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Texas State Tax Update Dallas Bar Association Tax Section Meeting August 7, 2017

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Page 1: Texas State Tax Update August 7, 2017 - Dallas Bar … - Texas... · Texas State Tax Update Dallas Bar Association ... Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar, 2015 BL 239686, ... subscription

Texas State Tax Update

Dallas Bar AssociationTax Section Meeting

August 7, 2017

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1. Texas Tax Update2. Common M&A Salt Considerations – Successor Liability, Gains/Losses, Other Traps, Etc.

3. Chapter 163 Aviation

Overview & Objectives

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Texas Tax Update(Legislative, Judicial, Regulatory)

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SB 17 (2017 Reg. Session)

If a biennium revenue certification by the Texas Comptroller exceeds the certification for prior biennium by > 5%, then ½ of such excess must be used to reduce the franchise tax rate proportionately, but not below 0%.

[See also HB 28]

Did not pass and not included in Special Session directive.

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HB 4002 (2017 Reg. Session)

Texas Comptroller Technical Corrections Bill that clarifies or removes “installation” from the cost of production included in the “cost of goods sold” deduction.

Passed.

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MTC 3-Factor ApportionmentStill Pending

Graphic Packaging Corp. v. Hegar, 2015 BL 239686, No. 03-14-00197-CV (Tex. Ct. App. July 28, 2015) (pet pending as of July 25, 2017) (affirming a district court's ruling that a taxpayer may not use the three-factor formula in chapter 141 of the Texas Tax Code and the Multistate Tax Compact for franchise tax purposes, but, instead, must use the single-factor formula in Texas Tax Code §171.106).

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The Texas Supreme Court has extended the deadline for the Texas Comptroller to file a petition for review to August 16, 2017.  American Multi-Cinema, Inc. v. Hegar, No. 03-14-00397-CV, 2015 BL 125351 (Tex. Ct. App. April 30, 2015) (affirming trial court conclusion that a taxpayer in the movie theater business, which primarily exhibits films and other content, could include costs of exhibiting films in COGS and referring to witness testimony describing how the business assembles a film to be exhibited).

American Multi-Cinema Still Pending

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IRS Asset Allocation Used forTexas Apportionment

When a taxpayer sells a business it is deemed to have elected to use the same methods that the taxable entity used in filing its federal income tax return, so the same allocation of the sales price to specific assets that the seller used for federal tax purposes should be used for apportioning the gross receipts for franchise tax.  Tex. Comptroller Letter 201607948L (July 22, 2016) (citing Tex. Admin. Code tit. 34, § 3.591(d)(4)).

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Texas “Unitary” Test Requires Strong Centralized Management

In Texas Comptroller Hearing 111,577; Accession No. 201501708H (Oct. 22, 2015), the Administrative Law Judge found that the Texas Tax Code requires “strong” centralized management and that two commonly owned entities in two separate lines of business (oriental rug cleaning vs. small business marketing) that shared administrative functions did not amount to strong centralized management given that both entities operated independently with respect to the critical function of delivering their services.

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Labor to Install Parts On Customer-Owned Vehicles ≠ COGS

In Autohaus LP v. Hegar, No. D-1-GN-13-000989 (Tex. Ct. App. 2017) the Austin Court of Appeals confirms that the cost of goods sold deduction in Section 171.1012 of the Texas Tax Code is only available with respect to goods that the taxpayer “owns,” and that labor charges to install a product into a customer-owned good are “services” and are not included in the cost of goods sold deduction.”  

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TX PLR Accession No. 151250584

Cloud based (i.e., no download) text and messaging subscription service = taxable data processing (Tex. Tax Code 151.0035); 20% discount applies. Tex. Tax Code §151.351).Keys:  Translation; data storage; data manipulation 

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Texas Comptroller Adopts New Procedural Rules (Eff. July 13, 2017)

34 T.A.C.: 1.4 New requirement to identify single authorized 

representative for notice

1.8 Additional requirements for “resolution agreements” including (i) no Comptroller decision will issue;   (ii) standard Comptroller template will be used; and (iii) case settlement referral request procedure

 1.18 Timing requirements for document filing with SOAH 

and the Texas Comptroller

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Texas Comptroller Adopts New Procedural Rules (Cont.)

