THAI DO DOI VOI TRACH NHIEM BAO VE CHU QUYEN BIEN DAO TO QUOC CUA CHU TAU OANH BAT XA BO VEN BIEN MIEN TRUNG

PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Hoa

Vien Tdm ly hgc.

TOM TAT

Nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien thdng qua phuang phdp diiu tra bdng bdng hdi, nghien cdu tdi lieu, phdrig vdn sdu. Thu thdp thong tin bdng bdng hdi dugc tiin hdnh tren 212 chii tdu ddnh bit xa bd tai Gio Linh (Qudng Tri) vd Nha Trang (Khanh Hda), trong thdng 10 ndm 2017. Trong nghien cuu ndy, thdi dp ciia chu tdu ddnh bdt xa bd dii vdi trdeh nhiem bdo ve chu quyen biin ddo ciia Td qudc id phdn irng ding tinh hay khgng ddng tinh vdi trdeh nhiem do. Kit qud nghiin cuu thuc tien cho thdy, chii lau trong mdu nghien ciru khd ddng tinh vdi trdeh nhiem bdo ve chii quyin bien ddo ciia To quoc. Su ddng tinh do khdng khdc biit giira cdc nhdm 'ehd tdu d hai dia phuang dugc nghien ciru, song cd su khdc biit giUa cdc nhdm xet theo dp tudi vd tr'mh do hgc vdn.

Tur khoa; Thdi dp; Trdeh nhiem bdo ve chii quyin bien ddo; Chii tdu ddnh bdt xabd.

Ngdynhdnbdi; 161112019; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi 25/1/2019.

1. DJt vin dl Thai dd la mdt yiu td cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi ddi sdng eon ngudi.

Thdi dp eda mdt ea nhii/mpt t i ehue ddi vdi edng viee cd vai trd quan ttpng ddi vdi hieu qua cdng vieecua ca nhan/td ehue dd. Carol Dweek oho rang thii dd ddi vdi cdng viec eua mot ngudi cd thi du bdo vl su thanh edng trong edng viec cua ngudi dd tdt hon kha nang dy bao eua ehi sd IQ (din theo Bradberry T., 2016).

vin dl thai dp ttong tam ly hge duge nhiiu nha nghien euu quan tam. Tuy nhien, quan niem vi thai dp eua eae nha khoa hgc ehua cd su thdng nhat. Mdt sd nha nghien edu eho ring, thai dp bao phu mpt pham vi rat rdng, gdm eae Ihanh td nhu: nhan thue, xue cam, ddng ea va hanh vi (Norbert Sehwarz va Gerd Bohner, 2001, tt. 2). Cae tac gia nay nhin manh tinh ehat dn djnh eua thai dd.

Mdt so nha tam ly hoe khae theo xu hudng ciu true ba thanh td eua thai do: nhan thire, cam xue va hanh vi. Theo Myers D.G. (2010), thai do la nhung

TAP CHfTAM l y HOC, Sd' 2 (239), 2 -2019 53

phan ung mang tinh ung hd hay phan ddi eai gi dd hoac ai dd - thuong ngudn tu nilm tin cua hg - thi hien d cam xuc va dy djnh hanh vi. Baroii_ Byrne (1984) eho ring, thai dd la mdt td hgp tuomg ddi dn dinh, bao gdm: mem tin, cam xue va xu hudng hanh vi ddi vdi mdt ngudi/mdt nhdm ngudi hay vo i mdt sy vat/mdt nhdm su vat, hien tugng cu thi. Theo eac tac gia nay, xet ve trang thai bilu hien, thai do vira ed bilu hien ngim in ben trong, khong quan sat duge - niim tin; vua cd bilu hien dupe bgc Id ra ngoai, ed the quan sat dugc - cam xuc va hanh vi.

Mdt sd nha nghien edu khae hiiu thai do theo nghia hep hon, chi bao gdm nhan thde (su danh gia) va xuc cam (thich/khdng thich). Early va Chaiken (din theo Norbert Sehwarz va Gerd Bohner, 2001, tt. 2), Timothy A. Judge va John D. Kammeyer-Mueller (2012) <;ho ring, thai dd la mdt xu hudng tam ly dupe thi hien bdi sy danh gia mdt ddi tugng cu thi vdi mdt vai miie do thieh va ididng thieh. Theo hg, cac thanh phin cua thai do (danh gia va cam xue) hda quyen chat ehe vdi nhau, danh gia la ea sd eua cam xuc/tinh earn va cam xuc/ tinh cam phan dnh su danh gia vi gia ttj cua sy vat, hien tugng ddi vdi ehu thi. Hp eho ring, bilu hien eudi eung eua thai do la mgt sd mue dp thieh/khdng thieh, hai Idng/khdng hai Idng vdi ddi tugng.

Mgt xu hudng nua, gdm eae nha nghien euu eho rang, thai dp chi bao gdm mdt thanh id: hpae nhan thde hoae xuc cam hoae hanh vi. Theo Knud Larsen va Le Van Hao (2010), thai dp la "mdt phan ling mang tinh ehit danh gia tich eye hay tieu eye ddi vdi mot ddi tugng nao dd" Tuomg ty, Malhotta (2005) eho rang: thai do la danh gia tdng hop hoae suy nght ve ddi tugng. Nhu vay, thai dp ehi la sy nhan thue ve mpt ddi tugng cu the. Daryl Bern eho rang, thai do chi la earn xuc: Thai do la thich/khdng thieh, hai Idng/khdng hai Idng (din theo Norbert Sehwarz va Gerd Bohner, 2001, tr. 2). Alport (1935) ehi ehu y den mat hanh vi cua thai do. Alport djnh nghia: thai dp la "mdt trang thai sin sang ve tinh than va than kinh, duge td ehue thdng qua trdi nghiem, su dyng sy dieu ehinh hoac anh hudng nang dgng len phan ung cua ca nhan vdi tit ed ede vat the va tinh hudng ed lien quan" (din theo Norbert Sehwarz va Gerd Bohner, 2001, tr. 2). Theo djnh nghia dd, thai dp la xu hudng san sang hanh dpng, phan ung vdi mdt ngudi/mdt nhdm ngudi, vdi mdt sy vat/mdt nhdm sy vat eu thi nao do cua mot ca nhan/mpt nhdm ngudi nao dd; duge hinh thanh tit trdi nghiem trong cupc sdng eua ea nhan/nhdm.

