thailand report

Learning from the Organic Sector in ThailandReport on Field Research June – July 2010

by Tamara Baillie, Business Development Officer & VIDA Volunteer

Table of Contents

1. Field Visits Around Chiang Mai1.1 Pun Pun Project1.2 Fair Earth Farm1.3 Punya Project1.4 Rainbow Farm project1.5 The Chiang Mai Thai Organic Farm Cooking School

2. Field Visits Around Bangkok2.1 Green Net2.2 Bangkok CSA 2.3 Organic Produce in Supermarkets

3. Main Findings of Interest to TXO Project 3.1 Packing and processing3.2 Transport3.3 Traceability3.4 Farming techniques

3.4.1 Seed saving3.4.2 Structures to protect plants3.4.3 Fish breeding3.4.5 Mushrooms

4. Future Impacts4.1 Areas for reflection4.2 Experiences4.3 Contacts information

5. AnnexItinerary

Learning from Thai Organic Sector July 2010

1. Field Visits Around Chiang Mai

1.1 Pun Pun ProjectThis project is 2 hours north of Chiange Mai and has a focus on seed collecting, straw bale building and organic farming (rice, vegetables, some fruit)

About 10 people living as a community, mostly Thai.

Focus on growing own organic food and seed saving. Large collection of seeds and network of other savers. Largest crops are organic rice and sticky rice, water from community resevoir, via canal system.

Some solar power in use but not well maintained.

Established 7 years ago by Thai farmer and American wife. Has attracted lots of media attention and now some sponsorship money from Red Bull, through an intermediary organization. In exchange for cash support, Red Bull is permitted use of facilities for corporate training and events.

Income sources:guest houses (THB300/night for food and room)group training/meeting facility for external groupsscheduled training courses in seed saving, adobe building, cooking courses, etcresidential, fee paying internships, attended by mostly foreignersSponsorship from Red Bullsmall shop and café on presmises selling coffe, shakes, etc plus recycled crafts, seeds, some organic body care products.

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1.2 Fair Earth FarmMr Jeff RutherfordMae Rim, 1/2 hr north of Chiang Mai

Jeff had been running a CSA for Chiang Mai residents but found very difficult to find suppliers. When it was running he supplied rice, duck eggs, Thai herbs, local vegetables, seasonal fruit and occasionally exotic vegetables.

Has now turned focus to his own permaculture/organic food production. Jeff is also a researcher/journalist attached to Chiang Mai Uni, working in natural resource management in northern Thailand, including sustainable food production and food sovereignty issues.

Jeff’s farm/garden includes a food forest, duck ponds, fish nursery, fruit and other edible trees and many integrated vegetable beds. Key features of Jeff’s farm: uses a lot of mulching with manure, newspapers and straw and notices that this greatly enhances plant growth rates. grows in mixed beds, does not till the soil and uses crop rotation. grows water hyacinth in waterways and uses for mulch as it’s up to 40% nitrogen ‘duck tractors’ ducks are let onto the rice field to churn up the soil has fish nursery to protect fingerlings from aggressive snake head fish, promoting fish stock diversity in the water areas grows food on verges of canals, to green the area and produce more food (eg. banana, sweet potato, sorghum, pineapple, etc)

In his village just north of Chiang Mai, much of the traditional knowledge has been lost and now mostly chemical production. Locals not interested in revivgin tradiational, non-chemical techniques as they expect their land will soon be sold for future housing developments. As a result of his troubles finding produce for

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the CSA, Jeff has started his own project as a catalyst for city people to meet farmers and make connections.

In his immediate area many former food producers are moving into flower production which they think will be more lucrative, despite evidence of over supply already. This is even more chemically intense than the food producing crops and is further reducing food supply. Many of these farmers no longer bother to keep records so don’t’ even know is they are making any profit and don’t have any record of what has been successful or not.

King’s diversified growing theory proposes that agricultural land use (for each individual holding) should be 30% rice, 30% fruit & veg, 30% aquaculture and 10% living and livestock.

The Upland Hill Development Project, working with hill tribes to grow organic food to sell directly to restaurants and local farmers markets has been very successful. Working with local schools, kids and younger farmers are learning about ecology, health, economy,etc through farming. The focus is on biodiversity and how it can help farmers. eg. soil is important because it has ‘life’ which needs to be protected,supported. Also uses basic permaculture techniques.

