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The adaptation of Provo River wildlife to frequent human traffic
Erik Agle, 359 W 3950 N, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract: I conducted observations along several points of the Provo River of Provo, Utah.
Each point differed in its frequency of human traffic. Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals were identified at each point. The purpose of these observations was to determine which particular animals have adapted to frequent human presence in comparison to others. Each observation was conducted for an hour. Two observations at each of the three locations were conducted, totaling two hours per spot. Wildlife sightings were categorized and counted. It was determined that much of the local wildlife, particularly birds, had become very tolerant of human neighbors without much trouble. However, several animals, though still present in frequently-trafficked areas, were more scarce as human exposure increased and had undergone more drastic behavioral adaptations making their population more skittish. It was determined that speed and size were influential variables in an animal’s ease of adaptation to humans.
Key Words: Provo River, wildlife, adaptation, interrelationships
The Influence of Temperature on the Migration of Mule DeerMelissa B. Alvarez Snow, 1749 N 800 W Mapleton, UT 84664, [email protected]
It seems the behavior of Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is affected by the seasons and the temperatures that come with the seasons. It seems the deer are farther up in the mountains in the warmer seasons and seem to migrate down into the valley when temperatures begin to drop. Studies will be made of the deer and the types and genders and how often deer are sighted in the valley by Maple mountain. The number sighted will be counted and how many of each gender and how many are doe or adults. With research it will be looked up on what deer eat and where deer go when they leave the mountains or if they leave just to find food and return. Since March is the beginning of spring the number of Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) sightings will decrease due to instinct and change to warmer weather.
Keywords: Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), temperature, warmer, valley
Differing Heights of Plants as Influenced by Distance from Water Source, Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Miranda N. Andrews, 745 N 100 E B107, Provo, Utah 84606, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
I hypothesized that the height of plants is affected by the amount of water provided, but more research had to be conducted before I could conclude the extent to which a nearby water source affects the growth of certain plants. Experiments were conducted around Provo River with local plants to show the differences of height in feet and inches of these plants to show whether distance from a water source causes these plants to grow taller. Samples of a plant species found around Provo River were identified using a dichotomous key, and nine samples of this species of plant were measured at varying distances from the river. Data of height versus distance from water source were recorded in a table. It was determined that distance from a water source does indeed affect the height to which certain plants will grow. It was found that plants of the species and genus Ribes aureum, more commonly known as the golden currant, that were closer to the Provo River were taller on average than plants of the same species that grew farther away from the river.
Key words: Provo River, Ribes aureum, height, water source, distance.
Tyler Archibald, 114 Shipp Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:I will conduct a study of food preference of birds in the Provo, Utah area hoping
to see a trend of which food preferred in the winter season. The experiment will be conducted in a local Provo park on N. Birch Ln. and N 1200 E. I will place multiple bird feeders in the area, each filled with a different type of food, seed, berry, etc. The bird feeders will be checked and the food remaining measured periodically to see which food has been eaten the most.
Litmus test properties of local lichen dyes compared to the pH-indicating properties of the lichen species Roccella tinctoria: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Claire Asplund, 1813 Fugal Hall, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected]
AbstractI harvested 17 local lichen samples from Nunn Park in Provo Canyon and made
dyes from 12 of these specimens. I boiled each type of lichen in water for an hour and separated the resulting dye into three cups, in which I altered the pH level of the liquid. I then dyed pieces of wool yarn using each variation of the lichen dyes, and after letting the yarn steep for a day, compared the resulting colors. Based on my observations, though none of these local lichen samples yielded very bright or interesting dyes, each batch of dye indicated a change of color correlating with a change of pH, confirming my hypothesis that this is a general property of most lichen species, even though the Roccella tinctoria, which is a lichen actually used in litmus paper, has a chemical makeup better suited to indicating the pH of substances.
Key words: lichen, natural dyes, Roccella tinctoria, pH indicator, litmus paper.
