thailand's economic integration with neighboring countries and possible connectivity with south asia

8/9/2019 Thailand's Economic Integration with Neighboring Countries and Possible Connectivity with South Asia

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B@LA Zhrmakj ^bpfr Sfrafs

Pobadbk`‑s Fchkheac Aktfjrbtahk wato

Kfajolhrakj Chuktrafs bk` ^hssaldfChkkfctavaty wato Shuto Bsab

Sutoapobk` Coarbtoavbt bk`Mhrkmbruk Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm Akstatutf

Kh. 6 Bprad 26


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Pof Zhrmakj ^bpfr sfrafs as b chktakubtahk hg tof ghrefrdy kbef` @ascussahk ^bpfr sfrafs=

tof kuelfrakj hg tof pbpfrs chktakuf` watohut aktfrruptahk hr cobkjf. B@LA‑s whrmakjpbpfrs rfgdfct akatabd a`fbs hk b thpac bk` brf phstf` hkdakf ghr `ascussahk. B@LA fkchurbjfsrfb`frs th phst tofar cheefkts hk tof ebak pbjf ghr fbco whrmakj pbpfr (javfk ak tofcatbtahk lfdhw). Shef whrmakj pbpfrs eby `fvfdhp akth htofr ghres hg puldacbtahk.

Sujjfstf` catbtahk9

Coarbtoavbt, S. bk` M. Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj. 26. Pobadbk`‑s Fchkheac Aktfjrbtahk watoKfajolhrakj Chuktrafs bk` ^hssaldf Chkkfctavaty wato Shuto Bsab. B@LA Zhrmakj ^bpfr 6.Phmyh9 Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm Akstatutf. Bvbadbldf9 ottp9//www.b`la.hrj/whrmakj-pbpfr/26/>0/>3/76?1.tobadbk`.fchkheac.aktfjrbtahk/

^dfbsf chktbct tof butohrs ghr akghrebtahk blhut toas pbpfr.

Febad9 sutoapbk`.cNcoudb.bc.to= Mhrkmbruk.MNCoudb.bc.to

Sutoapobk` Coarbtoavbt as b prhgfsshr hg tof gbcudty hg fchkheacs bt CoudbdhkjmhrkVkavfrsaty. Mhrkmbruk Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj as bk bssastbkt prhgfsshr hg tof gbcudty hgfchkheacs bt Coudbdhkjmhrk Vkavfrsaty.

Pof butohrs tobkm Corasthpo H`frebtt bk` Mbkamkuk Kb Suwbk ghr bssastakj ak tof

prfpbrbtahk hg toas pbpfr.Pof vafws fxprfssf` ak toas pbpfr brf tof vafws hg tof butohr bk` `h kht kfcfssbradyrfgdfct tof vafws hr phdacafs hg B@LA, B@L, ats Lhbr` hg @arfcthrs, hr tof jhvfrkefktstofy rfprfsfkt. B@LA `hfs kht jubrbktff tof bccurbcy hg tof `btb akcdu`f` ak toas pbpfrbk` bccfpts kh rfsphksaladaty ghr bky chksfqufkcfs hg tofar usf. Pfreakhdhjy usf` ebykht kfcfssbrady lf chksastfkt wato B@L hggacabd tfres.

Zhrmakj pbpfrs brf sulifct th ghrebd rfvasahk bk` chrrfctahk lfghrf tofy brf gakbdazf`bk` chksa`frf` puldasof`.

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm AkstatutfMbsueajbsfma Luad`akj ?G3->-7>>?, Ibpbk

Pfd9 +?2-3-3613-66>>Gbx9 +?2-3-3613-66:2V\D9 www.b`la.hrjF-ebad9 akghNb`la.hrj

© 26 Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm Akstatutf


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B@LA Zhrmakj ^bpfr 6 Coarbtoavbt bk` Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj

Blstrbct

Pobadbk`‑s akcrfbsakj aephrtbkcf bs b rfjahkbd ch-prhùctahk lbsf bk` bs bk aktrb-rfjahkbdtrb`f bk` lhr`fr trb`f oul as ùf ebakdy th rfcfkt cobkjfs ak ats fchkheac structurf,kbefdy, tof dbcm hg hpfrbtahkbd whrmfrs, rasfs ak wbjfs, bk` akcrfbsfs ak hutwbr` ghrfajkàrfct akvfstefkt (G@A), thjftofr wato b cobkjf hg rfjahkbd phdacafs ak Shutofbst Bsab. Bs brfsudt, aeprhvfefkts ak poysacbd chkkfctavaty, trb`f gbcadatbtahk, fkfrjy chhpfrbtahk, bk`gakbkcakj akgrbstructurf pdby bk aephrtbkt rhdf watoak bk hkjhakj Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks (BSFBK) grbefwhrm. Fxtfkàkj chkkfctavaty th Shuto Bsab chud` bdshchepdfefkt tof currfkt prhehtahk hg rfjahkbd trb`f bk` rfjahkbd prhùctahk kftwhrms. Poaspbpfr rfvafws tof currfkt stbjfs hg Pobadbk`‑s aktrb-rfjahkbd trb`f, poysacbd chkkfctavaty,trb`f gbcadatbtahk, fkfrjy chhpfrbtahk, bk` akgrbstructurf gukàkj bs tofrf brf prhifctspdbkkf` ak tofsf brfbs tobt chud` aepbct Pobadbk` bk` ats dakms th Shutofbst Bsab bk`lfyhk` th Shuto Bsab. Ohwfvfr, Pobadbk`‑s phdatacbd akstbladaty aepf`fs tof prhjrfss bkàepdfefktbtahk hg suco prhifcts. Pof pbpfr bdsh fxbeakfs tof currfkt gakbkcakj efcobkasehg Pobadbk`‑s akgrbstructurf prhifcts tobt rfdafs ofbvady hk puldac spfkàkj. Pof butohrsprhphsf strbtfjafs th prhehtf Pobadbk`‑s poysacbd akgrbstructurf, trb`f gbcadatbtahk, bk`

fkfrjy chhpfrbtahk wato tof ebakdbk` chuktrafs hg Shutofbst Bsab bk` Shuto Bsab.

IFD Cdbssagacbtahk9 G26, G37, O60

Poas pbpfr wbs prhùcf` bs pbrt hg tof B@L–B@LA gdbjsoap prhifct hk —Chkkfctakj Shuto Bsab bk` Shutofbst Bsab.―


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Chktfkts

2. Hvfrvafw ................................................................................................................... 3

2.2

Fchkheac Structurf, Ebcrhfchkheac ^frghrebkcf, bk` Fxtfrkbd Hrafktbtahk 3 2.<

\fcfkt Prb`f Prfk`s wato Ebakdbk` Shutofbst Bsabk Kfajolhrs bk` Shuto Bsab ................................................................................................................ 7

2.3

\fcfkt Prfk`s hg Akwbr` bk` Hutwbr` Ghrfajk @arfct Akvfstefkt ............... 20

2.0 ^hdacafs bk` Akatabtavfs ak \fjahkbd Fchkheac Aktfjrbtahk bk` Chhpfrbtahk .. 26


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2. HWF\WAFZ

Bea`st bk ukcfrtbak jdhlbd fchkheac fkvarhkefkt, rfjahkbd chhpfrbtahk bk` aktfjrbtahkchktakuf th sft bk ukprfcf`fktf` trfk` ak Shutofbst Bsab bk` whrd`wa`f. Pof Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks (BSFBK) rfjahkbd jrhupakj as felbrmakj hk atshwk rfjahkbd aktfjrbtahk torhujo tof fstbldasoefkt hg tof BSFBK Cheeukaty. Bt tofchrf hg tof chkcfpt hg bcoafvakj tof BSFBK Cheeukaty as hkf hg torff paddbrs, tof BSFBK Fchkheac Cheeukaty, baef` bt crfbtakj b sakjdf ebrmft bk` prhùctahk lbsfwatoak tof rfjahk. Ak tof sbef ebkkfr, BSFBK obs lffk bldf th b`vbkcf tof ebstfrpdbk hg BSFBK chkkfctavaty ak hr`fr th gurtofr fkobkcf ats rfjahkbd aktfjrbtahk prhcfsstorhujo tof fchkheac, phdatacbd-sfcuraty, bk` shcahcudturbd dakms behkj chuktrafs ak tofrfjahk.

Pobadbk` obs lffk bk bctavf efelfr hg BSFBK grhe tof vfry lfjakkakj. Zato toftrbksghrebtahk hg BSFBK sakcf 22, pbrtacudbrdy ghr tof ebakdbk` chuktrafs hgShutofbst Bsab2 akcduàkj tof dbtfst cobkjfs ak Eybkebr, Pobadbk` obs b kbturbddy

strhkj b`vbktbjf ak pbrt hg tof rfjahkbd cheeukaty luadàkj prhcfss. Ak chktrbst th tofChd` Zbr pfrah`, Pobadbk`‑s jfhjrbpoacbd dhcbtahk khw gbcfs tof hpphsatf àrfctahkgrhe ats pbst strbtfjac rhdf ak dakmakj wato ats kfajolhrakj chuktrafs ak tof JrfbtfrEfmhkj Sulrfjahk (JES) bk` lfyhk`. Pofsf ukaquf hpphrtukatafs brf cdfbr bk`tbkjaldf, bk` poysacbd chkkfctavaty prhifcts th gbcadatbtf trb`f bk` akvfstefkt torhujokfw trbksphrt bk` htofr akgrbstructurf `fvfdhpefkt wadd ghstfr Pobadbk`‑s dakms watoaktof rfjahk.

Poas pbpfr àscussfs Pobadbk`‑s fchkheac aktfjrbtahk bk` chhpfrbtahk wato Shuto bk`Shutofbst Bsab. Bs tof chuktry as uk`frjhakj trfefk`hus cobkjf ak ats fchkheacstructurf, pbrtacudbrdy torhujo tof fxtfksahk hg ebkugbcturakj bctavatafs bk` toffefrjfkcf hg b kfw ea``df cdbss ak rfjahks lfyhk` Lbkjmhm, at as aktfrfstakj th sff

ohw aeprhvakj chkkfctavaty, wato lhto obr` bk` shgt akgrbstructurf, ak Pobadbk`, watoak BSFBK, bk` lftwffk tof twh rfjahks, cbk supphrt Pobadbk`‑s guturf jrhwto. Agsuccfssguddy `fvfdhpf`, tofsf chkcrftf prhifcts wadd lf b strhkj b`àtahk th BSFBKcheeukaty luadàkj ghr lfttfr chkkfctahks th Shuto Bsab.

2.2 Fchkheac Structurf, Ebcrhfchkheac ^frghrebkcf, bk`Fxtfrkbd Hrafktbtahk

Pobadbk` obs jhkf torhujo sfvfrbd sohcms lhto grhe watoak bk` hutsa`f, grhe phdatacbdtrbksghrebtahk, ebihr gdhh`s ak 22, bk` tof >?–>1 jdhlbd gakbkcabd crasas. Hk tofhtofr obk`, Pobadbk` obs kht lffk jrhwakj vfry gbst sakcf tof rfchvfry hg tof Bsabk

gakbkcabd crasas hg 211:–211?, wato bk bvfrbjf jrhwto hg hkdy 0.:, b ebihr trbksghrebtahk obs tbmfk pdbcf ak tof rfjahkbd J@^ structurf hg

2 Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^fhpdf‑s @fehcrbtac \fpuldac, Ebdbysab, Eybkebr, Pobadbk`, bk` Waft Kbe.

3


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Pobadbk` wato Lbkjmhm jrhwakj bt tof dhwfst dfvfd (33%), bjbakst tof torff oajofstrfjahks= khrtofrk (6>..>%= khrtofbst, 2>%= bk` khrtofrk, ?%. Javfk tof rfcfkt cobkjfs th tof rfjahkbdfchkheafs hg Pobadbk`, at as aephrtbkt th qufstahk ohw tof fchkheac pfrghrebkcf bk`fxtfrkbd hrafktbtahk hg tofsf rfjahkbd fchkheafs wadd ak gbct aepbct Pobadbk`‑s fchkheac`fvfdhpefkt bs b wohdf.

Pobadbk` as chksa`frf` bk hpfk fchkhey wato jrfbtfr trb`f bk` akvfstefkt fxphsurftobk ebky hg ats htofr Bsabk chuktfrpbrts, wato tof fxcfptahk hg Ohkj Mhkj, Coakb=Ebdbysab= bk` Sakjbphrf. Fxphrts obvf bt taefs lffk bk aephrtbkt fkjakf hg jrhwto,pbrtacudbrdy sakcf tof Bsabk gakbkcabd crasas hg 211:–211?, bk` ghrfajk fxcobkjffbrkakjs tobt obvf ofdpf` th rfpdfkaso Pobadbk`‑s rfsfrvf surpdus. Ohwfvfr, fxphrtpfrghrebkcf obs lffk wfbmfr tobk tof bkkubd bvfrbjf hg 2:–22

J@^ 5jrhss `hefstac prh`uct.

Shurcf9 KSH (23).

33.>:% 33..2:%

6:.% 6?.%

2>%

%

3>%

0>%

6>%

7>%

:>%

>:-22

Lbkjmhm Bk` Wacakatafs

Cfktrbd \fjahk

Fbstfrk \fjahk

Zfstfrk \fjahk

Khrtofrk \fjahk

Shutofrk \fjahk

Khrtofbstfrk \fjahk

0


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Pbldf 29 Pobadbk`‑s Ebcrhfchkheac ̂ frghrebkcf

>> >2 >< >3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2< 23

J@^ ($ laddahk) 2 2,1??.:3 10.1> 2>1.0> 2 262.3> 2:6. 26>.:> 212.7> > 77.1> ?0. 2>7.>> 220.3> 2 26:.1> 22?.2> 272.1>

Prb`f lbdbkcf ($ laddahk) 22.:> ?.7> 1.2> 22. 2>.:> 3.0> 23.7> 2:.3> 3 2:.>> 7.>> 7.:>

Currfkt bcchukt lbdbkcf ($ laddahk) 1.3> 6.2> 0.:> 0.?> -:.7> 26.:> .>> 0.2> -2.6> -

Currfkt bcchukt lbdbkcf th J@^ (%) :.7> 6.0> 6.6> 6.>> 2.:> -0.3> 2.2> 7.3> >.?> ?.3> 3.?> 2. ->.0> ->.7>

^hpudbtahk (eaddahk pfhpdf) 72.?? 7? 72.1: 7? 70.07 70.:1

C^A akgdbtahk (%) 2.7> 2.7> >.:> 2.?> 0.6> 0.:> 6.6> ->.1> 3.3> 3.?2 3.>< .27 00.0? 03.>> 02.63 0>...01 32.>? 3>.:3

@fgacatb ($ laddahk) - -.03 >.0< >.2< -.:< -2.3> >. >.2> -2.2> ->.3> -0.:> -> -2.1> - -2.?>

@fltb ($ laddahk) 71.?3 76.1: 7?.00 :>.66 ::.70 ?2.31 ?6..77 2:7.:<

@flt sobrf hg J@^b (%) 67.1> 6:.2> 63.10 01.07 0?.2< 07.26 02.27 3:.


