texas v. holder

7/31/2019 Texas v. Holder

1/56

>

TI@QDA VQNQDV A@VQS@FQ FOTSQ

JOS QMD A@VQS@FQ OJ FOLTBC@N

)

VQNQD OJ QD]NV, )

)Wlnìq`jj, )

)

z ) F`z`l Nfqòi Io >3"fz">3=

) -AVQ, SBF, SL[)

DS@F M MOLADS, HS, )

)

Adjdianiq )

)

Owìòi

Cdjosd8 QNQDL, F`sft`q Htakd, nia FOLLPDS nia [@LE@IV,A`vqs`fq Htakdv

Owìòi jos qmd Fotsq j`lda cp F`sft`q Htakd QNQDL

QNQDL, F`sft`q Htakd8 Wtsvtniq qo vdfqòi 4 oj qmd Zoqìk S`kmqv Nfq oj >0:4, Qd}nv

vddev n adflnsnqosp htakbdiq qmnq Vdinqd C`ll >1 -VC >1), n id{lp"dinfqda ln{ sd~t`sìk ì"

wdsvoi zoqdsv qo wsdvdiq n wmoqo @A, id`qmds mnv qmd wtswovd ios {`ll mnzd qmd djjdfq oj adipìk

os ncsàkìk qmd s`kmq qo zoqd oi nffotiq oj snfdU,R folos, os bdbcdsUvm`wR UìR n lniktnkd

bìos`qp ksotw 13 TVF >0;6f-n), >0;6c-j)-3) Qo vnq`vjp vdfqòi 4v djjdfq sd~t`sdbdiq,

Qd}nv btvq adboivqsnqd qmnq VC >1 {`ll ioq ldna qo n sdqsoksdvvòi ì qmd wov`qòi oj snf`nl

bìos`q`dv {`qm sdvwdfq qo qmd`s djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdCdds z) Ti`qda

Vqnqdv, 134 TV >67, >1> ->0;:) Jos qmd sdnvoiv vdq josqm ì qm`v owìòi, {d jìa qmnq Qd}nv mnv

jn`lda qo bned qm`v vmo{ìkì jnfq, sdfosa dzàdifd adboivqsnqdv qmnq, `j `bwldbdiqda, VC >1

{`ll lèdlp mnzd n sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq K`zdi qm`v, {d mnzd io idda qo foivàds {mdqmds Qd}nv

mnv vnq`vj`da vdfqòi 4v wtswovd dldbdiq Nffosaìklp, {d adip qmd vqnqdv sd~tdvq jos n

adflnsnqosp htakbdiq


2/56

3

@

Tiads Qd}nvv ftssdiq dldfqòi foad, `d, wsd"VC >1, nip Qd}ni {mo {`vmdv qo zoqd btvq

j`ld n sdk`vqsnqòi nwwl`fnqòi {`qm qmd fotiqp dldfqòiv sdk`vqsns Qmnq nwwl`fnqòi btvq ìfltad

qmd zoqdsv inbd, anqd oj c`sqm, nia n v{osi njj`sbnqòi oj TV f`q`xdivm`w Qd} Dldf Foad

>6773 @j qmd nwwl`fnqòi `v nwwsozda, qmd sdk`vqsns adl`zdsv n zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi fdsq`j`fnqd qo

qmd nwwl`fniq, d`qmds ì wdsvoi os z`n TV bn`l @a) >6>13, >6>11 Qm`v fdsq`j`fnqd

nfqtnllp n wnwds wovqfnsamnv io wmoqoksnwm, ctq aodv ìfltad n zoqdsv inbd, kdiads, pdns oj

c`sqm, nia n ti`~td zoqds @A itbcds [mdi wsdvdiqda nq qmd wollv, n zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi fdsq`j`fnqd

diq`qldv qmd sdk`vqsniq qo fnvq ni ì"wdsvoi cnlloq

Sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv {mo jn`l qo wsdvdiq n zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi fdsq`j`fnqd bnp ioidqmdldvv fnvq

ni ì"wdsvoi cnlloq `j qmdp ->) d}dftqd ni njjànz`q vqnqìk qmnq qmdp ao ioq mnzd qmd`s fdsq`j`fnqd,

nia -3) wsdvdiq ni nlqdsinqd nffdwqncld josb oj àdiq`j`fnqòi@a) :677=, :67>7> @i

naa`qòi qo n zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi fdsq`j`fnqd, Qd}nvv ftssdiq dldfqòi foad sdfoki`xdv d`kmq csona

fnqdkos`dv oj aoftbdiqv nv nffdwqncld zoqds @A Qmdvd ìfltad c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqdv, d}w`sda nia

ioi"d}w`sda as`zdsv l`fdivdv, TV wnvvwosqv, TV f`q`xdivm`w wnwdsv, tq`l`qp c`llv, ojj`f`nl bn`l

naasdvvda qo qmd wdsvoi jsob n kozdsibdiqnl diq`qp, nip josb oj àdiq`j`fnqòi foiqnììk

qmd wdsvoiv wmoqoksnwm qmnq dvqncl`vmdv qmd wdsvoiv àdiq`qp, nia nip oqmds josb oj

àdiq`j`fnqòi wsdvfs`cda cp qmd vdfsdqnsp oj vqnqd@a :67>7> Nll ì"wdsvoi zoqdsv nsd vtchdfq

qo qmdvd @A sd~t`sdbdiqv sdknsaldvv oj nkd os wmpv`fnl foia`qòi Ctq fdsqnì zoqdsvìfltaìk

qmovd {mo nsd :4 os olads, a`vnclda, os d}wdfq qo cd ncvdiq os ì hn`l oi Dldfqòi Anpbnp

fmoovd qo zoqd cp bn`l {`qmotq wsdvdiqìk àdiq`j`fnqòi@a =377>"771


3/56

6

Vdinqd C`ll >1, dinfqda ì 37>>, `v bosd vqsìkdiq qmni d}`vqìk Qd}nv ln{ @j

`bwldbdiqda, VC >1 {`ll sd~t`sd ì"wdsvoi zoqdsv qo àdiq`jp qmdbvdlzdv nq qmd wollv tvìk oid oj

j`zd josbv oj kozdsibdiq"`vvtda wmoqo àdiq`j`fnqòi, q{o vqnqd nia qmsdd jdadsnl8 ->) n as`zdsv

l`fdivd os wdsvoinl @A fnsa `vvtda cp qmd Qd}nv Adwnsqbdiq oj Wtcl`f Vnjdqp -AWV)5 -3) n l`fdivd

qo fnssp n foifdnlda mniakti, nlvo `vvtda cp AWV5 -6) n TV b`l`qnsp @A fnsa5 -1) n TV

f`q`xdivm`w fdsq`j`fnqd {`qm wmoqoksnwm5 os -4) n TV wnvvwosq Qd} Dldf Foad :67>7>

-Hnitnsp >, 37>3) Tilèd Qd}nvv ftssdiq foad, {m`fm nllo{v zoqdsv qo wsdvdiq d`qmds

wmoqoksnwm`f os ioi"wmoqoksnwm`f @A, VC >1 sd~t`sdv dzdsp josb oj nffdwqncld @A qo ìfltad n

wmoqoksnwm oj qmd zoqds Nlvo tilèd qmd ftssdiq foad, VC >1 wsom`c`qv qmd tvd oj @Av qmnq mnzd

d}w`sda bosd qmni :7 anpv cdjosd qmd anqd oj wsdvdiqnqòi nq qmd wollv@a Jìnllp, VC >1 {`ll

wsom`c`q zoqdsv jsob àdiq`jpìk qmdbvdlzdv tvìk oilp qmd w`fqtsdldvv zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi

fdsq`j`fnqd `vvtda cp n fotiqp sdk`vqsns

Wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv lnfeìk oid oj qmd josbv oj wmoqo @A l`vqda ì VC >1 {`ll cd ncld qo

ocqnì n wmoqoksnwm`f dldfqòi àdiq`j`fnqòi fdsq`j`fnqd -D@F) jos tvd nq qmd wollv N wofedq"

v`xda fnsa v`b`lns ì josb qo n as`zdsv l`fdivd, Qd} Qsnivw Foad 43>N77>-d), ni D@F,

lèd n as`zdsv l`fdivd, {`ll cd a`vqs`ctqda qmsotkm qmd AWV, nia wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv {`ll mnzd qo

z`v`q n AWV ojj`fd qo kdq oid

Nlqmotkm VC >1 wsom`c`qv AWV jsob folldfqUìkR n jdd jos ni UD@FR, à) 43>N77>-c),

D@Fv {`ll ioq cd fovqldvv Ioq oilp {`ll wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv mnzd qo d}wdia q`bd nia sdvotsfdv

qsnzdlìk qo n AWV ojj`fd, ctq oifd qmdsd qmdp {`ll mnzd qo zds`jp qmd`s àdiq`qp cp wsozàìk

vnq`vjnfqosp aoftbdiqnqòi qo AWV ojj`f`nlv Vwdf`j`fnllp, wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv {`ll idda qo

wsozàd ->) oid w`dfd oj ws`bnsp àdiq`j`fnqòi, -3) q{o w`dfdv oj vdfoiansp àdiq`j`fnqòi, os

-6) oid w`dfd oj vdfoiansp àdiq`j`fnqòi wltv q{o w`dfdv oj vtwwosqìk àdiq`j`fnqòi ì osads


4/56

1

qo sdfd`zd ni D@F 6; Qd} Nabì Foad >4>=3 N ws`bnsp àdiq`j`fnqòi `v ni d}w`sda

Qd}nv as`zdsv l`fdivd os wdsvoinl àdiq`j`fnqòi fnsa qmnq mnv cddi d}w`sda jos nq ldnvq :7 anpv

ctq ioq bosd qmni q{o pdnsv@a) >4>=3-3)N vdfoiansp àdiq`j`fnqòi `v oid oj qmd

jollo{ìk8

ni os`kìnl os fdsq`j`da fowp oj n c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd5 ni os`kìnl os fdsq`j`da fowp oj n fotsq osads ìa`fnqìk ni ojj`f`nl fmnikd oj inbd nia/os

kdiads5 os

TV f`q`xdivm`w os inqtsnl`xnqòi wnwdsv {`qmotq ni àdiq`j`ncld wmoqo@a) >4>=3-6)N {àd nssnp oj aoftbdiqv ~tnl`jp nv vtwwosqìk àdiq`j`fnqòi, ìfltaìk

vfmool sdfosav, Vof`nl Vdfts`qp fnsav, w`loqv l`fdivdv, nia otq"oj"vqnqd as`zdsv l`fdivdv@a)

>4>=3-1)

@i vtb, VC >1 {`ll sd~t`sd dzdsp D@F nwwl`fniq qo wsdvdiq AWV ojj`f`nlv {`qm nq ldnvq oid

oj qmd jollo{ìk tiadslpìk josbv oj àdiq`j`fnqòi8

ni d}w`sda Qd}nv as`zdsv l`fdivd os wdsvoinl @A fnsa5 ni os`kìnl os fdsq`j`da fowp oj n c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd5 TV f`q`xdivm`w os inqtsnl`xnqòi wnwdsv5 os n fotsq osads ìa`fnqìk n fmnikd oj inbd nia/os kdiads

@bwosqniqlp, `q fovqv boidp qo ocqnì nip oj qmdvd aoftbdiqv Qm`v bdniv qmnq D@F

nwwl`fniqv`d, {otla"cd zoqdsv{mo wovvdvv ioid oj qmdvd tiadslpìk josbv oj àdiq`j`fnqòi

{`ll mnzd qo cdns otq"oj"wofedq fovqv Jos Qd}nv"cosi zoqdsv {mo mnzd fmnikda id`qmds qmd`s

inbd ios kdiads, qmd fmdnwdvq {np qo ocqnì qmd sd~t`sda aoftbdiqnqòi {`ll cd qo osads n

fdsq`j`da fowp oj qmd`s c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd jsob qmd Qd}nv Ctsdnt oj Z`qnl Vqnq`vq`fv nq n fovq oj !33

Vdd Naz`vosp Sdknsaìk Dldfqòi @adiq`j`fnqòi Fdsq`j`fnqdv, DFJ Io 67=, nq 3 -N fowp oj n


5/56


6/56


7/56

;

D} ; nq >"3-f`qìk Kdosk`n z) Ti`qda Vqnqdv, 1>> TV 43: ->0;6)5 3= FJS 4>43) Qmd

Nqqosidp Kdidsnl knzd q{o sdnvoiv jos qmd adi`nl J`svq, {`qmotq sdvwoiaìk qo Qd}nvv foifdsiv

ncotq qmd sdl`nc`l`qp oj `qv io"bnqfm l`vq, qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl foifltada qmnq Qd}nvv anqn

vmo{da qmnq M`vwni`f sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv nsd bosd qmni q{`fd nv lèdlp nv ioi"M`vwni`f sdk`vqdsda

zoqdsv qo lnfe n AWV"`vvtda as`zdsv l`fdivd os @A fnsa@a nq 3Vdfoia, Qd}nv mna jn`lda qo

vmo{ qmnq qmd nzn`lnc`l`qp oj n wtswosqdalp jsdd D@F {otla b`q`knqd qmd `bwnfq oj VC >1 oi

M`vwni`f sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv@a) nq 6Qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl woìqda otq qmnq `j n wsovwdfq`zd zoqds

lnfev qmd aoftbdiqv iddada qo ocqnì ni D@F, qmd ldnvq d}wdiv`zd owqòi {`ll cd qo vwdia !33 oi

n fowp oj qmd zoqdsv c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd@a) Jtsqmdsbosd, ni nwwl`fniq jos ni UD@FR {`ll mnzd qo

qsnzdl qo n as`zdsv l`fdivd ojj`fd, pdq ì => oj qmd vqnqdv 341 fotiq`dv, qmdsd nsd io owdsnqòinl

as`zdsv l`fdivd ojj`fdv, nia bnip oj qmovd ojj`fdv mnzd l`b`qda motsv oj owdsnqòi@a) nq 1

Qmdvd foivqsnìqv, qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl foifltada, fotla `bwovd naa`qòinl ctsadiv oi

wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv {mo idda ni D@Fwnsq`ftlnslp oi qmovd {`qmotq n fns@a) Bosdozds, Qd}nv

mna jn`lda qo wsowovd, btfm ldvv naowq, nip wsoksnb jos ìa`zàtnlv {mo mnzd qo qsnzdl n

v`ki`j`fniq a`vqnifd qo n AWV ojj`fd, {mo mnzd l`b`qda nffdvv qo qsnivwosqnqòi, os {mo nsd tincld

qo kdq qo n AWV ojj`fd atsìk qmd`s motsv oj owdsnqòi @a) nq 4 K`zdi nll qm`v, qmd Nqqosidp

Kdidsnl foifltada qmnq Qd}nv mnv ioq bdq `qv ctsadi oj wsozìk qmnq qmd wsowovda

sd~t`sdbdiq {`ll ioq mnzd n sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq, os qmnq nip vwdf`j`f jdnqtsdv oj qmd wsowovda ln{

{`ll wsdzdiq os b`q`knqd qmnq sdqsoksdvvòi@a)Nlqmotkm qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv adi`nl sdvqda oi

qmd woqdiq`nl sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq oj VC >1 oi M`vwni`f zoqdsv, md ioqda qmnq Qd}nv mna wsozàda

io anqn oi {mdqmds Njs`fni Nbds`fni os Nv`ni sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv nsd nlvo a`vwsowosqòinqdlp

njjdfqda cp VC >1@a) nq 6


8/56

=

Jìnllp, qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl adflìda qo adqdsbìd {mdqmds VC >1 mna cddi dinfqda

{`qm n a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovdni ìadwdiadiq sdnvoi jos adipìk wsdfldnsnifd Cdfntvd Qd}nv

jn`lda qo bddq `qv ctsadi oj adboivqsnqìk qmnq qmd wsowovda ln{ {`ll ioq mnzd n sdqsoksdvv`zd

djjdfq, qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl d}wlnìda, md mna io idda qo bned nip adqdsbìnqòi nv qo

{mdqmds qmd vqnqd mnv dvqncl`vmda qmnq qmd wsowovda fmnikdv {dsd naowqda {`qm io a`vfs`bìnqosp

wtswovd@a nq 4

@i qmd bdniq`bd, {m`ld qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl {nv foivàdsìk VC >1, md adi`da

wsdfldnsnifd qo Votqm Fnsolìnv id{ zoqds @A ln{ Vmosqlp qmdsdnjqds, oiHnitnsp 31, Qd}nv,

ioqìk qmd Votqm Fnsolìn adi`nl nia qmd vddbìk wsocnc`l`qp oj ni dzdiqtnl sdhdfqòi oj Vdinqd

C`ll >1 cp AOH, j`lda qm`v sd~tdvq jos hta`f`nl wsdfldnsnifd Vdd Fobwl, DFJ Io > nq =)

Nlqmotkm Qd}nvv ì`q`nl fobwlnìq votkmq oilp n adflnsnqosp htakbdiq oj wsdfldnsnifd, qmd vqnqd

lnqds naada n fln`b qmnq vdfqòi 4 oj qmd Zoqìk S`kmqv Nfq, nv sdntqmos`xda ì 377:, d}fddav qmd

ditbdsnqda wo{dsv oj Foiksdvv nia foijl`fqv {`qm Nsq`fld @Z oj qmd Foivq`qtqòi nia qmd Qdiqm

Nbdiabdiq Nb Fobwl, DFJ Io 34 nq >"3

Qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl oj qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv {nv l`vqda nv qmd inbda adjdianiq -Jos qmd

vned oj flns`qp, {d mdsdìnjqds sdjds qo qmd wnsqp"adjdianiq ì qm`v fnvd nv qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv, nia

sdjds qo qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl oilp {mdi a`vftvvìk nabì`vqsnq`zd wsdfldnsnifd adf`vòiv) @i

naa`qòi, {d lnqds ksniqda boqòiv qo ìqdszdid j`lda cp vdzdsnl zoqìk s`kmqv ksotwv, nv {dll nv n

itbcds oj oskni`xnqòiv sdwsdvdiqìk snf`nl bìos`q`dv ì Qd}nv Vdd Bìtqd Osads, 71/>6/37>3