34 T.A.C.: 1.28 Outlining the procedure for issuance of Comptroller 

hearing decisions (no deadlines on Comptroller) 1.29 Outlining the procedure for filing Motions for 

Rehearing, plus compliance with the “actual knowledge” requirements of Tex. Gov’t Code 2001.142

 1.31 Providing rules on the computation of time 1.32 Providing rules on the service of documents 1.39 Providing rules on Comptroller Motions to Dismiss a 

contested case12

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COMMOM M&A SALT CONSIDERATIONS

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Standard Tax Representation

“Seller has filed or caused to be filed all tax returns that are or were required to be filed pursuant to applicable law.”

Common Sources: Asset Purchase Agreement 

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Nexus Case Study

“Bright Line” Economic Nexus: The Next WaveStates are asserting income tax nexus in spite of 86-272 when businesses have economic presence from:1) intellectual property2) material sales (e.g., California if >$547K in annual sales or 25% ofsales or service benefit received in California)

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Nexus Case Study

Target

Buyer

Asset Purchase Agreement:

1. Registered in all states where required

2. Filing income, sales, property tax returns inall states where required

E.g., Seller Holds Consignment Inventory

Where not registered

6 States

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Sample Due DiligenceThe below detailed document request is subject to amendment following a more detailed analysis and preliminary management discussions.

Responsibility Date Received

1. A list of state-conforming S elections for Target and its affiliates    2. A list of state-conforming Q-sub elections for Target and its affiliates    

3. A list of any state-conforming Q-sub conversions to disregarded entity (LLC) for state law purposes  for Target and its affiliates    

4. An organization chart showing all Target entities and identifying ultimate individual owners    

5. An chart breaking down assets/entities to be included in new venture and any assets/entities to be excluded    

6. An chart scheduling the states in which Target or its affiliates holds titled motor vehicles and the approximate number/value in each state

   

7. An chart scheduling the states in which Target owns real estate and the approximate value in each such state    

8. A list of the jurisdictions (state, local, etc.) where Target has submitted tax filings (income, sales & use, gross receipts, franchise, property etc.) during the prior reporting period and a separate list of all jurisdictions where Target has not submitted any type of tax filing but for which a claim has been made that tax filings should have been submitted. This information should include any “nexus” questionnaires or similar requests whereby a state is attempting to determine if the target entities are subject to tax in the state for the current period or for any prior period.

   

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Sample Due DiligenceResponsibility Date 

Received

9. If different from #8 above, a list of jurisdictions (federal, state, local, foreign etc.) in which Target: 1) is registered or licensed to operate, 2) has employees that have entered the state for any reason during the previous four tax years, 3) has any independent contractors providing services on behalf of Target in the past four years; or 4) has or has had any real or personal property including inventory (owned or leased) during the previous four tax years

   

10. Please provide contact information for the primary law firms, accounting firms or other outside relationships that have material provided tax advice (oral or written) to Target (including addresses, telephone numbers and contact persons), in each case identifying the matter(s) with respect to which advice was given.

   

11. All tax legal opinions and technical memoranda, whether privileged or not, issued by any third-parties to Target (including related partnerships, if any) related to any state or local tax in the last five years.

   

12. A copy of all of the last-filed state and local tax returns for Target for:i.  Income/Franchiseii.  Sales & Use

   

13. Any information regarding state tax planning that is currently being utilized.  This information would include any intercompany agreements (i.e. management service agreements, intercompany debt agreements, transfer pricing agreements) related to this planning.

   

   

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Sample Due Diligence

Responsibility Date Received

14. Sales/revenues, by state, for each of the last year.    15. 

Brief description of Target procedures to 1) collect and remit sales tax and 2) self-assess use tax    

16.

 

Documents related to any type of current or historical state or local tax audits, appeals or court proceedings (whether resolved or unresolved) including:statute of limitation waivers i.  All Exam documents and correspondence between target or 

its affiliates including partnershipsii.  notices of proposed adjustmentsiii.  state appeals documents and correspondence iv.  state protest lettersv.  state closing agreements or similar documentsvi.  court briefs, depositions, pleadings, interrogatories dealing 

with any state or local tax liability

   

17. 