Investigation of Budding and Blossoming on Deciduous Trees in Mapleton, Utah
Samuel R. Averett, 1665 North 1650 West, Mapleton, Utah 84664 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
My experiment focuses on the growth rate of fruit trees during the transition from winter to spring in the plains of Mapleton, UT. In this study, I have studied the difference in growth rate of the buds, blossoms, and the leaves on the branches of apple trees Malus pumila, pear trees Pyrus communis, a peach tree Prunus persica, and walnut trees Juglans. My hypothesis is that different species of trees grow at different rates from each other. . Even between species of fruit and nut trees that may have close synapomorphy can have very different growth patterns I searched individual branches from each of the trees for my experiment over a four week time period. To my amazement I was to find that the leaves hadn’t produced by the end of my experiment and that the blossoms were just coming through on some of the branches.
Elevation Influence in Growth of Wood’s Rose (Rosa woodsii) in Rock Canyon Park and Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Mandy Badamkhand, 747 N 700 E #1, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
AbstractDiscovering the influence of elevations on wild rose shrub growth is truly
interesting and it can reveal biodiversity in the surrounding area, but more research is required before we can discern between the effects of elevations. Considering the elevation differences, I hypothesized that the Wood’s rose shrubs by the Provo River (4700 feet) would grow better than the shrubs on the mountains (Rock Canyon Park which is 11750 feet above sea level). In these two sites, I observed Wood’s rose shrubs to find out how their growth is dissimilar or similar in different elevations. Selected shrubs in these areas were identified and counted, and on a weekly basis air temperature, soil depth and moisture, height, stems, leaves, fruits were measured. As a result of my observation, I concluded that the elevation matters in the growth of the Wood’s rose shrubs due to precipitation level.
Keywords: elevation, growth, wild rose, soil, precipitation
The Effects of High Frequency Sounds on ants: (Formicidae)Ryan Barker, 1565 N University Ave. Apt. 183 Provo, UT. 84604 Email: [email protected]:
The behavior of ants collected from various locations in the Provo area was observed in both normal circumstances, and in the presence of high frequency sounds. The purpose of this experimentation was to test the hypothesis that ants (Formicidae) would be repelled by the presence of high frequency sound.
The ants’ aversion to the high frequency sounds was determined by the distance they traveled during the course of the experiment. The results of the experiments indicated that ants are unaffected by the presence of high frequency sound as their behavior did not change in the presence of such high frequency sounds.Key words: Ultrasound, Formicidae, repel, Ant Repellent, ineffective
Thermal Influence in the Growth of Grass (Poa pratensis) in Provo, Utah, U.S.AD. Blake Bartolomei, 1565 N. University Ave, Apt. 75, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Experiments were conducted at Glenn Park in the Canyon of Orem, Utah. The growth behavior of grasses (Poa pratensis) is affected by thermal conditions and the question at hand is the effect cold climates have on the growth rate of grasses found in the area. . Plots of grass were marked and separated, and their growth rates were measured. The difference in growth rates found between grasses in three different locations varied by proximity to the river, tree, and center of a field. The data was also juxtaposed against the weather/precipitation for those periods.Keywords: Provo River, Poa pratensis, growth, precipitation, grass
Survival habits and growth patterns of lichen (Xanthoparmelia) that grow specifically on treesRylan R. Bateman, 1852 W 40 E Apt. 36, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Questions arose about the effects of environmental changes on lichen. An experiment was conducted in which samples of tree bark with lichen colonies were collected and were randomly allocated with different watering schedules with half the samples outside and the others kept inside at constant temperature. This experiment was created to test the hypothesis that increased water supply and temperature lead to increased growth in lichen Xanthoparmelia. Colonies were counted and recorded and compared to establish whether a trend emerged and if it supported the aforementioned hypothesis. It was determined that increases in temperature induce rapid growth on lichen. It was also determined that an increase of water does to a certain point increase lichen growth, but if too much water is present lichen growth would begin to slow. The suggested explanation for this was that too much water inhibits the photosynthetic cycle from functioning successfully. Keywords: symbiotic, photosynthesis, growth, water, Xanthoparmelia
The Influence of Foreign Plant Species on Native Habitats in the Provo Area: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Rachel Beatty, 1060 South Orem Boulevard Apt. 14, Orem, Utah 84058 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThere are many plants growing in the Provo, Utah area that is not native to the
land here. I studied these foreign plants and their affect on their habitats in the Provo area. Experiments were conducted in the Provo area to see what this affect is. A comparison between a selection of three foreign plants along with their surrounds and a control group with a similar habitat of only native plants were analyzed. After observing the data, it was determined that the areas in which foreign plants lived that they were highly intrusive, taking over the space of other plant areas, and had a negative affect on the environment. The control areas that were similar to the previous environments, but without the foreign plants living in them, had much more native plants thriving, without having one main plant dominating the area.
