thai civil law code

8/12/2019 Thai Civil Law Code

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Jumpmenu Sections

GeneralProvisions Sections1 14

Persons(natural) Sections15 36

Domicileanddisappearance Sections37 64

JuristicPersons Sections65 79

Associations Sections78 109

Foundations Sections110 136

Things Sections137 148

JuristicActs(declaration/void/voidable/conditions) Sections149 193

PeriodsofTime Sections193 193

Prescription Sections193 193

Obligations(subjectandeffectofobligations) Sections194 226

Subrogation Sections226 240

Rightof

Retention Sections

241

250

PreferentialRights Sections251 289

Pluralityofdebtorsandcreditors(andtransferofclaims) Sections290 313

ExtinctionofObligations Sections314 340

Setoff Sections341 348

Novation Sections

349

354

Contract(formation,effect,penalty,rescission) Sections355 394

ManagementofAffairs(withoutmandate) Sections395 405

UndueEnrichment Sections406 419

WrongfulActs Sections420 452

Sale(specificcontracts transfer/liabilities/redemption/exchange/auction) Sections453 520


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Gift Sections521 536

HireofProperty(general/duties/liabilities/extinction) Sections537 574

HireofService Sections575 586

HireofWork Sections587 607

Loan Sections640 656

Mortgage Sections702 746

Pledge Sections747 769

Agency Sections797 844

Brokerage Sections845 849

Compromise Sections850 852

GamblingandBetting Sections853 855

PartnershipsandCompanies(generalprovisions) Sections1012 1024

OrdinaryPartnerships(dissolution,registration) Sections1025 1076

LimitedPartnerships Sections1077 1095

LimitedCompanies

(nature

and

formation/

shares/

meetings/

directors,

etc.)

Sections

1096

1195

Balancesheet(dividend/books/dissolution/removal Sections1196 1297

Property(generalprovisions) Sections1298 1307

Ownership(acquisition/extentandexercise/coowner) Sections1308 1366

Possession Sections1367 1386

Servitudes

Sections1387

1401

Habitation Sections1402 1409

Superficies Sections1410 1416

Usufruct Sections1417 1428

Chargeonimmovableproperty Sections1429 1434

Marriage(conditions) Sections1435 1500


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Section4.Thelawmustbeappliedinallcaseswhichcomeswithintheletterandspiritofanyofits

provisions.

Wherenoprovisionisapplicable,thecaseshallbedecidedbyanalogytotheprovisionmostnearly

applicable,and,indefaultofsuchprovision,bythegeneralprinciplesoflaw.

Section5.Everypersonmust,intheexerciseofhisrightsandintheperformanceofhisobligations,

actin

good

faith.

Section6.Everypersonispresumedtobeactingingoodfaith.

Section7.Wheneverinterestistobepaid,andtherateisnotfixedbyajuristicactorbyanexpress

provisioninthelaw,itshallbesevenandahalfpercentperyear.

Section8."Forcemajeure"denotesanyeventthehappeningorperniciousresultofwhichcouldnot

bepreventedeventhoughapersonagainstwhomithappenedorthreatenedtohappenwereto

takesuchappropriatecareasmightbeexpectedfromhiminhissituationandinsuchcondition.

Section9.

Whenever

awriting

is

required

by

law,

it

is

not

necessary

that

it

be

written

by

the

person

fromwhomitisrequired,butitmustbearhissignature.

Afingerprint,cross,sealorothersuchmarkaffixedtoadocumentisequivalenttoasignatureifitis

certifiedbythesignatureoftwowitnesses.

Theprovisionsofparagraphtwoshallnotapplytoafingerprint,cross,sealorothersuchmark

affixedtoadocumentbeforethecompetentauthorities.

Section10.Whenaclauseinadocumentcanbeinterpretedintwosenses,thatsenseistobe

preferredwhichgivessomeeffectratherthanthatwhichwouldgivenoeffect.

Section11.Incaseofdoubt,theinterpretationshallbeinfavourofthepartywhoincursthe

obligation.

Section12.Wheneverasumorquantityisexpressesinlettersandinfigures,andthetwo

expressionsdonotagree,andtherealintentioncannotbeascertained,theexpressininlettersshall

beheldgood.

Section13.Wheneverasumorquantityisexpressedseveraltimesinlettersorseveraltimesin

figures,andtheseveralexpressionsdonotagree,andtherealintentioncannotbeascertained,the

lowestexpressionshallbeheldgood.

Section14.Wheneveradocumentisexecutedintwoversions,oneintheThailanguage,theother

inanotherlanguage,andtherearediscrepanciesbetweenthetwoversions,anditcannotbe

ascertainedwhichversionwasintendedtogovern,thedocumentexecutedintheThailanguage

shallgovern.

(up)

TITLEII

PERSONS


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CHAPTERI

NATURALPERSONS

PARTI

Personality

Section15.

Personality

begins

with

the

full

completion

of

birth

as

aliving

child

and

ends

with

death.

Achildenventresamereiscapableofrightsprovidedthatitisthereafterbornalive.

Section16.Incalculatingtheageofaperson,thebirthdayshallbecounted.Ifonlythemonthof

birthisknown,thefirstdayofsuchmonthshallbecountedasthebirthdaybutifitisnotpossibleto

ascertainthedateofbirthofaperson,hisageiscalculatedfromthefirstdayoftheofficialyear

duringwhichsuchbirthtookplace.

Section17.Whenseveralpersonshaveperishedinacommonperil,anditisnotpossibleto

determinewhichofthemperishedfirst,theywillbepresumedtohavediedsimultaneously.

Section18.Iftherighttouseofanamebyapersonentitledtoitisdisputedbyanother,orifthe

interestofthepersonentitledisinjuredbythefactthatanotherusesthesamenamewithout

authority,thenthepersonentitledmaydemandfromtheotherabatementoftheinjury.Ifa

continuanceoftheinjuryistobeapprehended,hemayapplyforaninjunction.

PARTII

CAPACITY

Section19.Aperson,oncompletionoftwentyyearsofageceasestobeaminorandbecomessui

juris.

Section20.Aminorbecomessuijurisuponmarriage,providedthatthemarriageismadein

accordancewiththeprovisionsofSection1448.

Section21.Forthedoingofajuristicact,aminormustobtaintheconsentofhislegal

representative.Allactsdonebyhimwithoutsuchconsentarevoidableunlessotherwiseprovided.

Section22.Aminorcandoallactsbywhichhemerelyacquiresarightorisfreedfromaduty.

Section23.Aminorcandoallactswhicharestrictlypersonal.

Section24.Aminorcandoallactswhicharesuitabletohisconditioninlife,andactuallyrequired

forhisreasonableneeds.

Section25.Aminor,aftercompletingfifteenyearsofage,canmakeawill.

Section26.Whenthelegalrepresentativepermitsaminortodisposeofpropertyforapurpose

specifiedbyhim,theminormay,withinthelimitsofsuchpurpose,disposeofitathispleasure.He

maydothesameastopropertywhichhehasbeenpermittedtodisposeofwithoutanypurpose

beingspecified.

Section27.Thelegalrepresentativemaypermitaminortocarryonacommercialbusinessorother


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business,ortoenterintoahireofservicescontractasanemployee.Incaseofrefusalbytheformer

withoutreasonableground,theminormayapplyintheCourtforgrantingpermission.

Theminorshall,inrelationtothecarryingonofbusinessorthehireofservicesunderparagraph

one,havethesamecapacityasapersonsuijuris.

Ifthecarryingonofabusinessofservicesopermittedunderparagraphonecausesaserious

damageor

injury

to

aminor,

the

legal

representative

may

terminate

the

permission

granted

to

the

minorormay,incaseofhavingbeengrantedbytheCourt,applytotheCourtforrevocationofthe

permissiongranted.therefore

Ifthepermissionisunreasonablyterminatedbythelegalrepresentative,theminormayapplytothe

Courtforrevokingtheterminationofpermissionofthelegalrepresentative.

Theterminationofpermissionmaybythelegalrepresentativeortherevocationofpermissionby

theCourtwouldmaketheminor'scapacityofapersonsuijurisceasetoexist,butdoesnotaffect

anyactsdonebytheminorbeforetheterminationorrevocationofthepermission.

Section28.

A

person

of

unsound

mind

may

be

adjudged

incompetent

by

the

Court

on

the

application

ofanyspouse,ascendants,descendants,guardianorcurator,apersontakingcareofthepersonor

thePublicProsecutor.

Thepersonadjudgedincompetentunderparagraphonemustbeplacedunderguardianship.The

appointmentofguardian,poweranddutiesofguardian,andterminationofguardianshipshallbein

accordancewithprovisionsofBookVofthisCode.

TheorderoftheCourtunderthisSectionshallbepublishedintheGovernmentGazette.

Section

29.

An

act

done

by

a

person

adjudged

incompetent

is

voidable.

Section30.Anactdonebyapersonofunsoundmindbutnotadjudgedincompetentisvoidableonly

whentheactwasdoneatatimehewasactuallyofunsoundmind,andtheotherpartyhad

knowledgeofsuchunsoundness.

Section31.Ifthecauseoftheincompetenceceasestoexist,theCourtshall,ontheapplicationof

thepersonhimselforofanyofthepersonsmentionedinSection28,revoketheadjudication.

TheorderoftheCourtrevokingtheadjudicationundertheSectionshallbepublishedinthe

GovernmentGazette.

Section32.Apersonwhohasphysicalormentalinfirmity,habitualprodigalityorhabitual

intoxicationorothersimilarcausesthatmakehimincapableofmanaginghisownaffairs,orwhose

managementislikelytocausedetrimenttohisownpropertyorfamily,maybeadjudgedasquasi

incompetentbytheCourtuponapplicationbyanyofthepersonsspecifiedinSection28.

Thepersonadjudgedquasiincompetentunderparagraphonemustbeplacedundercuratorship.

TheappointmentofcuratorshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofBookVoftheCode.

TheorderoftheCourtundertheSectionshallbepublishedintheGovernmentGazette.

Section33.IfitisfoundbytheCourtintrialofthecaseforapersontobeadjudgedincompetenton


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accountofunsoundmindthatheisnotapersonofunsoundmindbuthasmentalinfirmity,hemay,

ifisdeemedsuitablebytheCourtorupontheapplicationofthepartyorthepersonsspecifiedin

Section28,beadjudgedasquasiincompetent.ThesameshallapplyifitisfoundbytheCourtintrial

ofthecaseforapersontobeadjudgedquasiincompetentonaccountofmentalinfirmitythatheis

apersonofunsoundmind,hemay,ifitisdeemedsuitablebytheCourtorupontheapplicationof

thepartyorthepersonspecifiedinSection28,beadjudgedasincompetent.

Section34.

A

quasi

incompetent

person

must

obtain

the

consent

of

his

curator

for

doing

the

followingacts:

(1) Investinghisproperty.

