the 10th aun/seed -net regional conference on geological ... · the 10th aun/seed-net regional...

Proceedings

The 10th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geological and Geo-Resource Engineering

August 2-3, 2017, Phnom Penh Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Towards Education and Environmentally Sustainable Development of Geo-resources in

ASEAN Community

Editor: Mr. KAING Sainglong

ISBN-13: 978-9924-9047-0-0

PROCEEDINGS

THE 10TH AUN/SEED-NET REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON GEOLOGICAL AND GEO-RESOURCE ENGINEERING

“Towards Education and Environmentally Sustainable Development of Geo-resources in ASEAN Community”


THE 10TH AUN/SEED-NET REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON GEOLOGICAL AND GEO-RESOURCE ENGINEERING


Chairmans : Dr. KRY Nallis and Dr. BUN Kim Ngun

Secretary : Dr. YOS Phanny

Committee Members : Mr. PHAT Bone

Mr. KIM Vannada

Mr. SIENG Poeu

Mr. KONG Sangva

Dr. PICH Bunchoeun

Dr. OR Chanmoly

Dr. POR Sopheap

Ms. SIO Sreymean

Ms. PECH Sopheap

Ms. PEN Sovannaka

Mr. NIM Vannda

Editor : Mr. KAING Sainglong

The 10th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Geo-Resource and Geological Engineering 2-3 August 2017, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

i

ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTIC OF FLAPPED SOILBAGS

Apiniti Jotisankasa1, Kongkrai Pornpongphatthana2, San Vijittpokin2, and Chidpon Wongsakulkiat2, Washirawat Praphatsorn1, Kroekkiat Angkanawisalya1 .................................. 1

DETERMINISTIC APPROACH OF DEVELOPING A PHYSICALLY-BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDLSIDES

Giancarlo P. Ventura ................................................................................................................... 10

Abandoned landfill boundary delineation using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) technique: A CASE STUDY

Thanop Thitimakorn1,3*, Narongsak Rachukarn2 and Napassapong Jongjaiwanichkit4 ............. 19

SPUN PILES FOUNDATION IN PHNOM PENH CAPITAL OF CAMBODIA

Peou Sieng ................................................................................................................................... 30

ORIGINAL SUBSIDENCE IN SAIGON SOUTH AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBSIDENCES WITH HOLOCEN LAYER

Vo Minh Quan, Tran Anh Tu, Nguyen Giang Nam, Le Thanh Phong, Vo Thanh Long, Nguyen Huynh Thong ................................................................................................................................ 53

NATURAL PERCOLATING WATER INDUCING SLOPE FAILURES UNDER TROPICAL CLIMATE

Zainuddin Md Yusoff1, Azlan Abd Aziz2, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud3 and Haslinda Nahazanan4

..................................................................................................................................................... 63

Application of Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor in Instrumented Pile Load Test

B.P. Tee1, A.S.A. Rashid2, R.A. Abdullah3, K.A. Kassim4, H. Mohamad5 .................................... 73

CENTRIFUGE MODEL TEST AND ITS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON TUNNEL DEFORMATION CAUSED BY REGIONAL GROUND UPHEAVAL

Sokkheang Sreng 1, Takuya Kusaka 2, Hitomi Sugiyama 3, Hiroshi Tanaka 4 ............................... 83

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN YANGON AREA

KhinSoe Moe1 and Kyaw Htun1 .................................................................................................... 94

ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF MINE TAILINGS AS EMBANKMENT MATERIAL

Mary Ann Q. Adajar¹ and Mark Albert H. Zarco2 ..................................................................... 107

TABLE OF CONTENTS


ii

EFFECT OF OVERBURDEN DEPTH AND SUPPORT SYSTEM ON STABILITY OF ROADWAY IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE UNDER WEAK GEOLOGICAL CONDITION IN INDONESIA

Phanthoudeth PONGPANYA1,2, Takashi SASAOKA1, Hideki SHIMADA1 ................................ 119

Hiroshi TAKAMOTO1, Akihiro HAMANAKA1, Sugeng WAHYUDI1 ......................................... 119

Analysis of electroseismic data for geothermal exploration through SHTE and PSVTM modeling approach: first result

Wahyudi W. Parnadi1, Agus Laesanpura1, Alamta Singarimbun2, Andi Syamrizal1, Apulina Priska1 ........................................................................................................................................ 139

Reservoir Quality of Ngrayong Sandstone in Tempuran Village Area, Rembang Zone, Western part of North East Java Island, Indonesia

Myo Min Htun 1, 2, 3, Sugeng Sapto Surjono2, 4, Jarot Setyowiyoto2, 5 ......................................... 148