Keywords: Non-native plants, foreign plants, native habitats in Provo, UT
Factors in the direction of the growth of Abies bifolia in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
David T. Beheshti, 3105 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:In order to find out what causes subalpine firs to grow at an angle and not straight
up, I took a series of measurements to see if the angle at which the tree grew was related to the slope of the ground. It was my original hypothesis that the greater the slope of the ground, the greater the angle that the tree would grow at. I also took measurements to see if there was a relationship between the elevation of the mountain and the angle at which the tree grew. All of these measurements were taken at Rock Canyon on the same mountain and measuring the same tree species (Abies bifolia). My findings did not strongly support my original hypothesis, as I found a weak correlation between the mountain slope and the tree growth, although there was some evidence that I was correct. While I was up there I observed, however, that the trees which grew the closest to vertical were those with the thickest trunks. This led me to believe that it was the size of the tree rather than the slope of the ground or the elevation that determined how the tree grew. I confirmed this by ranking the trees in order from thickest to thinnest, which correlated perfectly to the angle at which it grew.
Keywords: slope, angle, soil creep, elevation, phototropism
Bellmk NE w2011.doc
Abstract: Experiments were performed at the duck pond and NE side of BYU campus. The purpose to test the hypothesis that bird could communicate with other species of bird. Recorded Duck calls were played for ducks as well as Blue jay calls. Robin calls were played for Robins and then blue jay calls. The bird’s number of responses to their native species (as a control group) was compared to their responses to the blue jay calls to see if they were trying to communicate with the blue jays. It was determined that birds were more likely to communicate with their own species as expected but that they would also respond to other species calls although this could be due to a surprised reaction rather then an effort to communicate. Key words: Bird, communication, Mallard Ducks, Robins, recording
The possibility of carbon dioxide stored by trees offsetting our carbon footprint: Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Lindsey A. Bird, 2093 North 40 West Apt. 323, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractIn a time where global warming is undeniably happening, the question in arisen
“Is it possible that the carbon storage and sequestration of trees could offset global warming?” Experiments were conducted around Wyview Park in Provo, Utah. Tree carbon sequestration and total carbon stored were studied under natural conditions near human life. The purpose was to test the question “Can the total intake of carbon dioxide by a tree offset my carbon footprint?” To figure this out, carbon footprints were calculated, along with the total amount of carbon dioxide sequestered and stored by one tree. It was determined that trees can offset the mere human existence, however, there is no where near enough trees or potential for storage to offset the carbon dioxide emissions of our every day lives.
Key words: Climate change, carbon sequestration, carbon footprint.
Relative Speed of Bud Growth On Trees
Spencer Blake, 3122 Budge Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Observations were made near the Provo River as well as many areas in Provo,
Utah including Rock Canyon. The purpose for observations was to test the hypothesis that trees that grow along the riverside will grow back their leaves and flowers faster than those not along side the river. I studied mostly Quercus gambelii (gambel oak), and Populus freemontii (Cottonwood Tree). Based on my findings I found my hypothesis to be wrong and found more life in trees not near the river than I did by those along side it.