(2) Acceptingthereturnoftheinvestedproperty,principalorothercapital.

(3) Contractingaloanorlendingmoney,borrowingorleasingvaluemovable.

(4) Givingsecuritybyanymeanswhateverthateffectshimtomakeaforcedpayment.

(5)Hiringorlettingpropertylongerthansixmonthsifthepropertyismovableorthreeyearsif

thepropertyisimmovable.

(6)Makingagift,exceptthegiftmadesuitableforsituationinhislife,forphilanthropy,socialor

moralobligations.

(7) Acceptingagiftencumberedwithachargeorrefusingagift.

(8)Doinganyactwhoseobjectistheacquiringof,orpartingwith,arightinanimmovableora

valuablemovable.

(9) Constructing,modifyingbuildingorotherstructures,ormakingextensiverepairs.

(10)EnteringanactioninCourtordoinganylegalproceedingsexcepttheapplicationmadeunder

Section35andtheapplicationforremovalofhiscurator.

(11) Makingacompromiseorsubmittingadisputetoarbitration

Foractsotherthanthosementionedinparagraphone,theconductofwhichbyaquasiincompetent

maydetrimenttohisownpropertyorfamily,theCourtisempowered,ingivingandordereffecting

anypersontobequasiincompetentorupontheapplicationmadesubsequentlybythecurator,to

instructthequasiincompetenttoobtainconsentofthecuratorpriortoconductofsuchacts.

Ifthequasiincompetentcannotdoanyactasmentionedinparagraphoneorparagraphtwoby

himselfbecauseofhisphysicalormentalinfirmity,theCourtmaygiveanorderempoweringthe

curatortoactonbehalfofthequasiincompetent,andtheprovisionsrelatingtoguardianshallapply

mutatismutandis.

TheorderoftheCourtunderthisSectionshallbepublishedintheGovernmentGazette.Anyact

contrarytotheprovisionsofthisSectionisvoidable.

Section35.Ifthecuratordoesnotgiveconsenttothequasiincompetentfordoinganyactsunder


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Section34withunreasonableground,theCourtmay,upontheapplicationofthequasi

incompetent,permithimtodotheactwithouthavingtoobtainconsentofhiscurator,shouldthe

actwillbebeneficialtothequasiincompetent.

Section36.IfthecausefortheCourtadjustmentofthequasiincompetentceasestoexist,the

provisionsofSection33shallapply,mutatismutandis.

PARTIII

Domicile

Section37.Thedomicileofanaturalpersonistheplacewherehehashisprincipalresidence.

Section38.Ifanaturalpersonhasseveralresidenceswherehelivesalternately,orvariouscentersof

habitualoccupation,eitheroneshallbeconsideredhisdomicile.

Section39.Ifthedomicileisnotknown,theplaceofresidenceisdeemedtobehisdomicile.

Section40.Thedomicileofanaturalpersonwhohasnohabitualresidence,oremployshislifein

voyageswithoutacentralplaceofbusinessshallbeheldtobetheplacewhereisfound.

Section41.Thedomicileischangedbytransferringtheresidenceswithmanifestintentionof

changing.

Section42.Ifapersonselectsanyplacewithmanifestintentionofmakingitaspecialdomicilefor

anyact,whichisdeemedtobethedomicileinrespecttosuchact.

Section43.Thedomicileofhusbandandwifeistheplacewherehusbandandwifecohabitasa

coupleunlesseitherhusbandorwifeexpresseshis/herintentiontohaveaseparatedomicile.

Section44.Thedomicileofaminoristhatofhislegalrepresentativewhoisthepersonexercising

parentalpowerortheguardian.

Inthecasewheretheminorisunderparentalpowerofhisparentsandtheparentshaveseparate

domiciles,theminorshallhavedomicileofhisfatherormotherwithwhomhelives.

Section45.Thedomicileofanincompetentpersonisthatofhisguardian.

Section46.Thedomicileofapublicofficialistheplacewhereheexerciseshisfunction,provided

thatsuchfunctionisnottemporary,periodicalormerecommission.

Section47.

The

domicile

of

aconvict

by

afinal

judgment

of

the

court

or

by

alawful

order

is

the

prisonorcorrectionalinstitutionwhereheisimprisoneduntilhisrelease.

PARTV

Disappearance

Section48.Ifapersonhaslefthisdomicileorresidencewithouthavingappointedanagentwith

generalauthorityanditisuncertainwhetherheislivingordeath,theCourtmay,ontheapplication

ofanyinterestedpersonorofthePublicProsector,ordersuchprovisionalmeasurestobetakenas

maybenecessaryforthemanagementofpropertyofsuchperson.

TheCourtmayappointaamanagerofthepropertyafteroneyearhaselapsedfromthedaywhenhe


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haslefthisdomicileorresidenceifnonewsofhimhaseverbeenreceived,orfromthedaywhenhe

ahslastbeenseenorheardof.

Section49.Ifanagentwithgeneralauthorityhasbeenappointedbytheabsentpersonbuthis

authoritycomestoanend,oritappearsthathismanagementislikelytocauseinjurytotheabsent

person,theprovisionsofSection48shallapplymutatismutandis.

Section50.

The

court

may,

on

the

application

of

any

interested

person

or

of

the

public

prosecutor,

orderaninventoryofthepropertytobemadebytheagentwithgeneralauthority,incompliance

withaninjunctiontobegivenbythecourt.

Section51.SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection802,ifitisnecessaryfortheagentwithgeneral

authoritytodoanyactbeyondthescopeofhisauthority,hemustapplyforcourtspermissionand

maydosoonobtainingsuchpermission.

Section52.Themanagerwhoappointedbythecourtmustfinishmakingtheinventoryofthe

propertyoftheabsentpersonwithinthreemonthsasfromthedayonwhichtheappointmentorder

of

the

court

comes

to

his

knowledge.

However,themanagermayapplytothecourtfortheextensionofthetime.

Section53.TheinventoryunderSection50andSection52mustbemadeinthepresenceof,and

signedbytwowitnesses.Suchtwowitnessesmustbeaspouseorarelativebeingofageofthe

absentperson.Ifneitherspousenorrelativesisfound,orthespousesandrelativerefusetobe

witnesses,otherpersonsbeingofagemayactaswitnesses.

Section54.ThemanagerhassuchpowerofanagentwithgeneralauthorityasprovidedinSection

801andSection802.Ifthemanagerdeemsitnecessarytodoanyactsbeyondthescopeofhis

authority,he

must

apply

for

the

courts

permission

and

may

do

so

on

obtaining

such

permission.

Section55.Iftheabsentpersonhasappointedanagentwithspecialauthority,themanagercannot

interferewithsuchspecialagency,buthecanapplytothecourtforanorderremovingtheagentifit

appearsthathismanagementislikelytocauseinjurytotheabsentperson.

Section56.Thecourtmay,ontheapplicationofanyinterestedpersonorofthepublicprosecutoror

ofitsownmotion;

(1)Requirethemanagertogivepropermanagementsecurityandreturnofthepropertyentrusted

tohim.

(2)Require

him

to

give

information

as

to

the

property

condition

of

the

absent

person.

(3)Removehimandappointanothermanagerinhisstead.

Section57.Thecourtmay,intheorderappointingthepropertymanager,determinearemuneration

tobepaidtothemanageroutofthepropertyoftheabsentperson;indefaultofwhichthemanager

mayafterwardsappliestothecourtfordeterminingsuchremuneration.

Thecourtmay,ontheapplicationofthemanagerorofaninterestedpersonorthepublic

prosecutor,orofitsownmotionwhenitappearsthatcircumstancesonthepropertymanagement

havechanged,giveanordereffectingthedetermination,suspension,decreaseorincreaseofthe

remuneration,or

anew

remuneration

payment

to

be

made

to

the

manager.


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Section58.Theauthorityofthemanagercomestoanendupon:

Thereturnoftheabsentperson.

Noreturnoftheabsentpersonbutthepropertyhavingbeenmanagedoranagentformanaginghis

propertyhavingbeenappointed.

The

death

of

the

absent

person

or

adjudication

of

disappearance

having

been

given.

Theresignationorthedeathofthemanager.

Themanagerbecominganincompetentorquasiincompetentperson.

Themanagerbecomingbankrupt.

Removalofthemanagerbythecourt.

Section59.

When

the

authority

of

the

manager

comes

to

an

end

under

Section

58

(4)

(5)

or

(6),

the

managerorhisheir,administrator,guardian,curator,officialreceiverofthepersonchargedwiththe

dutytotakecareofthepropertymanager,asthecasemaybe,mustinformthecourtwithoutdelay

ofsuchendingforthecourtwillgiveanorderconcerningthepropertymanagerasitdeemsproper.

Duringsuchperiodoftime,thesaidpersonmusttakeallreasonablestepscompatiblewith

circumstancestoprotecttheinterestoftheabsentpersonuntilthepropertyoftheabsentpersonis

deliveredtoanypersonastobeorderedbythecourt.

Section60.TheprovisionsconcerningAgencyofthisCodeshallbeappliedtotheproperty

managementoftheabsentpersonmutatismutandis.

Section61.Ifapersonhaslefthisdomicileorresidenceandithasbeenuncertainforfiveyears

whetherheislivingordead,thecourtmay,ontheapplicationofanyinterestedpersonorofthe

publicprosecutor,adjudgethatsuchpersonhasdisappeared.

Theperiodoftimeunderparagraphoneshallbereducedtotwoyears;

Asfromthedaywhenthebattleorwarcomestoanendandthepersonwhohadbeenengagedin

suchbattleorwarhasbeendisappearedtherein;

Asfromthedaywhenthevehicleonwhichthepersonhadbeentravelingwaslostordestroyed;

Asfromthedaywhenanyperilofhislifeotherthanthosementionedin(1)or(2)haspassedand

thepersonhadbeeninsuchperil.

Section62.Apersonagainstwhomanadjudicationofdisappearancehasbeenmadeisdeemedto

havediedatthecompletionoftheperiodspecifiedinSection61.

Section63.Ifitisprovedbythepersonadjudgeddisappearance,anyinterestedpersonorofthe

publicprosecutorthatthepersonwhodisappearedisliving,orthathediedatatimedifferentfrom

thatspecifiedinSection62,thecourtmust,upontheapplicationofthesaidperson,revokethe

adjudication;but

this

does

not

affect

the

validity

of

acts

done

in

good

faith

between

the

adjudication


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andtherevocation.

Section64.Theadjudicationofdisappearanceanditsrevocationshallbepublishedinthe

GovernmentGazette.

(up)

CHAPTER

II

JURISTICPERSONS

PARTI

GeneralProvisions

Section65.AjuristicpersoncancomeintoexistenceonlybyvirtueofthisCodeorofotherlaw.

Section66.AjuristicpersonhasrightsanddutiesconformitywiththeprovisionsofthisCodeorof

otherlawwithinthescopeofitspowerandduties,oritsobjectasprovidedbyordefinedinthelaw,

regulationor

constitutive

act.