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1.3 Punya ProjectBan Mae Jo village, Mae Taeng district (2hrs north of Chiang Mai)

Focus at Punya is on straw bale building and self sustaining organic farming. There is also some small scale experimental projects such as teak planting. The main income source is from teaching permaculture design courses, largely to foreigners who come for 3 week residential courses. There is a full time community of mainly foreigners living here.

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1.4 Rainbow Farm projectMai Rim and surrounds (just north of Chiang Mai)Mr Tawan Hangsoongnern

Tawan studied Rural Development at CMU and started this project with support from Japanese NGO in 2004-9. He is now self supported and provides advice to number of farmers, loosely connected as Rainbow Farm.

Tawan started as a consultant for government run organic animal/meat project. He then began a research project with 500 ducks, at 10 farms (10 vilalges) which made BHT 300,000 from egg sales. Ducks also made 7 tons of fertilizer and ate 5 tons of snails.

Tawan helps farmers with problems with their crops. His organistaion also buys organic rice from farmers (especially when the price is low) at market price plus THB1/kg. He then processes and packs it to sell in his rice shop at a profit, that is used to support the organization. There are about 300 families in 10 villages that sell rice through this model. They grow many varieties of rice – brown rice, brown jasmine rice, red jasmin rice, long grain, sticky rice, etc.

Members in about 14 villages come to learnings 4 times each year – farmers pay their own costs to attend but are given books and food for the course. Farmers are supported initially but once strong, they make their own market and become independent. Many sell from the farm door to local community, some take their produce to farmer’s markets in Chiang Mai.

Idea is to diversify farmer’s production to reduce their vulnerability. So each farmer is encouraged to produce vegetables, rice and meat, but also taking into account the local area and conditions. In low areas they grow rice but in mountains they grow soy beans, beans, vegetables.

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As there is a local and direct relationship between farmers and consumers, they don’t see need for standards or certification systems.

In 2009 Rainbow Farm produced about 250 tonnes of rice, mostly sold within Thailand in the local area. They prefer to sell locally to save energy and pollution.

Focus is on teaching farmers to get higher prices when they change to better products (ie. organic) and packaging for sale in market.

Duck/rice circle: duck gets food from rice crop, duck and fish live together int eh dam, duck house can be covered with rice husks, duck poo/husk mix becomes fertilizer for rice crops. Duck poo is composts by Yakuchi method

Focus on projects being holistic

Rainbow projectmembers produce either 1. organic rice (about 400 members, growing mostly

jasmine rice 3 crops/yr no fertilizer)2. organic animals (about 33 members)

They get a small grant from government and the animals come from Rainbow farm. They must record all the data for Tawan’s study and give/sell animals to other farmers in the project. They can give/sell to Rainbow Farm if difficult.

Members meet every month or 2 to learn from each other.

organic farming logo required to sell at JJ market (about 13 sellers) or use ISAC logo (well known in local area).

CMU is largest producer of organic vegetable, at Wed market has maybe about 100 growers.

running youth camps twice a year to train city kids to grow rice/harvest rice. Teach a lot through songs- many songs on many topics.

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Rainbow Farm (Tawan’s property) 14000m2 rice (2 crops/year), ducks, chicken, fish. processes rice here and grow own vegetables.

Most of his rice is grown for seed for other farmers in the organization.(1 hectare)

Farm Visit 1

around 2,000m2, one couple, sell direct from their farm.

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Rainbow project gave this farm 50 chickens and 50 ducks and built the coops for them. Now run independentally.

mushrooms: everyday income from direct to public sales. Grown in shady area (shade cloth covered) on rice straw and wood. Can harvest for 4 years, 2 harvests per year.

bamboo shoots, vegies, duck eggs: every day money, direct to public sales about THB 200-300/day

chickens: every month money selling meat, about THB 3,000/month

pigs: every 6 months money selling meat.10 piglets is about THB13,000

Farm Visit 2:5 hectares, 1,000m2 is vegetables, 5,0000m2 is rice and rest is forest.

forest farm/agro-forestry mixed use land. Aim is to keep the forest but have income generating activities in same area.

- some cows, lots of chickens and many types of mushrooms, grown in holes in trees, dead logs, piles of pine needles and rice husks, in shady areas.