MONTE CARLO INVESION FOR PORE GEOMETRY AND ELASTIC MODULI ESTIMATION OF OCEANIC BASALT OF THE JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE

Kakda Kret1, Tatsunori Ikeda2, Takeshi Tsuji1, 2 .................................................................... 161

GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHALLENGES OF UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN INDONESIA; A CASE OF THE SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN

Alfend Rudyawan1*, Benyamin Sapiie1, Agus Handoyo Harsolumakso1, Chalid Idham Abdullah1, Indra Gunawan1, Meli Hadiana1, Dwiharso Nugroho1, Asep H.P.K1, Agus M. Ramdhan1, Arii Ardjuna2, Yarra Sutadiwiria2, Alfian Usman2, Rizky Nur Hakim2, Wisnu Prihantono2 ............. 170

RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF E SEQUENCE, NAM VANG FIELD, CUU LONG BASIN, VIETNAM

Vo Thanh Hung1, Jarot Setyowiyoto2 and Djoko Wintolo3 ....................................................... 179

THE PETROLEUM FISCAL REGIME ANALYSIS: A CASE OF MOZAMBIQUE

Nelson Victor1 and Thitisak Boonpramote2 ............................................................................... 191

STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION AND THE AGE OF PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS VIII DISCOVERED IN SANGIRAN AREA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

C. Danisworo *) ......................................................................................................................... 205

The Effect of Sodium Metasilicate on IFT Reduction as Alkaline Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Chea Samneang1, Kyuro Sasaki1 and Yuichi Sugai1 ................................................................. 218


iii

GAS HYDRATE AND FREE GAS DISTRIBUTION IN THE NANKAI SUBDUCTION MARGIN: INSIGHT FROM AUTOMATIC SEISMIC VELOCITY PICKING

Chanmaly Chhun1, Arata Kioka2, Jihui Jia1, Takeshi Tsuji1 ...................................................... 224

Mineralogy, physical properties, and genesis of clay deposits as a raw materal for brick industry from Gianyar, Kebumen and Magelang areas, Indonesia

I Wayan Warmada & Nursari Siregar ....................................................................................... 241

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC FOR PILLOW LAVA AS GEOHERITAGE AND EDUCATION TOURISM IN YOGYAKARTA INDONESIA

Purbudi Wahyuni and Istiana Rahamawati ............................................................................... 249

GEOHERITAGES FOR GEOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF KARYAMUKTI VILLAGE AND SURROUNDING AREA, CIANJUR REGENCY, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Rian Dwi Anggara Putra1, Sari Bahagiarti Kusumayudha1, Sugeng Raharjo1 .......................... 256

Geological Overview of Cisuru Prospect, Gurat Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Khayay Oo1, 2, I. Wayan Warmada1, Anastasia Dewi Titisari1 and Koichiro Watanabe2.......... 265

Initial Study on Alteration and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry in Oyadav South, Ratanakiri, Cambodia

Seang Sirisokha1*, Tetsuya Nakanishi2, Kotaro Yonezu1 and Koichiro Watanabe1 ................... 274

PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMICAL OVERVIEW OF THE ERTSBERG INTRUSION COMPLEX, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA

Hnin Thet Lwin .......................................................................................................................... 285

GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KAOLIN CLAY FORMATION AT SCHIST GRANITE CONTACT ZONE IN KINTA VALLEY, MALAYSIA.

Khong Ling Han, Hareyani Zabidi, Kamar Shah Ariffin* ......................................................... 294

THE ATTRIBUTION OF CAMBODIAN SILICA SAND AND POSSIBILITY TO EXPORT TO THAILAND

Apisit Numprasanthai 1,*, Somsak Saisinchai 2 and Narumas Pajonpai3 ................................... 305

Community Engagement for Sustainable Mineral Development Thitisak Boonpramote1 ............................................................................................................... 316

THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOLIDIFICATION OF POTASH MINE WASTES

Thao Nguyen Anh Ngo 1 and Sunthorn Pumjan 2 ....................................................................... 322


iv

GEOCHEMISTRY AND WALL-ROCK ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROTHERMAL GOLD MINERALIZATION AT ONZON-KANBANI AREA, THABEIKKYIN TOWNSHIP, MYANMAR

Aung Tay Zar1, 2, I Wayan Warmada1, Lucas Donny Setijadji1, and Koichiro Watanabe3 ........ 335

GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY OF SPRINGS IN THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF MERAPI VOLCANO, SLEMAN REGENCY, YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL REGION, INDONESIA

Johnny Boulom1, Doni Prakasa Eka Pruta2, Wahyu Wilopo2. ................................................... 351