Section67.SubjecttoSection66,ajuristicpersonenjoysthesamerightsandissubjecttothesame

dutiesasanaturalperson,byreasonoftheirnature,mayonlybeenjoyedorincurredonlybya

naturalperson.

Section68.Thedomicileofajuristicpersonistheplacewhereithasitsprincipalofficeor

establishment,orwhichhasbeenselectedasaspecialdomicileinitsregulationorconstitutive.

Section69.Inthecasewhereajuristicpersonhasseveralestablishmentsorhasitsbranchoffice,the

placeofitsbranchofficemayalsobeconsidereditsdomicileastoactsthereperformed.

Section70.Ajuristicpersonmusthaveoneorseveralrepresentativesasprescribedbythelaw,

regulationsoritsconstitutiveact,decisionsastotheaffairsofjuristicpersonsaremadebya

majorityoftherepresentatives.

Section71.Inthecasewhereajuristicpersonhasseveralrepresentatives,ifitisnototherwise

providedbythelaw,ordefinedinregulationsorconstitutiveact,decisionsastotheaffairsofjuristic

personaremadebyamajorityofrepresentatives.

Section72.Thechangeofrepresentativesofjuristicpersonorofanyrestriction,ormodificationof

thepower

of

representatives

shall

be

effective

after

having

complied

with

the

law,

regulations

or

its

constitutiveact,butcannotbesetupagainstthirdpersonactingingoodfaith.

Section73.Ifavacancyoccursamongtherepresentativesofjuristicperson,andthereisreasonto

believethatdamagemightensuefromdelay,theCourtmay,ontheapplicationofanyinterested

personorofthePublicProsecutor,appointatemporaryrepresentative.

Section74.Inamatterinwhichtheinterestedofajuristicpersonconflictwiththoseofthe

representativeofjuristicperson,thelatterhasnorepresentativepower.

Section75.If,inthecaseunderSection74,itcausesanonexistenceoftherepresentativesof

juristicperson,

or

number

of

the

remaining

representatives

cannot

constitute

quorum

of

the


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meetingorissufficienttoexecutesuchmatter,ifitisnototherwiseprovidedbythelaw,ordefined

initsregulationsorconstitutiveact,theprovisionsofSection73shallapplytotheappointmentof

specialrepresentatives,'mutatismutandis'.

Section76.Ajuristicpersonisboundtomakecompensationforanydamagedonetootherpersons

byitsrepresentativesorthepersonempoweredtoactonbehalfofthejuristicpersonintheexercise

oftheirfunctions,savingitsrightofrecourseagainstthecausersofthedamage.

Ifdamageisdonetootherpersonsbyanactwhichisnotwithinthescopeoftheobjectorpower

anddutiesofthejuristicperson,allthepersonsasmentionedinparagraphonewhoagreedsuchact

orexecutedit,arejointlyliabletomakecompensation.

Section77.TheprovisionsonAgencyofthisCodeshallapplytotherelationshipbetweenthejuristic

personsanditsrepresentatives,andbetweenthejuristicpersonoritsrepresentativeandthird

persons,mutatismutandis'.

(up)

SamuiForSale

PARTII

Association

Section78.Anassociationcreatedforconductinganyactivitywhich,accordingtoitsnature,istobe

donecontinuouslyandcollectivelybypersonsotherthanthatofsharingprofitsorincomesearned,

musthaveitsregulationsandmustberegisteredaccordingtotheprovisionsofthisCode

Section79.Theregulationsmustatleasthavethefollowingparticulars:

(1) Thenameoftheassociation.

(2) Itsobject.

(3) Addressofitsprincipalofficeandallitsbranches.

(4) Rulesforadmissionofitsmembersandconclusionofmembership.

(5) Ratesandmemberfee.

(6) RulesfortheCommitteeofassociation,i.e.numberofthedirectors,appointmentofthe

directors,termofofficeofthedirectors,retirementofofficeofthedirectorsandmeetingsof

theCommittee.

(7)Rulesforthemanagementoftheassociation,thekeepingofaccountsandthepropertyof

theassociation.

(8) Theassociationmusthavethewordassociation'incorporatedwithitsname.


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Section81.Theapplicationforregistrationofanassociationmustbefiledjointlyinwritingbyat

leastthreeofthewouldbemembersoftheassociationwiththeRegistraroftheareawherethe

principalofficeoftheassociationissituated,andregulationsoftheassociation,listofnames,

addressesandoccupationsofatleasttenwouldbemembersoftheassociationaretobeattached

totheapplication.

Section82.Whentheapplicationforregistrationtogetherwiththeregulationsarereceivedbythe

Registrarand

the

application

is

found

correct

under

Section

81

and

the

regulations

are

correct

under

Section79,theobjectoftheassociationisnotcontrarytothelaworgoodmoralorendangering

publicorderornationalsecurityandallparticularscontainedintheapplicationorintheregulations

conformtheobjectoftheassociation,orthewouldbedirectorsoftheassociationhavestatusor

conductsuitableforimplementingtheobjectoftheassociation,theRegistrarshallmakeregistration

andissueacertificateofregistrationtotheassociation.Theregistrationshallbepublishedinthe

GovernmentGazette.

ItisfoundthattheapplicationortheregulationsarenotinconformitywithSection81orSection79,

theparticularscontainedintheapplicationorintheregulationsdonotconformtotheobjectofthe

association,orwouldbedirectorsoftheassociationdonothavethestatusandconductsuitablefor

implementingtheobjectoftheassociation,theRegistrarshallinstructtheapplicanttomake

correctionoralteration,andshall,afterthecorrectionoralterationhavingbeenmade,make

registrationandissueacertificateofregistrationtotheassociation.

IfitisconsideredbytheRegistrarthattheregistrationcannotbemadebecausetheobjectofthe

associationiscontrarytothelaworgoodmoralorlikelytoendangerpublicorderornational

security,ortheapplicantfailstomakecorrectionoralterationassuchwithinthirtydaysfromthe

dayofwhichtheinstructionoftheRegistrarcametohisknowledge,theRegistrarshallgiveand

orderrefusingtheregistrationandinformtheapplicantwithoutdelayofreasonsforsuchrefusal.

Theapplicantisentitledtoappealinwritingagainsttheorderofrefusalforregistrationtothe

MinisterofInteriorthroughtheRegistrarwithinthirtydaysfromthedateofreceiptoftherefusal

order.

TheMinisterofInteriorshalldecidetheappealandinformtheappellantofthedecisionwithinthirty

daysfromthedateofreceiptofthewrittenappealbytheRegistrar.ThedecisionoftheMinisterof

Interiorshallbefinal.

Section83.Theassociationsoregisteredisajuristicperson.

Section84.

No

alterations

of

and

additions

to

the

regulations

of

an

association

may

be

made,

except

byaresolutionofthegeneralmeeting.Suchalterationsandadditionsmustbedepositedfor

registrationattheRegistrarOfficewheretheprincipalofficeoftheassociationissituatedwithin

fourteendaysfromthedateoftheresolution,andtheprovisionsofSection82shallapply,mutatis

mutandis.ItshallbecomeeffectiveaftertheregistrationthereofbytheRegistrar.

Section85.Theappointmentofnewdirectorsoftheassociationofthealterationthereofshallbe

madeinaccordancewiththeregulationsoftheassociationandmustberegisteredbytheRegistrar

attheRegistrarOfficewheretheprincipalofficeoftheassociationissituatedwithinthirtydaysfrom

thedateofsuchappointmentoralterationofthedirectorsoftheassociation.


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IfitisconsideredbytheRegistrarthatanyofthedirectorsunderparagraphonedoesnothave

statusorconductsuitableforimplementingtheobjectoftheassociation,theRegistrarmayrefuse

theregistrationofthatdirectoroftheassociation.Incaseofrefusal,theRegistrarshallnotifythe

associationofreasonforsuchrefusalwithinsixtydaysfromthedateofapplication,andthe

provisionsofSection82paragraphfourandparagraphfiveshallapply,mutatismutandis.

Iftheregistrationofnewdirectorsoftheassociationhasnotyetbeenmade,theolddirectorsofthe

associationshall

further

perform

the

functions

of

the

directors

of

the

association

until

the

registrationofthenewdirectorsoftheassociationismade,unlessotherwiseprovidedinthe

regulationsoftheassociation.

Section86.Thedirectorsoftheassociationistocarryontheactivitiesoftheassociationunderthe

lawandtheregulationsoftheassociation,andundersupervisionofthegeneralmeetings.

Section87.Anassociationisrepresentedinitsrelationswiththirdpersonsbyitscommittee.

Section88.AllactivitiesperformedbytheCommitteeoftheassociationarevalideventhoughit

appears

afterwards

that

there

is

any

fault

concerning

the

appointment

or

qualification

of

the

directorsoftheassociation.

Section89.Amemberofanassociationisentitledduringworkinghoursoftheassociationinspect

thebusinessandpropertyoftheassociation.

Section90.Amemberoftheassociationhastopaytotalsubscriptiononthedaywhenheappliesfor

beingmemberoratthebeginningoftheperiodforpaymentofsubscription,unlessotherwise

providedintheregulations.

Section91.Amemberoftheassociationisentitledtowithdrawatanytimefromtheassociation,

unlessotherwise

provided

in

the

regulations.

Section92.Eachmemberofanassociationisliabletothedebtoftheassociationfornotmorethan

theamountofthesubscriptionduebyhim.

Section93.Ageneralmeetingshallbecalledbythedirectorsoftheassociationatleastonceayear.

Section94.TheCommitteeoftheassociationmaysummonextraordinarymeetingsastheythinkfit.

Arequisitionforsummoninganextraordinarymeetingmaybemadeinwritingbymembersofnot

lessthanonefifthofthewholemembersoftheassociation,orofnotlessthanonehundred,orof

notless

than

the

number

set

forth

in

the

regulations

to

the

Committee

of

the

association.

The

requisitionmustspecifytheobjectforwhichthemeetingisrequiredtobesummoned.

WhentheCommitteeoftheassociationhavereceivedtherequisitionforthesummoningofan

extraordinarymeetingunderparagraphtwo,theyshallsummonsuchmeetingwithinthirtydays

fromthedateofreceiptoftherequisition.

Ifthemeetingisnotsummonedwithintheperiodoftimeunderparagraphthree,thememberswho

havemadetherequisitionforsummoningsuchextraordinarymeetingorothermembersofnotless

thatthenumbersetforthinparagraphtomaysummonthemeetingbythemselves.

Section95.

In

summoning

ageneral

meeting,

anotice

for

the

meeting

shall

be

sent

not

later

than


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sevendaysbeforethedatefixedforthemeetingtoeverymemberwhosenameappearsinthe

registeroftheassociation,ormaybepublishedatleasttwiceinaprevailinglocalpaper,notless

thansevendaysbeforethedateofthemeeting.