Trong nghien cuu nay, ehung tdi eho ring, thai do ddi vdi mdt ddi tugng eua mdt ehu the la phdn ung ddng tinh hay khdng ddng tinh vdi dii tugng dd eua chu thi, dugc thi hien qua nhan thuc vi ddi tugng, tinh cam ddi vdi doi tupng va hanh vi/xu hudng hanh vi hudng din ddi tugng dd. Thai dd ddi " ttach nhiem bao ve ehu quyin biin ddo eua Td qude cua chu tau danh bit xa b" d mien Trung duge xem la su phan dng ddng tinh hay khdng ddng tinh "

vol

54 TAP CHfTAM ly HOC, S6 2 (239), 2 - 2019

trach nhifiti dd eua chu tau, duge thi hien qua su nhan thue vl trach nhiem, tinh cam ddi vdi trach nhiem va hanh vi hudng din ttach nhidm dd.

Nhan thirc ve mgt ttaeh nhiem bdo ve biln dao eua Td qude Id sy danh gid, quan niem ve ttaeh nhiem dd eua chd tdu. Nhan thue vdi tu each Id mdt thanh td ctla thai dp mang tinh ehu quan, nd phu thupe vao quan niem vi y nghia, tim quan ttpng eua trach nhiem dd, cQng niiu he gia trj eua ehu thi.

Tinh earn ddi vdi trach nhiem bdo ve biin dao Td qude eua ehd tau la trang thai cdm xiie dae biet, ed y thue, dn djnh eua ehu tau, phan dnh sy danh gid vl y nghia, tim quan ttpng eua bdo ve biin dao, dupe hinh thdnh vd phat triln trong qua trinh hoat dgng nghl eua hg.

Tinh cdm va cam xue la hai trang thdi cdm xiic khae nhau, ed mdi lien he chat che vdi nhau: tinh earn mang tinh khai qudt (tinh edm ddi vdi mdt loai/ mot pham tru eae su vafhien tugng), trong khi dd, cam xue mang tinh cu thi (cam xde ddi vdi tdng thudc tinh eua sy vafhien tugng) (Pham Minh Hae, 1995; Trin Trgng Thuy, 1998; Nguyin Quang Uin, 2011). Tinh cam ddi vdi mot su v^t'hien tugmg thudng dupe bilu hien thdng qua edm xuc ddi vdi sy vdt/hien tupng dd eua ehu the. Vi vay, mudn tim hilu tinh cdm ddi vdi mdt su vSt/hiSn tugng phai tim hieu cam xuc ddi vdi cde thugc tinh cua hien tugng dd, sau do, khdi quat thanh eae dae dilm cua tinh cdm.

Hdnh vi, vdi tu each la mdt thanh td cua thai dd. Id phan ung bing hanh dong hoSc xu hudng hanh ddng ddi vdi trdeh tihiem bao ve bien dao cua Td qudc theo mdt each dac tnmg nhat djnh. Dd la thanh td duy nhat cua thai dp cd thi quan sat duge, trong khi hai thanh td khde (nhan thue va tinh cam) khdng thi quan sdt trye tiep duge (Jeet Rughani, 2017).

Theo logic, cae thanh td eua thai dp eang tich eye din din thdi dp edng tich cue, cd nghia la phan itng mang tinh ddng tinh cang cap va nguge lai, cae thanh td cdng tieu eye, thai dp eang tieu eye, tue la phdn ung khdng ddng tinh cdng eao.

ViSt Nam la qude gia cd Igi thi vi biln. Bd biin nude ta dai 3.260km va dien tich vimg biin dae quyin kinh t i khoang 1 knil Trong long biln ehda nguin tai nguydn khong Id, phong phu va da dang vl ehung loai, la dieu kien thien nhien thuan loi di phat triln nhilu linh vye kinh ti biin nhu: khai thde thuy sdn, khai thde diu khi, khai thde khoang sati, du Ijeh biln, giao thdng vdn tai biln va eae djeh vu di kem (Nguyin Chu Hdi, 2009). Cung vi the, gm trj thien nhien eua biln nude ta cung la mgt trong nhttng ly do khien nhieu the lyc b6n ngoai nhdm ngo, ttanh chip.

Nhan thirc sau sic v i gid trj kinh t l vd vj tri qude phdng eua bien nude ta, Nghi ciuyit sd 09/2007 eua Ddng "Vi chiin luge biin Viet Nam den ndm 202(f' (Nghi quylt sd 09-NQ/TW ngay 09/02/2007) da quan ttiet mdt sd quan

TAPCHfTAMLyHpC,S6'2(239),2-2019 55

dilm: "Bdo ve ehu quyen biln, dao la nhidm vu ttgng yeu cua tgan Dang, loan ddn, toan quan" va "Diy manh phat triin kinh tl biln gin vdi tang cudng quoc phdng - an nuih tten biin; tap trung xay dung thi ttan qude phdng an ninh gan vdi thi Iran an ninh nhan dan vung chae tten bien; xay dung lyc lugng vu trang, trudc hit la lyc lugng hdi quan, canh sat bien, bd dpi bien phdng va dan quan ttr ve biln, du sue lam ndng cdt frong nhi$m vti qudn ly, bao ve ehu quyen bien qudc gia".

Theo tinh thin cua Nghj quylt sd 09/2007, viec tang cudng tiem lyc,, sue manh eua todn dan tten eae vung bidn, eu the Id tao dieu kien, khuyen khieh ngu dan bam bien, khai thac hai san tren eac vung biln ddo, nhat la cac vung biin xa bd la het sde quan trpng. Dieu dd ed nghia la viee phat trien boat ddng danh bat xa bd khdng ehi ed gid trj phdt trien kinh t6, ma edn cd y nghia ddi vdi viee bdo ve ehu quyen bien ddo eua Td qude. Cd the ndi rd hom la: hoat ddng ddnh bit xa bd cua ngu ddn khdng chi tien hanh khai thde hai san, md sir ed mat cua eae tau danh bat xa bd tren eae vung biln vdi ed do sao vdng cd y nghTa nhu la nhung "edt mde sdng" khang djnh quyen ehu quyen eua ddt nude. Ben eanh dd, ngu dan edn lam nhiem vu eanh gidi, phat hidn sy xdm nhap ttai phep eua eac tau thuyen nude ngodi vao vung biln nude ta bing vide thdng bao sy ed mat cua tdu la cho lyc lugng chuyen trdeh biin. Trong nhttng tinh hudng phuc ta]3, hg ed the phdi hpp, hd trg lye lugng chuyen traeh chiin diu bdo ve ehu quyen biin ddo eua Td qude va an ninh tren bien (Nguyin Van Dimg, 2011).