Key words: Provo River, Oak trees, Cottonwood tree, spring growth, buds, Quercus gambelii, Populus freemontii
Effect of Elevation on Birds Living on Mount TimpanogosJace Bramwell [email protected]
AbstractI have noticed that the birds chirping outside the window of my house near the foothills of Orem are not the same type of birds I see and hear when I go to work at Sundance Resort (which is located on Mount Timpanogos), and the birds I see when climbing, hiking and camping up the canyons of Timpanogos are also different than the birds that unite each morning with song right outside my window. I began to wonder what role elevation played, if any, in determining where different types of birds dwell. Key Words: Mount Timpanogos, Birds, Elevation, Falco mexicanus, Buteo jamaicensis.
Strategies and Mechanisms Used by Honey Bees to Survive Winter
Abstract:
All experiments have been performed in Provo, Utah with natural conditions and in different situations. The nature experience purpose was to discover any strategies or different ways bees survive the winter in preparation for the next season. To discover this, several observations and research was done in different places to see where bees would survive and where they would not. With the difficulty of finding natural hives during the winter, a hive at a bee-keeping contraption was observed. It was determined that bees under there natural hive condition survived better that seeking warmth from any man-made facility. It was determined that the combination of their bodies preserving energy and the cluster formation with rotating bees about the nucleus.
Key words: Provo, cluster, nucleus temperature, and survival mechanism.
The seed preferences of birds (Aves) in Utah County Doug Brooks, 652 S 300 W, Orem, Utah 84058 Email: [email protected] Abstract:
I conducted an experiment in my backyard located at 652 S 300 W Orem, Utah 84058. I measured and observed the seed preferences of local birds (Aves) to test the hypothesis that when given a choice more birds prefer a seed mix over black sunflower seeds. I purchased a dual feeder, and put black sunflower seeds in one chamber and a seed mix in the other. To measure the bird’s preferences, I kept a log of how many birds were sighted at 8am, 12pm, and 4pm at each seed type, over a 7 day time period. At the end of the experiment, I took down the bird feeder to weigh the remaining seeds to see how many pounds of each seed type were consumed by the birds over the 7 day period. Overall, I observed 11 more birds at the seed mix than I did at the black sunflower seeds. During the experimental period, birds consumed 1.1lbs of the seed mix compared to .4lbs of the black sunflower seeds.Key words: Aves, seeds, Orem, black sunflower seeds, seed mix, bird feeder.
The affects of cold water temperature on Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish)Kevin K. Brown, 528 N 400 E, Provo, Utah, 84606 Email: [email protected]. Submitted April 2011Abstract. I did an experiment to see how cooler water temperature affected Betta splendens. The hypothesis was that at a colder water temperature Betta splendens will be less active in order to save energy to survive. The test was performed in my apartment with two fish bowls, one acting as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The control group was allowed to maintain the water at room temperature while the experimental group’s water was maintained at a cooler temperature by adding ice cubes. It was found that Betta splendens can survive at nearly 20 degrees cooler without showing a large difference in amount of activity and eating habits. Therefore, cool water temperatures are not dangerous to Betta splendens unless it gets to a temperature so severe that they cannot survive.Keywords: Betta splendens, cool water temperature, survive
Water Temperature and its Effects on the Hot Springs in Three Forks UtahJennifer A. Brox, 3223 Taylor Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Observations where conducted at the Fifth waters/ Three Forks Hot Springs in Springville Utah. All numbers and observations where collected under natural conditions and elements. Many people enjoy these hot springs as a weekend getaway. My purpose in observing them was to better understand the Hot springs effect on algae growth. It was determined that both temperature of the water and speed of water flow affected percent of algae that could grow. Slower moving waters at about 38 degrees Celsius provided the optimal habitat for blue-green algae to grow in the Three Forks hot springs.Keywords: Hot Springs, Algae, Chlorophyta, Growth, Temperature
The Amount and Diversity of Birds (Aves) Observed in Utah Lake in Comparison to Provo Canyon During Early Spring of 2011
Michael Brunner 246 South 700 West, Provo, Utah 84601 Email: [email protected]
An observational study was conducted in Utah Lake and Provo Canyon to determine the amount and diversity of bird species. The study took place on March 28th, 29th and 30th 2011. Data was taken on the number of birds as well as species across three different areas in each of the 2 locations. Data was also taken on the elevation of the areas of study. Of the 16 species of birds identified in the study, 14 of them were found at Utah Lake with 317 birds sighted compared to only nine birds sighted in Provo Canyon. This study was able to determine the most likely location for the abundance of bird species, comparing the two areas of observation. This study took place to raise awareness of what birds live in Utah County and where to find them.
