Phytopathological Society

C T P S COMITÉ TECHNIQUE

PERMANENTDE LA SÉLECTION

DES PLANTES CULTIVÉES

• Behavior comparison of a candidate variety to resistant, intermediate resistant, and susceptible reference controls. • Classification of cultivars based on phenotype and not on genotype.

Main important steps:

Development of resistance tests in the frame of the VCUS with special designs

Principle:

2- Inoculum production: On plantletsOn petri dishesOn seeds

3- Inoculation: In lab test In field test

Qualitative notation Training programsQuantitative notation4- Scoring:

Fusarium graminearum Lettuce /Bremia Wheat/yellow rustEye spot inoculumon barley seeds

Inoculation of Ditylenchus dipsaci on alfalfa plantlets

Pepper : PVY Wheat: % scabbed spikelets by Fusarium graminearum

Phomadidacte (Quantipest): Training programme to harmonize the scoring between experimenters

Inoculation by planting inoculated plantlets of yellow rust

Inoculation by spraying Fusarium graminearum & culmorum on wheat

u In Lab:

u In the field:

Specific combinations Host/Pathogen tested in field

Cereals

Rapeseed

Potato Carrot

Sunflower

Beet

Fusarium graminearum Eye spot Cereal mosaic SBCMV & WSSMV Septoria tritici

Phoma Phoma Phomopsis Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

PLRV Alternaria dauci Nematode : Heterodera schachtii Rhizoctonia

In accordance to aggressiveness and prevailing isolates, representative of the field occurence in France and also to toxigenocity (mycotoxin DON on wheat). GEVES is in relationship with INRA, for characterization of strains and evolution of pathotypes.

GEVES-SNES is in charge of the inoculum production for CTPS, CPVO, INOV studies but also for external customers.

Artificial inoculation is performed either in laboratory or in the field.

Resistance to diseases is evaluated either with a qualitative scale or a quantitative scale. For quantitative scales, training programs have been developed in cereals for yellow rust, brown rust and Septoria tritici, and in rapeseed for Phoma.

For VCUS studies, testing varieties for resistance to diseases in the field are performed in special designs :

• either by natural contamination with no fungicides (for cereals and field bean), or low level (for beet)

• or by artificial contaminationin order to ensure a good and uniformlevel of infection

Race Oakleyused by CTPS in

2012

Vallavieille-Pope et al., 2012

Evolution of yellow rust pathotypes in France

Other

Example of specific VCUS trials for wheat