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2.< \fcfkt Prb`f Prfk`s wato Ebakdbk` Shutofbst BsabkKfajolhrs bk` Shuto Bsab

Ghr Pobadbk`‑s trb`f wato ats aeef`abtf kfajolhrs, at as aktfrfstakj th hlsfrvf tofaeprfssavf jrhwto bk` tof pbttfrks hg lhr`fr trb`f= grhe b thtbd hg dfss tobk $2> laddahkak >3 th b surjf hg brhuk` $3> laddahk ak 2%bkkubddy sakcf >? (Pbldf

?>

2>>

2

>3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

- Cbelh`ab

- Dbh ^@\

- Ebdbysab

- Eybkebr

- Waft Kbe

7


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Pbldf 3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

Pobadbk` thtbd trb`f (whrd`) (Lladdahk)

7,077.7

:,:66.:

1,2?6.>

1,?22.>

2>,2>7.6

22,:1:.>

1,:16.>

227.2

23,71>.7

20,?16.0

Phtbd lhr`fr trb`f 0(L laddahk)

:>?.3? 733.?> ::>.22 ?1>.7: 12>.6>

Phtbd lhr`fr trb`f 0 + Waft Kbe(L laddahk)

:>?.3? 737.?? ::6.:: ?1?.66 1 7.0: 7.02 7.62 7.22

% lhr`fr 0 + Waft Kbe/thtbd trb`f 0.0< 0.?: 0.?2 6.03 6.07 7.>> 7.6> 7.07 7.67 7.21

% cobkjf thtbd trb`f ... 21.10 2?.03 7.?< 3.>2 27.:3 –27.1: > .60 3.77


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Gajurf 39 Sobrf hg Lhr`fr th Phtbd Prb`f, Fxphrts bk` Aephrts

Shurcf9 Eakastry hg Gakbkcf (20).

Bdtohujo kht sobrakj bk aeef`abtf lhr`fr wato Pobadbk`, lhr`fr fxphrts th tof ^\C bk` WaftKbe obvf akcrfbsf` rbpa`dy. Bs hg 2.2 laddahk (hr ehrf tobk 3% hg thtbd trb`f), woadf fxphrts th Waft Kbe wfrf vbduf` btL.?% hg thtbd trb`f). Hk tof htofr obk`, lhr`fr aephrts grhe tof ^\C bk`Waft Kbe th Pobadbk` brf stadd sebdd (>.:% hg thtbd trb`f bk` 2.7% hg thtbd trb`f) `fspatf brfcfkt akcrfbsf (Gajurf 0). Poas sujjfsts tobt tof aeprhvfefkt hg fchkheac chrra`hrs, trb`fgbcadatbtahk, bk` dhjastac brrbkjfefkts, ak pbrtacudbr, tohsf sfctahks dakmakj Pobadbk`–Dbh^@\–^\C bk` Pobadbk`–Dbh ^@\–Waft Kbe, obvf chktralutf` th suco bk akcrfbsf.

Gajurf 09 Fxphrt bk` Aephrt Wbdufs hg Lhr`fr Prb`f th tof ^\C bk` Waft Kbe

(L eaddahk)

^\C5 ^fhpdf‑s \fpuldac hg Coakb.


(7.33)

(2.?7)

(>.77)

(2.16)

(.22)

(>..7:) (2.76)

(>.71)

(>.:3)

(>.?.:

6>>>

2>>>>

26>>>

>>>

>>

3>>>>

>1 2> 22 2<

Waft Kbe (Fxphrt)

^\C (Fxphrt)

Waft Kbe (Aephrt)

^\C (Aephrt)

?


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Pbldf 39 Pobadbk`‑s Php Pfk ^rhùcts Fxphrtf` th Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Eybkebr (Lhr`fr Prb`f), 2:0.?63 Khk- bdchohdac lfvfrbjfs 3,3.>? Cheputfrs, pbrts bk` bccfsshrafs 6,1:1.7< Bdchohdac lfvfrbjfs 0,?::.?20 Chseftacs, pfrguefs, bk` shbps 3,>22.23 Jbshdakf 6,003.:1 Khk-bdchohdac lfvfrbjfs 3,113.006 Parfs 6 Gblrac bk` ybrk 3,22. Htofr vfoacdfs bk` chephkfkts. .23 Htofr vfoacdfs bk` chephkfkts :.7? Wfoacdf tarfs 2,:>>.3?Phtbd 2> ^rhùcts


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Pbldf 09 Pobadbk`‑s Php Pfk ^rhùcts Aephrtf` grhe Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Eybkebr (Lhr`fr Prb`f), 226.30 Kbturbd jbs 2>7,1:>.20

< Arhk :66.7? Paelfr 2,7:2.06 Bqubtac bkaebds 2,23:.:.>:

0 Had pdbkts bk` prhùcts 0>2 Akhrjbkac cofeacbds 7


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Pobadbk`‑s fxphrts bk` aephrts trb`f pbttfrk wato tof Dbh ^@\ bk` Cbelhàb as saeadbrth tof pbttfrk wato Eybkebr. Pofsf chuktrafs obvf ihakf` tof rfst hg BSFBK bk` obvfchef hut grhe tofar fchkheac ashdbtahk, dhhmakj ghr b ehrf `fvfdhpf` ebrmft fchkheyth stffr tofar guturf fchkheac `fvfdhpefkt. At as ghr toas rfbshk tobt Pobadbk` obs bk

aeefàbtf b`vbktbjf bs b ehrf `fvfdhpf` fchkhey bk` chud` sfrvf bs b lra`jf ghrgurtofr `fvfdhpefkt bk` aktfjrbtahk hg tofsf fchkheafs ak tof rfjahkbd bk` jdhlbdchktfxt. Ebdbysab as àggfrfkt grhe tof rfst hg Pobadbk`'s kfajolhrakj chuktrafs= tofchuktry as bk fefrjakj oajo-akchef `fvfdhpakj fchkhey wato b wfdd-`fvfdhpf` bk``ffpfkf` trbàkj rfdbtahksoap wato Pobadbk` hvfr tof yfbrs.

Pobadbk`‑s sobrf hg trb`f wato ebakdbk` Shutofbst Bsab obs bdwbys lffk dbrjfrchepbrf` th tof rfst hg BSFBK, woaco cheprasfs brhuk` 2>.7%. Poas rfgdfcts tofbppftatf hg Poba trb`frs, pbrtacudbrdy sebdd bk` efàue-sazf` fktfrprasfs (SEFs), watorfjbr` th kfw ebrmfts hpfkakj cdhsfr th ohef bs b rfsudt hg tof BSFBK Grff Prb`f Brfb (BGPB) bk` kfw hpfk lhr`fr bccfss th bdd mak`s hg jhh`s bk` sfrvacfs ghr trbàkjbehkj tofesfdvfs. Pof sbef cbkkht lf sba` ghr Shuto Bsab, woaco obs sffk hkdy b

sebdd akcrfbsf hg ats sobrf hg Pobadbk`‑s thtbd trb`f th stbk` bt brhuk`


14/51


Gajurf 69 Sobrf hg Pobadbk`‑s Phtbd Prb`f

(%)

BSFBK 5 Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks= ^\C 5 ^fhpdf‑s \fpuldac hg Coakb.

Shurcf9 Butohr's cbdcudbtahk grhe Jdhlbd Prb`f Akghrebtahk Sfrvacfs. ottps9//www.jtas.che/jtb/ (bccfssf` 6Hcthlfr 20).

Gajurf 79 Sobrf hg Pobadbk`‑s Phtbd Prb`f wato Shuto Bsab

(%)

Shurcf9 Butohr's cbdcudbtahk grhe Jdhlbd Prb`f Akghrebtahk Sfrvacfs. ottps9//www.jtas.che/jtb/ (bccfssf` 6Hcthlfr 20).

-

6

2>

26

3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

BSFBK

Ebakdbk` BSFBK

Htofr BSFBK

Shuto Bsab

^\C

>

2>

3>

0>

6>

7>

:>

?>

>3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

%

- Ak`ab

- Lbkjdb`fso

- Kfpbd

- ̂ bmastbk

- Sra Dbkmb

2


15/51


Gajurf :9 Sobrf hg Pobadbk`‑s Phtbd Aephrts bk` Phtbd Fxphrts

(%)

BSFBK 5 Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks= ^\C 5 ^fhpdf‑s \fpuldac hg Coakb.

Shurcf9 Butohr's cbdcudbtahk grhe Jdhlbd Prb`f Akghrebtahk Sfrvacfs. Fxphrt, aephrt, bk` trb`fstbtastacs. ottps9//www.jtas.che/jtb/ Bccfssf` 6 Hcthlfr 20.

Gajurf ?9 Sobrf hg Phtbd Aephrts bk` Fxphrts wato Shuto Bsab(%)

Shurcf9 Butohr‑s cbdcudbtahk grhe Jdhlbd Prb`f Akghrebtahk Sfrvacfs. Fxphrt, aephrt, bk` trb`f stbtastacs.

ottps9//www.jtas.che/jtb/ (bccfssf` 6 Hcthlfr 20).

>

6

2>

26

3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

BSFBK (Aephrt)

Ebakdbk` BSFBK (Aephrt)

Htofr BSFBK (Aephrt)

Shuto Bsab (Aephrt)

^\C (Aephrt)

BSFBK (Fxphrt)

Ebakdbk` BSFBK (Fxphrt)

Htofr BSFBK (Fxphrt)

Shuto Bsab (Fxphrt)

^\C (Fxphrt)

>

2>

3>

0>

6>

7>

:>

?>

1>

2>>

>3 >0 >6 >7 >: >? >1 2> 22 2<

Ak`ab (Aephrt)

Lbkjdb`fso (Aephrt)

Kfpbd (Aephrt)

^bmastbk (Aephrt)

Sra Dbkmb (Aephrt)

Ak`ab (Fxphrt)

Lbkjdb`fso (Fxphrt)

Kfpbd (Fxphrt)

^bmastbk (Fxphrt)

Sra Dbkmb (Fxphrt)

23

https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/https://www.gtis.com/gta/


16/51


2.3 \fcfkt Prfk`s hg Akwbr` bk` Hutwbr` Ghrfajk @arfctAkvfstefkt

Zoadf fxbeakakj akcrfbsakj jdhlbdazbtahk hg tof Poba fchkhey, aktfrkbtahkbd akvfstefkt

obs bdsh hggfrf` bkhtofr ghrcf th fxpdbak ats dakms th Pobadbk`‑s aktfrkbtahkbd trb`f. Ghrakstbkcf, tof rfcfkt trfk` hg Pobadbk`‑s ghrfajk `arfct akvfstefkt (G@A) as kht vfry`aggfrfkt grhe tobt hg fxphrts. @uf th tof jdhlbd gakbkcabd crasas, G@A obs gductubtf`,`fcdakakj ly 26.>% ak 22 lfghrf b rfchvfry hg 2>.7% ak 2


17/51


hutpbcf` akwbr` G@A. Pof bpprfcabtf` lbot bk` fxtfksahk hg prhùctahk gbcadatafs, akb`àtahk th ehrf bttrbctavf dhw-chst bk` rfshurcf-raco bvbadbladatafs ak kfajolhrakjchuktrafs brf prfssurakj Pobadbk` th bddhw dhcbd gares th jft hpfk bccfss th kfajolhrakjebrmfts bk` dhw-chst prhùctahk lbsfs th rfùcf hpfrbtakj chsts bs wfdd bs th whrmakjbk` shurcakj ghr lfttfr aktfjrbtahk watoak tof rfjahkbd bk` jdhlbd prhùctahk kftwhrms.

2.0 ^hdacafs bk` Akatabtavfs ak \fjahkbd Fchkheac Aktfjrbtahkbk` Chhpfrbtahk

Bs sohwk fbrdafr, lfcbusf hg Pobadbk`‑s phsatahk wato rfjbr` th trb`f bk` ghrfajk àrfctakvfstefkt, tof chuktry obs kh htofr hptahks lut th pursuf chksastfkt hutwbr`-hrafktf`phdacafs bk` akatabtavfs ak rfsphksf th rfjahkbd `ykbeac cobkjfs bk` tof jdhlbdfchkheac fkvarhkefkt. Bgtfr tof Bsabk gakbkcabd crasas hg 211:–211?, Pobaphdacyebmfrs ob` bk fvfk oajofr prahraty th fkobkcf trb`f bk` ghrfajk àrfctakvfstefkt. Poas akcdu`f` lhto akcrfbsakj ghrfajk rfsfrvfs, bk`, ehrf aephrtbktdy,aeprhvakj prhùctavaty bk` chepftatavfkfss hg fxphrts ak vbrahus jhh`s, woadf

lbdbkcakj aephrts ak tbk`fe wato tof kff`s hg akùstry, ak pbrtacudbr ghrfajk bkèudtakbtahkbd gares tobt obvf b strhkj prfsfkcf ak rfjahkbd bk` jdhlbd suppdy cobaks.@fspatf tof sdhw`hwk hg trb`f bk` akvfstefkt bs b rfsudt hg tof >:–>? jdhlbdgakbkcabd crasas, phdacyebmfrs obvf wfbtofrf` tof sthre wato trb`f hrafktbtahkbìustefkt th fefrjakj fchkheafs bk` cbpatbd fxphrt rfsobpakj ak tof ghre hg hutwbr`ghrfajk àrfct akvfstefkt, supphrtf` ly jhvfrkefkt phdacafs lhto ghr trb`f bkàkvfstefkt.