Key Words: Utah Lake, Provo Canyon, Birding, Field Guide, habitat, environment, elevation, species, Bird (Aves)
Affect of Utah Lake on aquatic invertebrates in Utah Valley, UtahB Dallin Bruun, 1123 S Carterville Rd, Orem, Utah 84097 Email: [email protected]:In this study, aquatic invertebrate samples are taken from the Provo and Jordan Rivers to compare the diversity and similarity of species upstream and downstream of Utah Lake. Since aquatic invertebrates can be indicators of stream pollution (Gaufin –Tarzwell 1952), I predicted the diversity to of samples would differ before and after areas of heavy population, specifically Utah Lake.Keywords: Stream pollution, Utah Lake, Provo River, aquatic invertebrates, Capniidae capnia, Asellus aquaticus
Abiotic Factors in the Provo River, Provo, UT, U.S.A. and their Influence on Algae Growth
Orrin H. Bunn, 1866 N 40 W Apt. 37 Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The growth of algae and what type of algae grows is influenced by the many abiotic factors of their environment. Some of these factors are temperature, the pH levels of the water, and the amount of sunlight. The factor that I wanted to test is the effect of the acidity of the water that it grows in versus the growth of algae. I was very curious as to how the pH level of water can increase or decrease growth. I conducted experiments in the Provo River in Provo, Utah using ten tiles each dispersed about one quarter of a mile apart. Observing these I tried to see algal growth and what types of algae grow in certain levels of acidity in water. Acidity levels of the water in the locations of the tiles were recorded and observed every other day for a period of about two weeks. After the experiment, pH levels were to be graphed against algal growth.
Key words: algae, pH level, acidity
The influence of food sources on the locations that quail prefer.Heather Capson, 442 N 400 E Apt.18, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]:
I often noticed that there were quail in my parking lot instead of the park. This made me wonder why this would happen, especially since the birds seemed so afraid of people getting close to them, which would happen a lot more in a parking lot than a park. In an article entitled Environment, well-being, and behavior, they refer to the idea that birds will overcome a certain amount of fear to obtain a more appealing food source (Chang GB, Liu XP, Chang TH, Chen CH, Zhao WM, Ji DJ). This made me wonder if perhaps there was a food source in the parking lot that was not found in the park. I conducted an experiment in which I observed quail (see figure #1) in a natural environment (a park) and in an unnatural environment (my parking lot). The purpose was to see what food the quail were eating, and to see if they seemed to enjoy one setting more than the other. To determine these things I observed these two different locations on different days at different times of the day. Unfortunately I noticed that there weren’t always quail in these locations, despite my numerous previous exposures to them.Key words: Quail, food source, location, natural, unnatural.
Spring Seasonal Influence on Deciduous Tree Appearance and Characteristics in Provo, Utah
Deanna J. Cardwell, 2093 North 40 West, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Observations were conducted at the Provo River of Provo Utah. The growth of deciduous tree leaves was observed under the natural seasonal temperatures and rainfall. The purpose of this observation was to test the hypothesis that the thermal influence of spring would quickly encourage growth of tree leaves. To demonstrate this, two different deciduous trees were picked and observed along the river. Trees were measured in circumference, given detailed descriptions, habitat was detailed, and weather conditions were taken down. It was found that the seasonal influence of trees was different depending on their circumference. The larger tree showed very little change in the spring season, while the smaller tree seemed to grow more rapidly.
Key words: Provo River, deciduous trees, growth, leaves, spring
Josephine Chantawansri
Abstract:
This Experiment was conducted at the duck pond on 800 N. Provo, Utah. Ducks were observed to see if they have a specific color preference. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that ducks are attracted to the color green. To demonstrate this, meal worms and bread was placed on a green colored sheet and a blue colored sheet. It was noted that ducks did not have a color preference or food preference. Two explanations for this would be 1) the ducks had been fed enough food and were not hungry 2) ducks are dependent on people for their food rather than foraging for their food.