List of any state tax amnesty and voluntary disclosure listing detailing the jurisdiction, the issues, the tax year(s), the status and the amount of tax, interest and penalty at issue

   

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#.  The Companies and XYZ have timely paid all material Taxes due and owing (whether or not shown due on any Tax Return). None of the Companies have  been a member of a consolidated, combined or unitary group since the date of their formation (other than filing a combined Texas franchise tax return) or have incurred any liability for the Taxes of any Person under Treasury Regulations § 1.1502-6 (or any similar provision of state, local, or foreign Law, other than Section 171.1014(i) of the Texas Tax Code), as a transferee or successor, by contract, or otherwise. 

Combined Reporting Representationin M&A Agreements

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Parent Corporation

LLC No. 1

LLC No. 2

LLC No. 3

LLC No. 4

LLC No. 5

Operating Subsidiary No. 1

Operating Subsidiary No. 2

Operating Subsidiary No. 3

Operating Subsidiary No. 4

Operating Subsidiary No. 5

Assume sale of 100% of interests in LLCNo. 5 or all of assets in LLC No. 5

§171.1014(i):  Each member of thecombined group shall be jointly and

severally liable for the tax of the combined group.

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Federal Income Tax Considerations

• L.P. should be treated as a partnership unless corporate treatment elected. (Treas. Reg. §301.7701-3.)

• LLC should be disregarded unless corporate treatment elected. (Treas. Reg. §301.7701-3.)

Texas Margin Tax Considerations

Do LP, LLC and BigCo comprise a combined group?a) §171.1014(a) (“Taxable entities” that are part of an affiliated group engaged in a unitary business are required to file a combined group report.);  see also Comp. Rule 3.590(b)(2)(“Combined group--Taxable entities that are part of an affiliated group engaged in a unitary business and that are required to file a combined group report under Tax Code, §171.1014.”).

b)Affiliated group: > 50% test (§§171.0001(1); 171.0001(8).);  see Comp. Rule 3.590(b)(1)(“Affiliated group--Entities in which a controlling interest is owned by a common owner, either corporate or noncorporate, or by one or more of the member entities.”)

c) Unitary business?d) If LP, LLC and BigCo comprise a combined group, how much of L.P.’s revenues are includable in the total revenues of the combined group?

Combined Reporting

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Tax Sharing Agreement?

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• See Comp. Rul 3.582(c)(1) (“to qualify as a passive entity, the entity must be one of the following for the entire period on which the tax is based: (A) general partnership; (B) limited partnership; (C) limited liability partnership; or (D) trust, other than a business trust;”)

• See Comp. Rule 3.582(c)(2) (“at least 90% of an entity’s federal gross income for the period on which margin is based must consist of the following sources of income:

(C)  net capital gains from the sale of real property. . .

(D)  royalties from mineral properties, bonuses from mineral properties, delay rental income from mineral properties and income from other non-operating mineral interests including non-operating working interests not described in subsection (d)(2) of this section.”)

• See Comp. Rule 3.582(f)(1) (“Activities that do not constitute an active trade or business: (1) Ownership of a royalty interest of a non-operating working interest in mineral rights.”)

• See also Comp. FAQs, Rule 3.581, Q&A 12 (“Is a non-Texas entity that owns a royalty interest in an oil and gas well in Texas subject to the franchise tax?” Yes. A royalty interest in an oil and gas well is considered an interest in real property. Therefore a non-Texas entity that owns a royalty interest in an oil and gas well in Texas is considered to own real property in Texas and is subject to the franchise tax unless it is a non-taxable entity.”); Comp. Rul. 3.582 (rules for qualifying as a passive entity).

• See also Comp. FAQs, Rule 3.590, Q & A 4 (“Can a passive entity be part of a combined group? No, a passive entity cannot be included in a combined group; however, a member of a combined group will include in total revenue the pro rata share of net income from a passive entity to the extent it was not included in the margin of another taxable entity.”).