- Also grow turmeric, ginger, bamboo shoots (about THB 50/kg)- teak timber trees planted about 75 year ago. 1 large tree can get about

THB 30,000 but trees as young as 20 years old still make good money.- Neem trees grown and used for insecticide- Soybean mushrooms grown in piles of soybeans, sell for about THB 80/kg

and beans can be used for compost afterwards- vegetables: eggplant, chili, beans, pumpkin, thai basil, edible acacia,

bananas, papaya, edible leafy plants.- rice and soy fields, receives run off from forest so don’t need fertiliser.

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- Vegies etc cold at market in Chiang Mia, once a week.

Farm Visit 31,600m2 mostly organic animals – hub for poultry

duck and chicken hatching machine used to sell/supply other project members. Before new members get poultry they must submit plans and how are for building coops and have it approved/inspected by the group. eg. org gives 50 chickens to new farmer at no cost but he must then give 50 chickens to farmer members in his area.

Anti-avian flu measures include separating areas for different birds and age groups.

Now building new area for abattoir to which all project members wil be able to bring their poultry for slaughter and processing. Members will pay a small fee for this service. Staff of group will buy live chickens from farmers and kill, process and package them for sale at market in Chiang Mai twice a week.

Aims: 1.teach, 2. give/raise chickens for project, 3. killing and learning about selling.

Income:2 rice retail stores in Chiang Mai:15% profit for Tawan (pays his salary)10% management of shop5% development50% to workers in shop (1 manager gets small salary plus 50% of this sales amount. Workers get small salary plus % of sales)20% training and development

rely on technology to keep costs low, eg. computer sales system, e-banking.

Last year there was some money from a govt grant to support project so they made t-shirts for group members and gave farmers a bonus of THB 1,000 is been organic for 3 years, 1,200 for 4 yrs, 1,500 for 5 yrs plus based on area. (Up to THB 5,000 per farmer).

Farmers’ market in Chiang Mai (mostly selling rice and eggs)Green markets – about 30 points of sale

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1.5 The Chiang Mai Thai Organic Farm Cooking School(Approx 30 mins from Chiang Mai)THB900/person for whole day. Includes transport, food, class and recipes.

This farm only supplies ingredients for the cooking classes and staff. It’s more like a small garden but is important for showing people the ingredients in their natural state – eg. herbs and vegetables and fruits.

On pick up a small note is provided and each person marks which dishes they want to cook: there are 2 options for each so people can make what they want. This is also important for the guides who then purchase the ingredients such as meat, tofu, fish sauce, etc at the market on the way to the farm.

At farm: 3 kitchen rooms, with max about 8 cooking areas in each kitchen. I building has divider in it so could be used by 1 large class of 16 people. Each area has 1 gas burner, 1 work bench, plus chopping board, utensils, and space for ingredients, etc. Sinks for washing dishes and area for staff to make preparations are outside. Also eating is outside in shaded area.

1 fluent English speaking guide and 1 driver in each vehicle, for group of max 8-10 people. Additionally about 4 assistants stay at the farm to prepare ingredients on trays for each dish, eg. washing veg, chopping meat to correct portions, washing dishes, setting out crockery.

No airconditioning but lots of shade. Provide full colour recipe booklet, including photos of Thai ingredients, information about ingredients and all recipes from the day.

8.30am collect from hotels in open back ute, pay fee on pick up.

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10.00 –10.30 visit local food market: guides show and talk about ingredients such as rice, fish sauce, curry pastes. Some simple deomonstrations with stall holders such as coconut milk extraction.

10.30 – 11 free time at market. Guides purchase ingredients for class

11 – 11.30 arrive at farm and tour gardens with guide - Thai ingredients

11.30 - 12.30 starting cooking: curry, soup, salad.

12.30 – 1.30 lunch! and rest time

1.30 – 2.30 cook desert and spring rolls – containers to take home

2.30 – 2.45 read recipe book provided, snack, rest

2.45 – 4 transfer back to hotels

2. Field Visits Around Bangkok

2.1 Green NetBangkokMichael Commons, Rice Chain Coordinator

Green Net began about 15 years ago to link producers with markets/consumers

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Started with green shops but found quality was inconsistent and difficult to supply as there were few organic farmers. The farmers needed more support and at same time Europe was providing support for sustainable supply chains, eg. fair trade, organic.