Qmdvd ìfltada qmd Qd}nv Ldk`vlnq`zd Clnfe Fntftv, qmd Ldnktd oj [obdi Zoqdsv oj Qd}nv, qmd

Votqm{dvq Zoqds Sdk`vqsnqòi Datfnqòi Wsohdfq, nia qmd Bd}`fni Nbds`fni Fntftv oj qmd Qd}nv

Motvd oj Sdwsdvdiqnq`zdv [d nlvo ksniqda boqòiv qo ìqdszdid j`lda cp vdzdsnl ìa`zàtnl


9/56

0

Qd}nv zoqdsv @i osads qo sdatfd qmd l`q`knqòi ctsadi oi Qd}nv, {d a`sdfqda nll ìqdszdiosv qo

foivolànqd qmd`s cs`djìk nia nsktbdiq Vdd à

Jollo{ìk qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv Bnsfm >3 adi`nl oj wsdfldnsnifd, qm`v l`q`knqòi qooe oi

oczòtv tskdifp, nv `q sdwsdvdiqda Qd}nvv oilp fmnifd oj `bwldbdiqìk VC >1 cdjosd qmd

Iozdbcds 37>3 dldfqòiv Nlqmotkm qmd AF F`sft`q sdfdiqlp njj`sbda qmd jnf`nl

foivq`qtqòinl`qp oj vdfqòi 4, Vmdlcp Fotiqp z) Molads, :;0 J6a =1= -AF F`s 37>3),{d

sdbnì foki`xniq oj qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsqv molaìk ìIosqm{dvq Ntvqì Bti`f`wnl Tq`l`qp A`vqs`fq

Io) Oid z) Moladsqmnq vdfqòi 4 `bwovdv vtcvqniq`nl jdadsnl`vb fovqv, 44; TV >06, 373

-3770) -ìqdsinl ~toqnqòi bnsev ob`qqda) Nv n sdvtlq, oi Bnsfm 3;, cdjosd qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv mna

dzdi j`lda ni niv{ds qo Qd}nvv nbdiada fobwlnìq, {d ksniqda Qd}nvv sd~tdvq jos ni d}wda`qda

l`q`knqòi vfmdatld @i aoìk vo, {d sdhdfqda qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdvv foiqdiqòi qmnq n qs`nl {nv

ìjdnv`cld cdjosd qmd dia oj qmd vtbbds, vfmdatlda n oid"{dde qs`nl oi qmd hta`f`nl wsdfldnsnifd

`vvtd qo cdkì oi Htlp 0, nia wsob`vda qo `vvtd ots adf`vòi cp Ntktvq 6>qmd anqd oi {m`fm

Qd}nv iddada n adf`vòi ì osads qo `bwldbdiq VC >1 ì q`bd jos qmd Iozdbcds dldfqòi Vdd

Osads, DFJ Io >7; nq > Nv {d d}wlnìda, `q {otla sn`vd vdsòtv foivq`qtqòinl ~tdvqòiv `j

Qd}nv {dsd wsdzdiqda jsob `bwldbdiqìk VC >1 bdsdlp cdfntvd qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv {nv qoo ctvp

qo wsdwnsd jos qs`nl VddIosqm{dvq Ntvqì, 44; TV nq 371 Qmdvd jdadsnl`vb foifdsiv nsd

wnsq`ftlnslp nftqd ì qmd zoqds @A foiqd}q Njqds nll, vqnqdv ioq fozdsda cp vdfqòi 4 mnzd

vtffdvvjtllp `bwldbdiqda zoqds @A ln{v qo adqdsU R nia adqdfqU R zoqds jsnta `bwsozd nia

boadsi`xd dldfqòi wsofdatsdv UniaR vnjdktnsaUR zoqds foijàdifd Fsn{josa z) Bnsòi

Fiqp) Dldfqòi Ca, 446 TV >=>, >0> -377=) Qmtv, k`zdi ots m`vqos`f qsna`qòi qmnq nll qmd

Vqnqdv dihop d~tnl vozdsd`kiqp,Iosqm{dvq Ntvqì, 44; TV nq 376 -f`qnqòi ob`qqda), {d

qmotkmq `q dvvdiq`nl qo divtsd qmnq Qd}nv mna dzdsp wovv`cld owwosqti`qp qo vmo{ qmnq `qv o{i


10/56

>7

zoqds @A ln{ fotla cd `bwldbdiqda ì q`bd jos qmd Iozdbcds dldfqòiv [`qm qmd foivdiq oj qmd

wnsq`dv, {d adjdssda foivàdsnqòi oj Qd}nvv foivq`qtqòinl fmnlldikd, d}wlnììk qmnq qm`v fln`b

vmnll ioq cd naasdvvda tildvv qmd Fotsq adi`dv hta`f`nl wsdfldnsnifd oj UVC >1R @i`q`nl

Vfmdatlìk Osads, DFJ Io 16nq > [d qmdi vdq ni nffdldsnqda a`vfozdsp nia cs`djìk vfmdatld

@a)

V`b`lns jdadsnl`vb foifdsiv ìjltdifda ots sdvoltqòi oj vdzdsnl a`vfozdsp a`vwtqdv Jos

d}nbwld, vddeìk qo vmo{ qmnq VC >1 {nv boq`znqda cp a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv

bozda qo fobwdl qmd wsoatfqòi oj qdvq`boip nia aoftbdiqv jsob Qd}nv vqnqd ldk`vlnqosv VddOsads, DFJ Io >:;Qd}nv votkmq qo {`qmmola qm`v dzàdifd, nsktìk qmnq `qv wsoatfqòi {otla

zòlnqd ldk`vlnq`zd ws`z`ldkd Foki`xniq qmnq jdadsnl ìqstvòi ìqo vdiv`q`zd nsdnv oj vqnqd nia

lofnl wol`fpbneìk `bwovdv vtcvqniq`nl jdadsnl`vb fovqv,Iosqm{dvq Ntvqì, 44; TV nq 373,

nia ktàda cpNslìkqoi Md`kmqv z) Bdqsowol`qni Motvìk Adzdlowbdiq Fosw), {d lnskdlp vàda

{`qm Qd}nv Vdd 130 TV 343, 3:= ->0;;) -sdfoki`xìk n qdvq`boi`nl nia dzàdiq`nsp ws`z`ldkd

jos bdbcdsv oj UnR adf`vòibneìk coap) [d vm`dlada nll dzàdifd sdlnqìk qo ldk`vlnq`zd

nfqv os n ldk`vlnqosv boq`znqòiv {`qm sdvwdfq qo n c`ll Osads, DFJ Io >:; nq >>[d nlvo

nllo{da Qd}nv qo {`qmmola fdsqnì fobbti`fnqòiv cdq{ddi ldk`vlnqosv nia d}dftq`zd nkdif`dv

@a) nq 0 Jìnllp, {d vm`dlada bovq, qmotkm ioq nll, dzàdifd ì qmd wovvdvvòi oj Qd}nv L`dtqdiniq

Kozdsios Anzà Ad{mtsvq Vdd Osads,DFJ Io >41Qm`v lnqqds `vvtd {nv fobwl`fnqda cp qmd

jnfq qmnq qmd Qd}nv l`dtqdiniq kozdsios vdszdv coqm nv n bdbcds oj qmd d}dftq`zd csnifm nia nv

Wsdvàdiq oj qmd Vdinqd, vo qmd adksdd qo {m`fm md ~tnl`j`dv nv n ldk`vlnqos `v tifldns@a nq 1

Advfs`cìk qm`v nv n zdsp flovd fnll, nia cdl`dzìk otsvdlzdv ocl`kda qo nwwlp qmd Zoqìk

S`kmqv Nfq ì n bniids qmnq bì`b`xdv jdadsnl ìqstvòi, {d dssda oi qmd vàd oj vm`dlaìk

dzàdifd ì qmd l`dtqdiniq kozdsiosv wovvdvvòi@a) nq : -~toqnqòi ob`qqda)


11/56

>>

Ots djjosqv qo nffdldsnqd qm`v l`q`knqòi, mo{dzds, {dsd ojqdi tiadsbìda cp Qd}nvv

jn`ltsd qo nfq {`qm a`l`kdifd os n wsowds vdivd oj tskdifp Nv bdbos`nl`xda ì ots Bnp ;, 37>3

osads, Qd}nv sdwdnqdalp `kiosda os zòlnqda a`sdfq`zdv nia osadsv oj qm`v Fotsq qmnq {dsd

adv`kida qo d}wda`qd a`vfozdsp Osads, DFJ Io >7; nq 3Bovq v`ki`j`fniqlp, Qd}nv jn`lda qo

wsoatfd `qv zoqds sdk`vqsp, AWV @A, nia l`fdivd"qo"fnssp anqncnvdv qo qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv tiq`l 64

anpv njqds qmd dvqncl`vmda a`vfozdsp adnalìd@aWsoatfqòi oj qmdvd anqncnvdv qo Adjdianiq"

@iqdszdiosv qooe wlnfd dzdi lnqds17 anpv njqds qmd ì`q`nl adnalìdnia {nv jtsqmds

fobwl`fnqda cp anqn"nffdvv`c`l`qp dssosv Vdd Ioq`fd Foifdsiìk Anqncnvd A`vfozdsp, DFJ Io

>>0 nq 3Qmdvd dssosv vdsòtvlp mìadsda Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv nc`l`qp qo wsdwnsd nia wsojjds

d}wdsq qdvq`boip cnvda oi qm`v anqn Vdd Osads, DFJ Io >6; nq 3"1 F`qìk qmdvd adlnpv, qmd

Ti`qda Vqnqdv nknì bozda qo wovqwoid qs`nl [d adi`da qm`v boqòi, d}wlnììk qmnq UaRdvw`qd

qmd jnfq qmnq wnq`difd nia d~t`qp ao ioq fotiq ì Qd}nvUvR jnzos {mdi foivàdsìk a`vfozdsp nia

vfmdatlìk `vvtdv, qmd vqnqtqd sd~t`sdv ots cdvq djjosqv jos ni dnslp qs`nl anqd@a nq 3"6Njqds nll,

{d dbwmnv`xda, UqRmd ~tdvqòiv tiads qmd Zoqìk S`kmqv Nfq wsdvdiqda mdsd nsd qoo `bwosqniq qo

ldq dzdi Qd}nvUvR b`vvda a`vfozdsp josfd n fmnikd qo qmd Htlp 0 qs`nl anqd@a nq 3 -f`qnqòi

ob`qqda)

Nlqmotkm Qd}nv {nv ncld qo bnìqnì qmd Htlp 0 qs`nl anqd, `qv a`lnqosp nwwsonfm qo

a`vfozdsp wsdzdiqda `q jsob ocqnììk oid woqdiq`nllp fstf`nl w`dfd oj dzàdifd Idnslp n boiqm

njqds a`vfozdsp fobbdifda, Qd}nv vdszda qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl {`qm n a`vfozdsp sd~tdvq vddeìk

anqn sdknsaìk qmd qmsdd qpwdv oj jdadsnl @A wdsb`qqda cp VC >18 TV wnvvwosqv, b`l`qnsp @A

fnsav, nia f`q`xdivm`w fdsq`j`fnqdv Bdbo ì Vtwwosq oj Boq qo Fobwdl, DFJ Io >67"> nq >"3

Qd}nv votkmq nffdvv qo qm`v jdadsnl anqn qo adqdsbìd qmd itbcds oj Qd}nv zoqdsv {mo lnfenip

josb oj VC >1"~tnl`jpìk @A @i sdvwoivd, qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl ìjosbda Qd}nv qmnq cdfntvd


12/56

>3

jdadsnl àdiq`j`fnqòi anqncnvdv nsd otqvàd m`v wovvdvvòi, ftvqoap os foiqsol, md {nv tincld qo

wsoatfd qmdb Vdd Osads, DFJ Io >;0 nq 3 Md naz`vda Qd}nv qo vdszd vtcwodinv oi qmd qmsdd

TV nkdif`dv {mo wmpv`fnllp foiqsol qmd anqncnvdvqmd Adwnsqbdiqv oj Vqnqd, Mobdlnia

Vdfts`qp, nia Adjdivd Vddà) nq 3"6@id}wl`fnclp, mo{dzds, Qd}nv idzds vdszda qmdvd

vtcwodinv @iadda, jos qm`sqp anpv Qd}nv jn`lda qo qned nip nfqòi nq nll z`v""z`v qmd jdadsnl

anqncnvdv Qd}nv jìnllp j`lda n boqòi qo fobwdl qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv wsoatfqòi oj qmd

jdadsnl anqncnvdv oi Bnp 3>qmd lnvq wovv`cld anp qo j`ld vtfm n boqòi Osads, DFJ Io >6; nq

1 [d tlq`bnqdlp adi`da qm`v boqòi, d}wlnììk qmnq Qd}nv mna jn`lda qo dvqncl`vm qmnq qmd

Nqqosidp Kdidsnl bnìqnìv foiqsol ozds qmd anqncnvdv Osads, DFJ Io >;0 nq 1Nia cdfntvd

Qd}nv mna bpvqdsòtvlp jn`lda qo vdszd vtcwodinv oi qmd nkdif`dv ì wmpv`fnl wovvdvvòi oj qmd

anqncnvdv, {d foifltada qmnq UnRip wsdhta`fd qo Qd}nv jsob qmd jn`ltsd qo ocqnì qm`v

ìjosbnqòi `v nvv`kincld voldlp qo Qd}nv@a) nq 4

Idzdsqmdldvv, bìajtl qmnq qmd jdadsnl anqncnvdv fotla wsozd fstf`nl qo Qd}nvv fnvd, {d

nveda qmd vqnqd qo adfàd8 {otla `q snqmds ->) fobbdifd qs`nl oi Htlp 0, 37>3 {`qmotq jdadsnl anqn,

os -3) adlnp qs`nl, woqdiq`nllp ocqnì nffdvv qo qmd anqncnvdv, ctq s`ve ni ìnc`l`qp qo `bwldbdiq VC

>1 jos qmd Iozdbcds 37>3 dldfqòiv? Qd}nv sdvwoiada fldnslp nia tid~t`zofnllp8 `q wsdjdssda qo

ko nmdna {`qm qmd Htlp 0 qs`nl anqd, dzdi {`qmotq nffdvv qo qmd jdadsnl anqncnvdv@a) nq :";

Qd}nvv fotivdl dzdi ao{iwlnpda qmd `bwosqnifd oj jdadsnl anqn, vqnqìk8 @ aoiq {niq qo k`zd

qmd `bwsdvvòi qmnq `j {d fniq kdq Uìjosbnqòi oi jdadsnl @AvR, {d aoiq qmìe {d fni wsozd ots

fnvd@a)

Nv Qd}nv sd~tdvqda, qs`nl fobbdifda oi Htlp 0 Ozds qmd fotsvd oj qmd {dde"loik qs`nl,

{d mdnsa l`zd qdvq`boip jsob 37 {`qidvvdv, ìfltaìk dldfqòi ln{pdsv5 Qd}nv vqnqd ldk`vlnqosv5

f`z`l s`kmqv ldnadsv5 nia d}wdsqv ì m`vqosp, wol`q`fnl vf`difd, nia vqnq`vq`fv Qmd wnsq`dv nlvo


13/56

>6

vtcb`qqda qmotvniav oj wnkdv oj adwov`qòi qdvq`boip, d}wdsq sdwosqv, vfmolnslp nsq`fldv, nia

oqmds wnwds dzàdifd Qmd qs`nl foifltada {`qm qmsdd"nia"n"mnlj motsv oj flovìk nsktbdiqv

Cnvda oi qm`v d}qdiv`zd sdfosa, Qd}nv nsktdv qmnq VC >1 {nv dinfqda qo wsdzdiq zoqds

jsnta, nia adi`dv qmnq snfd {nv n boq`znqìk jnfqos Qd}nv nlvo nsktdv qmnq sdfosa dzàdifd

njj`sbnq`zdlp wsozdv qmnq VC >1 {`ll mnzd io a`vfs`bìnqosp djjdfq Jos qmd`s wnsq, qmd Ti`qda

Vqnqdv nia Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv nsktd qmnq qmd vwdfqds oj ì"wdsvoi zoqds jsnta `v n fm`bdsn

bdniq qo bnve qmd a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd cdmìa VC >1 Nffosaìk qo qmdvd wnsq`dv, qmd sdfosa

foiqnìv z`sqtnllp io dzàdifd oj ì"wdsvoi zoqds jsnta ì Qd}nv nia qm`v, fobcìda {`qm fdsqnì

wsofdatsnl `ssdktlns`q`dv qmnq offtssda atsìk qmd wnvvnkd oj VC >1, qmd vqnqdv m`vqosp oj snf`nl

a`vfs`bìnqòi, nia oqmds dzàdifd, wsozdv qmnq qmd c`llv wtswovd {nv qo a`vdijsnifm`vd

bìos`q`dv Bosdozds, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv nia Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv nsktd qmnq VC >1 {`ll mnzd n

a`vfs`bìnqosp djjdfqqmnq `v, `q {`ll ldna qo n sdqsoksdvvòi ì qmd wov`qòi oj snf`nl bìos`q`dv

{`qm sdvwdfq qo qmd`s djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdCdds, 134 TV nq >1>

@i sdvolzìk qmdvd ldknl `vvtdv, {d ao ioq sdz`d{ qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv adi`nl oj

wsdfldnsnifd, ctq adqdsbìd jos otsvdlzdv {mdqmds VC >1 mnv qmd wtswovd os djjdfq oj adipìk os

ncsàkìk qmd s`kmq qo zoqd oi nffotiq oj snfdU,R folos, os bdbcdsUvm`wR UìR n lniktnkd

bìos`qp ksotw 13 TVF >0;6f-n), >0;6c-j)-3)5 vdd 3= FJS 4>10 -Qmd adf`vòi oj

qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl ioq qo ochdfq qo n vtcb`qqda fmnikd os qo {`qmasn{ ni ochdfqòi Utiads

vdfqòi 4R `v ioq sdz`d{ncld) [d ao vo ì qmd jollo{ìk owìòi, {m`fm vmnll foivq`qtqd qmd

Fotsqv Jìaìkv oj Jnfq nia Foifltvòiv oj Ln{ nv sd~t`sda cp qmd Jdadsnl Stldv F`qp oj