Pobadbk` as currfktdy akvhdvf` ak rfjahkbd, sulrfjahkbd, bk` ladbtfrbd trb`f bjrffefktsbs wfdd bs b wa`f rbkjf hg fchkheac bk` tfcokacbd chhpfrbtahk akatabtavfs. Zato bkakcrfbsakjdy ukcfrtbak jdhlbd trbàkj fkvarhkefkt, at as ak Pobadbk`‑s aktfrfsts th gak` bpbto tobt chud` chktralutf phsatavfdy th ats fxtfrkbd sfcthr. Poas as woy tof BSFBK

brfkb, cdhsfst th Pobadbk`, obs lfchef b cfktfrpafcf ghr `ffpfr bk` wa`fr rfjahkbdaktfjrbtahk. Ak`ff`, lfghrf tof fk` hg tof Chd` Zbr, Pobadbk` wbs b ghukàkj efelfrhg BSFBK. Pof chuktry as b prheakfkt pdbyfr ak rfjahkbd fchkheac bggbars, grhe tofdbukcoakj hg tof BSFBK Grff Prb`f Brfb (BGPB) ak 2113 th tof prfpbrbtahk ghr tofupcheakj BSFBK Fchkheac Cheeukaty (BFC) ly 26.

Ak`ff`, Pobadbk` ob` pfrobps lffk bldf th ghrfsff tof fk` hg tof Chd` Zbr, wofkPobadbk`‑s ghrefr praef eakastfr, Cobtcoba Cohhkobwbk, prhphsf` th ats kfajolhrs aktof dbtf 21?>s, th —turkakj tof lbttdfgafd` th tof ebrmftpdbcf,― wato tof `fcasahk th luad`tof garst Efmhkj lra`jf, dakmakj Pobadbk` bk` tof Dbh ^@\, ak tof fbrdy 211>s. Dbtfr,Pobadbk` ihakf` tof BSFBK fgghrts ak ats Ob Kha Bctahk ^dbk th bssast tof `fvfdhpefkthg Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, Eybkebr, bk` Waft Kbe (CDEW) bgtfr tof crasas hr ly tof

fk` hg tof 211>s. Ly tof lfjakkakj hg tof


18/51


Akàb ghstfrakj dakms wato tof rfjahk, wato tof BSFBK–Akàb Grff Prb`f Bjrffefkt(BSFBK–Akàb GPB) chkcdu`f` ak >1, ak b`àtahk th bk fbrdafr chkcdu`f` Poba–AkàbGPB ak >0. Ak`ff`, wato suco b Poba–Akàb GPB, Pobadbk` obs lffk bldf th rfvfrsfats trb`f `fgacat wato Akàb th b trb`f surpdus sakcf >6, wato b vafw hg dakmakj Akàbtorhujo Pobadbk` th Shutofbst Bsabk prhùctahk kftwhrms, bk` whrmakj watoeudtakbtahkbd gares grhe Ibpbk bk` tof \fpuldac hg Mhrfb, behkj htofrs.

Lfyhk` tof schpf hg tof Poba–Akàb bk` tof BSFBK–Akàb GPB, Pobadbk` obs bdshchktralutf` th Akàb ghstfrakj dakms wato tof rfjahk, torhujo BSFBK–Akàb chhpfrbtahktobt bdsh fxtfk`s th htofr chhpfrbtavf fgghrts bt tof sulrfjahkbd dfvfd, damf tof Lby hgLfkjbd Akatabtavf ghr Eudta-Sfcthrbd bk` Pfcokacbd Chhpfrbtahk (LAESPFC) bk` tofEfmhkj–Jbkjb Chhpfrbtahk (EJC). Dakmakj tofsf kfw grbefwhrms th tof Akàb DhhmFbst ^hdacy, at as fva`fkt th sff b kfw dbk`scbpf hg chkkfctavaty watoak Akàb bk` dakmakjat th kfajolhrs ak Shuto Bsab, wato tof belatahk hg dakmakj ehrf th Shutofbst Bsab. Btdfbst twh akatabtavfs, hkf ly Akàb, bk` bkhtofr ly Pobadbk`, rfdbtf th b kfw fefrjakjdbk`scbpf hg chhpfrbtahk bk` aktfjrbtahk, kht hkdy ghr tof twh chuktrafs, lut bdsh ghrEybkebr bs tof lra`jf chkkfctakj Shuto Bsab bk` Shutofbst Bsab.

Pof garst akatabtavf as rfdbtf` th b eftbehrpohsas tbmakj pdbcf ak Eybkebr tobt obsfkchurbjf` chuktrafs, akcduàkj Akàb, th tbmf b ehrf prhbctavf rhdf ak ats fkjbjfefkt.Pof Akàbk jhvfrkefkt obs lffk pursuakj tof Dhhm Fbst ^hdacy wato rfjbr` thEybkebr‑s fchkheac `fvfdhpefkt bk` sffakj ats chkkfctahk ly dbk` th ebakdbk`Shutofbst Bsab, b kfw rfbdaty. Pobadbk` as bdsh sffakj toas aephrtbkt cobkjf, shujotbdsh ly Eybkebr bk` Akàb, th whrm hk phssaldf kfw chkkfctavaty suco bs b kfwoajowby dakmakj tof torff chuktrafs th ukdhcm tof phtfktabds hg khrtofbst Akàb,Eybkebr, Pobadbk`, bk` tof rfst hg Shutofbst Bsab. Ak tof efbktaef, Pobadbk` rfcfktdybkkhukcf` ats kfw strbtfjac lhr`fr crhssakjs wato Eybkebr ak 23‐Ebf Sba akCoabkj \ba, Ebf Sht ak Pbm, ôu Kbe \hk ak Mbkcobkblura, bk` Mho Shkj ak \bkhkj.

Pof sfchk` as Pobadbk`‑s akatabtavf, garstdy ly tof pravbtf sfcthr, tofk chkvakcakj tofjhvfrkefkt th ihak, hk tof sfbphrt bk` akùstrabd `fvfdhpefkt hg @bwfa. Pof Eybkebrjhvfrkefkt obs bccfptf` tof prhphsbd, pfkàkj tof gfbsaladaty stu`y ghr ats dhkj-tfrevabladaty. Efbkwoadf, Pobadbk` obs shujot b ihakt akvfstefkt wato tof Eybkebrjhvfrkefkt ak hr`fr th lfchef b strhkj bk` aephrtbkt pbrtkfr. Pof rbtahkbdf hg tofprhifct as th hpfk up Pobadbk`‑s ebrataef chkkfctavaty th Shuto Bsab, bs wfdd bsrfdhcbtakj ats ofbvy akùstrabd gbcadatafs grhe ats hwk fbstfrk sfblhbr`, khw quatfchkjfstf`, th toas pbrt hg Eybkebr, woadf Eybkebr‑s pbrtacapbtahk wadd bddhw tof chuktryth `fvfdhp bk` hwk ofbvy akùstrafs, bs wfdd bs bk bdtfrkbtavf th tof `ffp sfbphrtlfyhk` tof Poawbdb sfbphrt kfbr \bkjhhk. Ohwfvfr, tof aepfkàkj `fvfdhpefkt hg@bwfa rbasfs chkcfrks rfdbtakj th assufs damf fkvarhkefktbd `fjrb`btahk, ofbvyakvfstefkt akvhdvfefkt, bk` tof rfquarfefkt hg ehrf pbrtkfrs, ak pbrtacudbr, Ibpbk ghr

gukàkj, bk` Akàb ghr ats dakms th Shuto Bsab.


19/51


1), sujjfsttobt G@A wbs tof crucabd gbcthr lfoak` tof earbcudhus fchkheac jrhwto ak Pobadbk` bk`Fbst Bsabk fchkheafs ùrakj tof 211>s.

Pobadbk` obs fxpfrafkcf` bk akcrfbsakj sohrtbjf hg hpfrbtahkbd whrmfrs. Poas prhldfechefs grhe b easebtco lftwffk `febk` bk` suppdy ak tof dblhr ebrmft. Zoadf tof`febk` ghr whrmfrs woh jrbùbtf grhe vhcbtahkbd scohhd obs lffk akcrfbsakjlfcbusf hg b rasf ak ebkugbcturakj lbsfs ak Pobadbk`, b dbrjfr phrtahk hg tof kfwjfkfrbtahk cohhsfs th pursuf b lbcofdhr‑s hr oajofr `fjrff akstfb`. Gurtofrehrf, hkfhg tof currfkt jhvfrkefkt‑s phdacafs as th akcrfbsf tof eakaeue sbdbry hg whrmfrs watob lbcofdhr‑s `fjrff th L26,>>> pfr ehkto (bpprhxaebtfdy $6>>). Poas phdacy gurtofr

`ravfs stu`fkts bwby grhe pursuakj vhcbtahkbd stu`y. Bcchràkj th tof Zhrd` Lbkm(2


20/51


Pbldf 69 @astralutahk hg BSFBK ̂ hpudbtahk ly Bjf

(%)

Chuktry 21?> >> (ghrfcbst)

% BjakjAk`fx

Efàbk Bjf

% BjakjAk`fx

Efàbk Bjf

% BjakjAk`fx

Efàbk Bjf426 26–70 76+ 426 26–70 76+ 426 26–70 76+

Lrukfa @brussbdbe 3?.7 6?.7 –.

ottp9//dblhrstb.adh.hrj/bppdv?/`btb/FB^F^/fbpfpXF.oted (bccfssf` 6 Sfptfelfr 20).

2?

http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/EAPEP/eapep_E.htmlhttp://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/EAPEP/eapep_E.htmlhttp://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/EAPEP/eapep_E.html


21/51


Bkhtofr rfbshk th fxpdbak tof sohrtbjf ak dblhr suppdy hg hpfrbtahkbd whrmfrs as ùf thbjracudturbd sulsa`y phdacafs. B mfy pdbtghre hg tof prfvahus praef eakastfr, QakjducmSoakbwbtrb, wbs oujf bjracudturbd sulsaàfs, fspfcabddy tof racf pdf`jakj phdacy. Pofsfphdacafs lrhujot blhut b ehvfefkt hg dblhr grhe tof akùstrabd sfcthr th tof bjracudturbdsfcthr. Ohwfvfr, toas rfsphksf eby hkdy dbst ak tof sohrt tfre. Pof dhkj-tfre fggfct hgtof oajo eakaeue wbjf phdacy bk` tof bjracudturbd sulsaàfs chud` dfb` th akùstrabdrfstructurakj thwbr` b ehrf smadds-aktfksavf sfchk`bry sfcthr bk` b sfrvacfs sfcthr watob oajofr ukfepdhyefkt rbtf.

B`àtahkbddy, Pobadbk` gbcfs b sobrp akcrfbsf ak tof wbjf rbtf. Pobadbk` fkbctf` bkbtahkbd eakaeue bk` ukaghre wbjf tobt ebk`btfs b `bady rbtf hg kfbrdy $2> (brhuk`$1.?7 pfr `by) ak 23. Pof eakaeue wbjf wbs brhuk` $:.2: ak Lbkjmhm bk` $6.0> akprhvakcabd brfbs ak 22 bk` lfcbef $1.?7 bk` $:.00 rfspfctavfdy ak 2 bk` 22).

Pbldf 79 Hutwbr` G@A Sthcms ak Sfdfctf` BSFBK Chuktrafs

Chuktry

Hutwbr` G@A (sthcm)($ eaddahk)

211> >> 22 2<

Sakjbphrf :,?>?.3: 67,:66. 3:?,307.>> 0>2,0Ebdbysab :63.7,00?. 2,316.?>Pobadbk` 02:.6: 3,0>7.>> 0>,76>.>2 6> 7,10>.>> 7,3.7> 22,7ôadappakfs 0>6.>> 2,>3> :,2>:.62 ?,16.20 62 712.2> 711.2>

Cbelhàb >.>> 213. 3?–23.ottp9//ukctb`stbt.ukctb`.hrj/w`s/\fphrtGhd f̀rs/rfphrtGhd`frs.bspx Bccfssf` 2> Hcthlfr 20.

<Eakaeue wbjf, Eakastry hg Dblhr, Pobadbk`, ottp9//www.ehd.jh.to/fepdhyff/aktfrfstakjXakghrebtahk/0232

21

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspxhttp://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx


22/51


Gajurf 2>9 Pobadbk`‑s Hutwbr` G@A ly \fcapafkts, 2<

BSFBK 5 Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks= FV 5 Furhpfbk Vkahk= G@A 5ghrfajk `arfct akvfstefkt=^\C 5 ̂ fhpdf‑s \fpuldac hg Coakb.

Shurcf9 Lbkm hg Pobadbk`. Ghrfajk @arfct Akvfstefkt.

ottp9//www.lht.hr.to/Poba/Stbtastacs/FchkheacBk`Gakbkcabd/FxtfrkbdSfcthr/^bjfs/StbtAktfrkbtahkbdAkvfstefkt^hsatahk.bspx# (bccfssf` 2> Hcthlfr 20).

Gajurf 229 Pobadbk`‑s Hutwbr` G@A ly \fcapafkts ak BSFBK, 2<

BSFBK 5 Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks= G@A 5 ghrfajk `arfct akvfstefkt, Dbh ^@\ 5Dbh ^fhpdf‑s @fehcrbtac \fpuldac.

Shurcf9 Lbkm hg Pobadbk`. Ghrfajk @arfct Akvfstefkt.ottp9//www.lht.hr.to/Poba/Stbtastacs/FchkheacBk`Gakbkcabd/FxtfrkbdSfcthr/^bjfs/StbtAktfrkbtahkbdAkvfstefkt^hsatahk.bspx# Bccfssf` 2> Hcthlfr 20.

Pof trbksatahk th bk akvfsthr chuktry, wato BSFBK efelfrs bs tof ebihr ohstchuktrafs, lrakjs blhut tof kff` th prhehtf chkkfctavaty wato rfjahkbd chuktrafs.

Behkj tof BSFBK efelfrs, Sakjbphrf as tof ehst aephrtbkt rfcapafkt hg akvfstefktsgrhe Pobadbk`. Ohwfvfr, tof gajurf eajot lf labsf` bs ebky chepbkafs obvf tofarrfjahkbd ofb`qubrtfrs ak Sakjbphrf. Ag Sakjbphrf as tbmfk grhe chksa`frbtahk, Ebdbysab,

Ak`hkfsab, Waft Kbe, bk` Eybkebr brf tof ehst aephrtbkt akvfstefkt rfcapafkts,

32%

:%

?%6%

2>%

1%

7%

3%

0%

2:% BSFBK^\C

FV

Ibpbk

Cbyebk Asdbk`s

Ohkj Mhkj, Coakb

Vkatf` Stbtfs

Lrataso Warjak Asdbk`s

Eburataus

Htofr


23/51


woaco fepobsazfs tof aephrtbkcf hg chkkfctavaty sakcf tofy brf Pobadbk`‑s kfajolhrakjchuktrafs hr b chuktry tobt cbk lf chkkfctf` ly dbk` chrra`hrs.

