the 1990s chapter 32. george h. w. bush a new world order – bush calls for a “new world order”...
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The 1990s
Chapter 32
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George H. W. Bush
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George H. W. Bush• A New World Order
– Bush calls for a “new world order” as the Soviet Union begins its
decline
– Malta Conference
• Bush and Gorbachev discuss superpower cooperation
– Reduction of troop deployments
– Reduction of arms
– Settling regional disputes
– Stimulating East/West trade
– German reunification was seen as a part of this new world order
– START I treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)
• Marked the beginning of an era of cooperation between the U.S. and Soviets
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George H. W. Bush
• Domestic Issues
– Tax reform: “Read my lips, no new taxes!”
• Sounded good in principle, but his administration struggled with
the enormous deficit from the Reagan years
• Bush gives in to Democrats and raises taxes
– Ruins his credibility and his approval rating
– Other domestic reform
• Americans with Disabilities ACT of 1990 (ADA)
• Clean Air Act
• Both were fairly progressive for a conservative president
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George H. W. Bush• The Persian Gulf War (Gulf War I)
– Bush intervenes when Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invades
Kuwait in 1990
• First international crisis since the end of the Cold War
– Bush identifies the Gulf War as the first step to create a world
based on democracy and global free trade
• Manifest Destiny continuing into another century
– Bush launches 4,000 bombing runs and a successful ground
offensive
• His ratings skyrocket as a result
• The 1992 election looked promising for him
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William “Bill” Jefferson Clinton
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The Clinton Years
• Election of 1992
– Initially, the election looked promising for incumbent
George H. W. Bush
• Successful offensive in the Gulf War
• Economy was relatively stable
– However, the economy began to recess as the election
season started
– Clinton wins the election with 43 %
• Texas billionaire (and independent populist) Ross Perot split
some of the vote between Clinton and Bush
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The Clinton Years
• Domestic Policies
– FLMA Act (Family and Medical Leave Act)
– Brady Bill
• Five day waiting period on handgun purchases
• Assault weapons ban
– First White House website launched in 1994
– Gays’ rights in the military
• Clinton argued for this in his campaign
• The public was hostile to the issue
• Settled on the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy
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The Clinton Years
• NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement)
– Agreement that would greatly reduce and/or eliminate the majority of
tariffs for products traded between the United States, Canada, and
Mexico
• Essentially a free-trade zone for the United States, Mexico, and Canada
– Democrats charge it caused the loss of jobs (no labor provisions)
• Some say our deficit has ballooned 11 times over what it was before NAFTA
– However, the American economy has grown 54% since its inception
– Overall, more time is needed to judge its successes and failures
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The Family Unit in the 1990s• Decline of the traditional family
– After 1970, fewer American families had a father who was the sole
breadwinner
– Cohabitation without marriage became common
– Divorce rates doubled
– More unmarried women (especially teenagers) having children
– Quality of public education declines after the 1980s
– Movement to return to “traditional family values” began
• Nostalgic return to the 1950s begins as a result of the Christian Right
movement
– Others gravitate toward alternative lifestyles
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Women in the 1990s
• More married women entered the workplace
– Some achieved remarkable success
• Most were relegated to low paying jobs or “female”
jobs
– Women on average made around 75% of men’s salaries
throughout the 1990s
• NOW (National Organization for Women) push for
another Equal Rights Amendment for women, but
ultimately fail
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Election of 1996
• Clinton easily defeated Republican Bob Dole
– Becomes the first Democrat elected to two terms since FDR
– Ross Perot runs again as a Reform Independent
• Only garners 8.4% of the popular vote
• Clinton embraced the most popular Republican
policies like welfare reform
– Left Dole with extreme positions that were unpopular
among suburban middle-class voters
• Hostility to abortion rights and environmental protection
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The Computer Revolution
• The rise of the computer industry and the
Internet produced a new economy
– Steve Jobs (Apple) and Bill Gates (Microsoft) quickly
became guiding forces for the future of computer-
based technology
• The Internet expanded the flow of information
and communications more radically than any
invention since the printing press
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Globalization
• Globalization became the new concept of the
1990s
– The process by which economies, cultures, and
societies are linked through a global network of
communication, transportation, and trade
– Term is typically used to refer to economic globalization
• Integration of national economies through trade, foreign
investment, capital flow, technological integration, and
migration
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The Clinton Scandals• In the 1980s and 1990s scrutiny of politicians’ private lives became
far more intense than in the past
• Whitewater Scandal
– Real estate controversy involving Bill and Hillary Clinton
– The Clintons partnered with James and Susan McDougal to purchase 220
acres of land in Arkansas to become the Whitewater Development Corp.