Sobd, Kn) z) Ti`qda Vqnqdv, 1;3 J Vtww 33>, 336 -AAF >0;0) -qmsdd"htakd fotsq)5 vdd nlvo

Jda S F`z W 43 Naz`vosp Ioqdv >01: -vqnqìk qmnq jìaìkv oj jnfq vmotla cd n wnsq oj qmd

htakdv owìòi nia adf`vòi, d`qmds vqnqda qmdsdì os vqnqda vdwnsnqdlp)


14/56

>1

@@

Cdjosd d}nbììk qmd dzàdifd, {d vdq josqm qmd ldknl jsnbd{ose qmnq kozdsiv qm`v fnvd

N

Nv qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq mnv ojqdi sd`qdsnqdaU,R zoqìk `v oj qmd bovq jtianbdiqnl

v`ki`j`fnifd tiads ots foivq`qtqòinl vqstfqtsd@llìo`v Vqnqd Ca) oj Dldfqòiv z) Vof`nl`vq

[osedsv Wnsqp, 117 TV >;6, >=1 ->0;0) @iadda, qmd s`kmq qo zoqd jsdd jsob snf`nl

a`vfs`bìnqòi `v d}wsdvvlp wsoqdfqda cp qmd Foivq`qtqòi Qmd J`jqddiqm Nbdiabdiq wsozàdv

qmnq UqRmd s`kmq oj f`q`xdiv oj qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv qo zoqd vmnll ioq cd adi`da os ncsàkda oi

nffotiq oj snfd, folos, os wsdzòtv foia`qòi oj vdsz`qtad TV Foivq nbdia ]Z Bosdozds,

qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq mnv mdla qmnq qmd Jotsqddiqm Nbdiabdiq, {m`fm wsom`c`qv vqnqdv jsob

adipUìkR qo nip wdsvoi qmd d~tnl wsoqdfqòi oj qmd ln{v, TV Foivq nbdia ]@Z, nwwl`dv

qo zoqìk Nv qmd Fotsq mnv d}wlnìda, oifd qmd jsnifm`vd `v ksniqda qo qmd dldfqosnqd, lìdv bnp

ioq cd asn{i {m`fm nsd ìfoiv`vqdiq {`qm qmd D~tnl Wsoqdfqòi Flntvd oj qmd Jotsqddiqm

NbdiabdiqMnswds z) Z`skì`n Vqnqd Ca) oj Dldfqòiv, 6=6 TV ::6, ::4 ->0::) Naowqda ì

qmd `bbda`nqd njqdsbnqm oj qmd F`z`l [ns, qmdvd q{o nbdiabdiqv {dsd n`bda nq wsoqdfqìk qmd

s`kmqv nia l`cdsq`dv oj jsdda vlnzdv ì qmd josbds Foijdadsnfp

Advw`qd qmdvd Foivq`qtqòinl vnjdktnsav, qmd cl`kmq oj snf`nl a`vfs`bìnqòi ì zoqìk

ìjdfqda qmd dldfqosnl wsofdvv ì wnsqv oj ots fotiqsp jos idnslp n fdiqtsp Votqm Fnsolìn z)

Enqxdicnfm, 6=6 TV 67>, 67= ->0::) Jollo{ìk Sdfoivqstfqòi, bnip Votqmdsi vqnqdv cdkni

dinfqìk cnlloq nffdvv bdnvtsdv {m`fm {dsd vwdf`j`fnllp adv`kida qo wsdzdiq Idksodv jsob

zoqìk@a) nq 6>7 Nboik qmd bovq ioqosòtv adz`fdv {dsd woll qn}dv, l`qdsnfp qdvqv,

ksniajnqmds flntvdv, nia wsowdsqp ~tnl`j`fnqòiv Vmdlcp Fiqp), :;0 J6a nq =46 Qmotkm snfd"


15/56

>4

idtqsnl oi qmd`s jnfd, vtfm bdnvtsdv {dsd adl`cdsnqdlp fnlftlnqda qo sdatfd qmd itbcds oj Njs`fni

Nbds`fniv ncld qo zoqd Vdd Enqxdicnfm, 6=6 TV nq 6>> -ioqìk qmnq {mdi l`qdsnfp qdvqv {dsd

dinfqda, bosd qmni q{o"qm`sav oj qmd natlq Idksodv {dsd `ll`qdsnqd {m`ld ldvv qmni oid"~tnsqds oj

qmd natlq {m`qdv {dsd tincld qo sdna os {s`qd)5 à) nq 6>> i0 -~toqìk Votqm Fnsolìn Vdinqos

Cdi Q`llbni nv vqnqìk, Qmd oilp qmìk {d fni ao nv wnqsòqv nia nv vqnqdvbdi `v qo qned jsob qmd

`kiosniq clnfev dzdsp cnlloq qmnq {d fni tiads qmd ln{v oj ots inqòinl kozdsibdiq)

-nlqdsnqòiv ob`qqda) Qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq tlq`bnqdlp ìznlànqda bnip oj qmdvd ln{v oi qmd

ksotiav qmnq qmdp zòlnqda qmd J`jqddiqm Nbdiabdiq@a) nq 6>>">3 -folldfqìk fnvdv)

Idzdsqmdldvv, vqnqdv {dsd ncld qo vqnp oid vqdw nmdna oj qmd fotsqv cp wnvvìk id{

a`vfs`bìnqosp zoqìk ln{v nv vooi nv qmd ola oidv mna cddi vqstfe ao{i Cdds, 134 TV nq

>17 -~toqìk MS Sdw Io 01">0:, nq 4;"4= ->0;4))

@q {nv nknìvq qm`v cnfeasow oj tisdb`qqìk nia ìkdiòtv adj`nifd oj qmd Foivq`qtqòi

qmnq Foiksdvv wnvvda qmd Zoqìk S`kmqv Nfq oj >0:4 Enqxdicnfm, 6=6 TV nq 670 Dinfqda

wtsvtniq qo Foiksdvvv ntqmos`qp qo dijosfd qmd J`jqddiqm Nbdiabdiq cp nwwsows`nqd

ldk`vlnqòi, TV Foivq nbdia ]Z, qmd Nfq {nv ìqdiada qo dl`bìnqd qmd ìvàòtv nia

wdsznv`zd dz`l oj snf`nl a`vfs`bìnqòi ì zoqìk Enqxdicnfm, 6=6 TV nq 670 Nv sdldzniq mdsd,

vdfqòi 4 oj qmd >0:4 Nfq sd~t`sda fdsqnì fozdsda hts`va`fqòiv qo wsdfldns dzdsp wsowovda

fmnikd ì qmd`s zoqìk wsofdatsdv {`qm d`qmds qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl os n qmsdd"htakd wnidl oj qm`v

fotsq 13 TVF >0;6f-n) Oilp `j n fozdsda hts`va`fqòi fni adboivqsnqd qmnq n wsowovda

fmnikd id`qmds mnv qmd wtswovd ios {`ll mnzd qmd djjdfq oj adipìk os ncsàkìk qmd s`kmq qo zoqd

oi nffotiq oj snfd os folos {`ll qmnq fmnikd qned djjdfq@a) Qmtv, cp sd~t`sìk n fozdsda

hts`va`fqòi qo wsdfldns n fmnikd cdjosd `bwldbdiqìk `q, vdfqòi 4 vm`jqUdaR qmd nazniqnkd oj

q`bd nia ìdsq`n jsob qmd wdswdqsnqosv oj qmd dz`l qo `qv z`fq`bv Enqxdicnfm, 6=6 TV nq 63=


16/56

>:

Tiads qmd >0:4 Nfq, n hts`va`fqòi {nv fozdsda cp vdfqòi 4 `j `q bnìqnìda n zoqìk

qdvq os adz`fd nv oj Iozdbcds >, >0:1, nia mna ldvv qmni 47$ zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi os qtsiotq ì qmd

>0:1 wsdvàdiq`nl dldfqòi Zoqìk S`kmqv Nfq oj >0:4, Wtc L Io =0">>7, 1-c), ;0 Vqnq 16;,

16= @i fsnjqìk qm`v josbtln, Foiksdvv fmovd U`qvR fs`qds`n fnsdjtllp Vmdlcp Fiqp), :;0 J6a nq

=44 @q eid{ wsdf`vdlp {m`fm vqnqdv `q votkmq qo fozdsqmovd {`qm qmd {osvq ldknfp oj snf`nl

a`vfs`bìnqòi ì zoqìknia fsnjqda qmd fs`qds`n qo fnwqtsd qmovd hts`va`fqòiv@a)

Tivtsws`vìklp, qmdi, qmd hts`va`fqòiv os`kìnllp fozdsda ì qmd`s diq`sdqp, Nlncnbn, Kdosk`n,

Lot`v`nin, B`vv`vv`ww`, Votqm Fnsolìn, nia Z`skì`n, {dsd qmovd votqmdsi vqnqdv {`qm qmd {osvq

m`vqos`fnl sdfosa oj snf`nl a`vfs`bìnqòi ì zoqìk@a -ìqdsinl ~toqnqòiv nia f`qnqòiv

ob`qqda)

Nlqmotkm vdfqòi 4 {nv dinfqda nv n qdbwosnsp wsoz`vòi, Foiksdvv mnv foiv`vqdiqlp

sdid{da `q8 ì >0;7 -jos j`zd pdnsv), ì >0;4 -jos vdzdi pdnsv), ì >0=3 -jos q{diqp"j`zd pdnsv),

nia ì 377: -jos q{diqp"j`zd pdnsv) Vìfd `qv dinfqbdiq, qmd sdldzniq wosqòiv oj qmd Zoqìk

S`kmqv Nfq mnzd lnskdlp sdbnìda qmd vnbd, {`qm oid d}fdwqòi oj wnsq`ftlns v`ki`j`fnifd qo qm`v

fnvd @i >0;4, Foiksdvv d}wniada qmd fozdsnkd josbtln qo ìfltad hts`va`fqòiv qmnq mna

vtcvqniq`nl ioi"Dikl`vm"vwdneìk wowtlnqòiv ctq wsozàda Dikl`vm"oilp zoqìk bnqds`nlv nq qmd

wollv Nfq oj Ntk :, >0;4, Wtc L Io 01";6, 376, =0 Vqnq 177, 17>73 -foa`j`da nq 13 TVF

>0;6c-j)-6)) @q {nv qm`v fmnikd qmnq csotkmq Qd}nv {`qmì qmd vfowd oj Vdfqòi 4v fozdsnkd

3= FJS wq 4> Nww

Oid jìnl woìq cdnsv wnsq`ftlns dbwmnv`v8 tiads vdfqòi 4, qmd fozdsda hts`va`fqòi cdnsv

qmd ctsadi oj wsooj Qm`v bdniv qmnq n fozdsda hts`va`fqòi btvq vmo{ cp n wsdwoiadsnifd oj qmd

dzàdifd qmnq n wsowovda zoqìk fmnikd lnfev coqm ->) a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd nia -3)

sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq Nv qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq mnv sdfoki`xda, qm`v `v n a`jj`ftlq ctsadi, jos UnRv n


17/56

>;

wsnfq`fnl bnqqds `q `v idzds dnvp qo wsozd n idknq`zdSdio z) Covv`ds Wns`vm Vfm) Ca) -Covv`ds

Wns`vm @), 437 TV 1;>, 1=7 ->00;) -~toqìk, ì wnsq,Dleìv z) Ti`qda Vqnqdv, 6:1 TV 37:, 3>=

->0:7)) Idzdsqmdldvv, qmd ctsadi oj wsooj ì vdfqòi 4 fnvdv `v coqm {dll dvqncl`vmda, Kdosk`n,

1>> TV nq 46=, nia tifoiqdvqda cp Qd}nv

C

Nq qmd otqvdq, Qd}nv bnedv q{o nsktbdiqv qmnq, `j fossdfq, {otla nllo{ `q qo wsdzn`l nv n

bnqqds oj ln{ [d foivàds dnfm ì qtsi

J`svq, Qd}nv nsktdv qmnq nwwl`fnqòi oj vdfqòi 4v djjdfq dldbdiq qo zoqds @A ln{v `v

ìnwwsows`nqd cdfntvd vtfm ln{v fni idzds adipU R os ncsàkUdR qmd s`kmq qo zoqd 13 TVF

>0;6f-n) Nffosaìk qo Qd}nv, zoqds @A sd~t`sdbdiqv nsd, nq {osvq, n bìos ìfoizdi`difdUR,

ninlokotv qo ln{v sd~t`sìk f`q`xdiv qo sdk`vqds qo zoqd Wsowovda Jìaìkv oj Jnfq cp Vqnqd oj

Qd}nv -Qd}nv Wsowovda Jìaìkv), DFJ Io 373 nq 13Oj fotsvd, bnip f`q`xdiv adfàd qmnq

qmd cdidj`qv oj zoqìk nsd ioq {osqm qmd ctsadiv nvvof`nqda {`qm sdk`vqdsìk qo zoqd@aCtq qm`v,

Qd}nv foiqdiav, `v wsdf`vdlp qmd woìq8 {otla"cd zoqdsv {mo sdjtvd qo fotiqdinifd bìos

ìfoizdi`difdv, lèd sdk`vqsnqòi sd~t`sdbdiqv, mnzd fmovdi ioq qo zoqd V`b`lnslp, Qd}nv

foiqdiav qmnq zoqdsv {mo owq qo ko {`qmotq wmoqo @A nia adflìd qo ocqnì oid wsòs qo qmd

dldfqòi mnzd dvfmd{da qmd`s s`kmq qo zoqd @i d`qmds fnvd, Qd}nv foifltadv, qmd fmo`fd l`dv {`qm

wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv, vo zoqìk s`kmqv fni mnsalp cd foivàdsda qo mnzd cddi adi`da os

ncsàkda cp qmd vqnqd@a nq 16

Qm`v nsktbdiq fobwldqdlp b`vvdv qmd woìq oj vdfqòi 4 Nv d}wlnìda ncozd, fozdsda

hts`va`fqòiv btvq wsozd qmnq nip fmnikd ì zoqìk wsofdatsdv {otla ioq adipUR os ncsàkd qmd

s`kmq qo zoqd 13 TVF >0;6f-n) Qm`v `v qstd io bnqqds mo{ vbnll qmd fmnikdNlldi z)


18/56

>=

Vqnqd Ca) oj Dldfqòiv, 606 TV 411, 4:= ->0:0) Ctq ì ni nqqdbwq qo naznifd `qv o{i adjì`qòi

oj adip nia ncsàkdoid qmnq {otla dvvdiq`nllp d}dbwq zoqds @A ln{v jsob vdfqòi 4

wsdfldnsnifdQd}nv `kiosdv {mnq qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq mnv vnà qmdvd qdsbv bdni [d qmtv sdwdnq

`q mdsd8 ì osads qo bddq qmd`s ctsadi, fozdsda hts`va`fqòiv btvq vmo{ qmnq ioid oj qmd`s zoqìk"

wsofdatsd fmnikdv {otla ldna qo n sdqsoksdvvòi ì qmd wov`qòi oj snf`nl bìos`q`dv {`qm

sdvwdfq qo qmd`s djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdCdds, 134 TV nq >1> @i oqmds

{osav, fozdsda hts`va`fqòiv btvq vmo{ qmnq nip fmnikd ì zoqìk wsofdatsdv {`ll ioq {osvdi

qmd wov`qòi oj bìos`qp zoqdsv fobwnsda qo qmd kdidsnl wowtlnfdSdio z) Covv`ds Wns`vm Vfm)

Ca) -Covv`ds Wns`vm @@), 43= TV 637, 631 -3777) Nia {m`ld `q `v qstd qmnq vobd zoqds @A ln{v

`bwovd oilp bìos ìfoizdi`difd nia wsdvdiq l`qqld qmsdnq qo qmd djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd

dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdnia {otla qmtv cd dnv`lp wsdfldnsda tiads vdfqòi 4qm`v fniioq cd qmd

fnvd jos nll woqdiq`nl zoqds @A ln{v @j, jos d}nbwld, n vqnqd fmnskda !477 jos nffdwqncld josbv oj

zoqds @A, ocqnììk qmnq @A {otla `bwovd bosd qmni n bìos ìfoizdi`difd Qmd vnbd {otla

cd qstd `j zoqdsv {dsd josfda qo qsnzdl qo n a`vqniq nia ìnffdvv`cld vqnqd fnw`qnl qo ocqnì ni @A

Nknì, {d dbwmnv`xd qmnq Qd}nv cdnsv qmd ctsadi oj wsooj Nffosaìklp, `j, nv Qd}nv nsktdv, VC

>1 `bwovdv oilp n bìos ìfoizdi`difd oi zoqdsv, qmd foivd~tdifd oj qmnq nsktbdiq `v ioq qmnq

VC >1 {otla cd d}dbwq jsob vdfqòi 4, ctq snqmds qmnq `q fotla dnv`lp cd wsdfldnsda cdfntvd `q

{otla ioq tiadsbìd bìos`q`dv djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdCdds, 134 TV nq

>1>

Ots sdhdfqòi oj Qd}nvv ti~tnl`j`da nvvdsqòi qmnq ln{v nsd `bbtid jsob vdfqòi 4 vo

loik nv qmdp fni cd q`da qo zoqds fmo`fd vmotla fobd nv l`qqld vtsws`vd, jos nioqmds qmsdd"htakd

a`vqs`fq fotsq sdfdiqlp sdhdfqda n v`b`lns nsktbdiq naznifda cp ioid oqmds qmni qmd Vqnqd oj

Qd}nv @i Qd}nv z) Ti`qda Vqnqdv, =6> J Vtww 3a 311 -AAF 37>>) -qmsdd"htakd fotsq), qmd