Bkhtofr `hefstac structurf tobt `ravfs tof kff` ghr chkkfctavaty aeprhvfefkt as tofoajo chst hg dhjastacs. @fspatf tof gbct tobt Pobadbk` rfdafs hk trb`f, at stadd obs b phhr

dhjastacs systfe. Bcchràkj th tof Zhrd` Prb`f Akàcbthrs Ak`fx, Pobadbk`‑s dhjastacspfrghrebkcf ak`fx as bt tof dfvfd hg 3.6 hg 6, rbkmf` 36 hut hg 2?3 chuktrafs (Pbldf :).

Pbldf :9 Zhrd` Prb`f Akàcbthrs hg Sfdfctf` Bsabk Chuktrafs

AkàcbthrsCbtfjhry

Prb`f ^hdacyFxtfrkbd

FkvarhkefktAkstatutahkbdFkvarhkefkt

Prb`fGbcadatbtahk

Prb`fHutchef

PP\A (EGKbppdaf` tbragg)

EB-PP\A(bppdaf` tbraggakcd. prfgs.)

Fbsf hg @hakjLusakfss

(rbkm hut hg 2?3)

DÂHvfrbdd

\fbd jrhwtoak thtbd trb`f

(j+s,%)

Qfbr >7–2> >7–2> >7–2> >7–2> >7v2>

Sakjbphrf 2 60 2 < ?:Ebdbysab


24/51


0, Waft Kbe ak >7, bk` tof Dbh ^@\ ak 23. Bs b rfsudt, tofrf as b dbrjf akcrfbsf ak ghrebd bk` lhr`fr trb`f lftwffk Pobadbk` bk`Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Waft Kbe

Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Waft Kbe bdsh bae th bttrbct G@A grhe htofr chuktrafs. Ph

prhehtf tofar chuktrafs tofy obvf assuf` akvfstefkt prhehtahk scofefs, rfsudtakj ak bsobrp rasf ak G@A, akcduàkj G@A grhe Pobadbk` (Pbldf 7). Akcrfbsakj trb`f bkàkvfstefkt wato Cbelhàb, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Waft Kbe lrakjs blhut tof kff` ghrPobadbk` th fkobkcf chkkfctavaty. Sfchk`, bs tof fchkheafs ak BSFBK bk` ak Shuto Bsab obvf lfchef ehrf hpfk, tofrf brf sfvfrbd ladbtfrbd fchkheac aktfjrbtahk bkèudtadbtfrbd fchkheac aktfjrbtahk prhjrbes rfdbtf` th BSFBK, tof JES, bk` tof Shuto Bsabk chuktrafs9 BSFBK Fchkheac Cheeukaty, tof Ak`hkfsab–Ebdbysab–Pobadbk`Jrhwto Prabkjdf, Byfybwb`y–Cobh ôrbyb–Efmhkj Fchkheac Chhpfrbtahk Strbtfjy(BCEFCS), JES, BSFBK–Akàb Grff Prb`f Bjrffefkt, Pobadbk`–Akàb Grff Prb`f Bjrffefkt, LAESPFC, bk` tof Efmhkj–Jbkjb Chhpfrbtahk.

Pofrf brf ebky rfdbtf` trb`f bk` fchkheac bjrffefkts bk` ehst hg tofe chktbak

chkkfctavaty akatabtavfs. Pofsf bjrffefkts obvf hvfrdbppakj efelfrsoaps wato àggfrfktchhràkbtakj bk` jhvfrkbkcf structurfs. Bs b rfsudt, tof akatabtavfs ak sfvfrbdbjrffefkts eajot cbusf chkgdacts ak tof dhkj tfre. Bdsh, ebky hg tof bjrffefkts obvfsdhw prhjrfss hr b dbcm hg aepdfefktbtahk ùf th suco chkgdacts bk` htofr rfbshks damfb dbcm hg gukàkj. Kfvfrtofdfss, trb`f bk` fchkheac bjrffefkts ak tof rfjahk prhehtftrb`f behkj efelfr chuktrafs bk` dfb` th b kff` ghr jrfbtfr chkkfctavaty.

Gakbddy, Eybkebr‑s fchkheac bk` phdatacbd rfghres tobt lfjbk ak 22, hpfk ehrfhpphrtukatafs th fchkheac chhpfrbtahk bk` chkkfctavaty fkobkcfefkt lftwffk BSFBKbk` Shuto Bsab. Pof rfghres akcdu`f tof rfdfbsf hg tof prh-`fehcrbcy dfb`fr, BukjSbk Suu Mya grhe ohusf brrfst. Eybkebr bdsh obs phdacy rfghres hk tbxbtahk, ghrfajkàrfct akvfstefkt dbws, bkta-chrruptahk dbws, bk` tof fxcobkjf rbtf systfe. Eybkebr‑s

rfghres bttrbct G@A grhe bdd hvfr tof whrd`, akcduàkj grhe kfajolhrakj chuktrafs. Bs brfsudt, Pobadbk` obs sfvfrbd chkkfctavaty prhifcts th dakm wato Eybkebr tobt wadd lfàscussf` ak Sfctahk 3. Suco chkkfctavaty hpfks hpphrtukatafs ghr BSFBK chuktrafsbk` Pobadbk` th chkkfct wato Shuto Bsab.

?–>1 Jdhlbd Gakbkcabd Crasas bk` tof Kff` ghr Prb`f @avfrsagacbtahk

Pof >?–>1 jdhlbd gakbkcabd crasas tobt hrajakbtf` grhe tof VS sulpraef crasas df` thb sobrp chktrbctahk ak jdhlbd trb`f bk` cbusf` b whrd`wa`f rfcfssahk. Fvfk tohujoPobadbk` obs wfbm gakbkcabd dakms wato tof VS, tof chuktry wbs bggfctf` ofbvady ly tofcrasas. Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj bk` Ebkprbsfrt (2


25/51


gakbkcabd crasas fepobsazfs tof aephrtbkcf hg fxphrt-`fstakbtahk àvfrsagacbtahk ghrPobadbk`, fspfcabddy ak fefrjakj ebrmfts. Lfttfr chkkfctavaty as hkf hg tof aephrtbktakstruefkts th prhehtf `fstakbtahk àvfrsagacbtahk. Ghr fxbepdf, Pobadbk`‑s trb`f watokhrtofbst Akàb as sebdd ùf th jfhjrbpoacbd hlstbcdfs fvfk tohujo tof àstbkcftorhujo Eybkebr as hkdy 2,0>> madheftfrs grhe Pobadbk`, sohrtfr tobk tof rhutf grheKfw @fdoa th Pobadbk`. Pof BSFBK–Akàb chkkfctavaty akatabtavfs chud` hpfk up trb`flftwffk Pobadbk` bk` khrtofbst Akàb bk` ofdp staeudbtf Pobadbk`‑s trb`fàvfrsagacbtahk.


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bk` chephkfkts ak Pobadbk`. Bs b rfsudt, chkkfctavaty lftwffk Pobadbk` bk`kfajolhrakj chuktrafs as crucabd th gbcadatbtf tof hpfrbtahk hg suco prhùctahk kftwhrms.

Bdsh, tof ehvfefkt hg dblhr-aktfksavf akùstrafs (suco bs tfxtadf bk` jbrefkts) hg Pobagares th CDEW chuktrafs lrakjs blhut tof kff` ghr fkobkcf` chkkfctavaty bs tof gares

kff` lfttfr rhb` bk`/hr rbad grfajot kftwhrms wato kfajolhrakj chuktrafs th soapebtfrabds grhe Pobadbk` bk` soap lbcm gakasof` prhùcts th sfbphrts ak Pobadbk`.

Prb`f stbtastacs chkgare tof crfbtahk hg rfjahkbd prhùctahk kftwhrms bk` ch-prhùctahklbsfs bs tofy sohw bk akcrfbsf ak trb`f hg pbrts bk` chephkfkts hr ebtfrabds behkjprhùctahk lbsfs ak Pobadbk` bk` htofr BSFBK chuktrafs, akcduàkj CDEW chuktrafs(Pbldfs 3 bk` 0).


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Gajurf 2


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Gajurf 239 Strbtfjafs uk`fr Pobadbk`‑s Fdfvfkto Kbtahkbd Fchkheac bk` Shcabd@fvfdhpefkt ̂ dbk

Shurcf9 KFS@L, Sueebry hg tof Fdfvfkto Kbtahkbd Fchkheac bk` Shcabd @fvfdhpefkt ^dbk(2/kfws/bcb`feac/Fxfcutavf%Sueebry%hg%22to%^dbk.p`g (bccfssf` 20 Hcthlfr 20).

Bdsh, tof chuktry‑s kfw jrhwto eh`fd prhphsf` ly tof KFS@L sujjfsts tobtakgrbstructurf as hkf hg tof akstruefkts ghr jrhwto hg akchef bk` chepftatavfkfss. PofKFS@L dbukcof` bk akgrbstructurf `fvfdhpefkt pdbk (20


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aaa. Aeprhvfefkt hg trbksphrtbtahk systfe ak laj catafs (L613,?>2.6< eaddahk)

Pof pdbk akcdu`fs tof ghddhwakj sulprhifcts9

•

Pfk puldac rbadwby dakfs ak Lbkjmhm bk` surrhukàkj brfbs • Oajo-spff` trbaks dakmakj Lbkjmhm bk` prhvakcabd catafs suco bs Coabkj Eba,

Khkj Moba, bk` ^b`bkj Lfsbr

• Barphrt dakm th chkkfct Cohklura, ^bttbyb, bk` Cobcohfkjsbh

• @huldf rbad trbcm systfe ak Lbkjmhm bk` prhvakcabd brfbs ghr jhh` trbksatsbk` trbksphrtbtahk

• \hb` dakms ghr BFC chkkfctavaty (Khrto-Shuto Fchkheac Chrra`hr (KSFC),Fbst-Zfst Fchkheac Chrra`hr (FZFC), bk` Shutofrk Fchkheac Chrra`hr

(SFC) bk` chrf-pfrapofry chkkfctavaty

• Aeprhvfefkt hg bar trbksphrtbtahk suco bs ehrf barphrts ak prhvakcabd brfbs

• @fvfdhpefkt hg sfbphrts bk` grfso wbtfr phrts suco bs Shkjmodb,Couepohk, bk` ^bmlbrb

• Chkstructahk hg àstralutahk cfktfrs

Ehst hg tof spfkàkj uk`fr tof prhifct wadd supphrt Pobadbk`‑s strbtfjy thwbr`chkkfctavaty.

Pof @fpbrtefkt hg Oajowbys obs akatabtf` gavf ehthrwby prhifcts pdbkkf` ghrchepdftahk ly 2: tobt wadd supphrt tof strbtfjy thwbr` BSFBK chkkfctavaty. Pofprhifcts akcdu`f Ehthrwby Kh. 7 (Lbkj ^b Ak–Sbrblura–Kbmohk \btcobsaeb),Cohklura–^bttbyb–Ebltbput, Kbmohk ^btohe–Sbeut Shkjmrbe–Cobbe, Lbk Qba–Lbk ^hkj–Mbkcobkblura, bk` Lbkj ^b Ak–Kbmhksbwbk. Pof Lbk Qba–Lbk ^hkj–Mbkcobkblura ehthrwby prhehtfs rhb` chkkfctavaty wato Eybkebr.

Ohwfvfr, hk Ebrco 20, tof Chkstatutahkbd Churt rudf` tobt tof


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3.< Pobadbk`‑s ôysacbd Prbksphrt Akgrbstructurf AkatabtavfsDakmakj Pobadbk` th Eybkebr bk` Akàb

\fbdazakj tof aephrtbkcf hg trbksphrt dakms wato Eybkebr, Pobadbk` `fàcbtfs sfvfrbd

poysacbd akgrbstructurf prhifcts th prhehtf dakms wato Eybkebr. Pof prhifcts akcdu`f tof@bwfa @fvfdhpefkt ^rhifct, @bwfa rhb` dakms, bk` oajowbys bk` lra`jfs bdhkj tofFZFC.

3.?. AkKhvfelfr 22, tof Eybkebr ^hrt Butohraty bk` Atbdabk–Poba @fvfdhpefkt ^DC (AP@)

sajkf` b grbefwhrm bjrffefkt hk tof @bwfa prhifct. Ak 2


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fgghrt th chhpfrbtf wato Eybkebr bk` Pobadbk` th `fvfdhp tof @SFY. Pof `ftbads hgchhpfrbtahk brf dbcmakj lut at as tof strhkjfst sajk hg supphrt grhe Ibpbk.

Ohwfvfr, tof guturf hg tof @SFY as ukcfrtbak. At as ukcdfbr woftofr Ibpbkfsf akvfsthrswadd ihak tof chkstructahk hg tof sfbphrt bk` rhb` prhifcts hr tofy wadd wbat uktad tof

prhifcts brf chepdftf` lfghrf Ibpbkfsf eudtakbtahkbd fktfrprasfs stbrt th akvfst ak tof@SFY. Bdsh, tof @SFY gbcfs hlstbcdfs grhe khkjhvfrkefkt hrjbkazbtahks suco bs tof@bwfa @fvfdhpefkt Bsshcabtahk (@@B) woaco as chkcfrkf` blhut ouebk rajots bk` tofshcabd bk` fkvarhkefktbd aepbcts hg tof prhifct hk dhcbd cheeukatafs. @@B bttfsts tobtblhut obdg b eaddahk pfhpdf obvf lffk b`vfrsfdy bggfctf` ly @SFY watohut gbarchepfksbtahk. Pof jrhup as dhllyakj tof Ibpbkfsf jhvfrkefkt kht th lf akvhdvf` aktof prhifct uktad aktfrkbtahkbd lfst prbctacfs ghr chepfksbtahk bk` fkvarhkefktbdprhtfctahk brf fstbldasof`.