GROUNDWATER FLOW AND ITS APPLICATION TO PREDICT THE SOURCE OF COPPER CONTAMINANT IN AQUIFER, CASE STUDY IN MANTRIJERON DISTRICT, YOGYAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA

Ho Gia Duc1, Doni Prakasa Eka PutrZa2 and Heru Hendrayana3 ......................................... 366

REMOVAL OF SELENIUM (Se) IN WATER BY USING ZEOLITE TUFF AS ADSORBENT FROM TEGALREJO AREA, GEDANGSARY DISTRICT, GUNUNGKIDUL REGENCY, SPECIAL PROVINCE YOGYAKARTA INDONESIA

Manixone Thepgnothy*1, Doni Prakasa Eka Putra1, Wahyu Wilopo1 ........................................ 385

Evaluation of Aquifer Characteristics and Hydrochemical Analysis in Budalin, Monywa and Chaung-U townships of Sagaing Region, Myanmar

Zaw Myo Oo1, Day Wa Aung2 .................................................................................................... 392

DISTRIBUTION OF ARSENIC IN RIVER SEDIMENTS AFFECTED BY NATURALLY OCCURRING ARSENIC IN GROUNDWATER

Masataka SHIMAMURA*a, Asumi SAKAGUCHIa, Kana ODASHIROa, Nobuyasu ISHIBASHIb and Toshifumi IGARASHIa......................................................................................................... 407

Relationships between Contaminations and Land Use around Citarum River Basin in Indonesia

Ritsuto Hayashi1, Toshifumi Igarashi1, Shunitz Tanaka2, Ryusuke Hatano3, Takashi Inoue3, Tsubasa Otake1, Junjiro Negishi2, Masayuki Ikebe4, John Bower5, Hajime Matsushima3, Ryo Takeda1, and Herto Dwi Ariesyady6 .......................................................................................... 415

Arsenic Removal from Groundwater using Cambodian Clayey Soil: Batch and Column Study

Pich B.*1, Oum B.1, Beak S.1, Ty B.2, Orn K.2, Long R.C.2, and Sato T.3 ................................... 423


v

BALL CLAY FROM LANGKAP PERAK AS A POTENTIAL ABSORBENT MEDIA

Zulaika Zakaria, M. Mukhri Mohamed, Kamar S. Ariffin , Norlia Baharun ............................. 423

REDUCTIVE LEACHING OF SYNTHETIC MANGANESE ORE USING BAMBOO SAWDUST AS REDUCTIVE AGENT: A COMPARISON BETWEEN DIRECT HYDROLYSIS-LEACHING PROCESS AND SIMULTANEOUS HYDROLYSIS-LEACHING PROCESS

Kimberly Tay1, Nurhidayah Muthalib1, Kamar Shah1, Suhaina Ismail1* ................................... 429

IMMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAINED IN MINE WASTES OF KABWE, ZAMBIA BY DIFFERENT ADSORBENTS

Kenta NOTOa, Toshifumi IGARASHIa, Mayumi ITOa, Kazunori NAKASHIMAa, Tsutomu SATOa, Lawrence KALABAa, Shun TAKAKUWAa, Naoto KIYANAGIb, Yuki MATSUDAb, Hokuto NAKATAc, Shouta NAKAYAMAc, and Mayumi ISHIZUKAc ....................................... 439

THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES ON RECYCLING TREATMENT BY PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES: A REVIEW

Theerayut Phengsaart 1,*, Mayumi Ito 2, Naho Kitajima 1, Arisa Azuma3, Carlito Baltazar Tabelin 2, and Naoki Hiroyoshi 2 ............................................................................................... 446

RESEARCH ON ALUMINA EXTRACTION FROM KAOLIN OF PHUTHO PROVINCE BY SOLID STATE REACTION

The Vinh La, Minh Khoi Vu ....................................................................................................... 460

RECOVERY OF BENTONITE FROM WASTE DRILLING MUDS IN BORED PILES

Jakapan Pimolrat 1,*, Somsak Saisinchai 2 and Apisit Numprasanthai 3 .................................. 467


Reservoir Quality of Ngrayong Sandstone in Tempuran Village Area, Rembang Zone, Western part of North

East Java Island, Indonesia Myo Min Htun 1, 2, 3, Sugeng Sapto Surjono2, 4, Jarot Setyowiyoto2, 5

1Geology Department, Monywa University, Monywa, Myanmar

2Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

[email protected], [email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract

