1. WHAT DID NIXON ACCOMPLISH AS PRESIDENT?

2. WHAT EFFECTS DID NIXON’S IMPEACHMENT HAVE ON THE NATION?

3. DID WE LEARN OUR LESSON FROM THE OIL SHOCK OF THE 1970S?

4. SHOULD WE BE INVOLVED WITH APPROVAL/ DISAPPROVAL OF FOREIGN LEADERS?

The 1970s

The Nixon, Ford, Carter Years

The Moral Majority Emerges

Outrage over Engel v. Vitale decision in 1962 Prayer cannot be led

by school officialsOther areas of

concern Divorce rate

½ of all first marriages end in divorce

Abortion Working Moms Gay rights movement

Moving to the Sunbelt

People begin to move SouthEconomic opportunities in the South

Less unionsDifferent political climate

Low taxes Less government regulation Reliance on business

Sunbelt

Nixon is President

“We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another-until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.”

Nixon’s Domestic Policies

Affirmative action Ensure hiring of minorities for all

government contracts of more than $50,000

Creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Safe working conditions

Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency Enforce clean air and water act Tackle smog Air pollutants

Cost of living raises for people on Social Security

Revenue sharing Federal funds are allocated to local

governments Local governments are responsible for

allocating money Turn integration of schools to courts

Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg decision

Détente

Relaxation of Cold War tensionsChanged view of the Cold War

Traditional power rivalry that can be managed rather than be won

Use trade instead of war Soviet economy was weak Use grain and technology to improve relations

Nixon visits China

Opens tradeSoviet Union hates

China

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Arms control pactAgreements signed

by Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev

Limit to 200 antiballistic missiles each

Froze the number of offensive ballistic missiles for a five year period

Symbolic first step

Ending the Vietnam War

Three part plan

1. Gradual withdraw of American troops2. Renewed bombing 3. Hard line negations with Hanoi

Response to the Bombing of Cambodia

Widespread student protest

Kent State University near Cleveland Ohio had some of the worst riots Students bombed the

ROTC building Governor sent National

guard soldiers to university

Guardsmen opened fire 4 students were killed

and 11 were wounded

Watergate Scandal

Nixon did not want release of information about American foreign policy

Used a covert surveillance team known as “plumbers” to make sure they were no leaks

Plumbers branched out to spying on Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office complex

Effects of Watergate

Short term effects Nixon fired aides including

John Dean Dean implicated Nixon Nixon refused to release tapes Court ordered him to Nixon resigned 25 aides were sentenced to jail

Long term effects Showed a lust for power rather

than money (Whiskey Ring and Tea Pot Dome)

Showed the power of the press Washington Post released

scandal Woodrow and Bernstein Deep Throat

War in the Middle East (War of Attrition)

Egypt and Syria attack Israel

Wanted revenge Seized Golan Heights

from Syria Sinai Peninsula from

Egypt Jerusalem and the

West Bank from JordanIsrael won againNixon and Kissinger

intervened

October War (Yom Kippur War)

No battlesOPEC (Organization of

Petroleum Exporting Countries ) cut oil production by 5%

Would continue each month until Israel gave land back

Nixon gave an emergency aid package for Israel

Saudi Arabia cut off ALL oil to the U.S.

Oil Shortage

Rise in oil prices Doubled price in 2

weeksLong lines at gas

stationPlea to American

people Car pool Don’t go anywhere for

pleasure Turn down

thermostatsLasted 6 months

Kissinger negotiated Israeli pullback in Sinai

Effects of First Energy Crisis

Used 40% of energy even though only 6% of world’s population

Showed our dependence on foreign oil

Led to decrease in demand for U.S. cars Chrysler is saved by

U.S. government

The Great Inflation

Rise in gas prices effect price of everything else

U.S. had a $420 billion dollar deficit from Vietnam War

Rise in food prices due to worldwide shortageUnemployment rose by 9%

President Ford

Only President not elected Appointed by Nixon

after Spiro Agnew is forced to resign for accepting bribes as Governor of Maryland

Granted Nixon a pardon

Disclosed actions of CIA

Appointed George H. Bush as head of CIA to clean it up

American Economy Shifts

Old factories could not compete with Japan and Western Europe

Oil shocks led to demand for smaller cars Foreign cars gain in U.S. market

Lose steel industry Other nations had better technology

Labor unions lose powerMove to computers and service (teaching and

social work)

Environmentalism

Oil shocks show need for alternative fuels Solar

Expensive Cloudy- no power

Hydro Not enough suitable dam sites

Wind Where wind blew not a lot of

people Nuclear

Controversial Waste products are radioactive Accidents

Three Mile Island Chernobyl

Earth Day

President Carter

“I’ll Never tell a lie.”Won election as an

outsider to Washington

Didn’t know muchBlames aides and

American citizens that he can’t get anything done

South American Relations

Nicaragua Sandinista forces led

by Anastasio Somoza aligned with Castro

El Salvador

Carter wasn’t sure what to do Communist

governments? Repressive regimes?

Camp David Accords

Leaders from Egypt and Israel meet Egypt- Anwar Sadat Israel- Menachem Begin

Emerged after 13 days with a set of negotiations

Middle Eastern countries needed Egypt’s approval to attack Israel

Gradual return of Sinai to Egypt

Question of Gaza Strip and West Bank were left unsettled

Revolution in Iran

U.S. depended on shah for defense the Persian Gulf

People of Iran were discontent with their leader

Ayatollah Khomeini led a revolt against the shah and he was forced to flee

Shah was allowed to enter for medical treatment

Upset with the U.S., militants seized the embassy in Tehran and took 53 American Prisoners

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Showed American decline in power

Rescue mission failedHostages were held

for 444 dayReleased when

Reagan was President

Soviets invade Afghanistan

December 1979Appeared to be thrust

toward Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf

Carter Doctrine Threatened armed

opposition to any further Soviet advance toward the Gulf

Banned sale of high technology to Russia

Embargo on export grain Resumed draft registration Boycotted 1980 Moscow

Olympics