Trong hoat ddng danh bit xa bd, ehu tau la lue lugng cdt can, la ngudi chiu trdeh nhiem eao nhit ve mgi phugng dien, bao gdm trdeh nhiem bao v6 chu quyen bien dao cua Td qude. Vi vay, thdi do eua hg ddi vdi trach nhiem bao ve chu quyin biln ddo cua Td qude trong hoat ddng danh bit xa bd cd y nghia hit sue quan trpng.

2. Khach the v4 phugng phap nghien ciiu

Nghien eilu thue tiin duge tiin hanh tai hai dia phuong: Qudng Tri va Khanh Hda. Tai Quang Trj, nghien euu dugc thue hien tai xd Gio Hai va thj ttan Cita Viet, huyen Gio Linh; tai Khanh Hda, nghien edu duoc thye hien tten hau bet cdc phudng cua thanh phd Nha Trang. 284 khdeh thi da tham gta nghien euu, trong dd, khach thi tra Idi bdng hdi gdm: 212 chu tdu- khdeh thi da Idi phdng vdn sau gdm: 18 chu tau, 11 ngudi nha chu tau, 9 ngudi lao ddng tten tau va 8 cdn bd co sd tai dja phuang; khdeh thi tham gia toa ddm edm'28 can bd eo sd tai dia phuang. ^

Khdeh thi trong miu nghien euu dupe chpn theo phuong phdn ni.3n nhien, thuan tien. Tudi ddi trung binh cua mau nghien euu dinh luong Id 50 45

Nghien euu duge thye hien bing eae phuong phap: phuong phdn nphien eihi tai heu, dieu tra bang bdng hdi, phdng van sau vd tpa ddm. ' "gmcn

56 TAPCHfTAMLyHOC,S6-2(239),2-2019

Ndi dung bdng hdi tim hieu vd thai do eua ehu tau danh bit xa bd ddi vdi ttach nhiem_bdo^ve chu quyen biln ddo cua Td qude la mgt thang do gdm 16 menh de. Mdi menh di ed 3 phuang an ttd Idi tuomg ung vdi 3 mue diim: 1 diim - khdng ddng y; 2 dilm - ddng y mgt phin; 3 dilm - ddng y.

NhOng menh de cd ddu * la nhOtig menh di ed y nghia nghjeh dao - menh dl thi hien y kidn tieu eye, duge doi diim frude khi tinh do tin eay cua thang do, BTB cua menh de vd DTB eua thang do. Rieng khi tinh ty le % ede phuong dn tra Idi cua timg menh de, eae menh di dd khdng dupe ddi diim.

DTB eua timg menh di edng eao, khach thi ddng y cdng cao vdi ndi dung cua menh dl. DTB eua thang do eang eao, khach thi cd nhan thuc/tinh cam/hanh vi cdng tich eye;_ed nghia la khdeh thi edng ddng tinh eao vdi trach nhi6m bao ve ehu quyen bien dao eua Td qude.

Sd lieu thu duge tu bang hdi dupe xu ly bing phuang phdp thing ke toan hpe thdng qua phan mem SPSS. Sau khi tinh todn dp tin cay, thang do Thitc ttang thdi dp ddi vdi ttdeh nhiem bao ve ehu quyin biin ddo eua Td qude dugc giu lai 12 menh di, ed do tin eay Alpha eua Cronbaeh Id 0,71.

3. Ket qua nghien ciiu

3.1. Thdi dp doi vdi trdeh nhiem bdo ve ehu quyen bien ddo eua eha tdu Ket qua bieu do cho thay, DTB thai do ddi vdi trdeh nhidm bao ve chu

quyen bi6n dao eua Td qude dupe phdn bd nghieng vd mue diem tren trung binh, tap trung nhiiu d pham vi tu 2,5 diem din 3 diim.

Histogram

N

Biiu dd 1: Phdn bd BTB thdi dp ddi vai trdeh nhiem bdo \ ehil quyin biin ddo Td qude ciia khdeh the nghien eim

TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, Sd' 2 (239), 2-2019 57

3.1.1. Nhdn thuc ve trdeh nhiem bdo ve chu quyen bien ddo cua chu tau

DTB nhan thuc vh trach nhiem bao ve chu quy^n bidn dao T6 quoc cua chu tau cao hon miic trung binh Idia Ion (DTB = 2,50/3), co nghia la, chu tau nhan thiic tich cue ve trach nhiSm bao ve chu quyen bien dao ciia To quoc. Cu the nhu sau:

Chu tau danh gia cao y nghia cua hoat dong danh bat xa bcr d6i vol viec bao ve chu quy6n biln dao ciia T6 qu6c (88,5% s6 Idiach th^ tra Icri bang hoi d6ng y vai y liien cho rang, hoat dpng danh bat xa ba co y nghia quan trong doi vai viec bao ve chii quyen bien dao To quoc), nhan thuc duac vai tro quan trong ciia ban than ho doi vai trach nhiem bao ve chii quyin biln dao ciia To quoc: 89,8% s6 khach the tra Icri bang hoi dong y vai y kien cho rang, ngu dan (bao gom chii tau) co vai tro rat quan trpng doi vai viec bao ve chii quyen bien dao T6 quoc va hieu ro gia tri to Idn ciia viec thuc hien trach nhiem do, gan 80% so chii tau tra lai bang hoi khong ddng y voi y kien: bao ve chu quyin bien dao ciia To quoc khdng dem lai loi ieh gi cho ngu dan.

"Thuc te cho thdy, viing bien nuac ta rong menh mong, luc luang canh sdt hien vai so luang co han, khong the co mat tren tdt cd cdc viing bien ciia To quoc, vi vdy, su co mat cua ngu ddn rdt cdn thiet doi vai viec khdng dinh quyin chu quyen bien ddo cua To quoc" (B.D.T., chu tau, 60 tuoi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri).