The early Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation is famous reservoir in north-east Java, mainly composed of very loose clean sandstone. The study area is situated near Tempuran Village, Rembang Zone, and that area is still need to confirm the reservoir quality. Ngrayong sandstones are well exposed along the southern flank of Pakel Anticline with east-west trending direction. Seven samples from four different facies from five outcrops conducted for petrophysical (porosity & permeability) and granulometry analysis (grain size & sorting) .The highlight of this research is to determine the reservoir quality of Ngrayong sandstone. Ngrayong Formation consists of laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies (facies 1), thick bedded to massive sandstone facies (facies 2), calcareous sandstone facies (facies 3) and cross bedded sandstone facies (facies 4). According to results of each analysis, facies 1 is very fine to fine grained, well sorted to very well sorted sandstone and, it has porosity (23 to 29.28%) and permeability (725.9 to 2088.03mD). Facies 2 is very fine grained, moderately well sorted sandstone and it possesses porosity (16.26 to 21.25%) and permeability (303.487 to 705.213mD). Facies 3 is fine grained, moderately well sorted sandstone and it has porosity (21.26%) and permeability (263.813mD). Facies 4 is fine grained, very well sorted sandstone and it has porosity (27.58%) and permeability (747.299mD). Base on the overall results of analyzed samples, Ngrayong sandstone have good to excellent porosity and excellent permeability, thus study area can be characterized as a potential reservoir.

Keywords: Granulometry; Petrophysic;Ngrayong sandstone; Reservoir; Tempuran Area

Introduction North-East Java can be classified as retro-arc basin because it is situated behind the volcanic arc in a convergent plate tectonic setting. The study area is located in near Tempuran village, Rembang zone, western part north-east Java Island, within Latitudes S06˚ 53' 45" and S06˚ 54' 45", Longitude E111˚ 27' 30" and E111˚ 30' 30" (Figure 1). Ngrayong Formation is very famous reservoir in North-East Java Basin. But the reservoir quality of study area is not confirmed yet. Therefore, this paper will be attempted to know the reservoir quality of Ngrayong Sandstone base on the stratigraphic measured sections, grain size analysis and petro-physical analysis (porosity& permeability). The Ngrayong Formation represents a complete regressive-transgressive sedimentary cycle which ranges from coarse-grained sandy clastics and limestone towards the top [1]. This sandstone is a clean, quartzose, commonly fine- to medium-grained, well-sorted, and frequently cross-bedded and was deposited in various sedimentary environments, such as inner and outer neritic, bathyal, influenced by a large number of sedimentary processes occurring within the basin. A complex variation in sedimentary facies was also found in this sandstone due to complex depositional environments and cropped out in several localities and a few occurrences of oil and gas seepages have been observed in this sandstone.

148

mailto:[email protected]




Figure 1. Location map of Northeast Java Basin showing study area..

Geological Background

The Indonesia region has complex geological history resulting from the convergence of the Eurasian, the Indian-Australian and the Pacific plate [2]. The complex processes resulting in the formation of basins in Indonesia has originated from the interaction between these plate movements [2]. The NE Java Basin was developed as a back-arc basin behind the active volcanic arc in the Central Java. In general, the East Java area can be grouped into five sedimentary regimes from north to south [3]: stable continental shelf of the Rembang Zone, the transitional Randublatung, a labile deep sea basin in the Kendeng Zone, the volcanic belt and the southern continental shelf (southern mountains). The first two provinces combined together and formed the Northern slope [4]. The Rembang Zone consists of a number of more or less East-West trending ridges, alternately with alluvial plains. This Rembang anticlinorium has an average width of 50km, the highest top are reaching about 500m above the sea level.

In the Java area, the oldest sedimentary strata (Early Tertiary) are underlain by pre-Tertiary basement metamorphic rocks. In East Java, the oldest known Tertiary sequence is Early Miocene which is similar to the other parts of Sunda Shelf. They were deposited in five main episodes: Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene, Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, Late Early Miocene to Middle Miocene, Middle Miocene to Late Miocene and Pliocene to Recent [5]. The geological map of Rembang Area and surrounding area is shown in figure 2. During Middle Miocene to Quaternary seven major litho-stratigraphic units were developed in the Rembang Zone. They are, from oldest to youngest; Tawun, Ngrayong, Bulu, Wonocolo, Ledok, Mundu and Lidah Formation and the upper most part is covered by Alluvium (shown in figure 3). Ngrayong Formation is an upper part of Tawun Formation, also called Ngrayong Member. This Formation is widely distributed in Rembang Area, mostly cropping out along the flanks of anticlines and synclines with fairly

149


steep dip angle (24-62 degree) which are trending nearly East-West (Figure 3). This Formation is unconformable overlain by Bulu limestone Formation and stratotype is in Ngrayong village, Jatirogo. It consists of sandy, bioclastic limestones. The Formation comprises three main units such as unit (I) cross-bedded sandstones interbedded with mudstones and thin limestones, (II) sandy turbidites and hemipelagic muds, and (III) sandy bioclastic limestones, respectively [1]. The facies gradually vertical changes into Bulu carbonate rocks. Based on the benthonic foraminifera species, depositional environment of this formation is a middle neritic [6].