Bcchràkj th tof KFS@L, Ibpbk obs kht `fca`f` woftofr th ihak tof S^W. Bdsh, tofrfobs lffk kh akvfsthr pdbcakj b la` th akvfst ak @SFY akgrbstructurf. Bs b rfsudt, tofS^W as ak tof prhcfss hg rfvasakj tof prhifcts th bttrbct ehrf akvfsthrs. Pof KFS@L

akàcbtf` tobt tof Ibpbkfsf jhvfrkefkt as bjbakst tof akvhdvfefkt hg pravbtf sfcthr akakgrbstructurf chkstructahk bs tof akgrbstructurf sohud` lf prhva`f` ly tof puldac sfcthr. Bs b rfsudt, @SFY eby gbad.

3. me ak Eybkebr bk` 27> me ak Pobadbk`. Pof rhb` akEybkebr as grhe tof @bwfa phrt th Lbk ôu Kbe \hk ak Mbkcobkblura prhvakcf. Pofprhifct usf` th akcdu`f tof fxpbksahk hg Pobadbk`‑s 0-dbkf rhb` th b ?-dbkf rhb` lut tofprhifct wbs kuddagaf` sakcf tof currfkt rhb` sohud` obvf fkhujo cbpbcaty ghr tof currfkttrb`f vhduefs bdhkj tof Shutofrk Fchkheac Chrra`hr. Pof rhb` prhifct wadd lfchepdftf` ly 26.

3.


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3.< watosupphrt grhe B@L bk` tof Zhrd` Lbkm. Ohwfvfr, tof prhifct obs lffk `fdbyf` ghr

yfbrs. @urakj bk hggacabd vasat th Pobadbk` ak Eby 23 ly Ebkehobk Sakjo, tof praefeakastfr hg Akàb, tof twh chuktrafs rfbggaref` tof aephrtbkcf hg tof tradbtfrbd oajowbyprhifct. Pofy wfdchef` tof sfttakj up hg tof Pobadbk`–Akàb Ihakt Zhrmakj Jrhup hkChkkfctavaty bk` Akgrbstructurf ak 23 th ofdp fxpfàtf chhpfrbtahk hk chkkfctavatyakatabtavfs ak lhto chuktrafs bs wfdd bs ak toar` chuktrafs bk` bjrff` th chepdftf tofprhifct ly 27.6 Akàb obs bdsh jrbktf` $6>> eaddahk th Eybkebr bs b pbrt hg tofprhifct chepdftahk. Hut hg 3,> me, 2,7>> me kff` th lf luadt hr aeprhvf`. Htofrphssaldf shurcfs hg guk`s brf B@L bk` tof Zhrd` Lbkm. Pof rhb` prhifct wadd chkkfctEbf Sht, Pobadbk`, th Qbkjhk bk` Ebk`bdby ak Eybkebr bk` Ehrfo ak Akàb. Poftradbtfrbd oajowby prhifct wadd lf tof fxpbksahk hg tof BSFBK Oajowby Kftwhrm (BO2)tobt chvfrs Pbeu–Ebk`bdby–Efamtadb–Lbjh–^bybjya–Pobthk–Eybwbà ak Eybkebr. BO2 as pbrt hg tof thtbd 2,767 me bk` 2,? me obvf lffk upjrb`f` th Cdbss AAA bs hg

Eby 23. Pof rfebakakj :?2 me brf pdbkkf` th lf upjrb`f` th bt dfbst Cdbss AAA ly26.

Vk`fr tof Akàb–Eybkebr–Pobadbk` oajowby prhifct, tof `fvfdhpefkt hg :? me hg kfwrhb`s bk` upjrb`fs bk`/hr rfobladatbtahk hg bpprhxaebtfdy 0>> me hg rhb`s brf kff`f`. Bdsh, wfbm hr àstrfssf` lra`jfs bdhkj tof oajowby kff` th lf rfobladatbtf` hrrfchkstructf`. Ak ôbsf A hg tof prhifct, Akàb bssuefs rfsphksaladaty hg :? me hgeassakj dakms bk` 6? me hg rhb` upjrb`fs woadf Pobadbk` as rfsphksaldf ghrrfobladatbtakj 237 me hg eassakj dakms bk` upjrbàkj 7< me hg rhb` (@f 2:. Prb`f gbcadatbtahk as hkf hg tof strbtfjac bjfk`b atfes ak tofdhjastacs `fvfdhpefkt ebstfr pdbk >:–22. Pof ebihr strbtfjafs hg tof bjfk`b thfkobkcf trb`f gbcadatbtahk brf th9

a. `fvfdhp f-dhjastacs bk` Sakjdf Zak`hw Fktry akth b cfktrbd systfe ak hr`frth prhva`f aephrt/fxphrt bk` dhjastacs sfrvacfs= th dakm akghrebtahk hkjhvfrkefkt-th-jhvfrkefkt, jhvfrkefkt-th-lusakfss, bk` lusakfss-th-lusakfss lbsfs=

aa. aeprhvf tof tbxbtahk systfe bk` custhes cdfbrbkcf prhcfùrfs rfdbtf` thaephrt bk` fxphrt trbksphrtbtahk bk` soappakj lusakfssfs wato tof bae hggbcadatbtakj tof aephrt/fxphrt prhcfss=

aaa. prhehtf tof sfttakj up hg àstralutahk bk` dhjastacs cfktfrs ak prahratyebrmfts th akcrfbsf Poba lusakfss chepftatavfkfss ak ghrfajk ebrmfts=

6

Ihakt Stbtfefkt hk tof Hccbsahk hg tof Hggacabd Wasat th Pobadbk` hg Oas Fxcfddfkcy @r. Ebkehobk Sakjo,^raef Eakastfr hg Akàb ak 23.

3>

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Yangonhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Yangon


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av. prhehtf f-cheefrcf lusakfss wato tof bae hg rfùcakj `hcuefktbtahkbk` akghrebtahk hg `fdavfry chsts ly fxpfàtakj tof fkbctefkt hg tof \hybd@fcrff= bk`

v. akcrfbsf tof fggacafkcy bk` sfrvacf qubdaty wato rfjbr` th tof akspfctahk hgpfstaca`fs, thxac sulstbkcfs, bk` chktbeakbkts ak gbre aephrts bk`fxphrts wato tof bae hg stbk`bràzakj tof akspfctahk prhcfùrfs sh tobttofy brf bccfptbldf th hur trbàkj pbrtkfrs, th spff` up tof prhcfss hgehvakj jhh`s grhe ebkugbcturfrs th custhefrs bk` th rfùcf fxphrtfrs‑rfvfrsf-dhjastacs chsts (KFS@L >1).

Hkf hg tof crucabd akatabtavfs grhe tof strbtfjafs dastf` blhvf as tof fstbldasoefkt hgPobadbk`‑s Kbtahkbd Sakjdf Zak`hw (KSZ) ak >?. Pof KSZ fkbldfs tof sfcurffxcobkjf hg trb`f bk` trbksphrt f-`hcuefkts behkj rfdbtakj jhvfrkefkt bjfkcafs(36 `fpbrtefkts grhe 2< eakastrafs) bk` lusakfssfs. Ats udtaebtf jhbd as th dakm wato tof BSFBK Sakjdf Zak`hw ly 26. Pof KSZ ofdps fdaeakbtf rfùk`bkt trbksbctahk chsts

rfdbtf` th fxphrt bk` aephrt bctavatafs.Gajurf 209 Pobadbk`‑s Fxphrt Wbdufs bt Lhr`fr Cofcmphakts, >1–2<

(L eaddahk)


Zato tof aephrtbkcf hg crhss-lhr`fr trb`f ghr Pobadbk`, tof chuktry obs chktakuhusdy

aeprhvf` trb`f bk` trbksphrt gbcadatbtahk bt tof lhr`fr cofcmphakts (Gajurf 20). Pofkhtbldf aeprhvfefkt as b cobkjf hg custhe prhcfùrfs grhe ebkubd hpfrbtahk thfdfctrhkac `btb aktfrcobkjf (F@A) custhes sfrvacfs bk` udtaebtfdy th fdfctrhkaccusthes systfes.

Bdsh, crhss-lhr`fr trb`f wato Eybkebr as pbrtacudbrdy aephrtbkt. Gajurf 26 addustrbtfscrhss-lhr`fr trb`f wato Eybkebr bt fbco lhr`fr cofcmphakt chepbrf` wato thtbd trb`f.

>

,>>>0>,>>>

7>,>>>

?>,>>>

2>>,>>>

2,>>>

20>,>>>

27>,>>>

2?>,>>>

>1

2>

222<

32


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Gajurf 269 Pobadbk`‑s Crhss-lhr`fr Prb`f Wbdufs wato Eybkebr bt Lhr`frCofcmphakts Chepbrf` th Phtbd Prb`f, >1–2<

(L eaddahk)


Ehrfhvfr, th supphrt tof JES prhjrbe, Pobadbk` bk` Eybkebr obvf b pdbk th `fvfdhpEbf Sh` (Pobadbk`) bk` Eybwb``y (Eybkebr) bdhkj tof FZFC bk` Ebf Sba(Pobadbk`) bk` Pobcoadfam (Eybkebr) akth b spfcabd fchkheac zhkf. Bpbrt grhe poysacbdakgrbstructurf prhifcts efktahkf` ak Sfctahk 3, tof spfcabd fchkheac zhkf wadd chktbakakùstrabd fstbtfs, wbrfohusfs, bk` custhes hkf-sthp sfrvacfs th gbcadatbtf fxphrt bkàephrt bctavatafs lftwffk Eybkebr bk` Pobadbk`. Bcchràkj th tof efftakj ghr tof`fvfdhpefkt hg tof Ebf Sh` spfcabd fchkheac zhkf ak Gflrubry 23, tof Poba

Eakastfr hg Aktfrahr bpphaktf` Pbm prhvakcf‑s jhvfrkhr th aeprhvf tof gbcadaty bk`cbpbcaty hg tof Ebf Sh` lhr`fr crhssakj bk` custhes cofcmphakt bk` th crfbtf b hkf-sthp sfrvacf ly 26.

Bdsh, Pobadbk` obs `fca`f` th fstbldaso torff pfrebkfkt lhr`fr crhssakjs lftwffkPobadbk` bk` Eybkebr. Pof lhr`fr crhssakjs akcdu`f tof Mah ôb Zhm cofcmphakt akCoabkj Eba prhvakcf, tof Lbk Ouba Phk Kuk cofcmphakt ak Ebf Ohkj Shk prhvakcf,bk` tof Lbk ôu Kbe \hk cofcmphakt ak Mbkcobkblura prhvakcf.

Pobadbk` bdsh obs akatabtavfs bk` prhifcts th aeprhvf custhes akgrbstructurf. Pofprhifcts brf uk`fr tof L,>>>

2>>,>>>

26>,>>>

>,>>>

,>>>

>1 2> 22 2<

thtbd trb`f

Ebf Sh`

\bkhkj

Ebf Sba

Sbkjmodblura

3


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ebihr chkcfrks rfjbràkj sfcuraty bt tof Ebf Sh` lhr`fr cofcmphakt akcdu`f `rujtrb`f, pfhpdf trbggacmakj, bk` chktbjahk.7

Bcchràkj th Pobadbk`‑s Hggacf hg tof ^frebkfkt Sfcrftbry ghr Aktfrahr, tof strbtfjafs ghrlhr`fr sfcuraty brf th fkobkcf chhpfrbtahk wato kfajolhrakj chuktrafs vab lhto chuktry-

th-chuktry chhpfrbtahk bk` sulrfjahkbd chhpfrbtahk. Bdsh, tof akvhdvfefkt hg dhcbdrfsa`fkts th prhehtf sfcuraty as fkchurbjf`.

6. SPBPF HG FKF\JQ P\B@AKJ BK@AKG\BSP\VCPV\F

Bs hg Iudy 23, Pobadbk` ob` b cbpbcaty hg 33,202 efjbwbtts (EZ) akstbddf` (FJBP23). Poas chepbrfs th dfss tobk 3,>>>EZ akstbddf` ak 2> ak Eybkebr (Sbk 22).Ohwfvfr, Eybkebr obs b oujf guturf fdfctracaty prhùctahk phtfktabd, fspfcabddy akoy`rhphwfr bk` kbturbd jbs= tof phtfktabd ghr oy`rhphwfr bdhkf as fstaebtf` bt

2>>,>>>EZ (B@L 2EZ (Whkjsby 23) (Pbldf ?).

Pbldf ?9 Phtbd Akstbddf` Cbpbcaty bk` Oy`rhphwfr ^rhùcakj ^htfktabd

Phtbd akstbddf` cbpbcaty ak EZ Oy`rhphwfr phtfktabd ak EZ

Pobadbk` 33,202 26,266b

Dbh ^@\ >Eybkebr >,>>>

b Bs hg >3.

Dbh ̂ @\ 5 Dbh ̂ fhpdf‑s @fehcrbtac \fpuldac= EZ 5 efjbwbtt.

Shurcf9 B@L (23)= Sbk (22)= Mhupobmobe (2% hg Pobadbk`‑s fkfrjy. Pof htofr shurcfs brf bdehst kfjdajaldfbt 22% ghr dajkatf bk` 7% grhe oy`rhphwfr. Kbturbd jbs as ehstdy usf` ak fdfctracatyprhùctahk, woadf pftrhdfue as tof ebak shurcf ghr ehladaty, pfrshkbd ehladaty, bk` ghrtrbksphrtbtahk. Akùstrabd prhùctahk usfs 3:% hg tof fkfrjy bk` trbksphrtbtahk usfs37%. Lusakfss bk` ohusfohd`s chksuef iust hvfr hkf-gagto hg tof fkfrjy prhva`f`,woadf tof bjracudturbd sfcthr hkdy usfs brhuk` 6% (^hdbcobk 2>>EZ,pravbtf prhùcfrs b`` bdehst 27,>>>EZ woadf >EZ as aephrtf`= >EZ grhetof Dbh ^@\ bk` 3>>EZ grhe Ebdbysab. Pobadbk`‑s fkfrjy trb`f wato kfajolhrakj

chuktrafs as dhw, stbkàkj bt hkdy ?% hg thtbd prhùctahk

7 Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj (>1).

33


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Pbldf 19 Akstbddf` Fdfctracaty Jfkfrbtakj Cbpbcaty, Iudy 23

FJBP's ^hwfr ^dbkts EZ % hg thtbd

Pofrebd 0,711.>> 20.2?%Chelakf` cycdf 7,?77.>> .:.3:%@afsfd 0.0> >.>2%\fkfwbldf fkfrjy 0.60 >.>2%Sulthtbd 26,>2>.2< 06. :..1> 60.:2%Jrbk` Phtbd 33,202.>< 2>>.>>%

FJBP 5 Fdfctracaty Jfkfrbtakj Butohraty hg Pobadbk`, EZ 5 efjbwbtt.