"Nhd nuac cho ra khai ddnh bdt cd, nguac lai, minh phdi thi hien trdeh nhiem bdo ve chu quyen ddn toe bdng each giit tdu ldm dn a do di khdng dinh chit quyen bien ddo, bao ve ngu truang ddnh bdt truyin thong cua cha ong. Chung toi di ra do 4 lan trong mot ndm, mdi Idn a lai do 15 ngdy. Truac day nhung nude khdc chua hdnh trudng thi khong phdi ldm diiu ndy, cdng ngdy ho cdng hdnh truang nen cdn bdo ve bien giai hiin ddo..." (H.V.T., chii tau, 59 tu6i, Gio Linh, Quang Tri).

Bdng 1: Nhan thuc vi trdeh nhiem bdo ve chu quyin hien ddo To quoc cua chu tdu

TT

I

2

Cac bieu hien nhan thirc ve trach nhiem bao ve chu quyen

bien dao cua chu tau

Chung toi khong can thi6t phai tham gia bao ve chu quyen bien dao*.

Ngu dan chiing toi c6 vai tro rSt Ion d6i voi viec bao ve chii quyfin biln dao.

Cac mu-c v kien (%)

Khong dongy

19,6

6,4

Dong y mot phan

13,5

3,8

Dong y hoan

toan

26,9

89,8

DTB

2,33

2,75

DLC

0,97

0,50

58 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sfi 2 (239), 2 - 2 0 1 9

3

4

S

Bao ve bien dao Ithong co Igi gi cho ngu dan*.

Hoat dong danh bat xa bd co y nghTa quan trong ddi vdi viec bao ve chu quvSa bien dao To quoc.

Tham gia bao ve bien dao la trach nhiem nang ne, nguy hiem doi vai ngu dan chiing toi*.

78,8

7,7

42,3

7,7

3,8

5,8

13,5

88,5

51,9

Nhan thirc noi chung

2,60

2,81

2,00

2,50

0,71

0,56

0,87

0,46

Ket qua phong van sau cho thay, hau het chu tau rat quan tam tim hi Su va nim duoc cae ehinh sach eua Nha nuoc ve hoat dpng danh bat xa bet noi ehung, v§ trach tihiem bao ve ehii quyen bien dao noi rieng. Hp hieu day dii nhung quy (linh ciia chinh sach ho \rg tien dau eho ngu dan danh bat xa bo theo Quyet dinh s6 48/2010/QB-TTg (https://vasep.com.vn): so chuyen tau duge ho trp/nam, so ti n cac tau co kieh co khae nhau duge ho trg/ehuyen va nhung traeh nhiem hg phai thuc Men theo tinh than eiia Quyet dinh do (vimg biSn hg can den dS thuc hien hoat dgng danh bat xa bo, thoi gian eiia m6i chuyen, so lugng tin nhan de xac dinh tga dp tau tai thai diim tau dang hoat dgng...). B6ng thai, hg danh gia rit cao gia tri kinh tS ciia so tiSn duge ho trp doi vdi thu nhap eiia gia dinh hp.

Cae ehii tau hiiu ro each thi hien vai tro, traeh nhiem bao ve bien dao trong hoat dpng danh bat xa ba. Mgt chii tau noi: "Chiing toi biet, trach nhiem ciia ching tdi Id chi edn cho tdu cd cua minh vdi ca do sag vdng luon tung bay him dien a vimg biin Hodng Sa hoac Trudng Sa, niu thay tdu la, ed the gay nguy hiim, thi bdo eho cdc tdu khde gan do di ednh gide vd phdt hien nhiing^ diiu bdt thudng thi bdo eho lire luang chirc ndng ciia Nhd nuac tren bien" (P.T.A., 45 hiSi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa).

Ben canh do, mpt ty le dang ki khach thi nghien ciiru nhan thdy su kho khan, nguy hiim ciia viee thue hien trach nhiem baP ve chu quyen bien dao etia T6 qu6c trong hoat dpng danh.bat xa b&: 51,9% s6 ehii tau dong y vdi nhan dinh ring, tham gia bao ve biin dao la trach nhiem nang ne, nguy hiem dot vai ngu dto, trai lai, 42,3% s6 nguai khong dong y voi nhan dinh do.

Nhin ehung, nhom chu tau tham gia nghi6n eiiu nhan thirc y nghia eiia hoat dong danh bit xa bo d6i vol viee khing dinh quyen chii quyen va bao ve chii quyin biin dao T6 qu6e, nhan thire dugc vai tro eua ngu dan doijai vi?c do. Ho cung nhan thiie sau sie gia trj to Icm eiia nhung ehinh sach ho trg eua Nha nucJc dit voi su phat triin etia hoat dgng danh bat xa ba not ehung, dot vol hoat dgng danh bit ciia gia dinh hg noi rieng.

TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, sa' 2 (239), 2 - 2019 59

3.1.2. Tinh edm ddi v&i trdeh nhiem bdo ve ehu quyen bien ddo To quae eiia chd tdu

DTB tinh cam d6i vol trach nhiem bao ve chii quyen bien dao To qtioc kha eao (DTB = 2,74/3; DLC = 0,35). Kit qua do cho thiy, ehii tau eo tinh cam tich cue dii vcJi viec bao ve biin dao To quic. Hiu hit s6 ehu tau tra lai bang hoi (92,3%) khing djnh hp tu hap duge gop phin bdo ve biiii dao eua T6 quoc; 90,4%) s i khach thi tham gia nghien eiiu khing djnh hp rit hanh dien duett; tham vao dpi bao ve ehu quyin biin dao eiia Tfl quic; 75,0%i so ngiioi tra loi khong sg nguy hiim khi thuc hien traeh nhiem bao ve biin dao ciia To quoc.

Bdng 2: Tinh cdm doi vol trdeh nhiem bdo ve ehu quyin bien ddo To qude eiia chii tdu

STT

1

2

3

4

Cac bieu hien tinh cam doi voi trach nhiem bao ve chu quyen

bien dao ciia To quoc

Toi rat quan tam den viec bao ve chu quyen bi6n dao cua To qu6c.

Toi tir hao dugc gop phan bao ve chil quyen bien dao To quoc.

Toi sg trach nhiem bao ve bien dao*.