Figure 2. The geological map of Rembang Area and surrounding area [7].

Study Area

Study Area

150


Figure 3. The stratigraphic succession of East Java showing Ngrayong formation [8].

Materials and Methods

Field Data Acquisition

Firstly, detailed field investigation has been done to measure the eight stratigraphic sections by using Jacobstaff and collected the samples from eight outcrops (Figure 4.a). Then, lithologic composite log have been created based on the characteristics of eight measured section (Figure 4.b). And then, seven representative samples have been chosen for grain size analysis and petro-physical analysis. Base on the stratigraphic measured sections, eight lithofacies can be identified, they are; thick bedded to massive sandstone facies (Facies 1), laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies (Facies 2), cross-bedded sandstone facies (Facies 3), Calcareous- sandstone facies (Facies 4), coal facies (Facies 5), calcareous claystone facies (Facies 6), bio-clastic limestone facies (Facies 7), laminated shale facies (Facies 8) [9]. But this research will be focused on sandstone facies (Facies 1, 2, 3, 4).

151


Figure 4. a) Geological map of study area and measured sections. b) Lithologic composite log of study area and location of analyzed samples on lithologic composite log.

Grain Size Analysis

For grain size analysis, the data was derived from the sieving analysis. This analysis was carried on to know the textural characteristics of siliciclastic rocks. Textural characteristic is a major control on the porosity and permeability of sediment [10]. The principal elements of texture are grain size, sorting, packing, shape, and orientation [11]. The grain size and sorting are the most significant and commonly measured elements. Six U. S. standard sieves (10, 18, 35, 60, 120 and 230) and pan were used for sieving [3]. The coarsest sieve was placed at the top of fine sieves in which the screen openings become progressively smaller downwards. A pan is placed beneath the lowest sieve to retain the finest grains which pass through the entire column. The sample (100g) was put in the uppermost sieve, after the sieves have been put on a shaker. The sieving analysis data can be got by weighting on a balance after running shaker about 15 to 20 minutes. After that, the mean value and standard deviation are calculated from the Φ value of the cumulative curve. The method for calculating phi (Ф) values from the cumulative curve [12] (Figure 5). The slope of the central part of those curves reflect the sorting of the samples. A very deep slope indicates good sorting and a very gentle slope poor sorting.

B7

G5

A3

A8

A10

E2

E8

H2

a) b)

152


Figure 5. The method for calculating phi (Ф) values from the cumulative curve [12].

Mean: The mean size is the arithmetic average value of all the particles sizes in a sample (Boggs, 2006). The actual arithmetic mean of most sediment samples cannot be determined because of uncountable small grain in a sample. An approximation of the arithmetic mean can be arrived at by picking selected Phi (Ф ) values from the cumulative curve and averaging these values. Grain size scale will be based on particle size scale for sediments and sedimentary rocks [13], [14] (Table 1). The mean value of the graph is the average grain size of the overall data.Graphically, mean value is calculated by the following equation:

Mean =∅16 + ∅50 + ∅ 84

3

Table 1. Particle size scale for sediments and sedimentary rocks [13], [14].

Equation (1)

153


Standard Deviation (Sorting): The sorting of the grain population is a measure of the range of grain sizes presented the magnitude of the spread or scatter of these sizes around the mean size(Boggs, 2006). Sorting value indicates the level of uniformity of grain sorting. The mathematical expression of sorting is standard deviation. The standard deviation can be calculatedfrom the following fomular;

Standard deviation = ∅84− ∅164

+ ∅95− ∅56.6

Where; ∅5 is grain size of 5th percentile value ∅16 is grain size of 16th percentile value ∅84 is grain size of 84th percentile value ∅95 is grain size of 95th percentile value

Sorting corresponding to various values of standard deviation (Table 2) is defined as follows [12].

Table 2. Standard deviation and sorting class

Petro-physical analysis

The experiment was performed seven selected sandstone samples to determine the porosity and permeability values at the laboratory of Petroleum Engineering Department, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN Veteran), Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Qualitative porosity and permeability classification of Koesoemadinata (1980) [15] have been used (Table 3 and Table 4).