Shurcf9 FJBP (23).

6.2 ^htfktabd ghr Crhss-lhr`fr Fkfrjy Prbàkj bk` Chkstrbakts

Pobadbk` as rfbcoakj ats daeat ak prhvaàkj cofbp bk` rfdabldf fkfrjy `hefstacbddy. Akhr`fr th aeprhvf fkfrjy sfcuraty, rfdabladaty, bk` àvfrsagacbtahk, Pobadbk` kff`s th dhhmhvfr tof lhr`fr th prhva`f tof fkfrjy `febk`f`. Ghrtukbtfdy, ats kfajolhrs, akpbrtacudbr Eybkebr bk` tof Dbh ^@\, brf wfdd fk`hwf` wato uktbppf` kbturbdrfshurcfs bk` currfktdy, tofar fkfrjy suppdy fxcff`s `febk`. B`àtahkbddy, tof dbcm hgbky chksa`frbldf trb`f ak fkfrjy lftwffk Pobadbk` bk` ats twh fkfrjy-raco kfajolhrsdfbvfs b dbrjf phtfktabd ghr crhss-lhr`fr fkfrjy trb`f. ^rfsfktdy, tof ebak trbàkjpbrtkfr as tof Dbh ^@\, woaco prhva`fs ehrf tobk 1>% hg Pobadbk`‑s fdfctracaty aephrts(FJBP 23). Pof Dbh ^@\ obs b dbrjf phtfktabd ak oy`rhphwfr. Currfktdy, 22 phwfrpdbkts brf ak hpfrbtahk, prhùcakj >EZ ak 23 th brhuk` >EZ ly . Dbrjf pbrts hg tof hvfrprhùctahkchud` lf shd` th Pobadbk` uk`fr tof JES chktrbcts ghr fkfrjy trbàkj. Eybkebr bdshobs b dbrjf phtfktabd ak oy`rhphwfr.

Ohwfvfr, tofrf brf chkstrbakts ghr trbàkj dbrjf behukts hg fdfctracaty. Pof JESchuktrafs brf ak àggfrfkt `fvfdhpefkt stbjfs bk` tof fkfrjy dakms brf wfbm. Pous,racofr chuktrafs obvf th ofdp dfss `fvfdhpf` hkfs torhujo akvfstefkt ak akgrbstructurfbk` mkhwdf`jf trbksgfr. Ghr tof BSFBK rfjahk bs b wohdf, bk fstaebtf` $2>> laddahk hgakvfstefkt akth akgrbstructurf (ghr fxbepdf, fdfctracbd trbkseassahk dakfs, jbs

daqufgbctahk bk` rfjbsagacbtahk pdbkts, papfdakfs, bk` phwfr pdbkts) as kff`f` th efftfxpfctf` fkfrjy `febk` ak . Ak toas taef ohrazhk, tof dbrjfst behukt wadd lf spfkthk fdfctracaty akgrbstructurf, hvfr $ laddahk bkkubddy, woadf akgrbstructurf akvfstefktsakth tof htofr praebry fkfrjy shurcfs brf kfjdajaldf. Ak tof dhkjfr tfre, up th 6>,fdfctracaty bk` jbs trbksphrtbtahk akgrbstructurf wadd ebmf up tof dbrjfst brfb hgakvfstefkt, brhuk` $3> laddahk bkkubddy ghr fdfctracaty bk` $ laddahk ghr jbs(Lobttbcobryb 23).

Lfcbusf hg tof chkstrbakts ghr Pobadbk`‑s guturf `hefstac fkfrjy prhùctahk, Pobadbkèby kff` th aephrt fkfrjy grhe ats fkfrjy raco kfajolhrakj chuktrafs. Pobadbk` bkÈybkebr, ghr fxbepdf, brf àscussakj fkfrjy trb`f bk` fkfrjy sfcuraty tobt waddakcdu`f luadàkj oy`rhphwfr pdbkts, damf tof Pbsbkj @be hk tof Sbdwffk \avfr bk`

gurtofr chkstructahk hg tof trbks-BSFBK jbs papfdakf prhifct. Pof behukt hg guturf

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akvfstefkt ak fdfctracaty cbpbcaty wadd `fpfk` hk tof pbrtafs‑ waddakjkfss th pbrtacapbtf.Pof waddakjkfss hg tof dhcbd pfhpdf th bddhw dbrjf-scbdf pdbkts th lf luadt `fpfk`s hktof chsts bk` lfkfgats ghr tofe. Pof phwfr pdbkts chud` rfùcf tof dhcbd pfhpdf‑sakchef bk` chud` obre tof fkvarhkefkt= tofrfghrf fkvarhkefktbd bk` shcabd assufskff` th lf b``rfssf`. Bdsh, strhkj aktfrfst jrhups tobt rfcfavf sulsaàfs ak tof ghre hgdhwfr fkfrjy pracfs eby kht lf waddakj th bddhw b dbrjf-scbdf fxphrt hg kbturbdrfshurcfs bk` fkfrjy lfcbusf tofy eby obvf th pby b oajofr pracf ghr tofarchksueptahk.

Pobadbk`‑s chktrbcts ghr tof hpfrbtahk hg b phwfr pdbkt bk` aephrtakj ats prhùctahk dbstbrhuk` th 3> yfbrs. Poas eby kht lf dhkj fkhujo ghr tof jhvfrkefkt hr bkakvfstefkt chkshrtaue, bs tof gfbturfs hg tof chktrbcts chud` cobkjf `rbstacbddy bgtfrtof chktrbcts ruk hut. Ak 3> yfbrs, tof fxphrtakj chuktry eby kff` tof hutput tobt obslffk prfvahusdy fxphrtf` bk` b shurcf hg fdfctracaty ghr Pobadbk` chud` sthp gdhwakj.Ofkcf, luadàkj cbpbcaty blrhb` b``s rasm tobt tof akvfstakj chuktry eby kht lf waddakjth tbmf.

6.< A`fktagy ^rhifcts th Aeprhvf Fkfrjy Chkkfctavaty

Pobadbk`‑s kfajolhrs brf hpfkakj up ghr ghrfajk akvfstefkt bk` akcrfbsf` trb`f akfdfctracaty bk` fkfrjy. Lfttfr akgrbstructurf ghr ehladf fkfrjy shurcfs damf kbturbd jbsbrf kff`f`, toas efbks rhb`s bk` papfdakfs, ebakdy chkkfctakj Eybkebr th Pobadbk`. Bdsh, akvfstefkt ak akgrbstructurf ghr oy`rhphwfr ak tof rfspfctavf chuktrafs kff`s thlf aeprhvf`, suco bs oy`rhphwfr pdbkts bk` oajo-vhdtbjf trbkseassahk dakfs. Bpbrtgrhe tof jhvfrkefkt, tof pravbtf sfcthr as mffk th tbmf bk aephrtbkt rhdf ak tofsffkfrjy akgrbstructurf prhifcts.

Pofsf akgrbstructurf prhifcts ghcus hk tof dakm lftwffk tof JES chuktrafs, fspfcabddytof Dbh ^@\, Eybkebr, bk` Pobadbk`. Aeprhvakj tof fkfrjy chkkfctavaty obs sfvfrbd

lfkfgats tobt cbk lf bssajkf` th torff àggfrfkt brfbs9 fchkheac, fkfrjy, bk`fkvarhkefkt.

Hk tof fchkheac sa`f, b cdhsfr aktfjrbtahk hg tof JES efelfr chuktrafs whud` ofdp thstbladazf pracfs bk` ebmf `febk` ehrf fdbstac sh tobt tof fchkhey cbk rfbct prheptdyth fxtfrkbd sohcms. Cobkj ft bd. (23) brjuf tobt bk aktfjrbtf` BSFBK fkfrjy ebrmftwhud` akcrfbsf rfbd jrhss `hefstac prhùct bk` ghrfajk àrfct akvfstefkt, fspfcabddytorhujo tbragg cuts, sulsa`y rfùctahks, bk` akcrfbsf` akgrbstructurf akvfstefkt. Bdsh,akchef àspbratafs bcrhss chuktrafs chud` lf rfùcf` bk` phhrfr chuktrafs chud` cbtcoup ak tof fchkheac `fvfdhpefkt dfvfd torhujo tof akvfstefkt bk` mkhwdf`jf trbksgfrhg bk aktfjrbtf` ebrmft, efbkakj chuktrafs brf ehrf damfdy th bcoafvf fchkheacchkvfrjfkcf torhujo fkfrjy ebrmft aktfjrbtahk (Sofkj bk` Soa 22).

Hk tof fkfrjy spofrf, fkfrjy ebrmft aktfjrbtahk (FEA) wadd dfb` th ehrf cohacfs hgfkfrjy suppdy. Bcchràkjdy, fkfrjy fggacafkcy bk` tof sobrf hg rfkfwbldf fkfrjyprhùctahk chud` lf akcrfbsf` ly usakj fchkheafs hg scbdf, mkhwdf`jf hg ehrffggacafkt tfcokhdhjafs, bk` ehrf cohacfs ghr oy`rhphwfr pdbkt dhcbtahks. Lfttfrtfcokhdhjy wadd bdsh rfùcf àstralutahk dhssfs, grffakj up b`àtahkbd cbpbcaty. Bk FEAwhud` bdsh bttrbct ehrf akvfstefkt ùf th lajjfr ebrmfts bk` rfdafvf prfssurf hk pfbm`febk` bs phwfr prhùctahk cbk lf sobrf` bcrhss taef zhkfs. Sobrakj tof fkfrjyshurcfs wadd `ravf `hwk tof pracf hg fdfctracaty bk` pbrtacapbtakj chuktrafs wadd lf bldf thluy tof dfbst-chst fkfrjy shurcf. Pofsf bspfcts whud` akcrfbsf fkfrjy sfcuraty bk``fcrfbsf phwfr prhùctahk chsts.

Pof toar` schpf, tof fkvarhkefkt, whud` lf dfss obref` bs wfdd, bs lfttfr tfcokhdhjy

ghr bdd pbrtacapbkt chuktrafs whud` `fcrfbsf jrffkohusf jbs feassahks. Gurtofr, b

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rfùctahk hg sulsaàfs ak fkfrjy cheehàtafs wadd bggfct jrffkohusf jbs feassahksphsatavfdy, efbkakj dfss obre th tof fkvarhkefkt. Shcabddy, bk aktfjrbtf` ebrmft chud`bdsh phsatavfdy bggfct tof phhr bk` tbcmdf fkfrjy phvfrty assufs hk tof eacrh-dfvfd(Kbvbrrh, Sbelh`h, bk` Ph`hc 23). Dhwfr pracfs ebmf fdfctracaty ehrf bgghr`bldfghr dhw-akchef ohusfohd`s bk` fdfctragacbtahk rbtfs chud` akcrfbsf ùf th ehrfakgrbstructurf akvfstefkt ak phhrfr brfbs. Poas wadd chksfqufktdy rfpdbcf trbàtahkbdlahebss ghr chhmakj wato kfwfr eftoh`s tobt brf cdfbkfr, ehrf oyjafkac, bk` ehrffggacafkt.

Bk aktfjrbtf` fkfrjy ebrmft eby bdsh obvf chsts, damf akcrfbsakj usf hr wbstf hgfkfrjy ùf th dhwfr pracfs, ohwfvfr, chkcdusahks hg tof aktfjrbtf` Furhpfbk fkfrjyebrmft sohw tobt lfkfgats hutwfajo chsts (Fchkheast >:).

Pofrf brf sfvfrbd prhifcts lftwffk tof torff chuktrafs, damf tof Pbsbkj Oy`rhphwfr^dbkt (O^^) ak Eybkebr‑s Sobk Stbtf cdhsf th tof Poba lhr`fr. Pof fstaebtf` chst as$?.< laddahk (B@L bk` B@LA >1) bk` tof phwfr pdbkt as fxpfctf` th prhva`f :,>>>EZhg fdfctracaty th Pobadbk`, rfbcoakj :>% hg tof thtbd guturf behukt hg fdfctracaty aephrts

grhe Eybkebr (^rbawbk 23). Bt tof fbstfrk lhr`fr hg Pobadbk` ak tof Dbh ^@\,Pobadbk` as aktfrfstf` ak prhifcts suco bs tof JES Kbe Pofuk < Oy`rhfdfctrac ^rhifct(B@L 23b) bk` tof Kbe Kjue 3 O^^ (B@L 2:>EZ. At fxphrts 6,360 jajbwbtt-ohurs (JZo) th Pobadbk` bk`blhut 6% hg ats fdfctracaty prhùctahk as sfrvakj tof Dbh ^@\ fdfctracaty chksuefrs. Pofdbttfr prhifct wadd obvf b sebddfr cbpbcaty hg 00>EZ. Pofsf brf dbrjf-scbdf prhifcts thsbtasgy shef hg Pobadbk`‑s fkfrjy `febk`. B`àtahkbddy, tofsf prhifcts ofdp th àvfrsagyPobadbk`‑s fkfrjy eax, jfhjrbpoacbddy bk` shurcf wasf, bk` tofy `h kht akcrfbsfjrffkohusf jbs feassahks bs euco bs htofr phwfr pdbkts. Pof Kbe Kjue 3 O^^ waddàspdbcf 2 eaddahk thks hg cbrlhk àhxa`f bkkubddy (B@L 23c). Bkhtofr prhifct as tofKblhkj 6>>mW Sulstbtahk bk` Prbkseassahk Gbcadaty ^rhifct (B@L 23l). Pof kfwakgrbstructurf wadd dakm Pobadbk`‑s khrtofbst rfjahk th tof Dbh ^@\ bk` aeprhvf fkfrjy

chkkfctavaty lftwffk tof twh chuktrafs. Bgtfr chepdftahk, tof prhifct wadd chktralutf thsustbakbldf `fvfdhpefkt ak tof khrtofbst rfjahk hg Pobadbk`, lhhst fkfrjy sfcuraty,bk` rfùcf jrffkohusf jbs feassahks. Eybkebr, tof Dbh ^@\, bk` Pobadbk` wadd bdshakstbdd phwfr trbkseassahk dakfs th stbladazf tof jra` bk` sfcurf trbkseassahk, tofsfdakms wadd ofdp th ghstfr trb`f bk` aeprhvf fkfrjy chkkfctavaty. Pof akgrbstructurfakvfstefkt as fxpfctf` th chst $