Started with local support and some aid funding for specific projects. Registered as a cooperative, initially most members were consumers concerned about sustainable, healthy food but now most members are farmers.

GN focuses on wholesale business, supplying to supermarkets, health food shops,etc. Rice is the key product, providing about 80% of income. Rice is easy to package (vacuum packed so bugs can’t survive), transport and is limited varieties. Most of the rice is exported to Europe, where it can receive good price as organic and fair trade.

More diverse products such as fruit and veg are sold in domestic market which is not so complex for transport and customs regulations. Domestic market accounts for only 20% of GN income but is much more diverse product range.

Strongest situation for farmers is when they are growing diverse crops for multiple markets. eg. some rice for export market plus veg, eggs, fruit for wholesale in domestic market and for local community marketplace.

GN staff are located throughout Thailand, mostly in areas of quality control and business support. Usually located at cooperative offices as GN ONLY works with farmer groups, NOT individual farmers. GN believes farmer groups are much more effective use of resources and give farmers more power.Key factors for GN success are:

1. internal control systems eg. PGS type system, strong internal quality control

2. providing ‘extension’: technical support for organic farmers, knowledge/advice easily available from extension officers located at coops, providing/sourcing inputs such as good seeds, etc

Some farmer groups have their own staff to provide extension and GN can also provide Earth Net staff but preference is always to employ locals.

Marketing is collectively organised from GN HQ in Bangkok by marketing staff dedicated explicitly to domestic and export markets. Marketing is centralised to ensure that GN members are not competing against each other, to maintain consistent focus and organization. Also because this function requires specific skills in marketing, languages, etc which are not widespread.

Total of 40 staff, of which 14 work at Bangkok HQ.

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GN staff focus on business support for farmer groups, quality management, packing/processing, accounting, marketing, business management.

Earth Net staff focus on extension(technical) support for farmers.

AGM for all shareholders held in a farmer group area to hear management reports and elect board of management: about 9 members, serving for about 4 years (or 2 x 2 yr terms?)

The Rice Price Committee meets 4 times/year to set price GN will pay farmers for rice. Includes representatives of producers plus GN staff.

Key failures learnt from farmer groups

- tendency for the group leader to put in more time/energy for same return as other members. Need to develop a mgmt team to share mgmt duties(about 3 people) to safe guard against turnover and burnout.

- open, transparent accounting system essential. Employ a dedicated accountant at each group but ensure the account signatories are 2 other people (eg. leader and secretary)

- Impose max period for returning unused funds from purchase requesistions in order to limit cash lying around.(eg. 2 weeks)

- Ask farmers to invest in group themselves to provide incentive to make it work.

- Quality management systems – set prices according to quality so that farmer income rise when quality rises. Then provide extra help for farmers producing low quality.

TraceabilitySelf-monitoring systems used: selling as a united group so need to monitor each other.

Mostly by date: eg. packaging has codes for date packed and date milled

Label details logged at farm/packing house and label travels with produce.

Approved farmer list for each group, maintains log of quality, quantity, etc

Each processing step is logged, eg. whenever product changes ‘shape’

Harvest estimates supplied by each farmer. Record kept of this estimate and investigation if significantly different from actual harvest to find out where the ‘extra’ produce came from (or if they need tech support for low yields)

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Each farmer keeps has a farm map and farm history with records of planting/harvests

2.2 Bangkok CSAnear Muang Thao village, Kanchanaburi (4-5 hrs north west of Bangkok)Jane & Poyong

Jane: customer relations, ordering and education/awarenessPoyong: training and technical support.

Married couple, started CSA with their own farm for 2 years (distribution organised by Green Net) but then transferred production to current farmers.10 farmers, all relocated Karen, each about 2 rau land, in separate areas but same village. Each family works own land but must communicate about planting plans and shared water use. Farmers were already growing organic produce for supermarkets, certified under OACT. (Poyong was inspector for OACT) They moved to CSA as its offers more stable income.

Uses slash and burn method: cultivate an area for 1-2 years then leave fallow for 3-5 years then slash & burn vegetation and cultivate again. Use sprinkler system for water – better for this oil structure and uses less water.

Produce: traditional vegetables, Chinese greens, longan, rambutan, bananas, papaya, pineapple. Some still use hybrid seeds but most are collecting and saving seeds for next season.