Table 3. Classification of qualitative porosity [15] Porosity (%) Quality

0-5 Negligible 5-10 Poor 10-15 Fair 15-20 Good 20-25 Very good >25 Excellent

Table 4. Quality scale of permeability [15]

Permeability (mD) Quality <5 mD Tight

5 - 10 mD Fair 10 - 100 mD Good

100 – 1000mD Excellent

Standard Deviation (D) Sorting Class < 0.35Ø Very well sorted

0.35-0.50Ø Well sorted 0.50-0.71Ø Moderately well sorted 0.71-1.00Ø Moderately sorted 1.00-2.00Ø Poorly sorted 2.00-4.00Ø Very poorly sorted

> 4.00Ø Extremely poorly sorted

Equation (2)

154


Porosity analysis: hard samples are sent to laboratory. The analysis is conducted by using helium inject method. It is conducted to determine the porosity of sandstone. Helium porosity determination; Helium is used as the gas phase. Two chambers of known volumes were connected, one containing helium at a given pressure (P1) and another (matrix cup) with a core plug. The helium is expanded into the matrix cup and an equilibrium pressure (P2) is recorded. The initial volume (V1) of the helium chamber is known, thus the volume of the new system helium chamber and matrix cup (V2) is determined using the Boyle’s Law (P1 × V1 = P2 × V2). By subtracting V1 from V2 the total pore volume (PVt) for the given core plug is obtained. The porosity (ϕ) is simply the fraction between the total pore volume (PVt) and the core plug bulk volume (Vb) determined from mercury immersion (Archimedes principle) and corroborated by measuring the core plug dimensions.

ϕ = PVt/Vb

Permeability analysis Permeability is a measurement of the degree to which fluid can be transmitted. Therefore the medium must be a permeable rock formation that allows fluid to pass through the connected pore networks. According to Darcy’s law, permeability (K) can be determined from the function below:

𝐾 =𝜇 𝑄 𝐿𝐴 ∆𝑃

Where, Q : rate of flow K : permeability P : pressure drop across the sample A : cross-sectional area of the sample L : length of the sample μ : viscosity of the fluid

Results and Discussion

The granulometry analysis and petro-physical analysis have been conducted on seven sandstone samples, Sp. A3 and Sp.E2 from laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies, Sp.A10, Sp.E8 and Sp.G5 from thick bedded to massive sandstone facies, Sp.B7 from calcareous sandstone facies, and Sp.H2 from cross bedded sandstone facies. The weight of grain in various size classes and sorting classes have been determined by sieving analysis. Firstly, sieve weights that got after sieving from each sieve were converted to individual weight percent by dividing the weight in each size class by the total weight. The grain size cumulative curve is formed by plotting cumulative weight percent and phi value. The cumulative curves of eight samples in Madura Island are shown in figure 6. Grain size and sorting class can be identified from this analysis.

155


Figure 6. Cumulative curves of sample A3, A10, B7, E2, E8, G5, and H2.

0.0 0.7 3.0 10.4

48.8

82.7

99.5

0102030405060708090

100

-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e W

eigh

t %

Phi Value

Sp. A3

0.0 4.0

13.2

24.2

42.7

65.2

100.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. A10

0.0 2.0 6.9

21.3

53.0

80.2

99.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. B7

0.0 1.3 2.8 10.5

79.1

93.4 99.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. E2

0.0 0.7 4.0 8.2

34.3

68.1

99.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. E8

0.0 1.7 9.6

16.9

28.3

61.0

99.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. G5

0.0 0.1 0.4

12.3

86.0 95.1

99.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cum

mul

ativ

e Wei

ght %

Phi Value

Sp. H2

156


The phi values are derived from each cumulative curve based on the method for calculating phi (Ф) values from the cumulative curve [12] (Figure 4). The phi values of analyzed samples form study area shown in table 5.

Table 5. Phi values of analyzed samples from study area.

No. Sample Ф5 Ф16 Ф25 Ф50 Ф75 Ф84 Ф95 Laminated to thin-bedded

sandstone facies Sp. A3 1.2 2.17 2.4 3.05 3.79 4.06 4.73 Sp. E2 1.30 2.09 2.20 2.59 2.94 3.35 4.20

Thick-bedded to massive sandstone facies

Sp. A10

0.12 1.25 2.05 3.33 4.29 4.52 4.85

Sp. E8 1.26 2.30 2.65 3.47 4.23 4.52 4.88 Sp. G5 0.45 1.90 2.70 3.68 4.35 4.60 4.89

Calcareous Sandstone Facies

Sp. B7 0.67 1.64 2.12 2.92 3.80 4.20 4.75

Cross-bedded sandstone facies

Sp. H2 1.39 2.06 2.18 2.51 2.86 2.98 4.00

Based on the phi value, mean value can be calculated by using equation (1). Grain size class can be classified based on the table 1. The mean values and size classes of analyzed samples from each facies are shown in table 6. Standard deviation value can be calculated by using equation (2). Base on table 2, sorting classes can be identified as shown in table 6.