Thenoticemustspecifytheplace,thedayandthehourofthemeetingaswellasitsagenda,and

closelyrelevantdetailsanddocumentsshallalsobesent.Asforasummoningoftheextraordinary

meetingthroughapublication,thesaiddetailsanddocumentsmustbeprovidedandreadyfor

distributingto

the

member

who

request

therefore

at

the

place

fixed

by

the

person

summoning

such

meeting.

Section96.Inageneralmeetingoftheassociation,memberspresentatthemeetingofnotlessthan

onehalfofthetotalnumberofmembersshallconstituteaquorum,unlessprovisionsonaquorum

ofthemeetingintheregulationsoftheassociationareotherwiseprovided.

Ifthequorumsoprovidedisnotpresent,thegeneralmeeting,ifsummoneduponrequisitionof

members,shallbedissolved.Butifthegeneralmeetinghadnotbeensummoneduponthe

requisitionofmembers,anothergeneralmeetingshallbesummonedbytheCommitteewithin

fourteendays

from

the

date

of

the

fist

summoned

meeting

and

at

such

later

meeting

no

quorum

shallbenecessary.

Section97.Decisionofthemeetingshallbebymajorityofvotes,exceptinthecasewherea

particularmajorityofvotesisspeciallyprovidedintheregulationsoftheassociation.

Eachmembershallhaveonevote.Incaseofanequallyofvotes,thechairmanofthemeetingshall

haveanadditionalvoteascastingvote.

Section98.Anymembermayvotebyproxy,unlessotherwiseprovidedintheregulationsofthe

association.

Section99.Anydirectororanymemberofanassociationwhohasinaresolutionaninterestin

conflictwithaninterestoftheassociationcannotvoteinsuchresolution.

Section100.Ianygeneralmeetinghasbeensummonedorheldoraresolutionpassedcontraryto

theregulationsoftheassociationortheprovisionsofthisTitle,anysuchmemberorthepublic

ProsecutormayapplytotheCourtforcancellationoftheresolutionofsuchgeneralmeeting,

providedthattheapplicationisenteredwithinonemonthafterthedateoftheresolution.

Section101.Anassociationisdissolve:

(1) Inthecasesprovidedinitsregulations,or

(2) Ifformedforadefiniteperiodoftime,bytheexpirationofsuchperiod,or

(3) Ifformedforanyundertaking,bytheterminationofsuchundertaking,or

(4) Byaresolutiontodissolvepassedinageneralmeeting,or

(5) Bytheassociationbecomingbankrupt,or

(6)

Byhaving

its

name

struck

of

the

register

by

the

Registrar

under

Section

102,

or


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(7) ByanorderoftheCourtunderSection104.

Section102.TheRegistrarshallhavethepowertogiveanordertohavethenameofanassociation

struckofftheregisterinthefollowingcases:

(1)

Ifappears

after

registration

that

the

object

of

the

association

is

contrary

to

the

law

or

public

moralorislikelytoendangerthepublicpeaceornationalsecurityandanorderfor

alterationofsuchobjecthasbeengivenbytheRegistrar,buttheassociationfailstocomply

therewithwithinperiodoftimefixedbytheRegistrar.

(2) Ifappearsthatanyactivityconductedbytheassociationiscontrarytothelaworpublic

moralorislikelytoendangerthepublicpeaceornationalsecurity.

(3) Theassociationhasstoppeddoingbusinessformorethantwoconsecutiveyears.

(4) Itappearsthattheassociationallowsorletotherpersonswhoarenotmembersoftheassociationtoexecutebusinessoftheassociation.

(5)Thenumberofmembersoftheassociationhasbeenlessthantenformorethantwo

consecutiveyears.

Section103.Afterthenameofanyassociationhasbeenstruckofftheregisterbytheorderofthe

RegistrarunderSection102,theRegistrarshallsendtoordertogetherwithitsreasontothe

associationwithoutdelay,andshallpublishsuchdissolutionintheGovernmentGazette.

Anydirectorormemberoftheassociationofnotlessthanthreeinnumberareentitledtoappeal

againsttheorderoftheRegistrargivenunderparagraphonetotheMinisterofInterior.Theappeal

mustbeinwritingandsenttotheRegistrarwithinthirtydaysfromthedateofbeinginformedofthe

order,andprovisionsofSection82paragraphfiveshallapply,mutatismutandis.

Section104.WhenacaseunderSection102happens,aninterestedpersonmayrequestthe

Registrartohavethenameoftheassociationstruckofftheregister.IftheRegistrarfailstocomply

withtherequestanddoesnotinformthepersonwhomadetherequestofthereasonswithina

reasonableperiodoftime,orthereasongivenbytheRegistrararenotsatisfiedbythepersonhaving

madetherequest,hemayapplytotheCourtfordissolutionoftheassociation.

Section105.

When

an

association

is

to

be

dissolved

under

Section

101

(1)

(2)

(3)

or

(4),

the

Committeeoftheassociationthatholdstheofficeatthetimeofdissolutionoftheassociationshall

informtheRegistrarofthedissolutionwithinfourteendaysfromthedateofsuchdissolution.

IncasewhereanassociationisdeclaredbankruptbyafinaljudgmentororderoftheCourtunder

Section101(5),orisdissolvedbyafinalorderunderSection104,theCourtshallnotifytheRegistrar

ofthesaidjudgmentororder.

TheRegistrarshallpublishsuchdissolutionintheGovernmentGazette.

Section106.Upondissolutionofanassociation,theliquidationoftheassociationshallbemade,and

theprovisionsinBookIII,Title22onLiquidationofRegisteredPartnerships,LimitedPartnerships


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andLimitedCompaniesshallapplytotheliquidationoftheassociation,mutatismutandis.

Section107.Afterliquidation,theremainingassets,ifany,cannotbedistributedamongthe

membersoftheassociation.Theyshallbetransferredtosuchotherassociationorfoundation,or

anyjuristicpersonwhoseobjectisofcharitypurposesasmaybedesignatedintheregulations,by

theresolutionoftheassociationingeneralmeeting.Ifnotransfereeofthesaidassetshasbeen

designated,bytheregulationsorbytheresolutionofassociationingeneralmeeting,orifdesignated

butit

is

unable

to

comply

therewith,

the

remaining

assets

shall

belong

to

the

State.

Section108.Anypersonmay,onapplicationtotheRegistrar,inspectthedocumentsrelatingtoan

associationkeptbytheRegistrarorrequestforcertifiedcopiesofthesaiddocumentstobe

deliveredtohimbytheRegistrar,andRegistrar,andtheRegistrarshallcomplytherewithafter

paymentofsuchfeeasmaybeprescribedbytheMinisterialRegulationshasbeenmade.

Section109.TheMinisterofInteriorshalltakechargeandcontroloftheexecutionoftheprovisions

ofthisPartandhavethepowertoappointtheRegistrarandtoissueMinisterialRegulationson:

(1)The

application

for

registration

and

the

making

of

registration.

(2)Feesfortheregistered,theinspectionofdocumentsandthecopyingofdocumentsaswellas

thefeeforanyactivitiesconcerningthefoundationtobeperformedbytheRegistrar,including

theexemptionofthesaidfees.

(3)Theconductofbusinessoftheassociationanditsregister.

(4)AnyothermattersforcarryingouttheprovisionsofthisTitle.

SuchMinisterialRegulationsShallbecomeeffectiveupontheirpublicationintheGovernment

Gazette.

(up)

PARTIII

Foundation

Section110.Afoundationconsistsofpropertyspeciallyappropriatedtopubliccharity,religious,art,

scientific,educationorotherpurposeforthepublicbenefitandnotforsharingprofit,andhasbeen

registeredundertheprovisionsofthisCode.

Thepropertyofafoundationmustbemanagedforimplementingtheobjectsofthatfoundation,

andnotforseekinginterestforanyperson.

Section111.AfoundationmusthaveitsregulationsandmusthaveaCommittee,consistingofat

leastthreepersons,toconductbusinessofthefoundationaccordingtothelawandregulationsof

thefoundation.

Section112.Theregulationsmusthaveatleastthefollowingparticulars:

(1)Thenameoftheassociation


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(2)Itsobjects

(3)Addressesofitsprincipalofficeandallitsbranchoffices.

(4)Itspropertyatthetimeofcreation.

(5)RulesfortheCommitteeofthefoundation,i.e.numberofthedirectors,appointmentofthe

directors,term

of

office

of

the

directors,

retirement

of

office

of

the

directors

ad

meetings

of

the

Committee.

(6)Rulesformanagementofthefoundation,themanagementofthepropertyandkeepingof

accountsofthefoundation.

Section113.Thefoundationmusthaveawordfoundation'incorporatedwithitsname.

Section114.Theapplicationforregistrationofafoundationmustbefiledinwritingwiththe

Registraroftheareawheretheprincipalofficeofthefoundationissituated,anditmustatleast

specifythe

owner

of

the

property

and

the

list

of

the

property

appropriated

for

the

foundation

togetherwiththelistofnames,addressesandoccupationofallthewouldbedirectorsofthe

foundation,includingtheregulationsofthefoundation.

Section115.Whentheapplicationforregistrationtogetherwiththeregulationsarereceivedbythe

registrar,andtheapplicationisfoundcorrectunderSection114andtheregulationscorrectunder

Section112,theobjectsofthefoundationarenotcontrarytothelaworgoodmoralorendangering

publicorderornationalsecurityandallparticularscontainedintheapplicationorintheregulations

conformtotheobjectsofthefoundation,orthewouldbedirectorsofthefoundationhavestatusor

conductsuitableforimplementingtheobjectsofthefoundation,theregistrarshallmake

registrationand

issue

acertificate

of

registration

to

the

foundation

The

registration

shall

be

publishedintheGovernmentGazette.Ifitisfoundthattheapplicationortheregulationsarenotin

conformitywithSection114orSection112,theparticularscontainedintheapplicationorinthe

regulationsdonotconformtotheobjectofthefoundation,orthewouldbedirectorsofthe

foundationdonothavestatusandconductsuitableforimplementingtheobjectofthefoundation,

theregistrarshallinstructtheapplicanttomakecorrectionoralteration,andshall,afterthe

correctionoralterationhavingbeemade,makeregistrationandissueacertificateofregistrationto

thefoundation.

Ifitisconsideredbytheregistrarthattheregistrationcannotbemadebecausetheobjectsofthe

foundationare

contrary

or

the

law

or

good

moral

or

likely

to

endanger

public

order

or

national

security,ortheapplicantfailstomakecorrectionoralterationassuchwithinthirtyThailandCiviland

CommercialCodedayscountingfromthedayonwhichtheinstructionoftheregistrarcametohis

knowledge,theregistrarshallgiveanorderrefusingtheregistrationandinformtheapplicant

withoutdelayofreasonsforsuchrefusal.