• For federal income tax purposes, who is the taxpayer?  See Rev. Rul. 2004-77

• For Texas margin tax purposes, is Parent LP a passive entity?  See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 171.0003(a) (“An entity is a passive entity only if: (1) the entity is a general or limited partnership or a trust, other than a business trust; (2) during the period on which margin is based, the entity's federal gross income consists of at least 90 percent of the following income: . . . (C) capital gains from the sale of real property . . . and (3) the entity does not receive more than 10 percent of its federal gross income from conducting an active trade or business.”).

Choice of EntityPassive Entity Exemption

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Successor Liability

• Texas Tax Code §111.020• Tax collection on sale or terminationof a “business”

• Tax clearance certificate• Buyer liable up to the amount of the purchase price of the business (i.e., could double the amount paid for a business)

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“Business” Defined forSuccessor Liability Purposes

Comptroller Rule 3.7(d)

Depending on the type of business involved, a “business” may be sold if an owner sells:(1) a building, land, furniture, fixtures, inventory, 

and the right to use the seller’s trade name; or(2) all the capital assets of a business; or(3) the name and goodwill of a business; or(4) all the inventory of a business; or(5) fixed assets and realty necessary to operate a 

similar business as the seller at the same location.

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Occasional Sales

• The primary occasional exemption potentially applicable in M&A transactions is strictly construed by the Texas Comptroller and requires the transfer of:

• the entire operating assets of a business or • an identifiable segment of a business in 

one transaction to one purchaser.

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Operating Assets Defined for Texas Occasional Sale Exemption

“Operating assets” include all:

•  tangible personal property and motor vehicles • used in providing a product or service in each identifiable segment of a business that is being sold.  

• There is no practical de minimis exception.  Obsolete equipment has to be transferred. 

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Motor Vehicles

• Licensed motor vehicles can be “operating assets” that if not transferred destroy the occasional sale exemption.

• But, even if they are transferred in an exempt occasional sale they will almost always be subject to the Texas motor vehicle tax.

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Franchise Tax Apportionment

• Need to understand “location of payor” rule• If there is gain on the sale of a business, the seller care where the gain is “apportioned” for purposes of the Texas franchise tax.

• In an asset sale gain on the sale of minerals, real estate, or tangible personal property is apportioned based on the physical location of the property

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Location of Payor

• Gain on the sale of intangible (i.e., LLC membership interests, stock, or goodwill is apportioned based on the Texas Comptroller’s “location of payor” rules.

• The location of payor of an LLC or Corp. is the “legal domicile” of the payor = charter state.

• The location of payor of an partnership is the principal place of business of the partnership.

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Real Estate Transfer Tax / Conduit Entities

Some states impose real estate transfer tax on the transfer of an LLC interest.

For example (not an exhaustive list):

South Carolina has a conduit ruling for transfers of interests in single member LLCs that are disregarded for federal income tax purposes.  See SC revenue ruling 15-3.  The current South Carolina real estate transfer tax rate is $1.85 for every $500 of the transferred property's value (e.g., a $10 million property would incur a tax of $37,000).

Florida imposes a .7% tax on the consideration paid for the transfer of an interest in real estate (i.e. a deed).  Florida also imposes a .35% tax on the amount of indebtedness secured by a mortgage.  Therefore, the total tax rate is potentially 1.05%.

Florida extends its real estate transfer tax to sales of “conduit entities” defined as follows:

“Conduit entity” means a legal entity to which real property is conveyed without full consideration by a grantor who owns a direct or indirect interest in the entity, or a successor entity. Fla. Stat. § 201.02.

The conduit entity tax applies when real property is conveyed to a conduit entity and all or a portion of the grantor's direct or indirect ownership interest in the conduit entity is subsequently transferred for consideration within 3 years of such conveyance.

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BART & Use TaxArtwork andCustomsRecords

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Chapter 163 Aviation

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Aviation Senate Bill 139684th Texas Legislature 2015

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• Bill Analysis provides that the bill is a product of work between the Texas Comptroller and industry groups; 

• Effective September 1, 2015

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Certified Carriers

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• SB 1396 / Section 163.001 • Clarifies that the persons that are authorized to buy or lease aircraft under the exemption in Section 151.328(a)(1) include persons operating under the authority of C.F.R. Part 121, 125, 133, or 135.

• Analysis:  sale of an aircraft to a person that will lease the aircraft to a certificated carrier.