Table 6. Mean values & size class and standard deviation value & sorting classes of analyzed samples from study area.

The results of porosity and permeability analysis are derived from helium injection method as shown in method. Base on (Table 3 and Table 4), qualitative porosity and permeability of analyzed samples can be classified as shown in table 7.

Facies Sample Mean Size class Standard deviation

Sorting class

Laminated to thin bedded

sandstone facies

Sp. A3 3.09 Very fine sand 0.47 Well sorted Sp. E2 2.68 Fine sand 0.32 Very well sorted

Thick-bedded to massive

sandstone facies

Sp. A10 3.03 Very fine sand 0.82 Moderately sorted

Sp. E8 3.43 Very fine sand 0.56 Moderately well sorted

Sp. G5 3.39 Very fine sand 0.68 Moderately well sorted

Calcareous Sandstone Facies

Sp. B7 2.92 Fine sand 0.64 Moderately well sorted

Cross-bedded sandstone facies

Sp. H2 2.52 Fine sand 0.23 Very well sorted

157


Table 7. Qualitative porosity and permeability of analyzed samples.

According to grain size analysis and petro-physical analysis, the mean values of Sp. A3 and Sp.E2 are 3.09 and 2.68; they indicated very fine and fine grain size. And their standard deviation values are 0.47 and 0.32, these values indicate well sorted and very well sorted. Sp.A3 possesses very good porosity (23.00%) and excellent permeability (725.9mD). Very well sorted and well sorted sand could be created good porosity and permeability because well sorted cannot be fixed each other. Thus laminated to thin bedded sandstone can be considered as a good to excellent reservoir quality.

The mean value of Sp.A10, Sp.E8 and Sp.G5 from thick bedded to massive sandstone facies are 3.03, 3.43 and 3.39, they are pointing very fine sand size, and their standard deviation values are 0.82, 0.56 and 0.68, those values indicating sp.A10 is moderately sorted and Sp.E2 and G5 are moderately well sorted. Sp.A10 and E8 have good porosity (16.26% &18.38%) and excellent permeability (303.487mD& 705.213mD). Although very fine size cannot be created large pore space, these sandstone samples have good porosity because they are very loose and less cemented. Moderately sorted to moderately well sorted sand grains could be created suitable pore space for good porosity and permeability. Thus, thick bedded to massive sandstone facies can be recognized as good to very good reservoir quality.

Sp.B7 has mean value (2.92) and standard deviation value (0.64); they indicated that calcareous sandstones are moderately well sorted, fine grained sandstones. It has very good porosity (21.26%) and excellent permeability (263.813%). Although it has high porosity and permeability in analyzed sample, the content fossil fragments can be disturbed in some case of reservoir quality. So, calcareous sandstone facies can be identified as a good reservoir.

The mean value and standard deviation value of cross bedded sandstone representative sample Sp.H2 are 2.52 and 0.23; it pointed fine grained, very well sorted sand. It occupies excellent porosity and permeability. Very well sorted, fine grained sand can be created high porosity and permeability. This sandstone is clean, very loose and less cemented. Therefore, cross bedded sandstone facies can be concluded as an excellent reservoir quality.Overall results and possible reservoir quality of Ngrayong sandstones from study area are as shown in table 8.

Facies Sample Porosity (%) Quality Permeability

(mD) Quality

Laminated to thin bedded sandstone

facies

Sp.A3 23.00 Very good 725.9 Excellent

Sp.E 2 29.28 Excellent 2088.03 Excellent

Thick-bedded to massive sandstone

facies

Sp.A10 16.26 Good 303.487 Excellent Sp.E 8 18.38 Good 705.213 Excellent Sp.G 5 21.25 Very good 678.6 Excellent

Calcareous Sandstone Facies Sp.B7 21.26 Very good 263.813 Excellent

Cross-bedded sandstone facies Sp.H2 27.58 Excellent 747.229 Excellent

158


Table 8. Summarized table of results and possible reservoir quality of Ngrayong sandstone from study area.