Toi hanh dien du'gc tham gia vao dpi bao V? chil quyen bien dao cua To quoc.

Cic miSrc v kien

Khong dongy

26,9

1.9

75,0

5,8

Dong y mot phan

13,5

5,8

15,4

3,8

(%) D^ng

y hoan toan

59,6

92,3

9,6

90,4

Tinh cam noi chung

DTB

2,52

2,90

2,65

2,85

2,74

DLC

0,77

0,35

0,65

0,49

0,35

Tinh cam doi voi trach nhiem bao ve bien dao cua ehu tau ciing duac ong Nguyin Viet Thing - Chit tjch Hpi Nghe ea Viet Nam danh gia eao: "Ngu dan Viet Nam la mpt lite luong dong dao, eo dOng khi, dam mao hiim bim bien hanh nghi trong dieu kien bien luon nghiet nga voi hp" (Nguyin Viet Thing, 2016).

Mgt ehu tau da timg bj mpt tau chile nang nuac ngoai de dga, pha luoi tren duong tau anh di danh bit xa ba a Truang Sa khing dinh trong phong vin sau: "Sau su eo do mpt tdu ehiie ndng nuac ngodi gay ra trong mpt idn ehung toi tren duarig di ddnh bit a Truang Sa, tu tudng ciia toi vd bgn thuvin viing vdng, on dinh, khdng ai sg di biin. Chung toi sdn sdng tiip tue di bi' d'

60 TAP CHITAM ly HOC, 862 (239),2-2019

lean kinh te va bao ve ehu quyen biin ddo" (B.D.T., 60 tuii, Gio Linh, Quang Tri). Mot chii tau Uiae ehia se: "Chiing tdi luon ed y thuc phdi ednh gide, hgp site vdi nhau de bam bien ldm dn vd giir biin ddo. Nhirng khi nghi vi vai tro cua minh, tot thdy vui vd tu hao" (P.T.A., 45 tuii, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa). Tra IM cau hoi: "Dieu anh thieh iihit trong nghi danh bit xa bo la gi?", mpt ehu tau he tuii noi: "Tot thich nhdt Id duac ldm nghi cua minh, dn ed tuoi, huang khong khi trong lanh va tham gia bdo ve chu quyin biin ddo cua nuac minh" (N.T.N., ehti tau, 35 tuii, Gio Linh, Quang Tri).

Nhin ehung, chii tau thi hien ro tinh cam tu hao, hanh dien, quan tam din trach nhiem bao ve ehii qtiyin bien dao, da si khong sg nguy hiim khi thiic hien traeh nhiem bao ve biin dao eua Ti quic.

3.1.3. Hdnh vi the hien trdeh nhiem bdo ve chd quyin biin ddo cita chit tdu

Bang 3: Hdnh vl the hien trdeh nhiem bdo ve ehd quyin bien ddo To quae ciia ehu tdu

TT

1

2

3

Cac bleu hien banh vi th^ hien trach nhiem bao ve cbii quyen bien dao To quoc ciia chii tau

Toi tich circ tim hilu thong tin lien quan den tinh hinh an ninh tren bien qua cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung.

Toi ttr nguyen tham gia vao dgi tu quan, doi bao ve chii quy6n bien dao.

Toi thuang xuyen trao doi vcri cac chu tau khae, voi anh em trong luc lugng an ninh tren bien ve each ling pho v6i tau la.

Cac mirc y kien (%)

Khong dongy

1,9

9,4

7,5

Dong y mgt phan

3,8

3,8

18,9

Dongy hoan toan

94,3

86,8

73,6

Hanh vi noi chung

DTB

2,92

2,7

2,66

2,79

DLC

0,33

0,60

0,61

0,41

Kit qua thu dupe eho thiy, DTB hanh vi thi hien traeh nhi$m bao ve chii quyin biin dao T 6 quic eua chu tau kha cat) (2,75/3). Nhiing bieu hien hanh vi thi hien traeh nhiem bao ve ehii quyin biin dao eua Ti quoc cua chii tau gim: Hg thudng xuyen tim hiiu cac thong tin lien quan den tinh hinh an ninh tren biin qua eae phuang tien truyin thong (94,3% si ehti tau tham gia tra Itri bang hoi); Tu nguyen tham gia dpi bao ve ehii quyen bien dao (86,8%). Nhimg nguoi tham gia vao dpi bao ve ehu quyin biin dao thucmg duge hpc

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, S6'2 (239), 2 - 2019 61

tap, dugc phi bien ve tinh hinh an ninh tren biin. Sau do, hg tuyen truyen, pho biin tinh hinh do trong ngu dan. Trong khi thire hien boat dpng danh bat xa bo, hg CO trach nhiem kip thoi thong bao vai lire luong an ninh tren bien neu thay nhOng hien tupng bit thutmg. Hp co trach nhiem phoi hgp vdi eac lue luong chire nang tren bien, vdi cac tau ca khae kip thdi eiru hp nhQng tau gap nan; Phan Ion hg thudng danh thdi gian gap go, ehia se, trao doi vdi nhau va vdi nhimg ngudi trong lire lugng ehitc nang ve tinh hinh an ninh tren bieii, ve kinh nghiem thue hien traeh nhiem bao ve chii quyen bien dao eua To quoc hay ve cac phucmg an ung phd ed hieu qua (73,6%).

Nhd ed y thite nim bit thong tin ve tinh hinh an ninh tren bien qua tivi, ehia se thong tin vdi cae ehu tau khae, vdi nhiing ngudi trong lire lugng ehiire nang tren bien, cae chii tau da nam duge nhiing phucmg an irng phd hgp ly trong trudng hgp phat hien tau chiic nang va tau ca nude ngoai tren viing bien nude ta. Trong nhirng trudng hgp bi quay roi, de dga, eae ehii tau ludn giii binh tinh va thong bao cho lire lugng an ninh bien, cho trung tam ho trp tren bd biet, thong bao cho tau ban d gan khu vuc dd biet vi tinh hudng hien tai, mpt mat, de tau eila hg dugc hd trg kip thdi, mat khae de eae tau ban cd phuang an kjp thdi iing phd va hd trg lin nhau. Trong mgi trudng hgp, hg luon hanh dgng mpt each khdn kheo, dung cam di ed the bao toan toi da tinh mang eiia ngudi lao dpng va tai san.