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Sale for Resale Clarifiedand Expanded

(But It’s Not Completely Open-Ended)

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• SB 1396 / Section 163.002 • Clarifies  treatment for certain transactions and overturns several of the administrative hearing legal determinations and certain of the positions in Texas Comptroller (proposed) Rule 3.280:(a) leases supporting purchase for resale can      be to one or more lessees;

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Sale for Resale (Cont.)

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(b) consideration can be more than just cash;

(c) operational control is tied exclusively to FAA definition (and this should presumably clarify impact of inaccurate flight log entries, etc.);

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Sale for Resale (Cont.)

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(d) purchase for resale exemption is not destroyed if a purchaser/lessor leases the aircraft, and also operates the aircraft so long as: for a period of one year beginning on the date the purchaser buys the aircraft, more than 50% of the aircraft’s departures are made under the operational control of one or more lessees pursuant to written lease agreements

(e) “Divergent use” doctrine does not apply to aircraft purchased for resale.

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Aircraft Sales for ResaleTexas Comptroller Letter

Accession No. 2017020281 (Feb. 23, 2017)

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Purchase of an aircraft was an exempt purchase for resale under Tex. Tax Code Section 163.002 where the taxpayer, purchased an aircraft on September 9, 2015 and entered into a 10 year lease to its wholly owned subsidiary and all of the flights in  year 1 were conducted by the lessee.  More than one year from Purchaser’s aircraft purchase, taxpayer and lessee entered into a new amended lease, which required nominal monthly lease payments.

Ruling: “Purchaser’s aircraft acquisition is exempt from sales or use tax as a sale for resale pursuant to Section 151.302(a). The fact Lessee wholly owns Purchaser does not affect this conclusion. Section 163.006(a).”

Ruling: “Tax must be collected from a lessee on all charges contained in a lease,  . . . . Rule 3.294(b). Receipts from a lease of tangible personal property without an operator are taxable. Rule 3.294(c)(1). Just as sales and use tax was due on the lease payments under the Original Lease, if Purchaser and Lessee enter into an Amended Lease more than one year after Purchaser acquires the aircraft, sales or use tax will be due on the amended monthly lease payments in accordance with Rule 3.294.”

Appears to acquiesce in nominal lease payments after year 1.

Cf No guidance for year 1 lease terms as to how Chapter 163 impacts Comptroller Hearing Decisions requiring fair rental value to support aircraft sale for resale.  See e.g., Tex. Comptroller Hearing 104,346 (Accession 201309787H, not superseded as of July 25, 2017).

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Use TaxPresumption of Texas Use

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• SB 1396 / Section 163.003• Clarifies what will be considered Texas “use” for purposes of the Texas use tax:(a) aircraft brought into Texas solely for repair, or 

restoration is not considered to be stored, used, or consumed here;

(b) there is no presumption of use in this state if the person bringing in the aircraft did not acquire it from a seller by “purchase;”

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Use Tax (Cont.)

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(c) Use tax safe harbor if:• Aircraft is predominantly used out of state for one year beginning on later of (i) purchase or (ii) substantially complete and conducted first passenger/cargo flight.• Where “predominantly” means more than 50% of departures are out of state.– Example / Discussion.

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Related Party Transactions

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• SB 1396 / Section 163.006• Carefully crafts and defines the sales and use tax standard for “exemptions” and transactions “that would not be subject to tax” to be in parity with the treatment on such transactions afforded to “unrelated persons.”

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Related Party Transactions (Cont.)

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• Section 163.006(b)• Provides that use of an aircraft by the title holder’s members, owners, or affiliates is not taxable if:– the owner paid tax on the purchase; or– the acquisition was an exempt other than by

virtue of a sale for resale or an occasional sale (unless the aircraft user also qualified for the occasional sale at issue had it been the purchaser).

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Related Party Transactions (Cont.)

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• Section 163.007(c)• Uses the definition of “affiliate” from the Texas franchise tax, which is, generally speaking, any entity that can trace >50% ownership to a single common owner, either direct or indirect.

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Fractional Ownership

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• Section 163.007• Clarifies that no Texas sales or use tax is due with respect to aircraft operated pursuant to 14 C.F.R. 91, Subpart K.