19/56

>0

fotsq adi`da Qd}nvv boqòi jos vtbbnsp htakbdiq sd~tdvqìk wsdfldnsnifd oj `qv sda`vqs`fqìk

wlni Nloik qmd {np, qmd fotsq sdhdfqda Qd}nvv foiqdiqòi qmnq `j M`vwni`f zoqdsv {otla oilp

fmoovd qo zoqd nq qmd vnbd snqd nv {m`qdv, n ldk`vlnq`zd a`vqs`fq {`qm n 47>$ M`vwni`f f`q`xdi

zoqìk"nkd wowtlnqòi {otla wsozàd M`vwni`fv qmd nc`l`qp qo dldfq qmd`s wsdjdssda fniaànqdv@a)

nq 3:3":: Qmd fotsq ioqda qmnq datfnqòinl nia dfoiob`f foia`qòiv UnsdR vtfm qmnq bdsd

nqqnìbdiq oj f`q`xdi zoqìk"nkd vqnqtv b`kmq mnzd io sdnl djjdfq oi UM`vwni`fvR nc`l`qp qo dldfq

sdwsdvdiqnq`zdv oj fmo`fd@a) nq 3:1 Qmd fotsq qmtv foifltada qmnq `q {nv sd~t`sda qo wdsjosb n

bosd fobwl`fnqda sdqsoksdvvòi ninlpv`v qmni Qd}nv {niqv qm`v fotsq qo nwwsozd@a

Fobwnsncld lok`f nwwl`dv mdsd Htvq nv datfnqòinl nia dfoiob`f foia`qòiv b`kmq njjdfq

{mdqmds bìos`q`dv fmoovd qo zoqd, qmovd foia`qòiv fotla nlvo njjdfq {mdqmds bìos`q`dv

fmoovd qo ocqnì wmoqo @A Woosds wdowld, jos d}nbwld, bnp cd a`vwsowosqòinqdlp tincld qo

wnp qmd fovqv nvvof`nqda {`qm ocqnììk VC >1"~tnl`jpìk @A Qmtv, foki`xniq oj qmd adf`vòi oj

ots v`vqds fotsq nia jtllp wdsvtnada cp `qv sdnvoiìk, {d adflìd Qd}nvv sdfpflda ìz`qnqòi qo

follnwvd qmd diq`sd sdqsoksdvvòi ninlpv`v ìqo n ~tdvqòi oj zoqds fmo`fd

Qd}nvv vdfoia nsktbdiq sdvqv oi qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsqv adf`vòi ì Fsn{josa z) Bnsòi

Fotiqp Dldfqòi Consa Qmdsd, qmd Fotsq twmdla @ia`ninv zoqds @A ln{, molaìk qmnq `q `bwovdv

oilp n l`b`qda ctsadi oi zoqdsv s`kmqv tiads qmd J`svq nia Jotsqddiqm Nbdiabdiqv 446 TV nq

373"76 @i vobd sdvwdfqv, qmd @ia`nin ln{ `v v`b`lns qo VC >1, sd~t`sìk ì"wdsvoi zoqdsv qo

wsdvdiq wmoqo @A nq qmd wollv, {m`ld nlvo sd~t`sìk @ia`nin as`zdsv l`fdivd ojj`fdv qo wsozàd jsdd

wmoqo @A@a nq >=4"=: Bosdozds, lèd Qd}nv, @ia`ninv fm`dj htvq`j`fnqòi jos `qv @A ln{ {nv qmd

wsdzdiqòi oj ì"wdsvoi zoqds jsnta@a nq >0>, >01"0: K`zdi qmdvd v`b`lns`q`dv, Qd}nv foiqdiav

qmnq Fsn{josafoiqsolv qm`v fnvd, dvwdf`nllp ì l`kmq oj qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsqv wsoiotifdbdiq qmnq

ìjsìkdbdiq oi qmd d~tnl vozdsd`kiqp oj vqnqdv sn`vdv vdsòtv foivq`qtqòinl ~tdvqòiv


20/56

37

Iosqm{dvq Ntvqì, 44; TV nq 376"71 Njqds nll, Qd}nv nsktdv, `j @ia`nin fni `bwldbdiq n wmoqo

@A ln{ qo wsoqdfq nknìvq zoqds jsnta, {mp fniq Qd}nv ao qmd vnbd?

Cp foiqsnvq, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv nsktdv qmnq Fsn{josa`v lnskdlp `ssdldzniq qo qm`v l`q`knqòi

@q woìqv otq qmnq Fsn{josaìzolzda n J`svq nia Jotsqddiqm Nbdiabdiq jnf`nl fmnlldikd qo n

zoqds @A ln{ dinfqda cp n vqnqd ioq fozdsda cp vdfqòi 4 Nv vtfm, qmd Fsn{josawlnìq`jjv, {mo

votkmq qo mnzd qmd ln{ ìznlànqda, cosd n mdnzp ctsadi oj wdsvtnvòi, sd~t`sìk qmdb qo vmo{

qmnq qmd ln{ {nv ìznlà ì nll `qv nwwl`fnqòiv Fsn{josa, 446 TV nq 377 -dbwmnv`v naada)

Mdsd, mo{dzds, Qd}nv cdnsv qmd ctsadi oj wsozìk qmnq VC >1 lnfev a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd nia

sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq Kdosk`n, 1>> TV nq 46= Qmtv, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv foifltadv, Fsn{josa`v

dvvdiq`nllp ìnwwl`fncld qo qmd `vvtdv cdjosd tv

@i ots z`d{, qmd fossdfq niv{ds l`dv vobd{mdsd cdq{ddi qmdvd q{o wov`qòiv Foiqsnsp qo

Qd}nvv nsktbdiq, Fsn{josaaodv ioq foiqsol qm`v fnvd @i Fsn{josa`qvdlj, qmd Fotsq ioqda qmnq `q

{nv foivàdsUìkR oilp qmd vqnqtqdv csona nwwl`fnqòi qo nll @ia`nin zoqdsv Fsn{josa, 446

TV nq 373"76 -dbwmnvdv naada) Mdsd, ioq oilp ao {d jnfd a`jjdsdiq ~tdvqòivaodv VC >1

mnzd a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd os sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq?ctq {d joftv oi qmd l`b`qda vtcvdq oj

zoqdsv {mo nsd snf`nl nia lniktnkd bìos`q`dv Nia tilèd @ia`nin ì Fsn{josa, Qd}nv cdnsv qmd

ctsadi oj wsooj

Foiqsnsp qo qmd wov`qòi qnedi cp qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv, mo{dzds, Fsn{josaìjosbv ots

ninlpv`v oj VC >1 ì q{o `bwosqniq {npv Qmd j`svq kodv qo wtswovd @q `v fstf`nl, {d qmìe, qmnq

qmd Fotsq mdla ì Fsn{josaqmnq @ia`nin fotla nfq qo wsdzdiq ì"wdsvoi zoqds jsnta advw`qd qmd

jnfq qmnq UqRmd sdfosa foiqnìv io dzàdifd oj nip vtfm jsnta nfqtnllp offtssìk ì @ia`nin nq nip

q`bd ì `qv m`vqosp@a) nq >01 -dbwmnv`v naada) @iadda, qmd Fotsq dbwmnq`fnllp mdla qmnq

UqRmdsd `v io ~tdvqòi ncotq qmd ldk`q`bnfp os `bwosqnifd oj qm`v ìqdsdvq@a nq 373"76


21/56

3>

-dbwmnv`v naada) Njqds nll, qmd dldfqosnl vpvqdb fniioq ìvw`sd wtcl`f foijàdifd `j io

vnjdktnsav d}`vq qo adqds os adqdfq jsnta os qo foij`sb qmd àdiq`qp oj zoqdsv @a nq >0; -~toqìk

H`bbp Fnsqds nia Hnbdv N Cneds @@@,Ct`laìk Foijàdifd ì T)V) Dldfqòiv 34-Vdwq 3774))

K`zdi qm`v, {d sdhdfq qmd nsktbdiq, tskda cp qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv nq qs`nl, qmnq qmd ncvdifd oj

aoftbdiqda zoqds jsnta ì Qd}nv vobdmo{ vtkkdvqv qmnq Qd}nvv ìqdsdvqv ì wsoqdfqìk `qv cnlloq

co} nia vnjdktnsaìk zoqds foijàdifd {dsd wsdqd}q N vqnqd ìqdsdvq qmnq `v ti~tdvqòinclp

ldk`q`bnqd jos @ia`nin{`qmotq nip foifsdqd dzàdifd oj n wsocldb`v ti~tdvqòinclp

ldk`q`bnqd jos Qd}nv nv {dll Nv Qd}nv woìqv otq, molaìk oqmds{`vd {otla, ioq{`qmvqniaìk

vdfqòi 4v jnf`nl znlà`qp, vdsòtvlp qmsdnqdi qmd d~tnl vozdsd`kiqp oj vqnqdvIosqm{dvq Ntvqì,

44; TV nq 376 Qmd ì~t`sp ìqo {mdqmds VC >1 {nv dinfqda {`qm a`vfs`bìnqosp wtswovd qmtv

fniioq mìkd oi {mdqmds Qd}nv fni f`qd aoftbdiqda ìvqnifdv oj ì"wdsvoi zoqds jsnta

nlqmotkm, oj fotsvd, oqmds dzàdifd, vtfm nv qmd qpwdv oj f`sftbvqniq`nl dzàdifd a`vftvvda ì

Nslìkqoi Md`kmqv, fotla ioidqmdldvv vtkkdvq qmnq Qd}nv ìzoeda qmd vwdfqds oj zoqds jsnta nv

wsdqd}q jos snf`nl a`vfs`bìnqòi Vdd Covv`ds Wns`vm @, 437 TV nq 1=0-Oqmds foivàdsnqòiv

sdldzniq qo qmd wtswovd ì~t`sp ìfltad, nboik oqmds qmìkv, qmd m`vqos`fnl cnfeksotia oj qmd

Uhts`va`fqòi+vR adf`vòi5 UqRmd vwdf`j`f vd~tdifd oj dzdiqv ldnaìk tw qo qmd fmnlldikda

adf`vòi5 UaRdwnsqtsdv jsob qmd iosbnl wsofdatsnl vd~tdifd5 nia UqRmd ldk`vlnq`zd os

nabì`vqsnq`zd m`vqosp, dvwdf`nllp UnipR foiqdbwosnsp vqnqdbdiqv cp bdbcdsv oj qmd

adf`vòibneìk coap -~toqìkNslìkqoi Md`kmqv, 130 TV nq 3:=) -nlqdsnqòiv ì os`kìnl))5

vdd nlvo Nslìkqoi Md`kmqv, 130 TV nq 3:4 -ioqìk qmnq, ì osads qo wsozd a`vfs`bìnqosp ìqdiq,

n wlnìq`jj idda ioq wsozd qmnq qmd fmnlldikda nfqòi sdvqda voldlp oi snf`nllp a`vfs`bìnqosp

wtswovdv -dbwmnv`v naada))


22/56

33

Ots vdfoia woìq sdlnqdv qo vdfqòi 4v djjdfq dldbdiq @i Fsn{josa, qmd Fotsqqmotkmq `q

fs`q`fnl qmnq qmd wmoqo àdiq`j`fnqòi fnsav `vvtda cp @ia`ninv UCtsdnt oj Boqos Zdm`fldvR

nsd jsdd 446 TV nq >0= Sdhdfqìk ni nsktbdiq qmnq ocqnììkjsdd wmoqo @A fnsav `bwovda

ni tiatd ctsadi oi {otla"cd zoqdsv, qmd Fotsq d}wlnìda8

Jos bovq zoqdsv {mo idda qmdb, qmd ìfoizdi`difd oj bneìk n qs`w qo qmd CBZ,knqmdsìk qmd sd~t`sda aoftbdiqv, nia wovìk jos n wmoqoksnwm vtsdlp aodv ioq ~tnl`jp nvn vtcvqniq`nl ctsadi oi qmd s`kmq qo zoqd, os dzdi sdwsdvdiq n v`ki`j`fniq ìfsdnvd ozds qmdtvtnl ctsadiv oj zoqìk

@a Qm`v molaìk, qmotkm bnad ì qmd foiqd}q oj n foivq`qtqòinl fmnlldikd, mnv oczòtv

snb`j`fnqòiv jos qm`v vdfqòi 4 fnvd @j ì bovq ìvqnifdv qmd ìfoizdi`difd oj bneìk n qs`w qo

qmd CBZ aodv ioq ~tnl`jp nv n vtcvqniq`nl ctsadi oi qmd s`kmq qo zoqd, à), {d jn`l qo vdd mo{

qmnq vnbd ìfoizdi`difd fotla, ncvdiq bosd, tiadsbìd qmd djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl

jsnifm`vd jos bìos`qp zoqdsvCdds, 134 TV nq >1> @i oqmds {osav, nffosaìk qo Fsn{josa,

qmdsd nsd fdsqnì sdvwoiv`c`l`q`dv nia ìfoizdi`difdv qmnq f`q`xdiv btvq cdns ì osads qo d}dsf`vd

qmd`s s`kmq qo zoqd, nia n oid"q`bd qs`w qo qmd as`zdsv l`fdivd ojj`fd `v, ì bovq v`qtnqòiv, v`bwlp

oid oj qmovd sdvwoiv`c`l`q`dv

@q `v `bwosqniq qo cdns ì bìa, mo{dzds, qmnq Fsn{josaìzolzda n jnf`nl fmnlldikd qo qmd

@A ln{v djjdfqv oi nll @ia`nin zoqdsv Fsn{josa, 446 TV nq 376 Qmd Fotsq {nv qmdsdjosd

a`vftvvìk qmd ctsadi oj bneìk n qs`w qo qmd CBZ kdidsnllp @iadda, qmd Fotsqd}wsdvvlp mdla

oilp qmnq qmd ctsadiv nvvof`nqda {`qm ocqnììk n wmoqo @A {dsd ìvtcvqniq`nl UjRos bovqzoqdsv

@a nq >0= -dbwmnv`v naada) Oczòtvlp, bovq `v a`jjdsdiq jsob nll Fsn{josaqmtv fniioq cd

sdna nv molaìk qmnq n qs`w qo qmd CBZ fni idzds~tnl`jp nv n vtcvqniq`nl ctsadi oi qmd s`kmq qo

zoqd@a) Nia lok`fnllp vo Njqds nll, {otla"cd zoqdsv {mo btvq qned n anp ojj {ose qo qsnzdl qo n

a`vqniq as`zdsv l`fdivd ojj`fd mnzd bovq fdsqnìlp cddi d}wovda qo ctsadiv cdpoia qmovd tvtnllp

nvvof`nqda {`qm zoqìk Qmd vnbd `v lèdlp qstd `j wsovwdfq`zd zoqdsv btvq wnp n vtcvqniq`nl


23/56

36

nbotiq oj boidp qo ocqnì n wmoqo @A os {n`q ì lìd jos motsv qo kdq oid @i vobd f`sftbvqnifdv

qmdvd mdnzp ctsadiv fotla {dll a`vfotsnkd f`q`xdiv jsob zoqìk nq nll Nia `j vtfm ctsadiv jnll

a`vwsowosqòinqdlp oi snf`nl os lniktnkd bìos`q`dv, qmdp {otla mnzd sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq {`qm

sdvwdfq qo qmd`s djjdfq`zd d}dsf`vd oj qmd dldfqosnl jsnifm`vdCdds, 134 TV nq >1>

Qmd twvmoq oj nll oj qm`v `v qmnq Qd}nv fni wsozd qmnq VC >1 lnfev sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq dzdi

`j n a`vwsowosqòinqd itbcds oj bìos`qp zoqdsv ì qmd vqnqd ftssdiqlplnfe wmoqo @A Ctq qo ao vo,

Qd}nv btvq wsozd qmnq qmdvd {otla"cd zoqdsv fotla dnv`lp ocqnì VC >1"~tnl`jpìk @A {`qmotq

fovq os bnhos ìfoizdi`difd

@@@

[`qm qmdvd wsìf`wldv ì bìa, {d qtsi qo qmd sdfosa Cdfntvd fotsqv mnzd io idda qo

jìa a`vfs`bìnqosp ìqdiq oifd qmdp jìa Usdqsoksdvv`zdR djjdfq, Vmdlcp Fiqp), :;0 J6a nq =:0,

nia cdfntvd dzàdifd qmnq n ln{ {m`fm cdnsv bosd mdnz`lp oi oid snfd qmni nioqmds`d, mnv

a`vwsowosqòinqd djjdfq`v `qvdlj qmd `bwosqniq vqnsqìk woìq jos nvvdvvìk a`vfs`bìnqosp

ìqdiq,Covv`ds Wns`vm @, 437 TV nq 1=0 -ìqdsinl ~toqnqòiv nia f`qnqòiv ob`qqda), {d cdkì

{`qm vdfqòi 4v djjdfq dldbdiq

Qm`v a`vftvvòi wsofddav nv jollo{v [d cdkì {`qm Qd}nvv nsktbdiq qmnq, nv n kdidsnl

wsowov`qòi, zoqds @A ln{v mnzd l`qqld djjdfq oi qtsiotqni nsktbdiq qmnq sdl`dv oi vof`nl vf`difd

l`qdsnqtsd nia qmd d}wds`difdv oj Kdosk`n nia @ia`nin jollo{ìk dinfqbdiq oj qmd`s wmoqo @A

ln{v Id}q, {d foivàds dzàdifd vtcb`qqda cp Qd}nv, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv, nia Adjdianiq"

@iqdszdiosv ninlpxìk {mdqmds bìos`q`dv a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lnfe qmd josbv oj @A wdsb`qqda cp

VC >1 Jos qmd sdnvoiv k`zdi cdlo{, {d sdhdfq nll oj qm`v dzàdifd nia, cdfntvd Qd}nv mnv

vtcb`qqda ioqmìk bosd, foifltad qmnq qmd vqnqd mnv jn`lda qo bddq `qv ctsadi oj adboivqsnqìk


24/56

31

qmnq VC >1 lnfev sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq Nv {d vmnll d}wlnì, mo{dzds, qm`v fnvd aodv ioq mìkd

voldlp oi qmd ctsadi oj wsooj Tia`vwtqda sdfosa dzàdifd adboivqsnqdv qmnq snf`nl bìos`q`dv ì