Theapplicantisentitledtoappealinwritingagainsttheorderofrefusalforregistrationtothe

MinisterofInteriorthroughtheregistrarwithinthirtydaysfromthedateofreceiptoftherefusal

order.

The

Minister

of

Interior

shall

decide

the

appeal

and

inform

the

appellant

of

the

decision

within

thirty

daysfromthedateofreceiptofthewrittenappealbytheregistrar.ThedecisionoftheMinisterof


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Interiorshallbefinal.

Section116.Beforetheregistrationofthefoundationbeingmadebytheregistrar,theapplicantfor

creatingafoundationisentitledtowithdrawtheapplicationbysubmittingawrittennoticetothe

registrar.Therighttowithdrawtheapplicationdoesnotdevolveontheheirs.Inthecasewherethe

applicationforestablishmentofthefoundationismadebymanypersons,ifitiswithdrawnbyany

applicant,itshallbecomeextinguished.

Section117.Iftheapplicantforcreatingthefoundationdiesbeforetheregistrationbytheregistrar,

andthedeceaseddoesnotmakeawillrevokingtheapplicationforcreationofsuchfoundation,the

applicationshallbeeffectiveandbeproceededonwiththecreationofsuchfoundationbytheheirs

oradministrator,orthepersonentrustedbythedeceased.Ifthesaidpersonfailstoproceedwith

thematterwithinonehundredandtwentydaysfromthedeathoftheapplicantforcreationofthe

foundation,anyinterestedpersonorthepublicprosecutormayproceedwiththematterinthe

capacityoftheapplicant.

Ifthefoundationcannotbecreatedinaccordancewiththeobjectssetbythedeceasedandno

testamentarydisposition

is

provided

otherwise,

the

provisions

of

Section

1679

paragraph

two

shall

beappliedmutatismutandis.

IfproceedingunderSection1679paragraphtwocannotbemadeorthefoundationcannotbe

createdunderSection115,theappropriatedpropertyshallbevestedintheestateofthedeceased.

Section118.IfthereisatestamentarydispositiontocreateafoundationunderSection1676,the

personchargedwiththedutytocreatethefoundationunderSection1677paragraphoneshall

precedewiththematterunderSection114andunderprovisionsofthisSection.

Ifthepersonchargedwiththedutytocreatethefoundationunderparagraphonefailstoapplyfor

registrationto

effect

the

creation

of

the

foundation

within

one

hundred

and

twenty

days

from

the

datethatthetestamentarydispositiontocreatethefoundationcametoorshouldhavecometo

knowledgeofthesaidperson,anyinterestedpersonorthepublicprosecutormayapplyforsuch

registration.

Iftheapplicantforregistrationofthefoundationfailstomakemodificationsoralterationsin

compliancewiththeinstruction,anyinterestedpersonorthepublicprosecutormayapplyforsuch

registrationagain.

Ifaprotestismadetotheregistraronthegroundthatthewilldoesnotprovideforcreatingthe

foundation,the

registrar

shall

notify

the

protestor

to

make

arequest

to

the

court

within

sixty

days

countingfromthedatehehasbeennotifiedbytheregistrar,andtheregistrarshallnotconsiderthe

registrationbutwaitforthejudgmentororderofthecourtandcomplytherewith.Iftheprotester

failstomaketherequesttothecourtwithinthetimelimit,theregistrarshallfurtherconsiderthe

registrationofthefoundation.

Section119.Ifthewillthatcontainsthetestamentarydispositiondoesnothavesuchparticularsas

providedinSection112(1)(3)(5)or(6),theapplicantunderSection118canstipulatethesaid

particulars.Ifanyinterestedpersonmakesaprotestagainsttheapplicant,theregistrarshallgivean

orderashethinksfitandnotifytheapplicantandtheprotesteroftheorder,hecanfileaprotest

withthe

court

within

sixty

days

count

ing

from

the

date

of

receipt

of

the

notification

from

the

registrar.Theregistrarshallnotconsidertheregistrationbutwaitforthejudgmentororderofthe


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courtandcomplytherewith.Ifnoprotestisfiledwithinthetimelimit,theregistrarshallconsider

theregistrationaccordingtotheordergiven.

Section120.Iftherearemanyapplicantsforregistrationofthefoundationunderthewillofthe

samedecujus,andtheapplicationscontradicteachother,theregistrarshallsummontheapplicants

formakinganagreement.Iftheapplicantsdonotshowuporcannotcometoanagreementwithina

periodoftimefixedbytheregistrar,theregistrarshallgiveanorderashethinksfit,andthe

provisionsof

Section

119

shall

be

applied

mutatis

mutandis.

Section121.Afterregistrationofthefoundation,iftheapplicantforcreatingthefoundationisstill

alive,thepropertyappropriatedthereforeshallvestinthefoundationfromthedateofregistration

ofthefoundationbytheregistrar.

Iftheapplicantforcreatingafoundationdiesbeforetheregistrationofthefoundationbythe

registrar,thepropertyappropriatedthereforeshallvestinthefoundationfromthedeathofthe

applicantaftertheregistration.

Section122.Thefoundationsoregisteredisajuristicperson.

Section123.Afoundationisrepresentedinitsrelationswiththirdpersonsbyitscommittee.

Section124.Allactivitiesperformedbythecommitteeofthefoundationarevalideventhoughit

appearsafterwardsthatthereisanyfaultconcerningtheappointmentorqualificationofdirectors

ofthefoundation.

Section125.Theappointmentofnewdirectorsofthefoundationorthealterationthereofshall

madeinaccordancewiththeregulationsofthefoundationandmustberegisteredwithinthirtydays

countingfrom

the

date

of

such

appointment

or

alteration

of

the

directors

of

the

foundation.

Ifitisconsideredbytheregistrarthatanyofthedirectorsunderparagraphonedoesnothavestatus

orconductsuitableforimplementingtheobjectsofthefoundation,theregistrarmayrefusethe

registrationofthedirector.

Incaseofrefusal,theregistrarshallnotifyreasonsofthefoundationforsuchrefusalwithinsixty

dayscountingfromthedateofapplication,andtheprovisionsofSection115paragraphfourand

paragraphfiveshallbeappliedmutatismutandis.

Inthecasewherethedirectorsofthefoundationvacatetheirofficeandnodirectorisremainingor

theremaining

directors

are

unable

to

perform

their

function,

the

director

who

has

vacated

his

office

shall,ifnoregulationsofthefoundationprovides,performfurtherthefunctionofdirectoruntilthe

foundationisnotifiedbytheregistraroftheregistrationofthenewdirector.

Thedirectorwhohasvacatedhisofficeondismissingaccountbytheorderofthecourtunder

Section129cannotperformhisfunctionunderparagraphthree.

Section126.SubjecttoSection127,thecommitteeofthefoundationisempoweredtoamendthe

regulationsofthefoundation.

Iftherulesandmannersfortheamendmenthavebeenprovidedintheregulationsofthe

foundations,theamendmentmustbemadeaccordingtothoseprovidedintheregulationsandit


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shallbedepositedforregistrationattheregistrarofficewithinthirtydayscountingfromthedateof

amendmentbythecommitteeofthefoundation,andtheprovisionofSection115shallbeapplied

mutatismutandis.

Section127.TheamendmentofanyparticularsintheregulationsofthefoundationunderSection

112(2)canbemadeonlyforthefollowingpurposes:

Tomake

the

implementation

of

the

object

of

the

foundation

possible;

or

Thechangeofcircumstancemakestheobjectofthefoundationbecomelessbenefitormakesit

unabletocarryontheactivitiestofulfilltheobjectofthefoundation,andtheobjectofthe

foundationsoamendedareclosetotheoriginalobjects.

Section128.Theregistrarshallhasthepowertoinspect,controlandsupervisethecarryingonof

activitiesofthefoundationtbeinconformitywiththelawandtheregulationsofthefoundation.

Forthispurpose,theregistraroranycompetentofficialsentrustedbytheregistrarinwritingshall

havepower;

Togiveandorderinwritingtoadirector,officer,employeeoragentofthefoundationforgiving

explanationandpresentingfactsconcerningthebusinessofthefoundation,ortosummonthesaid

personforenquiryortoinstructhimtosendorproduceaccountingbooksandotherdocumentsof

thefoundationforinspection.

Toentertheofficeofthefoundationbetweensunriseandsunsetforinspectingthebusinessofthe

foundation.

Inperformingthedutyunderparagraphone,theregistrarshallproducehisidentitycardwhilethe

entrustedcompetentofficialshavetoproducetoanyconcernedpersontheiridentitycardsanda

letterofpoweroftheregistrar.

Section129.Anydirectorwhocausesaninjurytothefoundationthroughhiswrongfulperformance

ofactivitiesorperformstheactivitiescontrarytothelawortheregulationsofthefoundation,may

applicationoftheregistrar,thepublicprosecutororofanyinterestedperson,bedismissedfrom

beingdirectorofthefoundationbythecourt.

Ifthe

performance

of

activities

under

paragraph

one

is

of

the

committee

of

the

foundation

or

the

objectsofthefoundationarenotimplementwithoutreasonablecausesbythecommittee,thecourt

may,onapplicationoftheregistrar,thepublicprosecutororofanyinterestedperson,giveanorder

dismissingthecommitteefromtheoffice.

Incaseofdismissalofanydirectororofthecommitteeofthefoundationbythecourtunder

paragraphoneorparagraphtwo,thecourtmayappointorderoracommitteeinplaceofadirector

orthecommitteeofthefoundationsodismissedandregistrarshallmakeregistrationoftheperson

whohasbeenappointedasdirectorofthefoundationbythecourt.

Section130.Afoundationisdissolved;


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Uponsuchcauseasprovidedintheregulations,or

Ifformedfordefiniteperiodoftime,bytheexpirationofsuchperiod,or

Ifformedforanyobject,uponitsobjectbeingfulfilledorbecomingimpossible,or

Uponthefoundationbecomingbankrupt,or

Byan

order

of

the

court

to

dissolve

the

foundation

under

Section

131.

Section131.Ontheapplicationoftheregistrar,thepublicprosecutorsorofanyinterestedperson,

thecourtmayorderafoundationtobedissolvedinthefollowingcases;

(1)Itappearsthattheobjectsofthefoundationarecontrarytothelaw.

(2)Itappearsthatthefoundationhasdonethebusinesscontrarytothelawandgoodmoral,ormay

endangerthepublicpeaceornationalsecurity.

(3)Itappearsthatthefoundationcannotproceedonitsactivitiesbyanycausewhatsoeverorhas

stoppeddoingbusinessformorethantwoyears.

Section132.WhenacaseunderSection130(1)(2)or(3)happens,thecommitteeofthefoundation

thatholdstheofficeatthetimeofdissolutionofthefoundationshallnotifytheregistrarofthe

dissolutionwithinfortydayscountingfromthedateofitsdissolution.Ifthecourtpassesafinal

judgmentorgivesafinalordertoeffecttofoundationtobecomebankruptunderSection130(4),or

givesafinalordertodissolvethefoundationunderSection131,thecourtshallalsonotifythe

registrarofthesaidjudgmentororder.Theregistrarshallpublishthedissolutionofthefoundation

intheGovernmentGazette.

