The achievement of SSNM for maize

in the field

Mirasol PampolinoInternational Plant Nutrition Institute

Southeast Asia Program

Penang, Malaysia

Workshop on Identification of Innovative

Dissemination Approach for Agricultural

Technology, Solo, Indonesia

27-28 October 2010

2

Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)

An approach for “feeding” crops with nutrients as and when needed, to meet the requirements of a high-yielding crop. It advocates:

• optimal use of existing indigenous nutrient sources (e.g. crop residue, manure)

• timely application of fertilizers at optimal rates

SSNM for maize is an adaptation of the most recently published principles of SSNM developed for rice (Buresh and Witt, 2007; IRRI, 2007).

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Estimating fertilizer requirements

1. Identify a yield target (i.e. attainable yield)– Depends on climate, variety, and season– Yield achieved with best management

practices and ample supply of nutrients– Indicates the total amount of nutrients

needed by the crop

2. Estimate indigenous nutrient supply– Can be determined through use of nutrient

omission plots: 0N (PK), 0P (NK), 0K (NP)– Yield in nutrient omission plot indicates

amount of nutrient from indigenous sources

3. Estimate amount of nutrient to be supplied as fertilizer– Fertilizer requirement = total requirement –

indigenous supply– (Yield target – yield in omission

plot)/nutrient requirement– Taking into account nutrient efficiencies and

nutrient balance

Attainable

yield

Yield without

N fertilizerIndigenous N supply

N from fertilizer

5 t

10 t

Yield potential

Site-specific nutrient management in maizeIPNI Southeast Asia Program

2004-2010

2005-2010

2008-2010

IndonesiaIAARD, ICFORD, ICATAD, AIAT, UN

VietnamSFRI, WASI, IAS, Cantho University, CLRRI

PhilippinesUPLB Corn RDE network, DA-BAR, PhilRice, BSWM, GMA Corn, AFC

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SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize

Trial results from three countries (2004-2008) were used to: • update the SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize

(January 2009)• develop the software Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize

(version 1.0 completed in Dec. 2009)

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Fertilizer N requirements for maize

Grain yield response to N (t/ha)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

AEN (kg grain/kg N)

0

10

20

30

40

Fertilizer N requirement (kg N/ha)

50

100

150

200

250

300

Target AEN

Fertilizer N

• Based on yield response to fertilizer N and agronomic efficiencies

AEN is most likely linked to the yield response to fertilizer N application depending on climatic conditions and yield level in an average season.

In favorable tropical environments:AEN = 20 to 35 kg/kg

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Fertilizer P2O5 requirements for maize

Yield target (t/ha) 4 – 6 t/ha 7 – 9 t/ha 10 – 12 t/ha

Expected yield response to fertilizer

P over 0P plot (t/ha)

Fertilizer P2O5 rate (kg/ha)

0 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40

0.5 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50

1.0 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60

1.5 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

2.0 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80

2.5 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90

Non-P fixing soils

• Based on a P requirement of 20 kg P2O5/t of yield response (i.e. AEP of 112 kg grain/kg P) plus a 75% return of P removal with grain (i.e. 3.3 kg P2O5/t grain yield)

• Apply 100% of fertilizer P with basal application.

Yet to be considered: P fixation, available P, other soil properties, cropping system

Fertilizer P = f (yield response, P removal)

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Fertilizer K2O requirements for maize

Yield target (t/ha) 4 – 6 t/ha 7 – 9 t/ha 10 – 12 t/ha

Expected yield response to

fertilizer K over 0K plot (t/ha) Fertilizer K2O rate (kg/ha)

0 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45

0.5 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60

1.0 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75

1.5 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90

2.0 75 – 85 85 – 95 95 – 105

2.5 90 – 100 100 – 110 110 – 120

• Based on a K requirement of 30 kg K2O/t yield response (i.e. AEK of 40 kg grain/kg K) plus a 100% return of K removal with grain (i.e. 3.6 kg K2O/ t grain yield)

• Apply 100% of fertilizer K2O with basal application, if ≤ 60 kg K2O/ha.• Apply each 50% of fertilizer K2O basal and mid-season, if > 60 kg K2O/ha.

Yet to be considered: Exchangeable K, other soil properties, cropping system

Fertilizer K = f (yield response, K removal)

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Results of field trials in Indonesia (2004-2007)

Site Province District

EJA East Java Kediri

GRO Central Java Grobogan

LAM Lampung Central & South

SUL South Sulawesi Jeneponto

SUM North Sumatra Tanah Karo

WON Central Java Wonogiri

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Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007)

Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM – FFP %

Yield t/ha 7.9 8.8 0.9 11%

AEN kg/kg 21.2 29.7 8.5 40%

Fertilizer N kg/ha 192 157 -36 -19%

Fertilizer P2O5 kg/ha 55 78 22 39%

Fertilizer K2O kg/ha 61 93 31 50%

Revenue US$/ha 1,405 1,564 159 11%

Fertilizer cost US$/ha 236 255 19 8%

Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs

US$/ha 1106 1246 140 13%

4-5 farms x 6 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, 2005-2007.Farm gate prices (average Indonesia prices, 2004-2007): 0.15 US$/kg grain; 0.98 US$/1000 seeds; 0.29 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.66 US$/kg fertilizer P2O5; 0.47 US$/kg fertilizer K2O

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Attainable yield at six sites in Indonesia (2004-2007)

EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON

Grain yield (t/ha)

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 Site Attainable yield (t/ha)

n mean min max

EJA 62 10.4 7.5 13.8

GRO 45 9.8 5.8 13.7

LAM 50 9.2 5.7 13.7

SUL 42 6.9 4.0 9.6

SUM 65 10.3 6.2 12.6

WON 26 5.7 2.9 7.3

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Yield response to N fertilizer

EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON

Yield response to N (t/ha)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12Site

Attainable yield

(t/ha)

N response

(t/ha)

EJA 10.4 4.2

GRO 9.8 8.0

LAM 9.2 3.1

SUL 6.9 2.1

SUM 10.3 5.3

WON 5.7 2.8

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Yield response to P fertilizer

EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON

Yield response to P (t/ha)

-2

0

2

4

6 SiteAttainable yield

(t/ha)

P response

(t/ha)

EJA 10.4 1.0

GRO 9.8 1.2

LAM 9.2 1.3

SUL 6.9 0.9

SUM 10.3 1.5

WON 5.7 1.6

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Yield response to K fertilizer

EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON

Yield response to K (t/ha)

-2

0

2

4

6 SiteAttainable yield

(t/ha)

K response

(t/ha)

EJA 10.4 0.9

GRO 9.8 1.0

LAM 9.2 1.3

SUL 6.9 0.5

SUM 10.3 1.3

WON 5.7 0.7

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Effect of SSNM on grain yield at six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007)

Site n SSNM-FFP

(t/ha)

EJA 15 0.8

GRO 10 0.6

LAM 10 1.5

SUL 9 0.3

SUM 20 2.0

WON 4 0.5

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Results of field trials (2004-2008)

Across three countries in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam

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Attainable maize yield in Southeast Asia

Site Average

farmers’

yield

(t/ha)

Average

attainable

yield

(t/ha)

Maximum

attainable

yield

(t/ha)

Simulated

potential

yield

(t/ha)

Wonogiri, C Java, Indonesia 4.9 5.7 7.3 12-14

Lampung, Indonesia 7.2 9.2 13.7 12-14

Nueva Ecija, Philippines 7.9 9.0 14.2 12-15

An Giang, Vietnam 8.3 8.8 10.3 11-14

CuM’gar, Dak Lak, Vietnam 6.2 7.8 12.0 12-15

Data are the average of 4-5 farms per site in at least 2 seasons, 2004-2007.Potential yield was estimated using the model HybridMaize (Yang et al 2006).

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Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across three countries (2005-2008)

Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM – FFP %

Yield t/ha 7.2 8.3 1.2 16%

AEN kg/kg 16.4 25.1 8.7 53%

Fertilizer N kg/ha 167 151 -16 -10%

Fertilizer P2O5 kg/ha 71 83 11 16%

Fertilizer K2O kg/ha 77 95 18 23%

Revenue US$/ha 1275 1480 205 16%

Fertilizer cost US$/ha 244.8 258.4 13.6 6%

Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs

US$/ha 971 1155 184 19%

4-13 farms x 19 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam, 2005-2008.Farm gate prices (average regional prices, 2004-2007): 0.18 US$/kg grain; 0.93 US$/1000 seeds; 0.71 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.88 US$/kg fertilizer P2O5; 0.81 US$/kg fertilizer K2O

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Tools, products, and ongoing activities

• Software – Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize (available for download at >http://seap.ipni.net<) – Indonesian version: Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS)

• Film on best management practices for maize (under preparation)

• Quick Guides (under preparation)

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Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize

Available for download (free of charge) at >http://seap.ipni.net<

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Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS)

Translation of Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize to PuJS was made possible through the SSNM Technical Team for Maize in Indonesia

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Ongoing Activities in Indonesia

• Field testing of PuJS recommendations by farmers in five provinces (through the BPTP):– Central Java– East Java– Lampung– North Sumatra– South Sulawesi

• Development of Quick Guides for Maize (in five provinces)– by BPTP in consultation with local maize experts

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Quick Guide for Maize: Example for Central LampungSandy loam

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Quick Guide for Maize: Example for Central LampungClayey soils

Framework for SSNM evaluation and dissemination

Current farmers’ practice

Diagnostic assessment

Develop SSNM ‘prototype’

Participatory evaluation

Refinement of strategy

Wider-scale evaluation

New management

practice

Dissemination

• Farm surveys

• Stakeholders’ meetings

• Nutrient Expert for Maize

software

• Nutrient Expert for

Maize software

• Stakeholders’ meetings

• Field testing/evaluation/monitoring

• Workshops

Radio

Phone

Video

Print

Web

Radio

Phone

Video

Print

Web

Radio

Phone

Video

Print

Web

Radio

Phone

Video

Print

Web

Locally relevant material

and products for wider

scale dissemination

Generic material developed into site-

specific recommendations and tested

in consultation with stakeholders

• Impact assessment

• Quick Guides

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research & Development (IAARD)

Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development (ICFORD)

Indonesian Center for Soil & Agro-climate Research and Development (ICSARD)

Indonesian Center for Agriculture Technology Assessment and Development (ICATAD)

Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICRI)

Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI)

Indonesian Agro-climate and Hydrology Research Institute (IAHRI)

Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIAT)

East Java, North Sumatra, Central Java, Lampung, South Sulawesi

University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)

Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR)

Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center (DA-CVIARC)

Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research Center (NOMIARC)

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)

Department of Agriculture (DA) – GMA Corn

Vietnamese Academy for Agricultural Sciences (VAAS)

Soils and Fertilizer Research Institute (SFRI)

Western Highlands Agro-Forestry Scientific & Technical Institute (WASI)

Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam (IAS)

University of Cantho

Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI)

University of Nebraska, Lincoln

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

IPNI Regional Maize Project in Southeast Asia Collaborating Partners

Acknowledgments

• Canpotex International Pte. Ltd• International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)• International Potash Institute (IPI)

– support for the maize project and the development Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize

• International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI)