tg grammar klp.2

8/12/2019 Tg Grammar Klp.2

1/38

Transformational-Generative Grammar

By Group 2:

Irma savitri

Arman

ardhy

Asbarismail


2/38

This study was established by a young professor of

Modern Languages at Massachusetts Institutes ofTechnology in 1957, and published as the basic beliefs ofthe language establishment and become profoundeffect on language studies. The professor was A. Noam

Chomsky with his book entitled Syntactic Structures

Historical Background


3/38

A linguist who modified the rigid requirements ofstructural linguistics to make use of specificinsights was Zellig Harris. He hope that thestructural grammarians might find a way to classify

and describe the utterances, and the linguist mayextend their research in reaching theoriesconcerning the logic (describes the use of validreasoningin some activities) of languagesregularities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning


4/38

Furthermore, Chomsky examined and evaluatedtwo known grammar models are elementarylinguistic theory and phrase structure grammar(constituent or IC grammar). Elementary linguistic

theory is a simple, linear and left to right modelas graphically represented following diagram:


5/38

The next model which Chomsky examines is phrasestructure grammar. Chomsky had written asatisfactory model for an IC grammar in SyntacticStructuresfor a number of years. He analogize and

demonstrates the language, like Mathematicswhich using a system in a finite numbers of rules togenerate an infinite number become correctresults. Examples:(3 + 4) x 10 = 703 + (4 x 10) = 43


6/38

Chomsky had extend the process to get more abstract

linguistics facts by his two major contribution in SyntacticStructure: 1) Introducing Mathematical method of writinggrammar rules; 2) Adding a third level, the transformationlevel to grammar theory. The model those Generative

Grammar was three level rule based system: Level I : Phrase Structure Rules

Level II: Morphophonemic Rules

Level III: Transformational Rules

TG Grammar, Early Form:An overview


7/38

Level I : Phrase Structure Rules

The boy liked the dog


8/38

PS RULE

1 SNP + VP

2 NPD+N

3 VPMV + NP

4 MVT + V5 TPast

6 Dthe

7 N{boy, dog}

8 VLike

9 Past-ed


9/38

PS RULE RESULTING STRING

1 SNP + VP NP + VP

2 NPD+N D + N + VP

3 VPMV + NP D + N + MV + NP

2 NPD+N D + N + MV + D + N

4 MVT + V D + N + T + V + D + N

5 TPast D + N + Past + V + D + N

6 Dthe The + N + Past + V + D + N

7 N{boy, dog} The + Boy + Past + V + D + N

8 VLike The + Boy + Past + Like + D + N

6 Dthe The + Boy + Past + Like + The + N

7 N{boy, dog} The + Boy + Past + Like + The + Dog

9 Past-ed The # Boy # -ed + Like # The # Dog


10/38


11/38

1. SNP + VP

2. NPD+N

a. NP

b. NPsing(D) + N + sing

c. NPpl(D) + N + pl

d. singe. pl-s

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules


12/38

3. VPMV + NP > VPMV (+Comp)

4. MVT + V > MVAux + V

AuxT (M + ) (have + -en) (be + -ing)

5. TPast> T

past-ed

pres ( 3,

(

M{will, can, must, may, }

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules(cont)


13/38

6. Dthe

D{the, a, an, some, }

7. N{boy, dog}

N{boy, dog, man, John, book, }

8. VLike

V

v

vi{walk, run, fall, }

vt{like, take, give, write,

vl

{seem, appear, feel, remain, }

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules(cont)


14/38


15/38

L E V E L I : ( P S - R U L E S )

L E V E L I I ; M O R P H O P H O NE M I C R U L E S ( M - R U L E S )

is a term which belongs to the intersection ofmorpheme and phoneme.

ex. boy + boy man + man

boy + -s boys man + -s men

The Model of Generative Grammar

(1)


16/38

(2)

After applied PS- Rules and M-Rules, thatstrings become like these ;

Ex: The # boy # -s + feel # bad

The # men # -ed + like # the # books

But, these above are not English sentences. It is

required to turn to the third level namedtransformational rule to produce an actual sentence.


17/38

(3)

Level I : (PS- rules)

Level II ; (M- Rules)

Level III : Transformational Rules ( T- Rules )

The condition of the grammar based onChomskys view to be an adequate theory:

External conditions of adequacy Condition of generality.


18/38

( 4 )

Chomskys three-level TG grammar outlined thesentence derivation process as follows:

Kernel Sentence = One Terminal String + One or

more Obligatory TransformationsTransformation = One or more Terminal

Strings + One or more ObligatoryTransformations + One or more Optional

Transformations


19/38

( 5 )

Then, it will formulate like these.

Aux - T (M + ) (have + -en) (be + ing) (be + -en)

For then all we need to do is to specify the kind ofterminal string to which the passivetransformation rule may apply :

NP1+ Aux + Vt+ NP2 NP2+ Aux + (be + -en) + Vt+ by + NP1


20/38

S

NP

NP

D

boy -s

VP

T

Aux

the

MV

vi

V

pl

run-ed

Pattern 1


21/38

S

NP

MVsing

boyThe

VP

ND

T

like-ed

VAux

N sing

NP

D

comp

Vt

dogthe

Pattern 2


22/38

S

VP

D

lend-ed

VtT

Aux V

MV

The Teacher

N singD

NP

PlND

NP

Comp

boy

Sing

NP

-sbooksome

N

the

Pattern 3


23/38

VP

NP

S

NP

compMVN plD

NP

think

VtT

VAux

Th

e

-sgirl

the

N plD

baby -s

N Pl

-sboy

Pattern 4


24/38

S

VAux adj

comp

VP

MV

movieThe

N singD

NP

D

NP

make-ed

VtT

boyThe

Sing

sad

Pattern 5

N


25/38

Pattern 6

MV

manthe

VP

-ed

Au

x

VtrhT

have

NP

plD N

gun -sseveral

V

singND

NP

S

comp


26/38

Pattern 7:


27/38

Pattern 8:


28/38

Pattern 9:


29/38

Pattern 10:


30/38

Pattern 11:


31/38

VARIATION OF

KERNEL SENTENCES


32/38

1. S NP + VP

(D) N + num

2. NP

Pro + num

sing

3. num

pl

4. sing

5. pl s

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

(Rules of Formation)


33/38

6. VP MV (+ Comp) (+ Adv)

7. MV Aux + V

v

8. V

be

vi(+ part)

vt(+ part)

9. v vtm

vl




34/38

10. Aux T (M + ) (have+en) (be+ing)

past

11. MV

pres

12. past ed

s

13. pres




35/38

NP

NP + NP

14. Aux NP + (Q) Adj

(Q) Adj

Adv

advp

15. MV advt

(Q) advm




36/38

16. D a, an, the, some, several, any, every,..

17. N man, boy, dog, book, Yusuf, chaos, health,.

18. vi walk, run, fall, fly,..

19. vt like, take, give, write, consider, make,..

20. vtm have, cost, total, weigh,.

21. vl seem, appear, feel, remain,..

22. M will, can, must, may, ought to,..

23. part in, out, up, down, on, off, over, with,..

24. Adj bad, good, beautiful, in the pink, out of sorts,.




37/38

25. advp there, here, in the room, at the store,.

26. Advt now, then, often, in the morning, during recess,.

27. advm

quickly, rapidly, in a minute, on the double,.

28. Q quite, very, more, much, less, extremely, absolutely,.




38/38

THATS ALL

THANK YOU

tg grammar klp.2

Documents