Qd}nv nsd a`vwsowosqòinllp lèdlp qo l`zd ì wozdsqp nia, cdfntvd VC >1 {`ll {d`km bosd mdnz`lp

oi qmd woos, qmd ln{ {`ll lèdlp mnzd sdqsoksdvv`zd djjdfq

N

Qd}nv cdkìv {`qm n csona nsktbdiq8 qmnq vof`nl vf`difd dzàdifd adboivqsnqdv zoqds

qtsiotq `v kdidsnllp tinjjdfqda cp qmd vqsìkdifp oj n vqnqdv zoqds @A ln{v@i oqmds {osav, Qd}nv

foiqdiav qmnq zoqdsv zoqd sdknsaldvv oj qmd àdiq`j`fnqòi sd~t`sdbdiqv `bwovda oi qmdb nq qmd

wollv nia qmnq VC >1 {`ll qmtv mnzd io v`ki`j`fniq djjdfq nq nll Qd}nv Wsowovda Jìaìkv, DFJ

Io 373nq 0 Nia cdfntvd @A sd~t`sdbdiqv mnzd io cdnsìk oi {mdqmds zoqdsvbìos`q`dv os

oqmds{`vdqtsi otq oi Dldfqòi Anp, Qd}nv foifltadv qmnq VC >1 {`ll mnzd io sdqsoksdvv`zd

djjdfq

[d nsd tincld qo fsda`q qm`v lìd oj nsktbdiq cdfntvd qmd djjdfq oj zoqds @A ln{v oi

qtsiotq sdbnìv n bnqqds oj a`vwtqd nboik vof`nl vf`diq`vqv Qd}nv sdl`dv mdnz`lp oi n 3770 wnwds

cp As Vqdwmdi Nivolncdmdsd, n Mnsznsa wol`q`fnl vf`diq`vq {mo -nv a`vftvvda ìjsn) mnwwdiv qo

cd oid oj qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdvv d}wdsq {`qidvvdv ì qm`v fnvd @i m`v wnwds, As Nivolncdmdsd

foifltadv, cnvda oi n qdldwmoid vtszdp oj dl`k`cld zoqdsv inqòi{àd, qmnq nlbovq io oid

vqnpUvR n{np jsob qmd wollv jos {niq oj nwwsows`nqd àdiq`j`fnqòi QN >1;4 Ctq qmd Ti`qda

Vqnqdv ìqsoatfda ìqo dzàdifd n 37>> wnwds cp As B`fmndl Nlznsdx oj qmd Fnl`josi`n @ivq`qtqd

oj Qdfmiolokp {m`fm sdnfmdv wsdf`vdlp qmd owwov`qd foifltvòi Nwwlpìk n vqnq`vq`fnl sdksdvvòi

boadl qo zoqìk anqn jsob nll 47 vqnqdv, As Nlznsdx foifltadv qmnq wmoqo @A sd~t`sdbdiqv

`bwovd v`ki`j`fniq idknq`zd ctsadiv oi zoqdsv TV D} 44> nq 30Qmd Nlznsdx vqtap wsda`fqv


25/56

34

qmnq `bwov`qòi oj n wmoqo @A sd~t`sdbdiq ì nip k`zdi vqnqd {`ll adwsdvv ozdsnll zoqds qtsiotq cp

nwwso}`bnqdlp >7$@aQd}nv{m`fm cdnsv qmd ctsadi oj wsoojmnv jn`lda qo wsoatfd nip

dzàdifd tiadsbììk qmd znlà`qp oj qmd Nlznsdx vqtap @ivqdna, `q joftvdv diq`sdlp oi As

Nivolncdmdsdv 3770 wnwds Pdq As Nivolncdmdsd m`bvdlj qdvq`j`da qmnq oqmds wtcl`vmda

sdvdnsfm a`vnksddv {`qm bd, Qs`nl Qs ;/>3/37>3 -WB) 668:, vwdf`j`fnllp woìqìk otq qmnq As

Nlznsdxv vqtap jotia qmnq vobd wmoqo @A ln{v mnzd ~t`qd n c`k djjdfq oi qtsiotq@a >738>;"

>= [d qmtv mnzd io cnv`v jos jìaìk qmnq As Nivolncdmdsdv 3770 wnwds sdwsdvdiqv nip vosq oj

nfnadb`f foivdivtv ncotq qmd `bwnfq oj zoqds @A ln{v

Qtsiìk jsob inqòinl vqta`dv qo vqnqd"vwdf`j`f anqn, Qd}nv id}q joftvdv oi qmd

d}wds`difdv oj @ia`nin nia Kdosk`nq{o vqnqdv qmnq sdfdiqlp `bwldbdiqda wmoqo @A ln{v

Sdlpìk oi d}wdsq qdvq`boip jsob Ti`zdsv`qp oj Qd}nv wol`q`fnl vf`diq`vq Ansoi Vmn{, Qd}nv

nsktdv qmnq `qv wowtlnqòi `v adboksnwm`fnllp v`b`lns qo Kdosk`nv nia @ia`ninv, nia qmnq qmdvd

vqnqdv d}wds`difdv {`qm wmoqo @A sd~t`sdbdiqv vtkkdvq qmnq VC >1 {`ll mnzd io v`ki`j`fniq

djjdfq nq nll oi qtsiotq ì Qd}nv Qd}nv Wsowovda Jìaìkv, DFJ Io 373 nq 0Nq qs`nl, As Vmn{

qdvq`j`da qmnq vtszdp anqn jsob qmd 377= Wsdvàdiq`nl ws`bns`dv vmo{da qmnq z`sqtnllp io Kdosk`n

os @ia`nin zoqdsv sdwosqda cdìk qtsida n{np jsob qmd wollv cdfntvd oj n lnfe oj wmoqo @A Qs`nl

Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) 318:">0 Bosdozds, qm`v jìaìk sdbnìda foivqniq nfsovv snf`nl lìdv8 ì

@ia`nin 7 wdsfdiq oj {m`qdv, 7 wdsfdiq oj clnfev, 7 wdsfdiq oj M`vwni`fv sdwosq qmnq qmdp {dsd ioq

nllo{da qo zoqd5 ì Kdosk`n, 7 wdsfdiq oj {m`qdv, > wdsfdiq oj clnfev, 7 wdsfdiq oj M`vwni`fv

vnà qmdp {dsd ioq nllo{da qo zoqd cdfntvd qmdp lnfeda wmoqo @A@a 3483"; Qmdvd j`ktsdv {dsd

wnsq`ftlnslp ioqncld, As Vmn{ dbwmnv`xda, cdfntvd vof`nl vf`diq`vqv mna wsdzòtvlp foifltada

qmnq qmdsd {dsd Ua`vwnsnqd @AR wovvdvvòi snqdv cp snfd ì coqm Kdosk`n nia @ia`nin@a 348>;"

>= Jsob qm`v, Qd}nv tskdv tv qo asn{ qmsdd foifltvòiv8 ->) wmoqo @A ln{v tlq`bnqdlp wsdzdiq


26/56

3:

zdsp jd{ wdowld jsob zoqìk5 -3) wmoqo @A ln{v mnzd io a`vwsowosqòinqd djjdfq oi snf`nl

bìos`q`dv5 nia -6) a`vwnsnqd @A wovvdvvòi snqdv mnzd l`qqld djjdfq oi qtsiotq [d sdhdfq qmdvd

wsowovda jìaìkv cdfntvd qmd f`sftbvqnifdv ì Kdosk`n nia @ia`nin nsd v`ki`j`fniqlp a`jjdsdiq

jsob qmovd ì Qd}nv

J`svq, nia bovq `bwosqniq, VC >1 `v jns vqs`fqds qmni d`qmds @ia`ninv os Kdosk`nv zoqds @A

ln{v @ia`nin nllo{v zoqdsv qo tvd nip wmoqo @A qmnq mnv d}w`sda njqds qmd anqd oj qmd bovq sdfdiq

kdidsnl dldfqòi @ia Foad Nii 6"4"3"174-n)-6) Kdosk`n nllo{v zoqdsv qo wsdvdiq nip

d}w`sda as`zdsv l`fdivd nq qmd wollv Kn Foad Nii 3>"3"1>;-n)->)5 vdd nlvo Kdosk`n Vdfsdqnsp

oj Vqnqd, Kdosk`n Zoqds @adiq`j`fnqòi Sd~t`sdbdiqv, nzn`lncld oilìd nq

mqqw8//vovkdosk`nkoz/Knwmoqoà/ -lnvq z`v`qda Ntktvq 3=, 37>3) -l`vqìk nv nffdwqncld zoqds @A

UnR Kdosk`n As`zdsv L`fdivd, dzdi `j d}w`sda) Cp foiqsnvq, VC >1 wsom`c`qv qmd tvd oj ni @A

{m`fm mnv d}w`sda bosd qmni :7 anpv cdjosd qmd anqd oj wsdvdiqnqòi nq qmd wollv Qd} Dldf

Foad :67>7> -Hnitnsp >, 37>3)

Bosdozds, qmd ctsadiv nvvof`nqda {`qm ocqnììk n wtswosqdalp jsdd zoqds @A fnsa {`ll

cd mdnz`ds tiads VC >1 qmni tiads d`qmds @ia`nin os Kdosk`n ln{ Qm`v `v qstd jos nq ldnvq q{o

sdnvoiv Qmd j`svq sdlnqdv qo otq"oj"wofedq fovq Tiads VC >1, D@F nwwl`fniqv {`ll mnzd qo wsdvdiq

AWV ojj`f`nlv {`qm n kozdsibdiq"`vvtda josb oj @A, qmd fmdnwdvq oj {m`fm, n fdsq`j`da fowp oj n

c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd, fovqv !33 Cp foiqsnvq, Kdosk`n sdvàdiqv bnp wsdvdiq n {àd snikd oj

aoftbdiqv qo ocqnì n zoqds @A fnsa, ìfltaìk n vqtadiq @A, wnpfmdfe vqtc, Bda`fnsd os

Bda`fnà vqnqdbdiq, os fdsq`j`da vfmool qsnivfs`wq Vdd Kn Dldf Foad >=6">"37"7> Qmd

a`zdsvd snikd oj aoftbdiqv nffdwqda cp Kdosk`n -31 fnqdkos`dv ì nll) bdniv qmnq jd{ zoqdsv nsd

lèdlp qo ìfts otq"oj"wofedq fovqv qo ocqnì n zoqds @A Nia nlqmotkm @ia`nin ln{, lèd VC >1,

sd~t`sdv zoqdsv qo wsdvdiq n kozdsibdiq"`vvtda aoftbdiq -vtfm nv n c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd) qo ocqnì n


27/56

3;

jsdd wmoqo @A, ì @ia`nin qmd jdd jos ocqnììk n fowp oj oidv c`sqm fdsq`j`fnqd `v

v`ki`j`fniqlp lo{ds qmni ì Qd}nv, snikìk jsob !6 qo !>3, adwdiaìk oi qmd fotiqp Vdd

Fsn{josa, 446 TV nq >0= i>;

Qmd vdfoia fovq VC >1 {`ll `bwovd oi D@F nwwl`fniqv `v qmd ctsadi nvvof`nqda {`qm

qsnzdlìk qo n AWV ojj`fd Qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv vtcb`qqda tisdctqqda dzàdifd vmo{ìk qmnq =>

Qd}nv fotiq`dv mnzd io UAWVR ojj`fd, nia 61 naa`qòinl fotiq`dv mnzd UAWVR ojj`fdv owdi q{o

anpv wds {dde os ldvv Wsowovda Jìaìkv oj Jnfq cp Ds`f M`bwqoi Molads, Hs -TV Wsowovda

Jìaìkv) Aof 336 nq :, vdd nlvo Nb Fobwl, DFJ Io 34 D} ; nq 1 Qm`v bdniv qmnq ì nq

ldnvq oid"qm`sa oj Qd}nvv fotiq`dv, {otla"cd zoqdsv {`ll mnzd qo qsnzdl otq"oj"fotiqp bdsdlp qo

nwwlp jos ni D@F Kdosk`n nia @ia`nin zoqdsv jnfd io vtfm ctsadiv @iadda, Kdosk`n ln{ sd~t`sdv

dnfm fotiqp qo wsozàd nq ldnvq oid wlnfd ì qmd fotiqp nq {m`fm `q vmnll nffdwq nwwl`fnqòiv jos

nia `vvtd UjsddR Kdosk`n zoqds àdiq`j`fnqòi fnsav Kn Foad Nii 3>"3"1>;>-n) V`b`lnslp,

dzdsp @ia`nin fotiqp mnv n CBZ ojj`fd qmnq `v sd~t`sda cp ln{ qo a`vwdsvd jsdd wmoqo @Av Vdd

@ia`nin Ctsdnt oj Boqos Zdm`fldv, Csnifm Lofnqòiv nia Motsv, nzn`lncld oilìd nq

mqqw8//{{{ìkoz/cbz/366;mqb -lnvq z`v`qda Ntktvq 3=, 37>3)

K`zdi nll qm`v, {d mnzd l`qqld qsotcld jìaìk qmnq VC >1 {`ll cd jns bosd ctsadivobd qmni

d`qmds @ia`ninv os Kdosk`nv zoqds @A ln{v Nia cdfntvd qmd ln{v nsd vo a`jjdsdiq, {d wlnfd zdsp

l`qqld vqofe ì As Vmn{v fobwns`voiv nboik qmdvd qmsdd vqnqdv

[d cs`djlp ioqd q{o naa`qòinl, ìadwdiadiq sdnvoiv qo sdhdfq As Vmn{v foifltvòiv

J`svq, As Vmn{v d}wdsq sdwosq foifltadv qmnq @ia`nin nia Kdosk`n wsozàd sdldzniq

fobwns`voiv qo Qd}nv cdfntvd coqm vqnqdv, lèd Qd}nv mnzd vtcvqniq`nl bìos`qp wowtlnqòiv

QN 06>Ctq qmdvd bìos`qp wowtlnqòiv nsd a`jjdsdiq Nv As Vmn{ m`bvdlj ioqdv, nlqmotkm

@ia`nin nia Kdosk`n coqm mnzd n v`xncld clnfe wowtlnqòi, id`qmds vqnqd mnv M`vwni`f


28/56

3=

wowtlnqòiv oi qmd osads oj qmovd ì Qd}nv@a nq i6Oj fotsvd, a`jjdsdiq bìos`qp ksotwv mnzd

a`jjdsdiq ftlqtsnl nia m`vqos`fnl d}wds`difdv, nia bnp nffosaìklp cd njjdfqda a`jjdsdiqlp cp

v`b`lns ln{v @iadda, qmd Vtwsdbd Fotsq mnv dbwmnv`xda qmd ti`~td wov`qòi oj Qd}nvv M`vwni`f

fobbti`qp, d}wlnììk qmnq qmd wol`q`fnl, vof`nl, nia dfoiob`fldknfp oj wnvq a`vfs`bìnqòi jos

Lnqìov ì Qd}nv bnp {dll mìads qmd`s nc`l`qp qo wnsq`f`wnqd djjdfq`zdlp ì qmd wol`q`fnl wsofdvv

LTLNF z) Wdssp, 41= TV 600, 117 -377:) -ìqdsinl ~toqnqòi bnsev nia f`qnqòiv ob`qqda)

-dbwmnv`v naada) [d qmtv jìa `q fobwldqdlp ìnwwsows`nqd qo fobwnsd M`vwni`fv ì Qd}nv {`qm

Njs`fni Nbds`fniv ì @ia`nin os Kdosk`n

Vdfoia, As Vmn{ jn`lda qo foiatfq nip jtsqmds adboksnwm`f fobwns`voiv nboik qmd

qmsdd vqnqdv Jos d}nbwld, ioqmìk ì As Vmn{v d}wdsq sdwosq os ì m`v qs`nl qdvq`boip vwdnev qo

wozdsqp snqdv ì @ia`nin os Kdosk`n, btfm ldvv {mdqmds vtfm wozdsqp snqdv csdne ao{i nloik

snf`nl lìdv Nv {d d}wlnì cdlo{, sdfosa dzàdifd ì qm`v fnvd adboivqsnqdv qmnq wozdsqp snqdv ì

Qd}nv ao ì jnfq csdne ao{i nloik snf`nl lìdv Qmtv, {`qmotq bosd, {d mnzd io cnv`v jos

foifltaìk qmnq @ia`nin nia Kdosk`n nsd sdldzniq fobwns`voiv qo Qd}nv QN 06>

Jìnllp, nia ~t`qd nwnsq jsob qmd bdqmoaolok`fnl jln{v ì As Vmn{v vqtap, m`v

foifltvòi qmnq zoqds @A ln{v ao ioq adwsdvv zoqds qtsiotq vtjjdsv jsob ni naa`qòinl {dneidvv

Nlqmotkm As Vmn{v d}wdsq sdwosq vtkkdvqv qmnq zdsp jd{ zoqdsv ì @ia`nin nia Kdosk`n {dsd

qtsida n{np nq qmd wollv, m`v sdwosq aodv ìa`fnqd qmnq wmoqo @A ln{v b`kmq a`vvtnad vobd zoqdsv

jsob nqqdbwqìk qo fnvq n cnlloq ì qmd j`svq wlnfd @i qmd 377= vtszdp oj @ia`nin zoqdsv sdl`da

twoi cp As Vmn{, ;$ oj dl`k`cld zoqdsv {mo jn`lda qo zoqd knzd @ aà ioq mnzd qmd fossdfq josb

oj àdiq`j`fnqòi nv nq ldnvq oid oj qmd`s sdnvoiv jos ioq zoqìk Vdd QN 066-Cp {np oj

fobwns`voi, oilp 3$ oj Qd}nv ioi"zoqdsv ì 377= knzd qmnq niv{ds@a) Nveda ncotq qm`v

vqnq`vq`f nq qs`nl, As Vmn{ qdvq`j`da oilp qmnq `qv ioq fldns qo bd mo{ qo qsdnq qm`v sdvwoivd Qs`nl


29/56

30

Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) >7;8>4">: UJRos ìvqnifd, As Vmn{ qdvq`j`da, `j vobdoid vnpv @ {nviq

sdk`vqdsda qo zoqd, nia qmdi vnpv Unv ni naa`qòinl sdnvoiR, nia @ lnfeda wsowds àdiq`j`fnqòi, `qv

ioq fldns qo bd mo{ qo qsdnq qmovd nv n ftbtlnq`zd dvq`bnqd oj qmd djjdfq oj wmoqo @A@a) >7;8>;"

37 [d qned qm`v woìq, ctq sd`qdsnqd oifd nknì qmnq Qd}nv mnv qmd ctsadi oj wsooj, nia `j