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prhjrbe obs gbcadatbtf` tof rfjahkbd gdhw hg jhh`s bk` pfhpdf. Pof prhjrbe obs dakmf`tof chuktrafs ebakdy torhujo sustbakbldf akgrbstructurf akvfstefkt tobt brf àva`f` akthtorff fchkheac chrra`hrs, tof Khrto–Shuto, tof Fbst–Zfst bk` tof Shutofrk FchkheacChrra`hrs. Ak b rfcfkt prhifct cbddf` tof Jrfbtfr Efmhkj Sulrfjahk Oajowbyfxpbksahk, Pobadbk` wbs bldf th jft b dhbk grhe B@L hg $::.2 eaddahk (Pbkbmb 23).Poas prhifct wadd lf uk`frtbmfk ly tof @fpbrtefkt hg Oajowbys uk`fr tof Eakastry hgPrbksphrt bk` wadd wa`fk twh sfctahks, 2>6 me bk` :3 me ak dfkjto, hg twh oajowbys akPobadbk`. Pof oajowbys brf hk tof JES Fbst–Zfst Fchkheac Chrra`hr bk` tof JESShutofrk Fchkheac Chrra`hr. Pof JES prhjrbe obs lffk succfssgud lfcbusf atakcdu`fs ebky àggfrfkt stbmfohd`frs. Pof ebak lh`y chksasts hg jhvfrkefkt bjfkcafsbk` tof pravbtf sfcthr tobt cbk chktralutf torhujo tof JES Lusakfss Ghrue= cavadshcafty hrjbkazbtahks, ebihr ghrfajk ba` bk` gukàkj bjfkcafs prhva`f b`vacf bk` guk`prhifcts bs wfdd. Pof efelfr chuktrafs obvf kht yft lffk vfry succfssgud th akcdu`ftof pravbtf sfcthr. Grhe >1 th 22, tofrf obs lffk b thtbd hg 6? prhifcts bk` ehrftobk twh-toar`s obvf lffk guddy pba` ghr ly tof puldac sfcthr. Hkdy 3% hg bdd prhifctsakcdu`f` tof pravbtf sfcthr ghr b shurcf hg b`àtahkbd gakbkcf. Ohwfvfr, bdehst 3>% hg

tof gakbkcabd rfshurcfs cbef grhe b eaxturf hg àggfrfkt stbmfohd`frs. Pof dhw pravbtfsfcthr pbrtacapbtahk rbtf eby rfgdfct tobt ak shef chuktrafs tof pravbtf sfcthr as kht yftsuggacafktdy `fvfdhpf` th fksurf chepftatahk ghr chktrbcts (Lobttbcobryby, Mbwba, bk`Kbj 2 eftfrs ak dfkjto, watotwh 3.6 eftfrs wa`f rhb` dbkfs bk` b sakjdf 2,>>> eaddaeftfr jbujf rbadwby dakf ak tofea``df. Pof chst hg tof lra`jf behuktf` th brhuk` $3> eaddahk bk` wbs guddy guk`f` lytof Bustrbdabk jhvfrkefkt bs `fvfdhpefkt bssastbkcf th tof Dbh ^@\ bk` hpfkf` ak2110 (BSFBK 23).

B currfkt dbrjf scbdf prhifct as tof Ghurto Grafk`soap Lra`jf, b 0?>e lra`jf chkkfctakj

Coabkj Mohkj ak Pobadbk`‑s Coabkj \ba prhvakcf bk` Ohubyxby ak tof Dbh ^@\‑sLhmfh prhvakcf. Pof chst hg tof lra`jf behuktf` th brhuk` $6> eaddahk bk` tofjhvfrkefkt hg Pobadbk` bk` tof ^fhpdf‑s \fpuldac hg Coakb ihaktdy gakbkcf` tof prhifcthk b sobrf` 6>–6> lbsas. Chkstructahk ghr tof lra`jf lfjbk ak Ebrco 2> bk` wbshpfkf` ak @fcfelfr 23.

Htofr dbrjf scbdf prhifcts akcdu`f tof Pradbtfrbd Oajowby bk` tof @bwfa @ffp-sfb ^hrt.Pof Pradbtfrbd Oajowby as b rhb` prhifct tobt wadd chkkfct Pobadbk` bk` tof khrtofbst hgAkàb vab Eybkebr. Bdd torff chuktrafs akvhdvf` brf cheeattf` th toas rhb` dakm bk` tofprhifct obs bdehst kh puldac hpphsatahk= ebakdy lfcbusf tof lfkfgats oujfdy fxcff` tofchst bk` tof fxpbksahk ehstdy chksasts hg fxastakj rhb`s lfakj upjrb`f`(Cobdfrepbdbkupbp ft bd. 23). At as fstaebtf` th lf chepdftf` ak 27 (Jhvfrkefkt

hg Akàb 2 me dhkj (Jhvfrkefkt hg Vkahk hg Eybkebr 23). Shef hgtof prhifct wadd lf gakbkcf` ly tof Poba bk` Akàbk jhvfrkefkts. Ghr fxbepdf, tof 2?me dhkj rhb`wby grhe Eybwb``y th Poakjbk–Kyakbukj obs bdrfb`y lffk upjrb`f`torhujo `fvfdhpefkt bssastbkcf grhe tof Poba jhvfrkefkt, woadf tof


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grhe tof Akàbk jhvfrkefkt. B`àtahkbddy, upjrbàkj hg :2 fxastakj lra`jfs th rfakghrcf`chkcrftf stbk`br` lra`jfs wadd lf aepdfefktf` wato tof bssastbkcf hg Akàb. Bdhkj watojrbkt bssastbkcf bk` guk`s grhe B@L bk` tof Zhrd` Lbkm, Akàb obs javfk b dhbk hg$6>> eaddahk th Eybkebr, pbrt hg toas dhbk wadd lf usf` th luad` tof Bsabk Oajowby akEybkebr (Daesbebrkpouk 2>3 me hg rhb`s. Ehst sfctahks brf ebkbjf` wato LHPscofefs ly dhcbd chepbkafs uk`fr tof butohrazbtahk hg Eybkebr‑s ûldac Zhrms(Jhvfrkefkt hg Eybkebr 23).

Bkhtofr prhifct tobt wadd aeprhvf chkkfctavaty lftwffk Akàb bk` BSFBK as tof @bwfa@ffp-sfb ^hrt. Pof gakbkcakj hg shef pbrts hg tof prhifct as kht sfcurf` yft, lut tofgakbkcakj ghr tof aephrtbkt rhb` dakm th Pobadbk` stbk`s.

Ak tof akatabd stbjf grhe 23 th 2:, b ,:6> eaddahk. Ohwfvfr, tof KFS@L bdshwbrks tobt tof pracf tbj eby obvf th lf bìustf` upwbr`. Kfvfrtofdfss, tof currfktfstaebtf bssajks bdehst $?,


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7.2 Fkvarhkefkt ghr ûldac–^ravbtf ^brtkfrsoaps bk`\fjudbthry \fstractahks ghr Crhss-lhr`fr Akgrbstructurf^rhifcts

Prbàtahkbddy, Pobadbk` pbys ghr ats akgrbstructurf prhifcts torhujo chkvfktahkbdeftoh`s. Ohwfvfr, stbrtakj ak tof 211>s, tof jhvfrkefkt akvatf` tof pravbtf sfcthr thghre puldac –pravbtf pbrtkfrsoaps (^^^) ak sfcthrs akcduàkj phrts, phwfr bk` fdfctracaty,tfdfcheeukacbtahks, wbtfr bk` sbkatbtahk, bk` trbksphrtbtahk (Sussbkjmbrk >:).ûldac –pravbtf pbrtkfrsoaps obvf vbrahus lfkfgats bk` chud` obvf b phsatavf fggfct hktof wohdf fchkhey, ag fggfctavfdy bppdaf`. Lhto pbrtkfrs obvf dfbrkf` grhe prfvahusprhifcts, rasms cbk lf ebkbjf` bk` fvbdubtf` ehrf prfcasfdy (Soulohehy 23),ofkcf pravbtf gares eby tbmf hk ehrf shpoastacbtf` prhifcts. ^^^ akgrbstructurfprhifcts chud` lf prhvasahkf` gbstfr ùf th sebddfr hvfrbdd gukàkj chkstrbakts bk` tofhvfrbdd chkstructahk taef whud` `fcrfbsf bs wfdd lfcbusf hg tof akcfktavfs ghr b pravbtfgare th `fdavfr hk taef. Hvfrbdd, tof rasm ghr tof jhvfrkefkt `fcrfbsfs bk` tof qubdaty hgsfrvacf eby akcrfbsf. Bdsh, pravbtf gares tfk` th obvf lfttfr ebkbjfefkt bk`tfcokacbd smadds, tofrfghrf b ^^^ prhifct eby obvf dhwfr hvfrofb` chsts. Ak tof kfbrguturf, Pobadbk` as blhut th akvfst ofbvady ak ats `hefstac bk` crhss-lhr`frakgrbstructurf. Ohwfvfr, ebihr chkcfrks blhut guturf puldac `flt chkstrbak tofjhvfrkefkt= currfktdy tof `flt dfvfd as stadd dhw, stbkàkj bt 03% hg J@^ (Pobadbk`Jhvfrkefkt ûldac \fdbtahks @fpbrtefkt 23). Ak hr`fr th chepdftf bdd tof prhifctsbk` `fcrfbsf gakbkcabd prfssurf, tof jhvfrkefkt eby aktrhùcf ehrf puldac –pravbtfpbrtkfrsoaps.

Hut hg sfvfrbd sebddfr bk` dbrjfr akgrbstructurf prhifcts, tof fxpbksahk hg tof DbfeCoblbkj phrt, twh thdd rhb`s/fxprfsswbys ak Lbkjmhm bk` tof ebak ebss trbksat dakfsstbk` hut. Pof eh`fd usf` ghr tofsf ^^^s brf LHP scofefs. Poas efbks tobt tofpravbtf sfcthr garst luad`s tof gbcadaty, tofk hpfrbtfs at ghr b prf`ftfreakf` taef bk` bt

tof fk` hg tof chkcfssahk trbksgfrs tof hpfrbtahks th tof jhvfrkefkt (Wbdfktakf >1).Poas eh`fd wbs tof prfgfrrf` hkf sh gbr. Pof Bct hk ^ravbtf ^brtacapbtahk ak StbtfVk`frtbmakj L.F.


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^rfsuebldy, tof `fjrff hg akvhdvfefkt hg tof pravbtf sfcthr ak b crhss-lhr`fr ^^^ waddobvf th lf kfjhtabtf` fbco taef. Ohw euco tof chkshrtaue cbk pbrtacapbtf waddtofrfghrf vbry, woaco eby oak`fr pbrtacapbtahk hg sebddfr pravbtf gares, fspfcabddy grhedfss `fvfdhpf` fchkheafs.

At as kht yft phssaldf th fvbdubtf tof kfw dbw bs at wbs hkdy aktrhùcf` ak Bprad 23.Pof grbefwhrm cobkjfs at aktrhùcfs th Pobadbk`‑s ^^^ fkvarhkefkt obvf th lfhlsfrvf` garst. Pof kfw dbw obs cdfbrdy b``rfssf` chkstrbakts hg tof ghrefr dbw bk` waddprhlbldy ghstfr ehrf ^^^ prhifcts.

7.< Hptahks ghr Aeprhvakj Gakbkcabd Fkvarhkefkt

Pof prf`heakbkt wby th gakbkcf poysacbd akgrbstructurf, fspfcabddy crhss-lhr`frakgrbstructurf, as stadd torhujo tof puldac sfcthr (Lobttbcobryby, Mbwba, bk` Kbj 2>, Bsabk fchkheafs obvf strfkjtofkf` akstatutahks th ghstfrjrhwto ak tofar dhcbd currfkcy lhk` ebrmft. Lhk` ebrmfts `fkheakbtf` ak tofarrfspfctavf dhcbd currfkcafs ak tof BSFBK fchkheafs pdus tof ^\C, Ibpbk, bk`\fpuldac hg Mhrfb (BSFBK+3) jrfw rbpa`dy. Grhe 211: th >?, tof ebrmfts jrfw hkbvfrbjf ly 3>% bkkubddy, hk b `hddbr lbsf (Bsabk Lhk`s Hkdakf >?). B`àtahkbddy,aktrhùcakj tof Bsabk Lhk` Ebrmfts Akatabtavf (BLEA) ak >3 aepdfefktf` shefphdacafs th `fvfdhp b vabldf lhk` ebrmft, ohwfvfr, tof Bsab Lhk` Ehkathr (>?)b``f` b gavf-phakt dast th gurtofr `ffpfk bk` stbladazf dhcbd currfkcy ebrmfts. Pofsfphakts (bdsh bppdacbldf th tof Poba lhk` ebrmft) brf9

• Lhdstfr akvfsthr chkga`fkcf ly strfkjtofkakj dfjbd prhtfctahk bk` tous cfrtbakty,aeprhvf stbk`br`s hg chrphrbtf jhvfrkbkcf bk` trbkspbrfkcy, bk` bòfrf th

aktfrkbtahkbd bcchuktakj stbk`br`s.

• \fùcf chkstrbakts th ebrmft fktry, akvfstefkt, bk` fkchurbjf akvfsthràvfrsaty th prhehtf jrfbtfr `febk` ghr dhcbd currfkcy lhk`s.

• @fvfdhp `fravbtavf bk` swbp ebrmfts th lrhb`fk tof akvfsthr lbsf, akcrfbsfebrmft daquaàty, bk` bddhw b wa`fr àspfrsbd hg rasm.

• Aeprhvf rfdfvbkt `btb chepadbtahk bk` chepbrashk.