Cac ket qua tren noi len ring, chit tau tham gia nghien eiiu cd hanh vi tich cue thuc hien traeh nhiem bao ve ehii quyin biin dao eiia T i qude.

Cd nhiing ehu tau nhieu lan gap tau nude ngoai, bi rugt dudi, bi eudp tai san.tinh mang eua hp va cua ngudi lao dgng tren tau bj de dga, ehuyin di biin bi 16. Song dieu do khdng ngan can hp tiip tue di danh bit xa bd di vira lam kinh te nudi gia dinh, vira tham gia bao ve ehii quyin biin dao (Nhdm phdng vien, 2017; Nguyin Ddng, 2016).

Mpt thdi quen thi hien trach nhiem khing dinh quyin ehu quyin va bao ve bien dao etia ehii tau la trong mdi ehuyin di danh bit xa bd, hp khdng quen dem theo cd do sao vang ciia Td qudc va treo nd d vi tri eao nhit, vi tri ed dl duge quan sat tir xa tren tau (Cdng Cudng, 2016). Nliiiu ehu tau can than hem, hp dein theo nhiiu ed Td qudc di thay khi cd bj sdng gio, nude biin lam bac mau, de liie nao tren nde tau eiia hg ciing ed cd dd sao vang tung bav trudc gid (Doan Hau Trung, 2014).

Cac ehu tau edn biit tao ra sire manh di irng phd vdi su de doa guiv pha eua tau la bang viec xay dung cac nhdm tau eiing nghi. Cae chu tail danh bat xa bd deu eho biet, tau hp khdng bap gid ra khoi don dde bao aid hn -di eiing it nhat hai, ba tau khae di h i tro nhau ' ' "d cung

62 TAPCHlTAMiy HOC,562(239), 2-2019

3.1.4. Banh gid chung vi thdi dp ddi vol trdeh nhiem bdo ve chi quyin hiin ddo To quoc eua ehii tdu

Kit qua thu duge tu bang hdi eho thiy, diim ming binh thai dp ddi vdi irich nhiem bao ve ehu quyen bien dao To qude ciia chit tau kha eao (DTB = 2,71/3; DLC = 0,33). Dieu do eo nghja la ehii tau ddng tinh kha cao vdi teach nhiem bat) ve chii quyen biin dao T i qudc ma hp ein thire hien.

Bieu do 2: Diem trung binh thdi dp vd diem trung binh ede thdnh td eia thdi dp doi vdi hoat dpng ddnh bdtxa ba cita chii tdu ven bien mien Trung

Triuig thai ddng tinh kha eao ciia ehii tau ddi vdi traeh nhiem bao ve chu quyin biin dao eua To qude xuat phat tir mpt sd ly do sau day:

Hp cd tinh yeu biin sau sie. Tinh yeu de duge hinh thanh tit sir gan bd vcri biin va su danh gia vi nhiing gia tri ma bien dem lai cho hg va gia dinh hg. Hiu hit chii tau cd thdi gian hg gin bd vdi biin, vdi tau Idn hon nhieu thdi gian lio sing d nha, tren dit liin (Xuan Trudng, 2015). Hon thi, hp danh gia cao nhimg gia trj biin da dem lai eho hp va gia dinh. Biin da cho hp nghe di khang djnh ban than, nudi sing gia dinh: "Dan dng, eon trai sinh ra va Idn len d bien, khSng di biin, thi khdng biit lam gi". Khi hp bude vao nghi ngu.gia dinh hg ngheo, ban than khdng duge hgc hanh, khdng tim duge viee lam tren bd. Ngay nay, nhieu gia dinh ehu tau trd nen giau cd, da sd hg ed cupc sdng tuong ddi tdt nhci thu nhap tit biin. Nhiing diiu do da lam nay nd tiiih yeu, su ham an eua hg dii vdi biin. Vi vay, ddi vdi hg, traeh nhiem bao ve biin dao khdng chi la nghTa m, la trach nhiem ddi vdi Td qude, ddi vdi dit nude, ma nd ed y nghta thiet thue

T«PCHlTAMLyHOC,S6'2(239),2-2019 63

vdi ddi sdng hang ngay eila hp vk gia dinh hp, bao ve biin 14 bao ve ngu truang lam an, bao ve ngudn thu nhap eiia gia dinh hp.

Them vao dd, ehii tau danh gia cao gia trj kinh ti ddi vdi thu nhap eiia gta dinh hg tir nhirng ehinh sach Nha nude danh eho hoat dgng danh bat xa bd, oac biet, gia tri ciia chinh saeh hd trg tien dau (theo Quyet djnh sd 48/2010 QD-TTg, http://vasep.eom.vn). Tir do, hg y thiie dupe traeh nhiem eiia minh ddi vdi viee thue hien cac traeh nhiem bao ve ehu quyin biin dao eiia Td qudc.

3.2. Thdi dp ddi vdi trach nhiem bao ve chu quyin bien dao cua cac nhom eha tdu

Bang 4: Su khdc biet vi thdi dp doi vdi trdeh nhiem bdo ve chu quyen biin ddo To qude ciia cde nhom chu tdu

Cac nhom diroc so sanh

I

Cira Viet

61 tuoi tro len

51 -60tu6i

41-50 tudi

Tieu hgc tra xuong

Trung hgc co sa

J

Nha Trang

40 tuii trd xuong

41 -50 tuii

51 - 60 tuii

40 tuoi tra xuong

41 -50 tuii

40 tuoi tra xudng

Trung hgc ca so

Trung hgc pho thong

Trung hgc pho thong

ChSnh lech DTB (I -J)

0,04

-0,33*

-0,24»

-0,30*

0,02

0,00

0,01

-0,15'

-0,23*

-0,08

P

0,38

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,76

0,92

0,81

0,00

0,00

0,17

Ghi chii: * khdc biet BTB coy nghia a mirc 0,05.

So sanh digm trung binh thai do dii vdi traeh nhiem bao ve chO quyin biin dao eiia nhttng ngudi thue hien boat ddng danh bit xa bd cho ttiiy:

Khdng ed su khae biet vi thai do ddi vdi traeh nhiem bao vg ehti quyin bien dao etia Td quic giiia nhdm chu tau d Gio Linh (Quang Tri) va nhdm eha tau d Nha Trang (Khanh Hda). Cd thi ndi ring, hai nhdm ehii tau d hai dia phuang khae nhau tham gia nghien ciru diu ed sy ddng tinh nhu nhau vdi trach nhiSm khang djnh quyen ehu quyin va bao ve biin dao Td qude.