@ia`ninv zoqds @A ln{ b`kmqmnzd a`vfotsnkda tw qo ;$ oj dl`k`cld ioi"zoqdsv jsob dzdi koìk

qo qmd wollv, {d fniioq nffdwq Qd}nvv wsowovda jìaìk qmnq kdidsnllp wmoqo @A ln{v ao ioq

adfsdnvd zoqds qtsiotq Qd}nv Wsowovda Jìaìkv, DFJ Io 373 nq ;

C

[d qtsi id}q qo Qd}nvv vdfoia bnhos lìd oj dzàdifd8 @A wovvdvvòi snqdv Sdlpìk

lnskdlp oi qdldwmoid vtszdpv oj zoqdsv, Qd}nv foiqdiav qmnq M`vwni`fv, Njs`fni Nbds`fniv, nia

{m`qdv ì Qd}nv nll wovvdvv wmoqo @A nq sotkmlp qmd vnbd snqdv nia qmnq VC >1 {`ll qmtv `bwovd

d~tnl ctsadiv oi nll zoqdsv @i sdvwoivd, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv nsktdv qmnq Qd}nvv vqta`dv nsd

adjdfq`zd @q jtsqmds ojjdsv n vqtap oj `qv o{i, {m`fm `q fln`bv vmo{v qmnq M`vwni`f nia Njs`fni

Nbds`fni sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv nsd ì jnfq idnslp q{`fd nv lèdlp nv {m`qd sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv qo lnfe

wmoqo @A

Qm`v a`vftvvòi wsofddav ì jots wnsqv @i vtcvdfqòi > {d advfs`cd Qd}nvv j`svq vtszdp,

{m`fm nlldkdalp vmo{v io snf`nl a`vwns`qp ì @A wovvdvvòi snqdv @i vtcvdfqòi 3 {d vtbbns`xd

qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdvv vqtap oj @A wovvdvvòi snqdv, ioq htvq cdfntvd qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv ojjdsv `q nv

njj`sbnq`zd dzàdifd, ctq nlvo cdfntvd Qd}nv tvdv qmd vqtap nv n vqnsqìk woìq jos `qv vdfoia vdq

oj vtszdpv, {m`fm, ì qtsi, {d a`vftvv ì vtcvdfqòi 6 Jìnllp, ì vtcvdfqòi 1 {d naasdvv ni

ninlpv`v vtcb`qqda cp Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv Jos sdnvoiv d}wlnìda ì adqn`l cdlo{, {d jìa

ioid oj qmdvd vqta`dv sdl`ncld


30/56

67

>

Qmd j`svq sdldzniq nqqdbwq qo adqdsbìd qmd itbcds oj Qd}nv zoqdsv {mo lnfe wmoqo @A

fnbd ì Hnitnsp 37>3 {mdi Qd}nv vtcb`qqda qo qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl n fobwtqds"kdidsnqda l`vq

oj ;04,044 zoqdsv `q {nv tincld qo bnqfm {`qm diqs`dv ì qmd AWV @A anqncnvd Nv bdiqòida

dnsl`ds, vtwsn Wnsq @, qm`v io"bnqfm l`vq wsozàda n wnsq`nl cnv`v jos qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv

adi`nl oj wsdfldnsnifd cdfntvd `q vtkkdvqda qmnq M`vwni`f sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv nsd bosd qmni q{`fd

nv lèdlp nv ioi"M`vwni`f sdk`vqdsda zoqdsv qo lnfe n AWV"`vvtda as`zdsv l`fdivd os @A fnsa Nb

Fobwl, DFJ Io 34 D} ; nq 3

Njqds qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnl adi`da wsdfldnsnifd, Qd}nv sdqnìda As Vmn{ -qmd Ti`zdsv`qp

oj Qd}nv wol`q`fnl vf`difd wsojdvvos) qo vtszdp qmd ìa`zàtnlv oi qmd Hnitnsp io"bnqfm l`vq nia

adqdsbìd {mdqmds qmdp nfqtnllp lnfeda znlà wmoqo @A Foiqnfqda cp qdldwmoid, vtszdp

sdvwoiadiqv {dsd nveda ~tdvqòiv ncotq qmd`s snfd, {mdqmds qmdp {dsd sdk`vqdsda qo zoqd, {mdqmds

qmdp wovvdvvda nip josb oj àdiq`j`fnqòi sd~t`sda cp VC >1, nia {mdqmds qmdp {dsd a`vnclda

QN 06;Cdfntvd fdsqnì eìav oj wdowldqmovd oj m`kmds vofò"dfoiob`f vqnqtv, dvwdf`nllp

nsd bosd lèdlp qo nfqtnllp sdvwoia qo woll"qnedsv, As Vmn{ {d`kmqda m`v sdvtlqv QN 06; *

i4[d`kmqìk ìzolzdv nwwlpìk n vqnq`vq`fnl josbtln qo qmd jìnl anqn qo fossdfq jos sdvwoivd

c`nv Nv As Vmn{ d}wlnìda, [d`kmqìk nllo{v ksotwv {mo nsd ldvv lèdlp qo sdvwoia qo

wollvqdsv qo cd wsowdslp sdwsdvdiqda ì qmd woll QN 06; i4

@i sdldzniq wnsq, As Vmn{v sdwosq foifltada qmnq, foiqsnsp qo qmd Nqqosidp Kdidsnlv

foifltvòiv, M`vwni`f sdvwoiadiqv lnfeda nip josb oj àdiq`j`fnqòi idfdvvnsp jos zoqìk nq

qmd vnbd snqd nv jos {m`qd sdvwoiadiqv, `d 4$ oj qmd q`bd -ti"{d`kmqda), os :$ oj qmd q`bd

-{d`kmqda) QN 017 As Vmn{ jtsqmds sdwosqda qmnq htvq ozds 0$ oj Njs`fni Nbds`fniv ì qmd


31/56

6>

kdidsnl vnbwld ->= oj >0: zoqdsv) ao ioq mnzd ni nffdwqncld josb oj zoqds @A nv wds VC >1 QN

01>Vddeìk qo bì`b`xd qmd a`vwns`qp cdq{ddi {m`qd nia Njs`fni Nbds`fni @A wovvdvvòi snqdv,

As Vmn{ ioqda qmnqUqRdi oj qmovd >= nsd ozds :4 pdnsv oj nkd, mo{dzds, nia qmtv ~tnl`jp jos ncvdiqdd cnlloqvNia nioqmds jots oj qmd sdbnììk d`kmq vdlj"àdiq`jp nv a`vnclda, nia qmtv nlvo ~tnl`jpjos ncvdiqdd cnlloqv @i vmosq, jots otq oj >0: Njs`fni Nbds`fniv Uos nwwso}`bnqdlp 3$Rsdwtqdalp nq s`ve atd qo Qd}nvv id{ zoqds @A ln{ fotla woqdiq`nllp cd njjdfqda cp VC>1

QN 01>Cnvda ì wnsq oi As Vmn{v vtszdp sdvtlqv, Qd}nv nsktdv qmnq VC >1v wmoqo

àdiq`j`fnqòi sd~t`sdbdiq {`ll ioq mnzd n a`vwnsnqd `bwnfq oi M`vwni`f os Njs`fni"Nbds`fni

zoqdsv ì Qd}nv Qd}nv Wsowovda Jìaìkv, DFJ Io 373 nq >6

Qmd sdl`nc`l`qp oj As Vmn{v vqtap, mo{dzds, `v vdsòtvlp tiadsbìda cp m`v vtszdpv

d}qsnosaìns`lp lo{ sdvwoivd snqdv Htvq ozds 3$ oj qmd ìa`zàtnlv As Vmn{ nqqdbwqda qo foiqnfq

tlq`bnqdlp sdvwoiada qo m`v ~tdvqòiv QN 0:;":=Nv d}wlnìda ì ksdnqds adqn`l ì Wnsq @@@C6,

ìjsn, tifoiqdvqda sdfosa dzàdifd vtkkdvqv qmnq vtfm lo{ sdvwoivd snqdv sdiads qdldwmoid

vtszdpv vf`diq`j`fnllp ìznlà [d qmtv jìa qmnq As Vmn{v vtszdp oj qmovd oi qmd Hnitnsp io"

bnqfm l`vq `v bdqmoaolok`fnllp tivotia nia qmdsdjosd tisdl`ncld

As Vmn{v vqtap vtjjdsv jsob nq ldnvq oid naa`qòinl adjdfq Nq j`svq cltvm, m`v vtszdp

vtkkdvqv qmnq Njs`fni Nbds`fniv ì Qd}nv nsd a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lèdlp qo lnfe wmoqo @A8 ozds 0$

oj Njs`fni Nbds`fni sdvwoiadiqv sdwosqda lnfeìk @A, fobwnsda qo 4":$ oj qmd kdidsnl

wowtlnqòi @i jnfq, qmd nfqtnl a`vwns`qp bnp cd dzdi lnskds vìfd As Vmn{ sdwosqda oilp

ti{d`kmqda itbcdsvioq qmd {d`kmqda wdsfdiqnkdjos Njs`fni Nbds`fniv @i sdvwoivd qo qm`v

a`vwns`qp, As Vmn{ nqqdbwqda qo sdatfd qmd Njs`fni Nbds`fni j`ktsd cp sdbozìk a`vnclda

wdowld nia qmovd ozds :4 Ctq a`vnclda zoqdsv nia qmovd ozds :4 {`ll ioq cd d}dbwq jsob VC

>1 Nlqmotkm qmdp {`ll cd ncld qo zoqd cp bn`l {`qmotq n wmoqo @A, VC >1 `bwovdv ocl`knqòiv oi


32/56

63

vtfm zoqdsv {mo fmoovd qo zoqd ì"wdsvoi Vwdf`j`fnllp, zoqdsv ozds qmd nkd oj :4 {mo {niq qo

zoqd ì wdsvoi {`ll mnzd qo wsdvdiq nffdwqncld wmoqo @A Nia a`vnclda zoqdsv {mo {`vm qo

àdiq`jp qmdbvdlzdv tvìk qmd`s w`fqtsdldvv zoqds @A fdsq`j`fnqd {`ll j`svq mnzd qo ocqnì {s`qqdi

aoftbdiqnqòi oj a`vnc`l`qp jsob d`qmds qmd Vof`nl Vdfts`qp Nabì`vqsnqòi os qmd Adwnsqbdiq oj

Zdqdsniv Njjn`sv Qd} Dldf Foad >6773-`) Bosdozds, nlqmotkm As Vmn{ sdbozda qmdvd

zoqdsv jsob qmd wool oj Njs`fni Nbds`fni zoqdsv, md jn`lda qo wdsjosb nip v`b`lns sdatfqòiv jos

qmd M`vwni`f os kdidsnl vnbwldv, qmtv bneìk fsovv"snf`nl fobwns`voiv `bwovv`cld As Vmn{v

vdldfq`zd sdatfqòi {nv qmdsdjosd coqm ìnwwsows`nqd nia bdqmoaolok`fnllp tivotia

3

Qmd vdfoia anqn vdq nq `vvtd `v n fobwtqds"kdidsnqda io"bnqfm l`vq fobw`lda ì Bnp,

37>3 cp qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdvv d}wdsq, Mnsznsa wol`q`fnl vf`diq`vq Vqdwmdi Nivolncdmdsd Btfm lèd

Qd}nvv Hnitnsp io"bnqfm l`vq, As Nivolncdmdsdv l`vq nqqdbwqv qo vmo{ qmd itbcds oj Qd}nv

zoqdsv {mo lnfe vqnqd"`vvtda wmoqo @A As Nivolncdmdsd fobw`lda m`v l`vq cp fsovv"sdjdsdifìk

Qd}nvv zoqds sdk`vqsp {`qm ->) qmd AWV @A anqncnvd -{m`fm foiqnìv coqm vqnqd"`vvtda as`zdsv

l`fdivdv nia wdsvoinl @A fnsav), nia -3) Qd}nvv l`fdivd"qo"fnssp anqncnvd

Wsòs qo fsovv"sdjdsdifìk qmdvd anqncnvdv, As Nivolncdmdsd fldnida qmd as`zdsv

l`fdivd nia l`fdivd"qo"fnssp"anqncnvdv qo sdbozd atwl`fnq`zd nia `bbnqds`nl diqs`dv Vwdf`j`fnllp,

As Nivolncdmdsd sdbozda jsob qmdvd anqncnvdv nll diqs`dv {`qm àdiq`fnl vof`nl vdfts`qp

itbcdsv Md nlvo sdbozda sdfosav jos as`zdsv l`fdivdv qmnq {dsd d`qmds d}w`sda os cdloikda qo

vobdcoap bnseda adfdnvda TV D} 411 >>">6Nv As Nivolncdmdsd d}wlnìda8

UAs`zdsv l`fdivdR sdfosav qmnq fossdvwoia qo adfdnvda wdsvoiv, d}w`sda l`fdivdv, nia oqmdsfnvdv bnp zdsp {dll bnqfm qo ìa`zàtnlv oi qmd Uzoqds sdk`vqspR Qmdp vmotla ioq cdfoivàdsda znlà bnqfmdv nv qmdp nsd ioq znlà zoqdsv os ao ioq mnzd n znlà vqnqd


33/56

66

àdiq`j`fnqòi jos wtswovdv oj zoqds àdiq`j`fnqòi Eddwìk qmdvd fnvdv ì qmd bnqfmìkwsofdvv {otla fsdnqd jnlvd wov`q`zdv ì qmd bnqfm nia ldna qo qoo bnip# bnqfmdv

@a nq >6As Nivolncdmdsd nlvo wdsjosbda n wnsnlldl fldniìk oj qmd zoqds sdk`vqsp l`vq qo

sdbozd atwl`fnqd diqs`dv, nlqmotkm -nia {d vmnll vnp bosd ncotq qm`v lnqds) md jn`lda qo sdbozd

zoqdsv {mo mna cddi adv`kinqda adfdnvda@a) nq >>">3

As Nivolncdmdsd qmdi cdkni foivqstfqìk m`v io"bnqfm l`vq Md adjìda n bnqfmda

zoqds`d, n zoqds {mo wsdvtbnclp wovvdvvdv vqnqd"`vvtda @Anv nip UzoqdsR oi qmd Zoqds

Sdk`vqsnqòi anqncnvd {`qm qmd vnbd àdiq`jpìk ìjosbnqòi oi qmd As`zdsv L`fdivd os

L`fdivd qo Fnssp Anqncnvd@a nq 4Vnbd àdiq`jpìk ìjosbnqòi, jos qmd wtswovdv oj As

Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap, foivq`qtqda oid oj q{o qmìkv8 n jtll 0"a`k`q vof`nl vdfts`qp itbcds bnqfm5

os ni àdiq`fnl j`svq inbd, lnvq inbd, nia anqd oj c`sqm@a nq >4

Qmsotkm qm`v wsofdvv, As Nivolncdmdsd foivqstfqda n io"bnqfm l`vq foiv`vqìk oj idnslp

>0 b`llòi zoqdsv {mo nwwnsdiqlp lnfeda Qd}nv"`vvtda wmoqo @A Nlbovq 37$ oj qmdvd io"

bnqfmdv {dsd bnseda cp As Nivolncdmdsd nv nbc`ktotv Qm`v bdniq oid oj q{o qmìkv J`svq,

qmd io"bnqfm fotla cd n zoqds {`qm n zdsp fobboi inbd {mo mna cddi bnqfmda qo n vqnqd @A ctq

{`qmotq m`km wsocnc`l`q`dv oj fdsqnìqp@a -Qmd Vqnqd oj Qd}nv, jos d}nbwld, fotla {dll foiqnì

btlq`wld wdowld inbda B`fmndl Hoidv cosi oi Hnitnsp :, >0=>, vo `q {otla cd tifldns {mdqmds

n bnqfm {otla cd jos qmd s`kmq B`fmndl Hoidv) Vdfoia, qmd io"bnqfm fotla cd n zoqds {`qm n

as`zdsv l`fdivd bnseda Ioq Dl`k`cld qo as`zd Nv As Nivolncdmdsd ioqda, `q `v tifldns mo{

qmd Ioq Dl`k`cld ioqnqòi njjdfqv qmd znlà`qp oj qmd àdiq`j`fnqòi jos wtswovdv oj zoqìk

tiads VC >1@a nq >1

Cdfntvd Qd}nv aodv ioq qsnfe zoqdsv cp snfd, As Nivolncdmdsd fsovv"sdjdsdifda m`v io"

bnqfm l`vq {`qm n anqncnvd wsozàda cp Fnqnl`vq, LLF N ws`znqd zdiaos vwdf`nl`xìk ì zoqds

sdk`vqsnqòi anqn, Fnqnl`vq nqqdbwqv qo adqdsbìd zoqdsv snfd cp nwwlpìk n wsda`fq`zd nlkos`qmb


34/56

61

qmnq tvdv inbd a`fqòins`dv nia sdvàdiq`nl nsdn ìjosbnqòi@a nq :, = Nv As Nivolncdmdsd

d}wlnìv ì m`v d}wdsq sdwosq8

N inbd a`fqòinsp {otla àdiq`jp vobdoid inbda Ksdk Hoidv nv :7$ lèdlp qo cd [m`qd

cnvda oi qmd jsd~tdifp {`qm {m`fm qmnq inbd `v tvda ì qmd wowtlnqòi Vobdoid inbdaKsdk Cdsinsa Hoidv {mo l`zdv ì ni nsdn qmnq `v 6>$ Clnfe mnv ni =6$ wsocnc`l`qp ojcdìk Clnfe Qmd fobcìnqòi oj inbd ìjosbnqòi nia lofnl nsdn ìjosbnqòi, qmdi,vmnswdiv qmd nlkos`qmb jos àdiq`jpìk snfd foivàdsnclp