Section133.

Upon

dissolution

of

the

foundation,

the

liquidation

of

the

foundation

shall

be

made,

andtheprovisionsinBookIII,Title22onLiquidationofRegisteredPartnerships,Limited

PartnershipsandLimitedCompaniesshallbeappliedtotheliquidationofthefoundationmutatis

mutandis.

Tothiseffect,thereportontheliquidationshallbesubmittedtotheregistrarbytheliquidatorandit

shallbeapprovedbytheregistrar.

Section134.Afterliquidation,theremainingassetsshallbetransferredtosuchfoundationorjuristic

personwhoseobjectisinconformitywithSection110asspecifiedintheregulations,thepublic

prosecutor,the

liquidator

or

any

interested

person

may

apply

to

the

court

for

appropriating

the

assetstootherfoundationorjuristicpersonwhoseobjectiscloselysimilartothatofsuch

foundation.

IfthefoundationisdissolvedbytheorderofthecourtunderSection131(1)or(2)orthe

appropriationoftheassetsunderparagraphonecannotbemade,theassetsofthefoundationshall

vestintheState.

Section135.Ontheapplicationtotheregistrar,anypersonmayaccesstothedocumentsrelatingto

afoundationkeptbytheregistrarorrequestforcertifiedcopiesofthesaiddocumentsandthe

registrarshallcomplytherewithafterpaymentofsuchfeeasprescribedbytheMinisterial

Regulations.


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Section136.TheMinisterofInteriorshalltakechargeandcontroloftheexecutionoftheprovisions

ofthisPartandhavethepowertoappointtheregistrarandissueMinisterialRegulationson;

Theapplicationforregistrationandthemakingofregistration.

Feesfortheregistration,theinspectionofdocumentsandthecopyingofdocumentsaswellasthe

feeforanyactivitiesconcerningthefoundationtobeperformedbytheregistrarincludingthe

exemptionof

the

said

fees.

Formsoftheidentitycardsoftheregistrarandofacompetentofficial.

Theconductofbusinessofthefoundationanditsregister.

AnyothermattersforcarryingouttheprovisionsofthisTitle.

SuchMinisterialRegulationsshallbecomeeffectiveupontheirpublicationintheGovernment

Gazette.

TITLEIII

THINGS

Section137.Thingsarecorporealobjects.

Section138.Propertyincludesthingsaswellasincorporealobjects,susceptibleofhavingavalue

andofbeingappropriated.

Section139.Immovablepropertydenoteslandandthingsfixedpermanentlytolandorforminga

bodytherewith.Itincludesrealrightsconnectedwiththelandorthingsfixedtoorformingabody

withland.

Section140.Movablepropertydenotesthingsotherthanimmovableproperty.Itincludesrights

connectedtherewith.

Section141.Divisiblethingsarethosewhichcanbeseparatedintorealanddistinctportions,each

formingaperfectwhole.

Section142.

Indivisible

things

are

those

which

cannot

be

separated

without

alteration

in

its

substanceaswellasthosewhichareconsideredindivisiblebylaw.

Section143.Thingsoutsideofcommercearethingsincapableofappropriation,andthoselegally

inalienable.

Section144.Acomponentpartofathingisthatwhich,accordingtoitsnatureorlocalcustom,is

essentialtoitsexistenceandcannotbeseparatedwithoutdestroying,damagingoralteringitsform

ornature.

Theownerofathinghasownershipinallitscomponentparts.


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Section145.Treeswhenplantedforanunlimitedperiodoftimearedeemedtobecomponentparts

ofthelandonwhichtheystand.

Treeswhichgrowonlyforalimitedperiodoftimeandcropswhichmaybeharvestedoneormore

timesayeararenotcomponentpartsoftheland.

Section146.Thingstemporarilyfixedtolandortoabuildingdonotbecomecomponentpartsofthe

landor

building.

The

same

rule

applies

to

abuilding

or

other

structure

which,

in

thee

exercise

of

a

rightoveranotherperson'sland,hasbeenfixedtothelandbythepersonwhohassuchright.

Section147.Accessoriesaremovablethings,whichare,accordingtotheusuallocalconceptionor

clearintentionoftheowneroftheprincipalthing,attachedtosuchthingpermanentlyforits

management,useorpreservation,and,byconnection,adjustmentorotherwise,broughtbythe

ownerintotherelationwiththeprincipalthing,inwhichitmustservetheprincipalthing.

Eventhoughanaccessoryistemporarilyservedfromtheprincipalthing,itdoesnotceasetobean

accessory.

Savingspecial

disposition

to

the

contrary,

the

accessory

follows

the

principal

thing.

Section148.Byfruitofathingisanaturalfruitandlegalfruit.

Naturalfruitdenotesthatwhichisanaturaloffspringofandisobtainedfromathinginthenormal

possessionorintheusethereof;anditiscapableofacquisitionatthetimewhenitisseveredfrom

thething.

Legalfruitdenotesathingorotherinterestobtainedperiodicallybytheownerfromanotherperson

fortheuseofthething;itiscalculatedandmaybeacquireddaybydayoraccordingtoaperiodof

time

fixed.

(up)

TITLEVI

JURISTICACTS

CHAPTERI

GENERALPROVISIONS

Section149.Juristicactarevoluntarylawfulacts,theimmediatepurposeofwhichistoestablish

betweenpersonsrelations,tocreate,modify,transfer,preserveorextinguishrights.

Section150.Anactisvoidifitsobjectisexpresslyprohibitedbylaworisimpossible,oriscontraryto

publicorderorgoodmorals.

Section151.Anactisnotvoidonaccountofitsdifferingfromaprovisionofanylawifsuchlawdoes

notrelatetopublicorderorgoodmoral.

Section152.

An

act

which

is

not

in

the

form

prescribed

by

law

is

void.


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Section153.Anactwhichdoesnotcomplywiththerequirementsconcerningcapacityofpersonis

voidable.

CHAPTERII

DECLARATIONOFINTENTION

Section

154.

A

declaration

of

intention

is

not

void

on

the

ground

that

the

declarant

in

the

recesses

of

hisminddoesnotintendedtobeboundbyhisexpressedintention,unlessthishiddenintentionwas

knowntotheotherparty.

Section155.Adeclarationofintentionmadewiththeconnivanceoftheotherpartywhichis

fictitiousisvoid;butitsinvaliditycannotbesetupagainstthirdpersonsinjuredbythefictitious

declarationofintentionandactingingoodfaith.

Ifadeclarationoffictitiousintentionunderparagraphoneismadetoconcealanotherjuristicact,

theprovisionsoflawrelatingtotheconcealedactshallapply.

Section156.

A

declaration

of

intention

is

void

if

made

under

amistake

as

to

an

essential

element

of

thejuristicact.

Themistakeastoanessentialelementofthejuristicactunderparagraphoneareforinstancea

mistakeastoacharacterofthejuristicact,amistakeastoapersontobeapartnerofthejuristicact

andamistakeastoapropertybeinganobjectofthejuristicact.

Section157.Adeclarationofintentionisvoidableifmadeunderamistakeastoaqualityofthe

person.

Mistakeunderparagraphonemustbeamistakeastothequalityofthepersonwhichisconsidered

asessential

in

the

ordinary

dealings,

and

without

which

such

juristic

act

would

have

not

been

made.

Section158.IfthemistakeunderSection156orSection157wasduetothegrossnegligenceofthe

personmakingsuchdeclaration,hecannotavailhimselfofsuchinvalidity.

Section159.Adeclarationofintentionproducedbyfraudisvoidable.

Anactunderparagraphoneisvoidableonaccountoffraudonlywhenitissuchthatwithoutwhich

suchjuristicactwouldnothavebeenmade.

Whenapartyhasmadeadeclarationofintentionowingtoafraudcommittedbyathirdperson,the

actis

voidable

only

if

the

other

party

knew

or

ought

to

have

known

of

the

fraud.

Section160.Theavoidanceofadeclarationofintentionproducedbyfraudcannotbesetupagainst

athirdpersonactingingoodfaith.

Section161.Ifthefraudisonlyincidentalthatistosayithasmerelyinducedapartytoacceptmore

oneroustermsthanwouldotherwisehavedone,suchpartycanonlyclaimcompensationfor

damageresultingfromsuchfraud.

Section162.Inbilateraljuristicacts,theintentionalsilenceofoneofthepartiesinrespecttoafact

orqualityofwhichtheotherpartyisignorant,isdeemedtobeafraudifitisprovedthat,withoutit,

theactwouldnothavebeenmade.


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Section163.Ifbothpartiesactedwithfraud,neitherofthemcanallegeittovoidtheactortoclaim

compensation.

Section164.Adeclarationofintentionisvoidableifmadeunderduress.

Duress,inordertomakeanactvoidable,mustbeimminentandsoseverethatmakeshimfearand

withoutit,theactwouldnothavebeenmade.

Section165.Thethreatofthenormalexerciseofarightisnotconsideredduress.Anyactmade

owningtoreverentialfearisnotconsideredanactmadeunderduress.

Section166.Duressvitiatesthejuristicact,evenwhenitisexercisedbyathirdperson.

Section167.Indeterminingacaseofmistake,fraudorduress,thesex,age,positionhealth,

temperamentofthepersonmadetheintentionandallothercircumstancesandenvironmentwhich

mayrelatetothatactshallbetakenintoconsideration.

Section168.Adeclarationofintentionmadetoapersoninhispresencetakeseffectfromthetime

whenit

becomes

known

to

the

receiver

of

the

intention.

This

also

apply

to

the

declaration

of

intentionmadebyonepersontotheotherthroughtelephone,othercommunicationdevices,or

othermeansthroughwhichsimilarcommunicationcanbemade.

Section169.Adeclarationofintentionmadetoapersonnotinhispresencetakeseffectfromthe

timewhenitreachedthereceiveroftheintention.Ifdoesnotbecomeeffectiveifarevocation

reacheshimpreviouslyorsimultaneously.

Eventhoughthepersonwhomadeadeclarationofintentiondies,becomesincompetentorquasi

incompetentbyanorderoftheCourtafterithasbeensent,thevalidityofdeclarationisnot

impaired

thereby.

Section170.Ifthedeclarationofintentionismadetoaminororapersonadjudgedincompetentor

quasiincompetent,itcannotbesetupagainsthimunlesshislegalrepresentative,guardianor

curator,asthecasemaybe,hasknowledgeofitorhasgivenpriorconsenttoit.

Theprovisionsofparagraphonedonotapplytothedeclarationofintentionconcerninganymatter

thattheminorortheincompetentisrequiredbylawtomakebyhimself.