• Strfkjtofk lrhb`fr brrbkjfefkts ghr rfjudbthry hvfrsajot bk` rfjahkbdchhpfrbtahk ak tof brfbs hg akghrebtahk sobrakj bk` ak chhràkbtf` bctahks thebaktbak gakbkcabd stbladaty (Bsab Lhk` Ehkathr >?9 2–% hg tof jhvfrkefkt‑s fxtrb spfkàkj as ak rbad, hg woaco brhuk` 7>% asrfsfrvf` ghr oajo-spff` trbaks bk` % hg tof thtbd


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Pof ebak jhbd hg tofsf prhifcts as th rfùcf Pobadbk`‑s trbksphrtbtahk chst ly >> ihls wadd lf crfbtf`, ùf th tof akvfstefkt ak akgrbstructurf bk` bsulsfqufkt b`àtahkbd fstaebtf` fchkheac jrhwto hg 2%. Htofr chkcfpts brf thfkobkcf chepftavfkfss bk` th crfbtf hpphrtukatafs ghr jrhwto woadf upohdàkjPobadbk` bs bk BSFBK dhjastac, trbksphrtbtahk bk` akvfstefkt oul. Pof jhvfrkefktbdsh wbkts th akcrfbsf tof bvbadbladaty hg àggfrfkt trbksphrtbtahk eh`fs, tobt as, b oajo-spff` rbadwby systfe, bk` th chkkfct tof àggfrfkt thurast bttrbctahks ak tof prhvakcfs thsprfb` prhspfraty th tof ehrf rurbd brfbs.

Pbldf 2>9 Pwh-traddahk Lbot Chkkfctavaty ^rhifct

Eh`f ^rhifctsBehukt

(L laddahk)% hg J@^

Sobrf

(%)\bad 3: 276> 20.6> ?

- Oajo spff` trbaks 1:> ?.6>- Ebss trbksat 006 3.1>- @huldf trbcmakj rbadrhb` 231 2.

\hb` 20 2.6>

Lhr`fr gbcadatafs 0> 2< >.2> >.7>

Chktakjfkcy 7< >.7> 3.>>

Phtbd 17 >> 2:.7> 2>>.>>J@^ 5 jrhss ̀ hefstac prhùct.

Shurcf9 Fchkheacs \fsfbrco (23).

:. CHKCDVSAHK BK@ ^HDACQ \FCHEEFK@BPAHKS

:.2 Chkcdusahk

@fspatf tof rfcfkt fchkheac sdhw`hwk, Pobadbk` obs lffk bldf th chpf wato sohcmsfebkbtakj grhe watoak bk` hutsa`f, wato tof dbtfst jrhwto rbtf hg 7.0% bk` pfr cbpatbakchef hg $6.0:0 ak 2


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lhr`fr chktrhds. At as bdsh fva`fkt tobt chuktrafs damf tof ^\C bk` Waft Kbe, bdtohujokht obvakj bk aeefàbtf lhr`fr wato Pobadbk`, obvf stadd lffk bldf th obvf bsulstbktabd akcrfbsf ak lhr`fr trb`f wato Pobadbk`, pbrtacudbrdy wato Poba fxphrts thtofsf twh chuktrafs.

Ghr tofsf rfbshks, at as aephrtbkt th hlsfrvf tof trfk`s hg Pobadbk`‑s trb`f watoEybkebr tobt chud` obvf strhkj aepdacbtahks ghr chkkfctakj trb`f wato Shuto Bsab,torhujo dbk` chkkfctavaty wato toas chuktry. Bt prfsfkt, b kfw pbto th Pobadbk`'s lhr`frtrb`f wato Eybkebr obs obppfkf` wato vbrahus mak`s hg jhh`s bk` sfrvacfsfxcobkjf` lftwffk lhto chuktrafs, bdsh ofdpakj Eybkebr th aktfjrbtf ats hwkfchkhey wato tof rfst hg BSFBK. At rfebaks th lf sffk ohw euco aeprhvakjchkkfctavaty aksa`f Eybkebr chud` sfrvf ghr Pobadbk`‑s guturf trb`f bk` `fvfdhpefktwato Eybkebr bk` phssaldy sfrvakj bs dbk` chkkfctavaty th Shuto Bsab, torhujokhrtofbst Akàb.

Pobadbk`‑s hutwbr` G@A obs surpbssf` akwbr` G@A ghr tof garst taef sakcf 22. Poas kfthutgdhw hg G@A as kht sebdd ak chepbrashk th tof structurf hg tof fchkhey. Poas kfw

trfk` javfs tof bttfktahk th phdacyebmfrs th bsm woftofr Pobadbk`‑s hutwbr` G@A as btfephrbry pofkhefkhk dakmakj th tof cycdacbd cobkjfs hg Pobadbk`'s fchkheac`fvfdhpefkt hr b sustbakbldf hkf rfgdfctakj tof cobkjakj structurf hg tof Pobafchkhey ak tof dhkj ruk. At as hlsfrvf`, bs wfdd, tobt b jhh` pbrt hg Pobadbk`'s hutwbr`G@A jhfs th kfajolhrakj chuktrafs, woftofr toas chkcfrks laj hr sebdd gares, dhhmakj ghrkfw lusakfss hpphrtukatafs.

Pof structurbd cobkjfs hg Pobadbk`‑s fchkhey thjftofr wato cobkjfs ak rfjahkbdphdacafs `ravf tof kff` ghr chkkfctavaty `fvfdhpefkt. Cobkjfs ak tof fchkheacstructurf hg Pobadbk`, tof sohrtbjf hg hpfrbtahkbd whrmfrs, b sobrp rasf ak eakaeuewbjfs, b trbksatahk th bk bjakj shcafty, b soagt th bk hutlhuk` akvfsthr chuktry, bk`ghrebtahk hg rfjahkbd prhùctahk kftwhrms wato kfajolhrakj chuktrafs brf aephrtbktgbcthrs tobt `ravf Pobadbk` th aeprhvf chkkfctavaty wato rfjahkbd chuktrafs. Bdsh, sfvfrbdcobkjfs ak rfjahkbd phdacafs, suco bs dalfrbdazbtahk bk` fchkheac rfghres ak tof JESchuktrafs, trb`f bjrffefkts, bk` fchkheac chhpfrbtahk prhjrbes ak tof rfjahk, bk`tof trbksatahk hg Eybkebr, brf aephrtbkt `ravakj ghrcfs ghr Pobadbk` th fkobkcfchkkfctavaty ak hr`fr th lfchef b dhjastacs oul, th crfbtf rfjahkbd prhùctahk kftwhrms,bk` th `fvfdhp dakms wato Eybkebr.

Pof `fvfdhpefkt bk` aeprhvfefkt hg Pobadbk`‑s poysacbd akgrbstructurf brf hkf hg tofcrucabd gbcthrs th akcrfbsf chepftatavfkfss bcchràkj th tof kfwfst Kbtahkbd Fchkheacbk` Shcabd @fvfdhpefkt ^dbk. Bs b rfsudt, tof


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crfbtahk hg wbrfohusfs bk` custhes hkf-sthp sfrvacfs, bk` tof fstbldasoefkt hg ehrfpfrebkfkt lhr`fr crhssakjs.

Pobadbk` as `fgacafkt ak fkfrjy suppdy. Ph sfcurf akcrfbsakj `febk`s, tof chuktrydhhms th kfajolhrakj chuktrafs damf tof Dbh ^@\ bk` Eybkebr th trb`f bk` `fvfdhp

fkfrjy akgrbstructurf. ^htfktabd chktrbcts th efft suco `febk` brf b gudd pbrt hg toffkfrjy phdacy th `fbd wato tof fkfrjy surpdus chuktrafs. Bs Pobadbk`‑s kfajolhrs brfbdsh `fvfdhpakj bk` hpfkakj up ghr ghrfajk akvfstefkt bk` akcrfbsakj trb`f akfdfctracaty bk` fkfrjy, Pobadbk` eust obvf cdfbr pfrspfctavfs hk ohw tofsfakgrbstructurf prhifcts wadd lf b gudd pbrt hg guturf aeprhvfefkt ak fkfrjy chkkfctavatybk` fkfrjy ebrmft aktfjrbtahk.

Zato rfjbr` th akgrbstructurf gakbkcakj, Pobadbk` obs hgtfk turkf` th htofr pbrtkfrs ghrdbrjfr prhifcts, dfbvakj sebddfr akgrbstructurf bk` ebaktfkbkcf th tof `hefstacprh`ucfrs. Ehrf rfcfktdy, Pobadbk` obs lfchef ehrf bctavf hk crhss-lhr`fr prhifctsak tof JES grbefwhrm th gbcadatbtf tof rfjahkbd gdhws hg jhh`s, sfrvacfs, bk` pfhpdf.Ghr tof fchkheac chrra`hrs, Pobadbk`‑s JES prhjrbe akcdu`fs `aggfrfkt stbmfohd`frs,

lut tof puldac sfcthr as stadd tof ebak shurcf hg gakbkcf. Poas akcdu`fs tof aephrtbkt pbrthg Pobadbk`‑s tradbtfrbd oajowby bk` htofr sebddfr prhifcts chkkfctakj th kfajolhrakjchuktrafs. Lut tof @bwfa `fvfdhpefkt prhifct wadd akvhdvf tof puldac sfcthrs hgEybkebr bk` Pobadbk`, wato tof akvhdvfefkt hg tof pravbtf sfcthr, hkcf tof hvfrbdd`fsajk as cdfbr. Zato Pobadbk`‑s rfcfkt cobkjf uk`fr tof eadatbry rfjaef, tof prhifct asstadd hk ohd`.

:.< ^hdacy \fcheefk`btahks

Grhe tof rfvafw hg tof currfkt stbtf hg poysacbd chkkfctavaty, trbksphrt bk` trb`fgbcadatbtahk, fkfrjy chkkfctavaty bk` akgrbstructurf gakbkcakj, lfdhw brf sfvfrbdrfcheefk`btahks th aeprhvf tohsf akatabtavfs.

:.


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:.


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:.


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\FGF\FKCFS

Bsab Lhk` Ehkathr. >?. Fefrjakj Fbst Bsabk Dhcbd Currfkcy Lhk` Ebrmfts9 B\fjahkbd Vp`btf. Bprad.

ottp9//bsabklhk`shkdakf.b`l.hrj/`hcuefkts/bleXbpr>?.p`g Bsabk Lhk`s Hkdakf. >?. BSFBK+3 Kfw BLEA \hbèbp.

ottp9//bsabklhk`shkdakf.b`l.hrj/gfbturfs/bleaXrhbèbp/>?>:32XBLEAX\hbèbpXûldacbtahkXGakbd.p`g

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm (B@L). 27->20/`ftbads (bccfssf` 23 Hcthlfr 23).

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm (B@L). 23b. JES Kbe Pofuk < Oy`rhfdfctrac ^rhifct.ottp9//www.b`l.hrj/prhifcts/3:12>->20/`ftbads (bccfssf` 23 Hcthlfr 3).

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm (B@L). 23l. Kblhkj 6>> mW Sulstbtahk bk` PrbkseassahkGbcadaty ^rhifct. ottp9//www.b`l.hrj/prhifcts/`hcuefkts/kblhkj-6>>mv-sulstbtahk-bk`-trbkseassahk-gbcadaty-prhifct (bccfssf` ? Gfl 26).

Bsabk @fvfdhpefkt Lbkm (B@L). 23c. Jrfbtfr Efmhkj Sulrfjahk Kbe Kjue 3Oy`rhphwfr ^rhifct. ottp9//www.b`l.hrj/prhifcts/023?6->23/`ftbads (bccfssf`1. Akgrbstructurf ghr b Sfbedfss Bsab. Phmyh9 B@LA.

ottp9//www.b`la.hrj/gadfs/>1.>?.32.lhhm.akgrbstructurf.sfbedfss.bsab.p`g Bsshcabtahk hg Shutofbst Bsabk Kbtahks. (BSFBK). 23. Iukf 2/6>># (ak Poba hkdy) (bccfssf` 20 Hcthlfr3).

Lobttbcobryb, B. 23. Chkkfctakj Shuto Bsab bk` Shutofbst Bsab9 \fjahkbd FkfrjyPrbàkj. ^rfsfktf` bt B@LA Chkgfrfkcf hk Chkkfctakj Shuto Bsab bk`Shutofbst Bsab. Ebkadb. @rbgt Wfrsahk. 7-: Khvfelfr.

Lobttbcobryby, L. K., E. Mbwba, bk` \. E. Kbj. 2


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Lbkjmhm9 Vkatf` Kbtahks Fchkheac bk` Shcabd Cheeassahk ghr Bsab bk` tof^bcagac.

Coffwbtrbmhhdphkj, M. bk` Ebkprbsfrt, S. 2


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Mhiaeb, M. 21:3. B Ebcrhfchkheac Bpprhbco th Ghrfajk @arfct Akvfstefkt.Oathtsulbsoa Ihurkbd hg Fchkheacs. 20 (2). 2–


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Sbk, O. P. 22. Pof \fpuldac hg Vkahk hg Eybkebr Chuktry \fphrt.ottp9//krfc.ek/`btb/updhb`s/Khe%sftjuud%xacoffd/Zbtfr/lb`rbmo%coakb/Eybkebr.p`g

Sofkj, Q., bk` _. Soa. 22. Fkfrjy Ebrmft Aktfjrbtahk bk` Fchkheac Chkvfrjfkcf9

Aepdacbtahk ghr Fbst Bsab. F\AB @ascussahk ^bpfr Sfrafs. F\AB-@^-22->6.Soulohehky, \. 23. Chkkfctakj Bsab & Shutofbst Bsab Zhrmsohp9 Gakbkcakj

Akgrbstructurf. B@LA Chkgfrfkcf hk Chkkfctakj Shuto Bsab bk` Shutofbst Bsab.Ebkadb. @rbgt Wfrsahk.

Shucof, B. 23. Pobadbk`‑s kfw ^uldac-^ravbtf ^brtkfrsoap Dbw. \f`fsajk hr\fakcbrkbtahk. Swass-Poba Cobelfr hg Cheefrcf Kfwsdfttfr Kh. 36. Iudy.ottp9//www.`g`d.che/aebjfs/sthrafs/Brtacdfs/Kfws/SwassPoba/SPCCXIudX23X @[email protected]`g

Sussbkjmbrk, C. >:. Vkatf` Kbtahks Fchkheac bk` Shcabd Cheeassahk ghr Bsab bk`tof ^bcagac. 0 Hcthlfr.

ottp9//www.ukfscbp.hrj/tt`w/ppp/^^^>:/lgXtobadbk`.p`g Sutoawbrtkbrufput, Mbehkcobkhm .>:. Pof Currfkt Satubtahk hg Pobadbk`‑s Dhjastacs,

>:, Aktfrkbtahkbd Chkgfrfkcf hk Dhjastacs, Soappakj bk` ^hrt Ebkbjfefkt 3

thailand's economic integration with neighboring countries and possible connectivity with south asia

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