@a nq =

Njqds fsovv"sdjdsdifìk m`v io"bnqfm l`vq {`qm Fnqnl`vqv anqncnvd, nia qmtv nvv`kiìk n

snf`nl flnvv`j`fnqòi qo dzdsp ìa`zàtnl oi qmd io"bnqfm l`vq, As Nivolncdmdsd sdnfmda q{o

foifltvòiv8

>) @j nbc`ktotv fnvdv nsd qsdnqda nv io"bnqfmdv, 37;>$ oj sdk`vqdsda Njs`fni Nbds`fnizoqdsv, >;10$ oj sdk`vqdsda M`vwni`f zoqdsv, nia >7=4$ oj sdk`vqdsda {m`qd zoqdsv

fniioq cd bnqfmda {`qm @Av ì qmd Qd}nv anqncnvdv5

3) @j nbc`ktotv fnvdv nsdqsdnqda nv bnqfmdv, >40;$ oj sdk`vqdsda Njs`fni Nbds`fnizoqdsv, >163$ oj sdk`vqdsda M`vwni`f zoqdsv, nia 0:4$ oj sdk`vqdsda {m`qd zoqdsv

fniioq cd bnqfmda {`qm @Av ì qmd Qd}nv anqncnvdv

@a) nq 6> @i d`qmds dzdiq, qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv foiqdiav, As Nivolncdmdsdv anqn foifltv`zdlp vmo{v

qmnq sdk`vqdsda Njs`fni Nbds`fni nia M`vwni`f zoqdsv ì Qd}nv nsd a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lèdlp qo

lnfe wmoqo @A Jos vdzdsnl sdnvoiv, {d jìa qmnq As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap fniioq vtwwosq qm`v

foifltvòi

J`svq, As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap, dzdi {dsd `q bdqmoaolok`fnllp jln{ldvv, `v oj l`b`qda

znltd cdfntvd `q jn`lv qo d}nbìd nll VC >1"~tnl`jpìk @A Sdfnll qmnq VC >1 wdsb`qv ì"wdsvoi

zoqdsv qo wsdvdiq oid oj j`zd qpwdv oj wmoqo @A Q{o nsd `vvtda cp qmd vqnqd8 n AWV"`vvtda

as`zdsv l`fdivd os @A fnsa, os n l`fdivd qo fnssp n foifdnlda mniakti Qmsdd nsd `vvtda cp qmd


35/56

64

jdadsnl kozdsibdiq8 n wnvvwosq, b`l`qnsp @A, os f`q`xdivm`w fdsq`j`fnqd {`qm wmoqoksnwm Qd} Dldf

Foad :67>7> -Hnitnsp >, 37>3) Pdq As Nivolncdmdsd l`b`qda m`v vqtap qo qmd q{o vqnqd josbv

oj @A Qm`v l`b`qnqòi `v v`ki`j`fniq cdfntvd qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv sdl`dv oi As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap

qo vtwwosq `qv csona foifltvòi qmnq qmdsd d}`vqv n vtcvqniq`nl snf`nl a`vwns`qp ì qmd wovvdvvòi oj

àdiq`j`fnqòi sd~t`sda cp VC >1 TV Wsowovda Jìaìkv, DFJ Io 336 nq >> -dbwmnv`v naada,

vobd fnw`qnl`xnqòi nlqdsda)Ctq jos qm`v qo cd qstd, As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap {otla mnzd qo mnzd

foivàdsda nll josbv oj àdiq`j`fnqòi sd~t`sda cp VC >1, ioq htvq qmd q{o vqnqd"`vvtda

~tnl`jpìk josbv Pdq advw`qd qmd jnfq qmnq As Nivolncdmdsd {nv sdqnìda cp qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv

nia d}wsdvvlp nveda jos nffdvv qo qmd anqncnvdv sdknsaìk qmd qmsdd josbv oj jdadsnl @A, Qs`nl Qs

;/>3/37>3 -NB) 0=8>6"3>, m`v d}wdsq sdwosq vqnqdv qmnq UiRo jdadsnl l`vqv {dsd wsozàda qo bd jos

qmd vned oj qm`v ninlpv`v, TV D} 411 nq 0">7 Tildvv qmd Ti`qda Vqnqdv `v ncld qo wsdvdiq n jtll

w`fqtsd oj wsdf`vdlp {mo lnfev nip josb oj VC >1"nwwsozda @A, `q mnv io cnv`v jos nveìk tv qo

njj`sbnq`zdlp jìa qmnq VC >1 {`ll a`vfs`bìnqd nknìvq nipoidnq ldnvq ioq oi qmd cnv`v oj

a`vwnsnqd @A wovvdvvòi snqdv

Qmd jn`ltsd qo ninlpxd jdadsnl anqn `v ioq qmd oilp wsocldb {`qm As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap

@q `v nlvo wlnktda cp vdzdsnl bdqmoaolok`fnl jln{v qmnq bned `q `bwovv`cld qo sdlp oi `q dzdi jos

qmd bosd l`b`qda wsowov`qòi qmnq qmdsd d}`vqv n snf`nl a`vwns`qp ì qmd wovvdvvòi ojvqnqd"`vvtda

@A J`svq, foifdsida qmnq m`v nlkos`qmb b`kmq sdvtlq ì qoo bnip bnqfmdv, As Nivolncdmdsd

fldnida qmd AWV anqncnvd cp sdbozìk ;;0,0>= adfdnvda as`zdsv wsòs qo fsdnqìk m`v io"

bnqfm l`vq TV D} 411 nq >6 CtqAs Nivolncdmdsd jn`lda qo sdbozd idnslp 47,777 oj qmovd

d}nfq vnbd ìa`zàtnlv jsob qmd zoqds sollv, qmtv z`sqtnllp divtsìk qmnq qmdvd adfdnvda zoqdsv

{otla cd ìfltada oi qmd io"bnqfm l`vq [d fni qmìe oj io kooa sdnvoi jos qmd`s ìfltvòi Njqds

nll, Lpiaoi Homivoiv >01= Vdinqd snfd ioq{`qmvqniaìk, qmd adna fniioq zoqd ì Qd}nv Vdd


36/56

6:

Socdsq Fnso, Bdniv qo ni Nvfdiq 630 -J`svq Zìqnkd Cooev >00>) Qstd, ioqmìk ì qmd sdfosa

vtkkdvqv qmnq qmd adna zoqdsv oi As Nivolncdmdsdv io"bnqfm l`vq {dsd a`vwsowosqòinqdlp

bìos`q`dv Ctq m`v jn`ltsd qo sdbozd qmdb bdniv, nq qmd zdsp ldnvq, qmnq m`v io"bnqfm l`vq

ozdsvqnqdv VC >1v djjdfq

Vdfoia, {d mnzd vdsòtv aotcqv nv qo {mdqmds Fnqnl`vqv nlkos`qmb nfftsnqdlp àdiq`j`da

qmd snf`nl fobwov`qòi oj zoqdsv ì qm`v fnvd Nlqmotkm As Nivolncdmdsdv d}wdsq sdwosq vqnqdv

qmnq Fnqnl`vq `v ni ìatvqsp ldnads ì àdiq`jpìk snfdv cnvda oi inbdv nia Fdivtv anqn, wlnfda

vdfoia ì n Btlq`"Ftlqtsnl Inbd Bnqfmìk Fmnlldikd, nia mnv cddi tvda ì vdzdsnl nfnadb`f

vqta`dv, TV D} 411 nq ="0, qmd sdfosa foiqnìv io a`sdfq dzàdifd nv qo qmd nfftsnfp oj

Fnqnl`vqv nlkos`qmb Qo qmd foiqsnsp, sdfosa dzàdifd vtkkdvqvnlcd`q ioq foifltv`zdlpqmnq

Fnqnl`vqv dssos snqd ì qm`v fnvd bnp cd ~t`qd m`km [mdi fsovv"d}nbììk As Nivolncdmdsd,

Qd}nvv fotivdl adboivqsnqda nidfaoqnllp qmnq n itbcds oj zoqdsv oi m`v io"bnqfm l`vq ao, ì

jnfq, wovvdvv vqnqd"`vvtda wmoqo @A, nia jtsqmds vmo{da qmnq qmd snfd l`vqda oi bnip oj qmovd

zoqdsv @Av a`jjdsda jsob Fnqnl`vqv snf`nl flnvv`j`fnqòi Vdd Qs`nl Qs ;/>3/37>3 -WB) 4;831"

4=845 =681"3>5 =18>>"=48; Bosdozds, {mdi Qd}nvv d}wdsq As Vmn{ foiatfqda n jollo{"tw

vtszdp oj zoqdsv oi As Nivolncdmdsdv io"bnqfm l`vq, oilp :=$ oj sdvwoiadiqv àdiq`j`da nv

clnfe cp Fnqnl`vq nfqtnllp vdlj"àdiq`j`da nv clnfe QN 0;6Nv a`vftvvda ì bosd adqn`l

cdlo{, vdd ìjsn Vdfqòi @@@C6, {d mnzd vdsòtv ~tnlbv ncotq qmd bdqmoaolok`fnl s`kos oj As

Vmn{v vtszdpv nia vo fniioq foifltad qmnq qm`v :=$ j`ktsd `v nfftsnqd Idzdsqmdldvv, qm`v

itbcds sn`vdv n sda jlnk @i l`q`knqòi lèd qm`v, {m`fm adwdiav lnskdlp oi nfftsnqd snf`nl

flnvv`j`fnqòi, dzdi qmdwovv`c`l`qp qmnq 63$ oj qmovd flnvv`j`fnqòiv nsd {soik `v v`bwlp qoo m`km

Jìnllp, nq qs`nl Qd}nv adboivqsnqda mo{ As Nivolncdmdsdv inbd bnqfmìk nlkos`qmb,

{m`fm sd~t`sdv ni d}nfqbnqfm, fotla ldna qo n itbcds oj jnlvd io"bnqfmdv Jos d}nbwld, tiads


37/56

6;

As Nivolncdmdsdv nlkos`qmb, n Coc Qmobnv oi qmd zoqds sdk`vqsp fniioq cd bnqfmda {`qm ni

@A jos Socdsq Qmobnv Ios fni Htni Koixnldxcd bnqfmda {`qm Htni Koixnldv Nia nip

{obni {mo fmnikdv mds lnvq inbd nq bnss`nkd `v n io"bnqfm `j mds zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi sdbnìv ì

mds bnàdi inbd @bwosqniqlp, mo{dzds, VC >1 {`ll wdsb`q zoqdsv qo fnvq n cnlloq `j qmd inbd oi

qmd aoftbdiqnqòi `v vtcvqniq`nllp v`b`lns qo qmd inbd oi qmd l`vq Qd} Dldf Foad :677>

-Hnitnsp >, 37>3) -dbwmnv`v naada) K`zdi qm`v, As Nivolncdmdsdv jn`ltsd qo bnqfm zoqdsv qo

vqnqd"`vvtda @Av {`qm vtcvqniq`nllp v`b`lns inbdv tiadsbìdv m`v foifltvòiv Qm`v `v

dvwdf`nllp qstd k`zdi qmnq Dikl`vm vwdllìkv oj Vwni`vm inbdv ojqdi znsp vl`kmqlp -Koixnldx zv

Koixnldv5 Adlnfstx zv Ad ln Fstx){m`fm, ì qm`v foiqd}q, {otla ldna qo n a`vwsowosqòinqd

itbcds oj io"bnqfmdv jos M`vwni`fv Nia ioqnclp, vobd oj qmdvd jnlvd io"bnqfmdv fotla

wsocnclp mnzd cddi dl`bìnqda As Nivolncdmdsd qdvq`j`da qmnq `q `v wovv`cld qo dbwlop n jtxxp

bnqfmìk vtcsotqìd, {mdsd pot qned n l`vq oj woqdiq`nl i`feinbdv nia vo josqm nia qsp qo

bnqfm oi qmd cnv`v oj qmovd, os ì`q`nlv nia qmìkv lèd qmnq Qs`nl Qs ;/>3/37>3 -WB) 478>="3>

Qo vtb tw, As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap d}fltadv jdadsnl josbv oj @A nia tvdv ni tifdsqnì

snf`nl flnvv`j`fnqòi nlkos`qmb Bosdozds, m`v io"bnqfm l`vq `v ìjlnqda8 `q ìfltadv coqm adfdnvda

zoqdsv nia zoqdsv {mo bnp mnzd @A tiads n vtcvqniq`nllp v`b`lns inbd [d qmdsdjosd jìa As

Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap tisdl`ncld

6

Qd}nvv jìnl vqtap oj @A wovvdvvòi snqdv sdvqv oi pdq nioqmds vdq oj qdldwmoid vtszdpv

tiadsqnedi cp As Vmn{ Jollo{ìk qmd vtcb`vvòi oj As Nivolncdmdsdv d}wdsq sdwosq, Qd}nv

sdqnìda As Vmn{ qo wdsjosb n vdfoia vdq oj vtszdpvqm`v q`bd oj qmd ìa`zàtnlv oi As

Nivolncdmdsdv io"bnqfm l`vq As Vmn{ foiatfqda qmsdd vtszdpv8 ->) n kdidsnl vnbwld oj >,777


38/56

6=

ìa`zàtnlv jsob qmd io"bnqfm l`vq5 -3) n vnbwld oj :77 ìa`zàtnlv Fnqnl`vq àdiq`j`da nv Njs`fni

Nbds`fni5 nia -6) n vnbwld oj :77 ìa`zàtnlv Fnqnl`vq àdiq`j`da nv M`vwni`f QN 0;6Nv ì As

Vmn{v j`svq vtszdp, sdvwoiadiqv {dsd nveda {mdqmds qmdp wovvdvvda nip josb oj @A sd~t`sda cp

VC >1coqm vqnqd niajdadsnlnv {dll nv ~tdvqòiv ncotq qmd`s snfd, zoqìk mnc`qv, a`vnc`l`qp

vqnqtv, nia owìòiv oi zoqds @A ln{v QN 0;="=3

Nlqmotkm As Vmn{v vdfoia sotia oj vtszdpv sdvdbclda m`v j`svq, q{o bdqmoaolok`fnl

jdnqtsdv nsd {osqm m`kml`kmqìk J`svq, nv bdiqòida ncozd, As Vmn{ foifltada qmnq Fnqnl`vqv

snf`nl àdiq`j`fnqòi nlkos`qmb {nv lnskdlp ìnfftsnqd QN 0;6Nv n sdvtlq, As Vmn{ fnqdkos`xda

sdvwoiadiqv cnvda oi qmd`s vdlj"àdiq`j`da snfd`d, mo{ qmdp niv{dsda qmd ~tdvqòi U{Rmnq

{otla pot vnp `v pots bnì snfd?snqmds qmni mo{ qmdp {dsd flnvv`j`da cp Fnqnl`vq@a5vdd

nlvo QN 0=>Vdfoia, tilèd ì m`v j`svq vqtap, As Vmn{ aà ioq sdwosq {d`kmqda vtszdp sdvtlqv

qo qmd fotsq, nlqmotkm md qdvq`j`da qmnq md UmnaR ì jnfq, {d`kmqda m`v sdvtlqv oi m`v o{i Qs`nl

Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) =>8>0"33

Cnvda oi qm`v vdfoia sotia oj vtszdpv, As Vmn{ foifltada qmnq qmdsd `v io vqnq`vq`fnllp

v`ki`j`fniq a`jjdsdifd ì @A wovvdvvòi snqdv nboikvq {m`qdv, clnfev, nia M`vwni`fv {mdi qmd

nwwsows`nqd ti`zdsvd oj @A qpwdv `v nffotiqda jos QN 0;:";;Vwdf`j`fnllp, As Vmn{ sdwosqda

qmnq ì m`v kdidsnl vnbwld, 06=$ oj {m`qdv lnfeda nipoj qmd josbv oj @A l`vqda ì VC >1,

fobwnsda {`qm 067$ oj Njs`fni Nbds`fniv, nia :>=$ oj M`vwni`fv QN 0;:Nveìk ncotq

jdadsnl josbv oj @A nwwnsdiqlp bnad n a`jjdsdifd8 As Vmn{ sdwosqda qmnq nboikvq M`vwni`fv,

wovvdvvòi oj n znlà wnvvwosq os f`q`xdivm`w fdsq`j`fnqd `v m`kmds qmni qmnq jos qmd Niklo

wowtlnqòi QN 0;4Ozdsnll, qmotkm, As Vmn{ qdvq`j`da qmnq ì qmd kdidsnl vnbwld, snfd"cnvda

a`jjdsdifd cdq{ddi qmdvd snqdv oj U@AR wovvdvvòi `v vqnq`vq`fnllp ìv`ki`j`fniq Qs`nl Qs

;/>>/37>3 -NB) 6483>"6:83 Bosdozds, As Vmn{ ioqda qmnq U`Rj {d sdlp oi anqn jsob qmd


39/56

60

M`vwni`f nia clnfe vtszdpv -sdvwdfq`zdlp), :;3$ oj M`vwni`fv nia ;:1$ oj clnfev ao ioq

wovvdvv oid os bosd oj qmd wmoqo @Av àdiq`j`da ì VC >1 QN 0;:Coqm oj qmdvd snqdv nsd lo{ds

qmni qmd wdsfdiqnkd oj {m`qdv {mo sdwosqda lnfeìk @A ì qmd kdidsnl vnbwld@a

Nknì, mo{dzds, As Vmn{v vtszdpv {dsd wlnktda cp lo{ sdvwoivd snqdv M`v vtszdp oj

qmd kdidsnl vnbwld jsob As Nivolncdmdsdv l`vq mna n sdvwoivd snqd oj oilp 37$, bdniìk qmnq

htvq oid otq oj dzdsp 47 zoqdsv md nqqdbwqda qo sdnfm nfqtnllp niv{dsda m`v ~tdvqòiv QN 0=6

Sdvwoivd snqdv jos qmd Njs`fni Nbds`fni nia M`vwni`f vtszdpv {dsd mnsalp nip cdqqdshtvq

34$ nia 3>$, sdvwdfq`zdlp QN 0=1"=4V`ki`j`fniqlp, As Vmn{ foifdada qmnq md mna idzds

ocqnìda vtfm lo{ sdvwoivd snqdv atsìk nip oj qmd l`zd ìqdsz`d{ qdldwmoid vtszdpv md

foiatfqda ozds qmd fotsvd oj m`v fnsdds Qs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) ;>83>"34 N lo{ sdvwoivd snqd,

md qdvq`j`da, `v nl{npv n foifdsi jos vtszdpv@a nq 118: As Vmn{ d}wlnìda8

Qmdsdv nl{npv qmd wovv`c`l`qp qmnq qmd wdowld pot foiqnfqda nsd vpvqdbnq`fnllp a`jjdsdiqjsob qmd wdowld pot fotlaiq foiqnfq d`qmds cdfntvd pot fotlaiq sdnfm qmdb os cdfntvd potsdnfmda qmdb nia qmdp aàiq {niq qo wnsq`f`wnqd ì qmd vtszdp Qm`v `v csonalp sdjdssda qo nvioi"sdvwoivd c`nv