Section171.Intheinterpretationofadeclarationofintention,thetrueintentionistobesought

ratherthantheliteralmeaningofthewordsorexpressions.

CHAPTERIII

VOIDANDVOIDABLEACTS

Section172.Avoidactcannotberatified,anditsnullitymaybealledgedatanytimebyany

interestedperson.

ThereturnofapropertyarisingfromavoidactshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsonUndue

EnrichmentoftheCode.

Section173.Ifanypartofanactisvoidthewholeactisvoid,unlessitmaybeassumedunderthe

circumstancesofthecasethatthepartiesintendedthevalidpartoftheacttobeseparablefromthe


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invalidpart.

Section174.Ifavoidactcomplieswiththerequirementsofanotheractwhichisnotvoid,itisvalid

astheotheract,ifitmaybeassumedthatsuchvaliditywouldhavebeenintendedbytheparties,

hadtheyknownoftheinvalidityoftheintendedact.

Section175.Avoidableactmaybeavoidedby:

(1)

Thelegalrepresentativeortheminorafterbecomingsuijuris,buttheavoidancecanbemade

bytheminorminorbeforehisbecomingsuijurisifaconsenttheretihasbeengivenbyhislegal

representative,or

(2)

Thepersonadjudgedincompetentorquasiincompetentafterhehasrecoveredhiscapacity,or

bytheguardianorcurator,asthecasemaybe,buttheavoidancecanbemadebythequasi

incompetentbeforerecoveryofhiscapacityifaconsenttheretohasbeengivenbyhiscurator,

or

(3)The

person

who

has

made

the

declaration

of

intention

owning

to

mistake,

fraud

or

duress,

or

(4)ThepersonofunsoundmindwhodidthevoidablejuristicactunderSection30afterhehas

recoveredhiscapacity.

Ifthepersonwhodidthevoidablejuristicactdiesbeforemakingtheavoidance,itmaybeavoided

byhisheir.

Section176.Whenavoidableactisavoided,itisdeemedtohavebeenvoidfromthebeginning;and

thepartiesshallberestoredtotheconditioninwhichtheywerepreviously,andifitisnotpossible

tosorestorethem,theybeindemnifiedwithanequivalent.

Ifanypersonkneworoughttohaveknownthatanactisvoidable,he,aftermakingtheavoidance,is

deemedtohaveknownthattheactisvoidsincethevoidableactbecameknownoroughtto

becomeknowntohim.

Theclaimresultingfromrestoringthemtothepreviousconditionunderparagraphonecannotbe

exercisedlaterthanoneyearfromthedateofavoidanceofthevoidableact.

Section177.IfanypersonentitledtoavoidavoidableactunderSection175ratifiesavoidableact,it

isdeemedtohavebeenvalidfromthebeginning;buttherightofthirdpersonscannotbeaffected

thereby.

Section178.Theavoidanceoforratificationtoavoidableactcouldbemadebyadeclarationof

intentionmadetotheotherpartywhoisadeterminateperson.

Section179.Aratificationisvalidonlyifitismadeafterthestateoffactsformingthegroundof

voidabilityhasceasedtoexist.

Whenapersonadjudgedincompetentorquasiincompetentorapersonofunsoundmindwhodida

voidablejuristicactunderSection30acquiresknowledgeofsuchactafterhehasrecoveredhis

capacity,hecanratifyitonlyafteracquiringknowledge.

Theheirofthepersonhavingdonethevoidablejuristicactcanratifysuchactafterthedeathofsuch


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personunlesstherighttoavoidthevoidablejuristicactofthedeceasedhasextinguished.

Theprovisionsofparagraphoneandparagraphtwoshallnotapplytoaratificationtothevoidable

juristicactmadebythelegalrepresentative,guardianorcurator.

Section180.IfafterthetimewhenratificationaccordingtoSection179couldbemade,anyofthe

followingfactstakesplaceinregardtoavoidableactbyanactofthepersonentitledtoavoidthe

voidableact

under

Section

175,

it

is

deemed

to

be

ratified,

unless

areservation

is

expresses,

such

as:

(1) Theobligationhasbeenfullyorpartiallyperformed.

(2) Theperformanceoftheobligationhasbeendemanded.

(3) Anovationoftheobligationhasbeeneffected.

(4) Securityhasgivenfortheobligation.

(5) Thewholeorpartoftherightorliabilityhasbeentransferred.

(6) Anyotheractsdonewhichindicatetheratification.

Section181.Avoidableactcannotbeavoidedlaterthanoneyearfromthetimewhenratification

couldhavebeenmade,orlaterthantenyearssincetheactwasdone.

CHAPTERIV

CONDITIONSANDTIME

Section182.Aclausewhichsubordinatestheeffectortheendoftheeffectofajuristicacttoa

futureanduncertainevent,isconsideredacondition.

Section183.Ajuristicactsubjecttoaconditionprecedenttakeseffectwhentheconditionis

fulfilled.

Ajuristicactsubjecttoaconditionsubsequentceasestohaveeffectwhentheconditioninfulfilled.

Ifthepartiestotheacthavedeclaredanintentionthattheeffectofthefulfillmentofacondition

shallrelatebacktoatimebeforeitsfulfilled,suchintentionistogovern.

Section184.Anypartytoajuristicactsubjecttoaconditionmustnot,whiletheconditionis

pending,doanythingbywhichthebenefitwhichtheotherpartymightderivefromthefulfillment

oftheconditionimpaired.

Section185.Therightsanddutieswhichthepartieshave,whiletheconditionispending,maybe

disposedof,inherited,protectedorsecuredaccordingtolaw.

Section186.Ifthefulfillmentofaconditionispreventednotingoodfaithbythepartytowhose

disadvantageitwouldoperate,theconditionisdeemedtohavebeenfulfilled.

Ifthefulfillmentofaconditionisbroughtaboutinbadfaithbythepartytowhoseadvantageit

wouldoperate,

the

condition

is

deemed

not

to

have

been

fulfilled.


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Section187.Whentheconditionisalreadyfulfilledatthetimeofthejuristicact,thelatteris

unconditionallyvalid,iftheconditionisprecedent,andisvoid,iftheconditionissubsequent.

Whenitisalreadycertainatthetimeofthejuristicactthattheconditioncannotbefulfilled,theact

isvoid,iftheconditionisprecedent,andunconditionalvalid,iftheconditionissubsequent.

ThepartiesstillhaverightsanddutiesaccordingtoSection184andSection185solongastheydo

notknow

whether

the

condition

is

fulfilled

under

paragraph

one

or

cannot

be

fulfilled

under

paragraphtwo.

Section188.Ajuristicactisvoidifitissubjecttoanunlawfulcondition,oraconditioncontraryto

publicorderorgoodmorals.

Section189.Ajuristicactuponaconditionprecedentwhichisimpossibleisvoid.

Ajuristicactuponaconditionsubsequentwhichisimpossibleisunconditionallyvalid.

Section190.Ajuristicactuponaconditionprecedentwhichdependsuponthewillofthedebtoris

void

Section191.Ifatimeofcommencementisannexedtoajuristicact,itsperformancecannot

demandedbeforesuchtimearrives.

Ifatimeofendingisannexedtoajuristicact,itseffectceaseswhensuchtimearrives.

Section192.Itispresumedthatatimeofcommencementorendingisfixedforthebenefitofthe

debtor,unlessitappearsfromthetenoroftheinstrumentorfromthecircumstancesofthecase

thatitwasintendedforthebenefitofthecreditor,orofbothparties.

Thebenefit

of

such

atime

may

be

waived,

but

this

will

not

affect

any

benefit

which

would

accrue

therefromtotheotherparty.

Section193.Inthefollowingcasesthedebtorcannottakeadvantageofatimeofcommencementor

ending:

(1)IfhehasbeenorderedbytheCourttoplacehisassetsunderfinalcustodyandcontrolaccording

tothelawonbankruptcy.

(2)Ifhehasnotgivensecuritywhenhewasboundtogiveit.

(3)Ifhehasdestroyedordiminishedanysecuritygiven.

(4)Ifthedebtorhasproducedassecurityapropertyofotherpersonwithoutthelatter'sconsent.

(up)

TITLEV

PERIODSOFTIME

Section193/1.Themannerofcomputingallperiodsoftimeisgovernedbytheprovisionsofthis

Title,unlessitisotherwiseprovidedbylaw,byjuridicalorder,byrulesandregulationsorbyajuristic


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act.

Section193/2.Aperiodoftimeiscalculatedbyday.Butifitisdeterminedshorterthanaday,itshall

calculatedassuch.

Section193/3.Iftheperiodoftimeisdeterminedshorterthanaday,itbeginstorunatonce.

When

a

period

of

time

is

determined

days,

weeks,

months

or

years,

the

first

day

of

the

period

is

not

includedinthecalculation,unlesstheperiodbeginstorunonthatdayfromthetimewhichis

customarytocommencebusiness.

Section193/4.Asfarasthelegalproceedings,officialbusinessorcommercialandindustrialbusiness

areconcerned,adaymeansworkinghoursdeterminedbylaw,byajudicialorderorbyrulesand

regulations,orusualworkinghoursofthatbusiness,asthecasemaybe.

Section193/5.Theperioddeterminedinweeks,monthsoryeararecalculatedaccordingtothe

calendar.

Ifthe

period

is

not

computed

from

the

beginning

of

aweek,

month

or

year

,it

ends

on

the

day

precedingthatdayofthelastweek,monthoryearwhichcorrespondstothatonwhichitbegan.Ifa

periodmeasuredinmonthsoryearsthereisnocorrespondingdayinthelastmonth,thelastdayof

suchmonthshallbethedayofending.

Section193/6.Ifaperiodoftimeisdeterminedinmonthsanddays,orinmonthsandapartofa

month,afullmonthshallbefirstmeasuredandthenanumberofdaysorapartofamonth

measuredindays.

Ifaperiodoftimeisdeterminedinapartofayear,thepartofayearshallbefirstmeasuredin

months

and

a

part

of

a

month,

if

any,

shall

be

measured

in

days.

Incalculatingapartofamonthunderparagraphoneandparagraphtwo,thirtydaysisregardedone

month.

Section193/7.Ifaperiodoftimeisextendedandnobeginningdayoftheextensionisdetermined,

thefirstdayoftheextensionisthedayfollowingthelastdayoftheoriginalperiod.

Section193/8.Ifthelastdayofaperiodisaholidayaccordingtoanofficialnotificationoracustom

onwhichnobusinessisdone,theperiodincludesthenextworkingday.

(up)

TITLEVI

PRESCRIPTION

CHAPTERI

GENERALPROVISIONS

Section193/9.

A

claim

is

barred

by

prescription

ifit

has

not

been

enforced

within

the

period

of

time

fixedbylaw.


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Section193/10.Afterthelapseoftheperiodofprescriptionforclaims,thedebtorisentitledto

refuseperformance.