– The venture failed, the McDougals entered the banking industry, and began
another real estate investment that caught the attention of federal
regulators
– After Clinton took the presidency, an independent investigation found that
Clinton pressured a supporter, David Hale, into making a loan that
benefitted Clinton and the McDougal’s Savings and Loan
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The Clinton Scandals• Whitewater Scandal
– Initially, the Clintons were cleared of wrongdoing, but Kenneth Starr
(President of Baylor U.) took over and used David Hale as a key
witness against the Clintons
• Alleged that Clinton pressured Hale to illegally loan $300,000 of federally-
backed money to Susan McDougal
• Hale was convicted of numerous felonies and the allegation lost its
credibility
– However, Starr’s investigation led to the numerous sex scandals
involving Bill Clinton
• Paula Jones (former government employee in Arkansas)
• Monica Lewinsky (White House intern)
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Clinton’s Impeachment• After Whitewater, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr
conducted an investigation of Clinton that included abuses of:
– Improper firing of White House travel agents
– Alleged misuse of FBI files
– Sexual harassment claims from Paula Jones
– Perjury statements dealing with his sexual relationship with Monica
Lewinsky
• Overall, Starr’s report indicated that impeachment
proceedings should proceed
• Clinton was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice
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Clinton’s Impeachment• After a month of deliberation, the Senate acquitted
Clinton of both charges
• In April 1999, Clinton was cited for contempt of court
regarding his “willful failure” to tell the truth in the Paula
Jones lawsuit
– He was assessed a $90,000 fine, had his Arkansas law license
suspended for 5 years, and resigned from the United States
Supreme Court bar
– Out of court, he settled with Paula Jones for $850,000 in
damages
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Clinton’s Impeachment• Publically, 50% of Americans supported Clinton’s impeachment and
42% disapproved of Clinton’s acquittal
• Clinton’s job approval rating rose during the impeachment scandal, but
his poll numbers regarding honesty, integrity, and moral character
sharply declined
• As a result, “moral character” was a significant issue in the 2000
election
– Post-election results from the 2000 election indicated that the single most
significant reason people voted for George W. Bush was for his moral
character and his image as a “compassionate conservative”
– The association between Clinton and Al Gore (Clinton’s Vice President) greatly
impacted Gore’s campaign
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The 2000 Presidential Election
Al Gore (D) George W. Bush (R)
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The 2000 Presidential Election
• This election proved to be one of the closest in the
nation’s history
– Second to the election of 1877
• The election was notable because of the controversial
voting recount in Florida
– Gore requested hand recounts in 4 counties
– Results indicated Bush won Florida and Gore appealed to
the Florida Supreme Court
– The Florida Supreme Court ordered a total state recount
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The 2000 Presidential Election• The U.S. Supreme Court immediately struck down the Florida
Supreme Court’s recount
• In December 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled:
– 7 to 2 that the Florida Supreme Court’s ruling for a complete recount
was unconstitutional
– 5 to 4 that the Florida recounts could not be done before a “safe
harbor” deadline and should cease
• Subsequently, the previously certified total (that indicated Bush won
Florida) should hold.
• Overall, like in 1877, the U.S. Supreme Court had to decide the
outcome of the presidential election
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Results of the Election• One of the more remarkable things about the election was
not so much its controversial ending, but the even division of
the country it revealed
• Democrats blamed the Supreme Court, Ralph Nader, and
sheer bad luck for Bush’s narrow victory
• The election also revealed a broad disengagement from
public life
– Primarily, low voter turn-out
– Roughly 100 million show up to vote
– Over 280 million people in the U.S. (2000 Census)
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rfair07/ch-27-the-1990s