64 TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, S6' 2 (239), 2-2019

Thai dd ddi vdi trach nhiem bdo ve ehu quyin biin ddo eua nhdm ehu tau c6 dp tuii Idn nhat (tren 60 tuii) khdng tieh eiie bing thai dp eua eae nhdm chii tau tti tuoi han (p < 0,05). Theo ehiing tdi, su khae bidt n^y ehti yiu xuit phit tir sit khae biet v i nhu eau an toan eua cae liia tuoi khae nhau. Thdng thudng, nhiing ngudi cang Idn tudi, eang mong muin ed eupe sdng in djnh, an toiin, khdng thich phieu luu, mao hiim. Trai lai, nhimg ngudi eang tri cang thich duge khing djnh ban thati thdng qua thue hien nhiing viec mao hiim. Troiig khi dd, ho?t ddng danh bit xa bd ndi chung va traeh nhiem bao ve chii quyin biin dao Td qudc ndi rieng ed tinh nii ro, nguy hiim dang ki.

Thai dp ddi vdi traeh nhiem bao ve ehii quyin biin dao Td quic ciia nh6m chii tau cd trinh dp hgc vin tieu hge khdng tich cue bing thai do eua cac nh6m ehii tau cd trinh dp hpe vin eao hon (p < 0,05). Su khae biet d dSy cd lien quan vdi sir khae biet giira cae nhdm tudi nhu da trinh bay d tten (nhdm chu tau ed thai dp It tieh cue nhit vdi ttaeh nhiSm bao vd ehii quyin biin dao la nhdm tir 60 tudi trd len va tihdm dd ehiem da sd trong nhdm ed trinh dp hpe van tiiu hpc).

Tom lai, nhdm chii tau danh bat xa bd tham gia nghien eilu ddng tinh kha cao vdi ttaeh nhiSm bao ve ehu quyen bien dap eiia Td qude. Cae biiu hien nhan thitc vi trach nhiem dd, tinh cam dpi vdi ttach nhiem dd va hanh vi ddi vdi teach

' nhiSm do kha nhit quan, kha tieh cue. GiUa hai nhdm ehu tau d hai dja phuong khong ed su khae biet ve sir ddng tinh vdi ttaeh nhiem dd, tuy nhien, giUa eac nhdm chu tau xet theo lira tudi va tritih do hge van ed sir khae biet dang ke ve sir ding tinh vdi ttaeh nhiem bao ve ehti quyen biin dao eiia Td qude.

Tai lieu tham khao

1. Cong Cudng (2016). Niim kieu hdnh cua ngu ddn b-in bien. http://www.bienphong. com.vn/niem-kieu-hanh-cua-ngu-dan-tten-bien/.

2. Nguyen VSn Dung (2011). Bdy manh viec kit hap ddnh bdt hdi sdn xa bd vdi xdy dipig thi trgn qudc phdng todn ddn trin biin. http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/an-pham-tap-chi-in/day-manh-viec-ket-hop-danh-bat-hai-san-xa-bo-voi-xay-dung-the-tran-quoc-phong-toan-dan-teen-bien/2420.html.

3. Nguyin Dong (2016). Chuyin biin khdng may cua gia dinh ba idn bi tdu Trung fia&^a^l'p/ia. https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/chuyen-bien-khong-may-cua-gia-iiinh-3-lan-bi-tau-trung-quoc-quay-pha-3435278.html.

4. Pham Minh Hac (chu bien) (1995). Tdm ly hgc. NXB Giao due. Ha Noi.

5. Nguyin Chu Hdi (2009). Qudn ly nhd nude vi biin vd hdi ddo d Viet Nam: vdn de 111 each tiip cdn. Tap chi Sinh hoat ly luan. Hoc vien Chinh tti - Hanh chinh khu vuc III. Si 1 (92).

TAPCHiTAMLyHpC,S6'2 (239), 2 - 2019 65

vdi ddi sing hang ngay cda hp va gia dinh hg, bao ve biin la bao ve ngu mtang lam an, bao ve nguin thu nhap etia gia dinh hg.

Them vao do, ehii tau danh gia eao gia trj kinh ti dii vdi thu nhap cua gta dinh hg tir nhtmg chinh sach Nha nude danh eho hoat ddng danh bit xa bd, dae biet, gia tii eiia ehinh saeh hd trg tiin diu (theo Quyet djnh sd 48/2010 Q B ^ ^ S . http://vasep.com.vn). Tir dd, hg y thiic dugc traeh nhiem eiia minh ddi vdi viee thuc hiSn cae traeh nhiem bao ve chii quyen biin dao cua Td qude.

3.2. Thdi dp ddi vol trdeh nhiem bao vl chd quyin biin dao cua cdc nhom ehd tdu

Bang 4: Su khdc biet vi thdi dp ddi vdi trdeh nhiem bdo ve ehu quyen biin ddo To quoc eua cdc nhom chu tdu

Cac nhom dnorc so sanh

I

Cira Viet

61 tuoi tra len

51 -60 tuoi

41 -50 tuii

Tieu hgc tro xuong

Trung hgc ca sa

J

Nha Trang

40 tuii tro xuong

41 - 50 tuoi

51 -60 moi

40 tuoi tro xuong

41 - 50 tuai

40 tuoi tra xuong

Trung hgc co so

Trung hgc pho thong

Trung hoc pho thong

Chenh lech DTB ( I - ' j )

0,04

-0,33*

-0,24*

-0,30*

0,02

0,00

0,01

-0,15*

-0,23*

-0,08

P

0,38

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,76

0,92

0,81

0,00

0,00

0,17

Ghichii: * kiidc biet BTB co y nghia a mirc 0,05.