Diversified income: growing areas have timber (long term: teak, mahogany and short term: bamboo) and cinnamon trees around edges.

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Farmers paid THB 50/kg, THB 40/kg goes to management and THB 60/kg for transport costs.

Members join for fixed 6 months, Jan-June or July-Dec. About 100 members.Quantity of produce delivered to each member varies with seasons: in good growing season they receive more and in poor growing season, less. Averages out over the year.

Jane deals with consumers and communicates to farmers if there are new members or other changes. Each member gets same produce, so mostly orders don’t change too much.

Each member receives produce in 1 foam box which is reused as long as possible. There are in fact 2 boxes for each member, 1 at farm, 1 at member’s home, they get swapped each delivery. Some members just have plastic bags if they collect early in the day.

Truck collects boxes from farm late at night and drives to Bangkok over night to deliver early morning. Set drop off points, mostly offices, schools and some private homes.

All payments made by bank transfer.

2.3 Organic Produce in the Market

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3. Main Findings of interest to TXO project

3.1 Packing and processing

Bangkok CSA makes use of natural materials for packaging wherever possible. Banana leaves are used for many vegetables.

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3.3 Traceability

3.4 Farming techniques

The seed collection area and seed bank at PunPun Project

3.4.1 Seed Saving

PunPun project has a wealth of knowledge and experience in seed saving techniques. They have provided training to farmers in the area in how to harvest

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and save seeds for future crops. They also have a seed bank where they keep a diverse range of seeds.Given the ongoing difficulties of sourcing affordable organic seeds in Vietnam, this seems to be a technique that could be of interest to TXO farmers. Basic information is available on the internet but we could ask for more detailed instructions from PunPun, or even fund a visit from one of their members to train our farmers.

3.4.2 structures to protect plants

Simple bamboo and plastic water pipe frame with plastic sheeting at Bangkok CSA

This is a very cheap and simply made temporary structure. The arch supports are made of bamboo bent into shape and pushed into the ground. (possibly needs supporting stakes on outside?) The longer supports horizontal to the ground are hollow plastic water pipe. This structure is covered with heavy duty plastic sheeting but shadecloth could also be used. It is tall enough to walk under without bending and open at each end to allow air movement.

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The shade structure at Chiang Mai Organic Cooking School garden is more substantial but still simple materials. This style is a welded steel tube frame with shadecloth panels. The structure would need to be custom designed and made but is still light weight and strong. The shadecloth fabric is permeable so that rain and wind can still move through it but with less force, providing a buffer for plants. This fabric is very effective at protecting plants from sun. It is attached to the frame with these plastic and wire clips so that it can be removed when not needed. There is also some areas of clear plastic, which provide more protection from rain and wind but no protection from sun.

3.4.3 Diversifying Production

3.4.3.1 Fish breeding

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3.4.4.2 Mushrooms

I visited a few places where mushrooms were grow organically. This photo was taken at a Rainbow Farm project farm, the vertical logs are used to grow oyster mushrooms, while a smaller mushroom grows on the rice mulch on the ground. The area is well shaded on the top and around the sides. The oyster mushrooms earn about $5/kg, while the rice straw ones are about $3/kg

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At another Rainbow Farm project logs were used where they were found as part of a mixed use agro-forestry area. The holes are currently bottle caps but will be planted with mushroom spores in the growing season. The logs are in a naturally shady forest area.

These mushrooms grow in soy bean mulch pile in a shady forest area. They mulch from soy bean crop is used for the mushrooms and then goes into compost. These mushrooms are a premium crop fetching about about $3/kg

3.4.5 Timber plantingBoth short and long term timber planting was common on many farms. Even a very small area could be used for planting a short term timber crop such as bamboo. Longer term timber such as teak and mahogany can provide very high returns, of $US 10,000 per tree. Planting trees also has important long term implications for the environment.

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3.4.6 Fruit productionMost farms were also producing fruit, most commonly papaya, bananas and pineapples.

Poultry

Ducks

Chickens

4. Future Impacts4.1 Areas for reflection

4.1.1 Product and market diversificationA key feature of most producers visited is the diverse nature of both their produce and their markets. Although most TXO farmers also have small rice holdings, this is treated as completely separate to the vegetable business. Most farmers in Thailand grew a combination of rice, vegetables, fruits and meat production in the same area allowing for a more holistic and hence sustainable method of agriculture. The diversification of product also reduces the farmer’s vulnerability to market forces in any one area.