Conclusion

The grain size analysis and petro-physical analysis have been conducted on 7 sandstone samples from four sandstone facies from five outcrops near Tempuran village, Rembang Zone, Western part of North-East Java Basin. Those four sandstone facies are thick bedded to massive sandstone facies, laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies, cross-bedded sandstone facies, calcareous- sandstone facies. Laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies is mainly composed by well sorted to very well sorted, very fine to fine grained sandstones and they have very good to excellent porosity and excellent permeability. Thick bedded to massive sandstone facies are mainly comprised of moderately sorted to moderately well sorted, very fine grained sandstones, and they possess good to very good porosity and excellent permeability. Calcareous- sandstone facies is composed of moderately well sorted, fine grained sandstone, and it occupies very good porosity and excellent permeability. Cross-bedded sandstone facies is mainly composed of very well sorted, fine grained clean sandstone, and it has excellent porosity and permeability. Therefore, all of sandstone facies can be determined as reservoir potential for oil and gas. Base on the overall results, cross bedded sandstone facies can be recognized as the best reservoir quality in study area. The second one is thick bedded to massive sandstone facies, third one is laminated to thin bedded sandstone facies and the last one calcareous- sandstone facies in order to reservoir quality. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express deeply grateful to the AUN/SEED-Net (ASEAN University Network Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network)

Facies Sample Grain Size Analysis Petrophysical Analysis Possible Reservoir Quality

Grain size

Sorting Porosity Permeability

Laminated to thin-bedded

sandstone facies

Sp. A3 V-fine Well Very good

Excellent good

Sp.E2 Fine V-well Excellent Excellent Excellent

Thick-bedded to massive

sandstone facies

Sp.A10 V-fine Moderate Good Excellent Good

Sp. E8 Fine M-well Good Excellent Good

Sp. G5 V-fine M-well Very good

Excellent Very Good

Calcareous Sandstone

Facies

Sp. B7 Fine M-well Very good

Excellent Good

Cross-bedded

sandstone facies

Sp. H2 Fine V-well Excellent Excellent Excellent

159


program and JICA (Japanese International Cooperation Agency) for financial support. The authors would like to state my heartfelt thanks to field assistant who accompanied and supported me during field investigation. References [1] Ardhana, W., A Depositional Model for the Early Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation and Implications for Exploration in the East Java Basin, Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Twenty Second Annual Convention, October 1993, 395–441, 1993.

[2] Hamilton, W. R., Tectonics of the Indonesian region US Geol. Survey Professional Paper 1078, 345 pp, 1979.

[3] Darman, H., and Sidi, F. H., East Java; in An Outline of the Geology of Indonesia, Published by IAGI-2000, 54–59, 2000.

[4] Yulihanto. B., Sofyan, S., Musliki, S., Wijaya, S., Wiyanto, B. andHastuti H. W., Miocene–Pliocene: N.E. Java Basin Sequence Stratigraphy, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Post Symposium Field Trip, 65 pp, 1995.

[5] Baumann, P., Depositional Cycles on Magmatic and Back Arcs: An Example from Western Indonesia, Revue de l’ Institute Francais Du Petrole, v. 37, no. 1, 3–17, 1982.

[6] Pringgoprawiro, H., 1983, Biostratigrafidan Paleogeografi Cekungan Jawa Timur Utara: Suatu Pendekatan Baru. Disertasi Doktor, ITB, Bandung (tidak diterbitkan).

[7] Kadar, D., and Sudijono, Systematic geological map, Indonesia, quadrangle Rembang 1509-1&6 scale 1:100.000: Geological research and development centre: 1 sheet, 1993.

[8] Sapiie, B., Danio, H., Priyono, A., Ratna Asikin, A., Djedi S. Widarto, Widianto, E., Tsuji, T., Geological characteristic and fault stability of the Gundih CCS Pilot Project at Central Java, Indonesia. Proceedings of 12th SEGJ International Symposium, 2015. [9] M. M. Htun, S. S. Surjono, J. Setyowiyoto, Granulometry Analysis of Ngrayong Sandstone, Tempuran Area, Rembang Zone, North East Java Basin, International Conference of Science and Technology (ICST 2017), Indonesia, 2017.

[10] Tucker, M. E., Sedimentary Rocks in the Field, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 234 pp, 2003.

[11] Berg, R.R. , Reservoir Sandstones. United States: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Print. 491 pp, 1986.

[12] Boggs, S. J. R., Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 662 pp, 2006. [13] Udden, J.A. Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25, 655–744, 1914.

[14] Wentworth, C.K., A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30:377-394, 1922.

[15] Koesoemadinata, R. P., Geologi minyak dan gas bumi. ITB, Bandung, p.296, 1980. Van Bemmelen, R.W., The Geology of Indonesia, V.F.A. Government Printing Office, The Hague, 732 pp, 1949.

160

the 10th aun/seed -net regional conference on geological ... · the 10th aun/seed-net regional...

Documents