So sanh diem trung binh thai dp ddi vdi traeh nhiem bao ve chu quyin biin dao eua nhirng ngudi thue hien boat ddng danh bit xa bd eho thiy:

Khdng ed su khae biet vi thai do ddi vdi trach nhiem bao ve ehii quyin biin dao eua Td qude giua nhdm ehu tau d Gio Linh (Quang Trj) va nhdm ehu t^u d Nha Trang (Khanh Hda). Cd thi ndi ring, hai nhdm ehd tau d hai dia phuong khae nhau tham gia nghien eim diu cd sy ddng tinh nhu nhau vdi trach nhiem khing djnh quyen ehii quyin va bao ve biin dao Td quic.

64 TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, 86 2 (239), 2 - 2019

Thii dd doi vdi traeh nhiein bdo ve ehu quyin biin ddo eiia nhdm ehii tau c6 dp tuoi Idn nhSt (tten 60 todi) khdng tieh eirc bing thai do ciia eac nhdm chii tau tri tuii hom (p < 0,05). Theo chiing tdi, su khae biet nay ehu yiu xuit phat tit su khae biet v i nhu eiu an toan eua eae lira ttidi khae nhau. Thdng thudng, nhiing ngudi cang Idn tudi, eang mong mudn ed eude sing in djnh, an toin, khdng thich phieu luu, mao hiim. Trai lai, nhiing ngudi cang tte cJng thich dugc khing dinh ban than thdng qua thue hien nhCtng viec mao hiim. Trong khi dd, ho?t ddng danh bat xa bd ndi chung va trach nhiem bao ve ehu quyin biin dao Td qudc ndi ridng cd tinh nii ro, nguy hiim dang ki.

Thdi do ddi vdi traeh nhiem bao ve ehu quyin biin dao Td quic ciia nhom chu tau cd ttinh do hge vin tieu hpe khdng tich cue bing thai dp cua cac nhom chii tau ed trinh dp hoe vin eao han (p < 0,05). Su khae biet d day ed li6n quan vdi su khae bidt giiia_ cac nhdm tuii nhu da ttinh bay d tren (nhdm chii tau cd thai do it tieh cue nhat vdi traeh nhiem bao ve ehii quyin biin dao la nhom tir 60 tail trd len va nhdm dd ehiim da si ttong nhdm ed ttinh do hge vin tiiu hge).

Tom lai, nhdm ehu tau danh bat xa bd tham gia nghien cim ddng tinh kha cao vdi teach nhi^m bao vd ehii quyen bien ddo eua Td qude. Cac hieu hien nhan thiic ve ttaeh nhiem dd, tinh cam ddi vdi traeh nhiem dd va hanh vi ddi vdi teach

' nhiem dd kha nhit quan, kha tieh cue. GiUa hai nhdm ehu tau d hai dja phuang khdng cd su khae biet ve su ddng tinh vdi traeh nhiem dd, tuy nhien, gitra cac nhom ehu tau xet theo lira tudi va ttinh do hgc vin ed sir khae biet dang ki ve sir ding tmh vdi ttaeh nhiem bao ve ehu quyen biin dao eiia Td qudc.

Tii lieu tham khao

1. Cong Cudng (2016). Niim kiiu hdnh eua ngu ddn trin biin. http://www.bienphong. com.vn/niem-kieu-hanh-cua-ngu-dan-tten-bien/.

2. Nguyin Van Dung (2011). Bdy manh viec kit hop ddnh bdt hdi sdn xa bd vdi xdy dung thi trdn qudc phdng todn ddn tren biin. http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/an-pham-tap-chi-in/day-manh-viec-ket-hop-danh-bat-hai-san-xa-bo-voi-xay-dung-the-tran-quoc-phong-toan-dan-tten-bien/2420.html.

3. Nguyin Dong (2016). Chuyin biin khdng may cua gia dinh ba lan bi tdu Trung gaifc?a4'/'Aa. https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/chuyen-bien-khong-may-cua-gia-dinh-3-lan-bi-tau-trung-quoc-quay-pha-3435278.html.

4. Pham Minh Hac (chu bien) (1995). 7am iy hgc. NXB Giao due. Ha Npi.

5. Nguyen Chu Hii (2009). Qudn ly nhd nude vi biin vd hdi ddo a Viet Nam: vdn de vo each tiip edn. Tap chi Sinh hoat ly luan. Hgc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh khu virc III. S3 1(92).

T4PCHlTAMLyHpC,S6'2(239),2-2019 65

6. Nghi quyit 09 - NQ/TW ngdy 09/2/2007 "Vi chiin luac biin Viet Nam din ndm 2020 . http://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/ta-lieu-ve-dang/hoi-nghi-trung-uong/khoa-x/aoc-

5926201511115346.hniil. 7. Nhdm phong vien (2017). Quyit gia ngu trudng Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa. https;//nld. com. vn/thoi-su/quyet-giu-ngu-truong-hoang-sa-tmong-sa-20170910231708333.html.

8. gayeV dinh so 48/2010/QB-TTg ngdy 13/7/2010 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ve mpt so chinh sdch khuyin khieh, hd trg khai thdc, nudi trdng hdi sdn vd dich vu khai thdc hai sdn tren cdc viing biin xa. http://vasep.com.vn/Thu-Vien-Van-Ban/72_2673/rhong-tu-Uen-tich-11201 ITTLT-BNN-BQP-BTC-HuDng-dan-thuc-hien-Quyet-dinh-so482010QD-TTg-ngay-1372010-cua-Thu-taong-Chinh-phu.htm.

9. Doan Hihi Tmng (2014). Tdu cd keo cd Td quoc khdng dinh chii quyin tren Bien Bong. https://baomoi.eom/tau-ca-keo-co-to-quoc-khang-dinh-chu-quyen-tten-bien-dong/c/ 13032618.epi. 10. Nguyin Viet Thing (2016). Ngu ddn trong su nghiep bdo vi chu quyin biin, ddo Ti qudc. http://thuysanvietnam.com.vn/ngu-dan-trong-su-nghiep-bao-ve-chu-quyen-bien-dao-to-quoc-article-15133 .tsvn. 11. Trin Trgng Thuy (1998). Tdm ly hgc dgi cuang. NXB Gido due. Ha Npi. 12. Xuan Tmdng (2015). A g/iJ biin khdng biit "khdn". http://entemews.vn/nghe-bien-khong-biet-khon-3698.httnl. 13. Nguyin Quang Uin (2011). Bdi gidng tdm ly hgc dgi cuang tap 2 (ddnh cho hi cir nhdn) Khoa Tam ly, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hdi va NhSn van.

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