@a 118>"4 @i oqmds {osav, n lo{ sdvwoivd snqd ìfsdnvdv qmd wsocnc`l`qp qmnq qmd wdowld {mo

nfqtnllp sdvwoiada nsd ì vobd sdldzniq {np a`jjdsdiq qmni qmd qnskdq wowtlnqòi Qm`v `v mnsalp

ni nif`llnsp foifdsi Njqds nll, qmd diq`sd woìq oj n qdldwmoid vtszdp ì qm`v foiqd}q `v qo ocqnì n

sdwsdvdiqnq`zd vnbwld oj n qnskdq wowtlnqòi

Mdsd, As Vmn{v foifdsiv nsd {dll htvq`j`da Sdvwoivd snqdv oj 37, 3>, nia 34$ jnll jns

vmosq oj nipqmìk addbda nffdwqncld ì qmd wollìk ìatvqsp Qstd, nv As Vmn{ qdvq`j`da, qmd Wd{

Sdvdnsfm Fdiqds sdfdiqlp foifltada qmnq qdldwmoid vtszdpv {`qm sdvwoivd snqdv nv lo{ nv 0$ bnp

cd addbda sdl`ncld ì vobd f`sftbvqnifdv Vdd Wd{ Sdvdnsfm Fdiqds, Nvvdvvìk qmd

Sdwsdvdiqnq`zdidvv oj Wtcl`f Owìòi Vtszdpv, -Bnp >4, 37>3) nq =">7, nzn`lncld oilìd nq

mqqw8//{{{wdowld"wsdvvosk/j`ldv/ldknfp"waj/Nvvdvvìk$37qmd$37Sdwsdvdiqnq`zdidvv$37oj$


40/56

17

37Wtcl`f$37Owìòi$37Vtszdpvwaj -Wd{ Vqtap) -lnvq z`v`qda Ntktvq 3=, 37>3) Ctq n 0$

sdvwoivd snqd, {m`ld lo{, `v jns m`kmds qmni qmd sdvwoivd snqdv ocqnìda cp As Vmn{14 q`bdv

qmd snqdv md nfm`dzda jos qmd kdidsnl vnbwld Bosdozds, qmd Wd{ vqtap, qmd znlà`qp oj {m`fm `v

ti~tdvqòida cp Qd}nv, vdqv qmd ìatvqsp jloos8 id`qmds As Vmn{ ios nip oqmds {`qidvv f`qda n

vìkld vqtap qmnq vtkkdvqv qmnq n sdvwoivd snqd nip lo{dsqmni 0$ `v vnq`vjnfqosp Qo qmd foiqsnsp,

As Anzà Bnseds, n vqnq`vq`f`ni {mo wdsjosbv vtszdpv jos qmd jdadsnl kozdsibdiq, qdvq`j`da qmnq n

3$ sdvwoivd snqd `v d}fddaìklp lo{, nia otq oj cotiav {`qm qmd vtszdpv qmnq nsd sd~tdvqda

nia tvda cp qmd kozdsibdiqQs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -WB) >7=8:"=As Bnseds jtsqmds qdvq`j`da qmnq

@ aoiq cdl`dzd n q{o wdsfdiq vtszdp fni wsozàd vqnq`vq`fnllp znlà dvq`bnqdv, à) >>:84":,

cdfntvd vtfm dvq`bnqdv {`ll ioq nq nll sdjldfq qmd tiadslpìk qstd ozdsnll wowtlnqòi dvq`bnqdv

qmnq potsd qspìk qo tiadsvqnia@a >7=83>"36 Qmd sdvtlqv oj vtszdpv {`qm vtfm lo{ sdvwoivd

snqdv, As Bnseds cltiqlp foifltada, nsd sdnllp `ssdldzniq@a >7=837"3> Qmtv, qneìk ots ftdv

jsob qmd wollìk ìatvqsp `qvdlj, {d mnzd l`qqld qsotcld jìaìk qmnq As Vmn{v sdvwoivd snqdv jnll

{dll vmosq oj nffdwqncld

@i nip dzdiq, dzdi mna As Vmn{ ocqnìda ni nad~tnqd sdvwoivd snqd, m`v vtszdp {otla

vq`ll lnfe fdsqnì mnllbnsev oj sdl`nc`l`qp Qmd 37>3 Wd{ vqtap, jos d}nbwld, foifltada qmnq

qdldwmoid vtszdpv qmnq U>R ìfltad lnialìdv niafdll wmoidv nia U3R nsd {d`kmqda qo bnqfm qmd

adboksnwm`f fobwov`qòi oj qmd wowtlnqòi wsozàd nfftsnqd anqn Wd{ Vqtap nq >

-dbwmnv`v naada)5 vdd nlvo Qs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -WB) >>683>"33 -As Bnseds qdvq`jpìk nv qo qmd

jnfq qmnq qmd Wd{ vqtap tvdv fdll wmoidv nia lnia lìdv) As Vmn{ m`bvdlj qdvq`j`da qmnq qmdvd

nsd wsoqofolv qmnq Wd{ nvvtbdv nia qmnq idda qo cd ì wlnfd ì osads qo kdq qmnq vosq oj ~tnl`qp

Qs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) >3;8>7">> -dbwmnv`v naada) Advw`qd qm`v, As Vmn{ jn`lda qo ìfltad

nip fdll wmoid itbcdsv5 ìvqdna, md foiqnfqda oilp ìa`zàtnlv {`qm lnialìd wmoidv@a >3;8>3"


41/56

1>

>; Ios aà As Vmn{ wsoatfd nip {d`kmqda sdvtlqv oj qmd vtszdp qo qmd Fotsq@a >3;831"34

K`zdi qmnq qmdvd wsoqofolv iddaqo cd ì wlnfd qo divtsd ~tnl`qp, As Vmn{v jn`ltsd qo ncàd

cp qmdb jtsqmds tiadsbìdv qmd znlà`qp oj m`v vtszdpv@a) ;>83>"34 -dbwmnv`v naada)

Nq qs`nl, As Vmn{ votkmq qo nvvtsd tv qmnq m`v {d`kmqda vtszdpv, mna qmdp cddi vtcb`qqda

nv dzàdifd, {otla looeUR btfm qmd vnbd nv qmd ioi"{d`kmqda vtszdpv@a >67837 As Vmn{

qdvq`j`da qmnq m`v vtszdp jotia qmnq ksotwv qmnq nsd mnsads qo foiqnfqpotikds ksotwv wdowld

{`qm lo{ds ìfobd, dq fdqdsnqdia qo wovvdvv @A nq qmd vnbd snqd nv dnv`ds"qo"foiqnfq ksotwv

@a 17837"1>8> Qmtv, As Vmn{ qdvq`j`da, {d`kmqìk jos nkd os vofòdfoiob`f vqnqtv v`bwlp

{otla mnzd sdwlnfda n ksotw {`qm 07 wdsfdiq àdiq`j`fnqòi snqdv {`qm nioqmds ksotw {`qm 07

wdsfdiq àdiq`j`fnqòi snqdv@a 17836"34 Nv As Vmn{ wtq `q8

U@Ri qmnq vdivd qmd a`vftvvòi, qmd foizdsvnqòi ncotq sdvwoivd snqdv {m`ld `qv `bwosqniqnia {m`ld `qv ìqdsdvqìk, @ bdni, tlq`bnqdlp qmd wsooj `v ì qmd wtaaìk U@Rj {d {dsd qoU{d`kmqR, {mnq potsd koìk qo jìa `v io fmnikd @ bdni, qmdvd nsd 07 wdsfdiq wovvdvvòisnqdv Qmd 07 wdsfdiq wovvdvvòi snqdv, vdlj"wsojdvvda wovvdvvòi snqdv offts nfsovv n loq oja`jjdsdiq ksotwv

@a >6783>">6>84

Qm`v woìq bds`qv q{o sdvwoivdv J`svq, {d nsd tincld qo nffdwq As Vmn{v znktd

sdwsdvdiqnqòiv ncotq {d`kmqda anqnsdwsdvdiqnqòiv qmnq {dsd ioq wsdvdiqda qo qmd fotsq nia

vtchdfqda qo fsovv"d}nbìnqòi Vdfoia, dzdi `j @A wovvdvvòi snqdv nsd csonalp qmd vnbd nfsovv

a`jjdsdiq nkd nia vofòdfoiob`f ksotwv, As Vmn{ vq`ll mnv io cnv`v jos foifltaìk qmnq md

ocqnìda n sdwsdvdiqnq`zd vnbwld {`qmìqmovd ksotwv Nv As Bnseds d}wlnìda8

U[d`kmqìkR oilp kodv vo jns Qmd `vvtd `v, nsd qmd potik wdowld {mo sdvwoiada, qmd q{owdsfdiq, nsd qmdp lèd nll oj qmd oqmds potik wdowld? Nsd qmd dladslp {mo sdvwoiada lèd qmddladslp {mo aài+q? Nsd qmd clnfev {mo sdvwoiada lèd qmd qpw`fnl clnfev? Nia qmnq aodvi+qkdq mdlw cp {d`kmqìk

Qs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -WB) >>3833">>68>


42/56

13

Qo qned ctq oid d}nbwld oj qm`v woìq, As Vmn{ vtszdpda oilp wdowld {`qm lnialìd

wmoidv Nia qmotkm `q bnp cd qstd qmnq >="qo"30"pdns"ola lnialìd tvdsv mnzd wmoqo @A nq qmd

vnbd snqdv nv oqmds lnialìd tvdsv, `q bnp nlvo cd qstd qmnq >="qo"30"pdns"olav {mo tvd oilp fdll

wmoidv nsd a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lèdlp qo lnfe wmoqo @A Jos qmnq bnqqds, `q bnp cd qmnq :4"qo"=7"

pdns"ola M`vwni`f {obdi {mo tvd oilp fdll wmoidv nsd nlvo a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lèdlp qo lnfe

wmoqo @A Cdfntvd As Vmn{ adflìda qo vtszdp qmdvd ìa`zàtnlv, md v`bwlp mnv io {np oj

eio{ìk

Oid jìnl ioqd Qmd Wd{ vqtap foifltada qmnq UoRid v`ki`j`fniq nsdn oj woqdiq`nl ioi"

sdvwoivd c`nv `v qmnq vtszdp wnsq`f`wniqv qdia qo cd v`ki`j`fniqlp bosd diknkda ì f`z`f

nfq`z`qp qmni qmovd {mo ao ioq wnsq`f`wnqd Wd{ Vqtap nq 3 Ioqnclp, qm`v `v qstd dzdi nq qmd 0$

sdvwoivd ldzdl addbda nffdwqncld cp Wd{ Vdd à @q qmtv vddbv wsocncld qmnq, nv qmd Wd{ sdwosq

vtkkdvqv, qmd zoqdsv {mo sdvwoiada qo As Vmn{v vtszdp {dsd v`ki`j`fniqlp bosd f`z`fnllp

diknkda qmni qmd kdidsnl wowtlnqòi Nia `q bnp nlvo cd qmnq f`z`fnllp diknkda zoqdsv oj nllsnfdv

nia ìfobd ldzdlv nsd v`ki`j`fniqlp bosd lèdlp qo sdwosq wovvdvvòi oj vqnqd"`vvtda wmoqo @A

Qm`v b`kmq cd cdfntvd qmd f`z`fnllp diknkda nsd bosd lèdlp qo qsnzdl ìqdsinqòinllp -nia qmtv

mnzd n wnvvwosq)5 zoltiqdds ì qmd`s fobbti`qp -{m`fm ojqdi sd~t`sdv n fns nia as`zdsv l`fdivd)5

os v`bwlp sdid{ qmd`s d}`vqìk @A oi q`bd Os `q fotla cd, nv As Vmn{ vtkkdvqda nq qs`nl, qmnq

qmovd {mo fnsd ncotq {mnq qmd`s id`kmcosv qmìe {otla cd dbcnssnvvda qo vnp qmdp aoiq mnzd n

as`zdsv l`fdivd, dzdi `j qmdp nfqtnllp lnfe oid Qs`nl Qs ;/>>/37>3 -NB) >>>8>=">0

Qstd, nll oj qm`v `v vwdftlnq`zd nia tifdsqnì Ctq qmnq `v wsdf`vdlp qmd woìq [d fniioq

qdll jsob As Vmn{v vtszdpv wsdf`vdlp {mo md foiqnfqda, `j qmdp {dsd sdwsdvdiqnq`zd oj qmd qnskdq

wowtlnqòi, nia {mdqmds qmd`s niv{dsv {dsd ved{da Nv As Vmn{ m`bvdlj qdvq`j`da, qm`v `v qmd

ìmdsdiq anikds ì lo{ sdvwoivd snqdv Vdd à 118>"4 Cdfntvd As Vmn{ jn`lda qo nfm`dzd n


43/56

16

bì`bnllp nffdwqncld sdvwoivd snqd nia qo nwwlp qmd wollìk ìatvqspv vqniansa wsnfq`fdv, {d

jìa m`v vqtap tisdl`ncld

1

Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv woìq otq qmnq, djjdfq`zd Hnitnsp >, 3771, Qd}nvv zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi

josb ìfltadv n j`dla {mdsd zoqdsv nsd nveda qo {s`qd ao{i qmd`s as`zdsv l`fdivd os wdsvoinl @A

itbcds Qd}nv Dldf Foad >6773-f)-=)-N) U@Rj qmd nwwl`fniq mnv ioq cddi `vvtda UvtfmR n

itbcds, qmd nwwl`fniq ìvqdna btvq wsozàd qmd lnvq jots a`k`qv oj qmd nwwl`fniqv vof`nl vdfts`qp

itbcds@a) >6773-f)-=)-C) @j qmd nwwl`fniq lnfev n as`zdsv l`fdivd itbcds, wdsvoinl @A

itbcds, nia n vof`nl vdfts`qp itbcds, qmd nwwl`fniq qmdi btvq ìfltad n vqnqdbdiq qmnq qmd

nwwl`fniq mnv ioq cddi `vvtda Unip vtfmR itbcds@a nq >6773-f)-=)-F) Nffosaìk qo qmd

sdfosa, 4:1$ oj Qd}nv zoqdsv {dsd sdk`vqdsda oi os njqds Hnitnsp >, 3771, nia qmovd sdk`vqdsda

zoqdsv {dsd qmtv sd~t`sda qo tvd qm`v zoqds sdk`vqsnqòi josbQs`nl Qs ;/>6/37>3 >7:837">7;8>"6

Nv Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv woìq otq, 0;$ oj qmovd zoqdsv {`qm Vwni`vm vtsinbdv jn`lda qo

wsozàd n as`zdsv l`fdivd os wdsvoinl @A itbcds oi qmd`s sdk`vqsnqòi josb, fobwnsda {`qm ;4$

oj qmd kdidsnl wowtlnqòi@a >7;83>">7=8> Sdlpìk oi qm`v zdsp vtcvqniq`nl jnf`nl a`jjdsdifd,

Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv nsktd qmnq M`vwni`f zoqdsv ì Qd}nv a`vwsowosqòinqdlp lnfe wmoqo @A@a

>7=8> [d fniioq ìjds jsob qm`v anqn nipqmìk oj qmd vosq

Qmd j`svq wsocldb `v qmd vnbd oid qmnq wlnktda As Nivolncdmdsdv io"bnqfm l`vq8 zoqdsv

{mo lnfe n as`zdsv l`fdivd os wdsvoinl @A fnsa bnp ioidqmdldvv wovvdvv oid oj qmd qmsdd jdadsnl

josbv oj àdiq`j`fnqòi nffdwqncld tiads VC >1 @iadda, Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv anqnvdq `v dzdi

bosd l`b`qda qmni As Nivolncdmdsdv Jos nll `qv wsocldbv, nq ldnvq As Nivolncdmdsdv io"bnqfm

l`vq wtswosqda qo fozds qmd diq`sdzoqds sdk`vqsp Cp foiqsnvq, Adjdianiq"@iqdszdiosv anqn fozdsv


44/56

11

htvq 4:1$ oj Qd}nv zoqdsv Jtsqmdsbosd, tilèd As Nivolncdmdsdv vqtap, Adjdianiq"

@iqdszdiosv anqn jn`lv qo sdjldfq qmd wovv`c`l`qp qmnq n zoqds bnp wovvdvv n l`fdivd qo fnssp n

mniakti

@i nip dzdiq, jnfda {`qm n sdk`vqsnqòi josb sd~tdvqìk d`qmds ni ="a`k`q as`zdsv

l`fdivd/wdsvoinl @A itbcds os qmd lnvq jots a`k`qv oj n vof`nl vdfts`qp itbcds, dzdi zoqdsv {mo

wovvdvv n as`zdsv l`fdivd bnp owq qo wsozàd n vof`nl vdfts`qp itbcds Njqds nll, jots a`k`qv nsd

dnv`ds qo {s`qd qmni d`kmq Jtsqmdsbosd, bnip zoqdsv lèdlp bdbos`xd qmd`s vof`nl vdfts`qp itbcds

ctq ioq qmd`s as`zdsv l`fdivd itbcds Qmtv, {mnq zoqdsv {s`qd oi qmd`s sdk`vqsnqòi josb `v cnsdlp

wsocnq`zd oj {mdqmds qmdp nfqtnllp wovvdvv n vqnqd"`vvtda @A fnsabtfm ldvv {mdqmds qmdp

wovvdvv nip VC">1 nwwsozda josb oj @A

F

[d wntvd qo vtbbns`xd qmd dzàdiq`nsp jìaìkv {d mnzd bnad vo jns Foiqsnsp qo

Qd}nvv foiqdiqòiv, ioqmìk ì d}`vqìk vof`nl vf`difd l`qdsnqtsd vwdnev foifltv`zdlp qo qmd djjdfq

oj wmoqo @A sd~t`sdbdiqv oi zoqds qtsiotq Bosdozds, vfniq ldvvoiv, `j nip, fni cd a

texas v. holder

Documents