Most farmers visited also sold produce in different ways to different markets.A common pattern is for farmers to sell some herbs and vegetables at the local community market, sell eggs and/or meat at the ‘farm door’and to sell rice to wholesale buyers. There may commonly also be a focus crop such as longan, other fruit which could be grown in sufficient qualities to supply wholesale markets. Again many farmers also had some timber/bark crops planted, either short term such as bamboo, cinnamon or longer term such as teak, mahogany.

4.1.2 Separation of management and productionIn all organisations there was a clear separation of responsibilities between farmers and managers. Where dealings were involved with external parties, there would be a clearly identified contact person through which all communication was channeled. For example the Bangkok CSA has just one contact person who is responsible to provide orders to farmers each week. This limits the room for errors and confusion.

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4.1.3 Pro-active technical supportIn the farms around Chiang Mai, ISAC & Green Net often have a technical support officer based at the farm, allowing them to address and problems before they become serious and providing ongoing support to farmers. Having a person available and ready to help makes it much more likely that the situation can be resolved early, before it affects other crops or reduces outputs. This is also makes it easier for new farmers to be continually trained and supported during transition to organic methods.

More holistic approach to complete operationseg. adobe, mud brick buildings, other sustainable materials. eg. solar hot water, and/or energy

Solar reflector for heating drums of water

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4.2 Experiences

4.3 Contacts information

Pun Pun Projectnear Ban Mae Jo village, 2 hours north of Chiang Mai

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Yao Subaihttp://www.punpunthailand.org/ Ph: 081 470 1461

Panya Projectnear Ban Mae Jo village, 2 hours north of Chiang [email protected]

Fair Earth FarmMr Jeff Rutherford (Manager & Agricultural Researcher):195 M. 4, Tambon Muang Kaeo, Amphur Mae Rim 50180Chiang Mai Province081 287 [email protected] www.fairearthfarm.com

Bangkok CSAnear Muang Thao village, Kanchanaburi (4-5 hrs north west of Bangkok)Mr Yong (Technical Support): 089 837 6113Ms Jane (Customer and Farmer Coordinator): 089 981 [email protected]

Mae Tha Farmer’s Cooperative(members of ISAC & Green Net producers)Maetha community, 2 hours south Chiang MaiMs Mathana Aphaimool (Organic Extension Officer): 085 032 [email protected]

ISAC363 Moo 4 Tambon Nong (Mae Jo) Chom Sansai, Chiang MaiMr Boontahong (Director): 081 885 6272

Thai Organic Farm Cooking SchoolChiang Mai office at 2/2 Ratchadamnoen Rd., Soi 5Sawat (Manager): 081 288 59 89http://www.thaifarmcooking.net/home/

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http://www.thaifarmcooking.net/home/

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.fairearthfarm.com/


http://www.panyaproject.org/


http://www.punpunthailand.org/


Rainbow Farm Projectaround Mai Rim area, just north of Chiang MaiMr Tawan Hangsoongnern: 084 043 6515, 081 980 [email protected]

Green Net/Earth Net6 soi Piboonuptam, Wattan Nivej 7Suthisan Rd, Sam-saen-nok, Huay Kwang, BangkokMr Micheal Commons, Rice Project: 02 277 [email protected] www.greennet.or.th

5. Annex

Itinerary

Friday 25th June Travel to Chiang Mai

Saturday 26th June Travel to and visit PunPun Project

Sunday 27th June Travel to and visit Fair Earth Farm Travel to and visit Panya project

Monday 28th June Travel and farm tours Rainbow Farm, Mai Rim area

Tuesday 29th June Visit PunPun project restaurant, Chiang Mai

Wednesday 30th June Visit 2 organic farmer’s markets, Chiang MaiVisit ISACTravel and visit Green Net supplier farm at Mae Tha

Thursday 1st July Visit Organic Farm Cooking School

Friday 2nd July Travel to BangkokMeet Michael Commons, Green Net

Saturday 3rd July rest day

Sunday 4th July Travel, visit Bangkok CSA, Kanchanaburi province

Monday 5th July Document organic produce in Bangkok supermarkets

Tuesday 6th & 7th July Sick

Thursday 8th July return to Hanoi

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http://www.greennet.or.th/




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