Section193/11.Theperiodsforprescriptionfixedbylawcannotbeextendedorreduced.

Section193/12.Prescriptionbeginsandrunfromthemomentwhentheclaimcanbeenforced.If

theclaimistoaforbearance,prescriptionbeginstorunfromthemomentwhentherightisfist

infringed.

Section193/13.Ifthecreditormaynotdemandperformanceuntilhehasgivennoticetothedebtor,

prescriptionbeginstorunfromthemomentwhennoticecanbefirstgiven.Ifthedebtorisnot

boundtoperformuntilagivenperiodhaselapsedsincethenotice,prescriptionbeginstorunfrom

theexpirationofthisperiod.

Section193/14.Prescriptionisinterruptedif:

(1)

Thedebtorhasacknowledgedtheclaimtowardsthecreditorbywrittenacknowledgement,by

partpayment,paymentofinterest,givingsecurity,orbyanyunequivocalactwhichimpliesthe

acknowledgmentoftheclaim.

(2)Thecreditorentersanactionfortheestablishmentoftheclaimorforrequiringperformance.

(3)Thecreditorappliesforreceivingadebttoarbitration.

(4)Thecreditorsubmitsthedisputetoarbitration.

(5)Thecreditordoesanyactwhichbringsaneffectequivalenttoenteringanaction.

Section193/15.

When

prescription

is

interrupted

,the

period

of

time

which

has

elapsed

before

interruptiondoesnotcountforprescription.

Afreshperiodofprescriptionbeginstorunfromthetimewhentheinterruptionceases.

Section193/16.Thecreditorofanobligationforthepaymentofmoneyperiodicallyisentitledto

requirefromthedebtor,atanytimebeforethecompletionoftheperiodofprescription,awritten

acknowledgmentoftheobligationinordertoobtainevidenceoftheinterruptionofprescription.

Section193/17.InthecasewhereprescriptionisinterruptedduetothecaseunderSection193/14

(2),iftheCourthaspassedafinaljudgmenttodismisstheaction,ortheactionhasterminatedand

hasbeen

disposed

of

on

the

ground

of

being

withdrawn

or

abandoned,

the

prescription

shall

be

deemedtohaveneverbeeninterrupted.

InthecasewheretheCourtrefusestoaccept,returnordismissestheactiononthegroundofwant

ofjurisdiction,ortheactionisdismissedwiththerighttoreentertheactioninCourtandtheperiod

ofprescriptionexpiredpendingproceedings,orwouldhaveexpiredwithinsixtydaysfromthedate

offinaljudgmentororder,thecreditorshallbeentitledtoenteranactioninCourtforestablishing

hisclaimorforrequiringperformanceoftheobligationwithinsixtydaysfromthedateoffinal

judgmentororder.

Section193/18.

The

provisions

of

Section

193/17

shall

apply,

mutatis

mutandis,

to

interruption

of

prescriptionduetothecaseunderSection193/14(3),(4)and(5).


32/203

Section193/19.Ifatanytimewhentheprescriptionwouldend,thecreditorispreventedbyforce

majeurefromeffectingainterruption,theprescriptionisnotcompleteduntilthirtydaysafterthe

timewhensuchforcemajeurehasceasedtoexist.

Section193/20.Ifprescriptionofclaimofaminor,orapersonofunsoundmindwhetheradjudged

incompetentornot,wouldhaveexpiredwhilethesaidpersondoesnotacquirefullcapacity,or

withinoneyearfromthedaywhenthesaidpersoniswithoutalegalrepresentativeoraguardian,if

isnot

completed

until

the

expiration

of

one

year

after

he

has

acquired

full

capacity

or

has

alegal

representativeorguardian,asthecasemaybe.Iftheperiodofprescriptionoftheclaimisshorter

thanoneyear,theshorterperiodoftimeshallapplyinplaceofthesaidperiodofoneyear.

Section193/21.Ifprescriptionofclaimofaminor,anincompetentoraquasiincompetentagainst

hislegalrepresentative,guardianorcuratorwouldhaveexpiredwhilethesaidpersondoesnot

acquirefullcapacity,orwithinoneyearfromthedaywhenthesaidpersoniswithoutlegal

representative,guardianorcurator,ifisnotcompleteduntiltheexpirationofoneyearafterhehas

acquiredfullcapacityorhasalegalrepresentative,guardianorcurator,asthecasemaybe.Ifthe

periodofprescriptionoftheclaimisshorterthanoneyear,theshorterperiodoftimeshallapplyin

placeofthesaidperiodofoneyear.

Section193/22.Ifprescriptionofclaimsbetweenspouseswouldhaveexpiredbeforewithinone

yearafterdissolutionofmarriage,itisnotcompleteduntiltheexpirationofoneyearafter

dissolutionofmarriage.

Section193/23.Ifprescriptionofaclaimexistinginfavouroforagainstadeceasedwouldhave

expiredwithinoneyearafterthedateofthedeath,theperiodofprescriptionisnotcompleteduntil

theexpirationofoneyearafterdeath.

Section

193/24.

The

benefit

of

prescription

can

be

waived

only

after

it

has

been

completed,

but

such

waiverdoesnotprejudicetherightofthirdpersons,orthesurety.

Section193/25.Whenprescriptioniscompleted,itseffectrelatesbacktothedaywhenitbeganto

run.

Section193/26.Withtheprincipalclaimtheclaimsforaccessoryactsofperformancedependent

uponitarealsobarredbyprescription,eveniftheparticularprescriptionapplyingtotheaccessory

claimisnotyetcomplete.

Section193/27.Thebarringoftheprincipalclaimbyprescriptiondoesnotpreventamortgagee,a

pledge,holder

of

aright

of

retention

or

acreditor

who

has

preferential

right

on

property

of

the

debtordetainedbyhim,toenforcehisrightoutofthemortgaged,pledgedordetainedproperty.

Butinexercisingtherightthecreditorcannotobtainmorethanfiveyearsforarrearsofinterest.

Section193/28.Ifanyactofperformanceisdoneinsatisfactionofaclaimbarredbyprescription,

thevalueofsuchperformancemaynotbedemandedback,eveniftheperformancehasbeen

effectedinignoranceoftheprescription.

Theprovisionsofparagraphoneshallapplytoacontractualacknowledgmentofliabilityinwriting

andtothegivingofsecuritybythedebtor,butitcannotbereferredagainsttheformersurety.

Section193/29.

When

prescription

has

not

been

set

up

as

adefense,

the

Court

cannot

dismiss

the


33/203

claimonthegroundofprescription.

CHAPTERII

PERIODOFPRESCRIPTION

Section193/30.Theperiodofprescriptionforwhichnootherperiodisprovidedbylawistenyears.

Section193/31.The

period

of

prescription

for

claims

of

the

Government

for

taxes

and

rates

is

ten

years.AstootherclaimsoftheGovernmentrelatingtoobligations,theprovisionsofthistitleshall

apply.

Section193/32.Theperiodofprescriptionforaclaimestablishedbyafinaljudgment,orbya

contractofcompromiseistenyears,eveniftheclaimitselfissubjecttoanyperiodofprescription.

Section193/33.Theperiodofprescriptionisfiveyearsforthefollowingclaims:

(1)Arrearsofinterest

(2)Sumspayableforthepurposeofpayingofftheprincipalbyinstallments.

(3)ArrearsofrentorhireofpropertyexcepttherentofmovablesunderSection193/34(6).

(4)Arrearsofsalaries,annuities,pensions,allowancesformaintenanceandallotherperiodical

payments.

(5)ClaimsunderSection193/34(1)(2)and(5),sofarastheyarenotsubjecttotheperiodoftwo

years.

Section193/34.

The

period

of

prescription

is

two

years

for

the

following

claims:

(1)Arrearsofinterest

(2)Sumspayableforthepurposeofpayingofftheprincipalbyinstallments.

(3)ArrearsofrentorhireofpropertyexcepttherentofmovablesunderSection193/34(6).

(4)Arrearsofsalaries,annuities,pensions,allowancesformaintenanceandallotherperiodical

payments.

(5)ClaimsunderSection193/34(1)(2)and(5),sofarastheyarenotsubjecttotheperiodoftwo

years.

Section193/34.Theperiodofprescriptionistwoyearsforthefollowingclaims:

(1)

Claimsofmerchants,industrialistsmanufactures,artisansandthosewhopracticeindustrial

arts,fordeliveryofgoods,performanceofworkandcareofothers'affairs,including

disbursements,unlesstheservicewasrenderedforthebusinessofthedebtor.

(2)

Claimsof

those

who

engage

to

agriculture

or

forestry,

for

delivery

of

agricultural

or

forest


34/203

products,sofarasthedeliveryisforthedomesticuseofthedebtor

(3)Claimsofcarriersforpassengersorgoods,orifmessengers,forfare,freight,hireandfees,

includingdisbursements.

(4)

Claimsofinnkeepersorhostelkeepersandthosewhomakeabusinessofprovidingfoodand

drink,orthosewhomakeabusinessofrenderingentertainmentserviceaccordingtothelaw

onplacesofentertainmentservices,forsupplyinglodgingandfoodorotherservicesrendered

totheguests,includingdisbursements.

(5)Claimsofthosewhoselllotterytickets,racketorsimilarticketsforthesaleofthetickets,

unlesstheticketsaredeliveredforfurthersale.

(6) Claimsofthosewhomakeabusinessoflettingmovables,fortherent.

(7)

Claimsofthosewho,withoutbelongingtotheclassesspecifiedin(1),makebusinessofthe

careofothers'affairsortherenderingofservice,fortheremunerationduetothemfromthe

business,includingdisbursements.

(8)Claimsofthosewhoareinprivateservice,forthewages,orotherremunerationforservices,

includingdisbursements;alsoclaimsoftheemployersforadvancesmadeuponsuchclaims.

(9)

Claimsofemployees,whethertheybepermanent,temporaryordaylabourers,and

apprentices,forthewagesorotherremuneration,includingdisbursements,orclaimsofthe

employersforadvancesmadeuponsuchclaims.

(10)

Claimsomastersofapprentices,forthepremiumandotherexpensesagreeduponinthe

contractof

apprenticeship

and

disbursements.

(11)Claimsofownersofeducationalinstitutionsornursinghome,forinstructionfeesandother

fees,ormedicalfeesanotherexpenses,includingdisbursements.

(12)Claimsofthosewhoreceivepersonstobemaintainedoreducated,forservicesincluding

disbursements.

(13)Claimsofthosewhoreceiveanimalstobemaintainedortrained,forservices,including

disbursements.

(14)Claimsofteachers,fortheirfees.

(15)Claimsofpractitionersinmedicine,dentist,nurses,midwives,veterinarysurgeonsorthose

whopracticeinotherrelatedfieldsofmedicine,fortheirservices,includingdisbursements.

(16)

Claimsoflawyersorthoseengagedinlegalprofessionincludingexpertwitnessesfo

thai civil law code

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