Abstract for Big Horns
Through observations and statistical analysis and regressions I am determining the foraging habits of the ram, ewe, and lamb big horn sheep and determining through other published research reasons for a difference of foraging patterns among the sheep. I will use the following works to support my hypothesis,
1. Anderson, Berniece A., “Desert Plants of Utah,” Utah State University Extension. May 1996
2. Pelletier, Fanie. “Rut-Induced Hypophagia in Male Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goats: Foraging Under Time Budget Constraints.” Ethology; Feb2009, Vol. 115 Issue 2, p141-151
3. Goldstein EJ, Millspaugh JJ, Washburn BE, Brundige GC, Raedeke KJ “Relationships among fecal lungworm loads, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, and lamb recruitment in free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.” Hournal of Wildlife Diseases; April 2005, Vol. 41 Issue 2, P416-425
4. Cody A. Schroeder, R. Terry Bowyer, Vernon C. Bleich, and Thomas R. Stephenson “Sexual Segregation in Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep, Ovis canadensis sierrae: Ramifications for Conservation” Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado; Nov 2010, p476-489
5. M. Festa-Bianchet “Seasonal Range Selection in Bighorn Sheep: Conflicts between Forage Quality, Forage Quantity, and Predator Avoidance.” Oecologia (Berlin); 1988, 75:p580-586
The effects of altitude on Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum) and Gamble Oak (Quercus gambelii).
Daniel M. Cook, 166 F. Smith, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Climates depend heavily on rainfall and temperature. One of the ways that the rainfall and temperature of a location can be altered is by altitude. Higher altitudes tend to have lower temperatures and less rainfall while lower altitudes have warmer temperatures and more rainfall. This characteristic of changing climates has an effect of changes in altitude is characterized by the Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum) and the Gamble Oak (Quercus gambelii). By measuring the sizes of the trees and making observations of their growing conditions, the effects of altitude become apparent. At a high altitude these two trees were short and both grew in clusters. They were disorganized and were prominent in the biodiversity. However, at a lower altitude these two trees started to show some differences. The Bigtooth Maple grew more in isolation and didn’t try to compete with other trees. The Gamble Oak still grew in the same form as before but each tree grew farther apart and much larger than at the higher altitude. Knowing these characteristics for different altitudes is useful in deciding which trees would be best to grow in a garden at different altitudes.
Keywords: altitude, maple, oak, climate, rainfall
The influence of various elevations on tree growth in Rock Canyon Provo, Utah, USA
Morgan H. Cram, 3209 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Observations and experiments were conducted throughout Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah at various elevations. Throughout the canyon there are numerous species of vegetation. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that plant life must adapt and evolve in order to survive at different geographic locations, namely at the base and peaks of Rock Canyon. I chose two different locations to gather data: Bridal Veil Falls & Squaw Peak. At each of these locations, I observed the biodiversity around me and tried to uncover what caused certain trees to grow at different altitudes. I selected 10 red osier shrubs (Cornus stolonifera) at Bridal Veil Falls, and 10 Washington Hawthornes (Crataegus phaenopyrum) at the top of Squaw Peak to gather data on height and circumference of tree trunks. Using this data, I could then partly determine what enabled each species of tree to grow at each particular location. After returning to my lab to analyze the data, it was determined that my hypothesis was indeed correct in stating that plant life had to of adapted to varying degrees of elevation.
Key words: Rock Canyon, elevation, adaptations, vegetation, evolution.
The analysis of deciduous tree foliage regrowth in Provo UtahJorgen Davidson, 94 Rogers Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
I studied the regrowth of leaves in all species of trees, including Hippocastanoidaea Acer and Saliceae Populus present in different locations near Provo Utah. Different areas that were characterized by abiotic factors including access to sunlight and water were monitored to see in which areas the springtime regrowth of leaves would occur soonest. Because the experiment had to be completed near the beginning of April 2011 during the monitoring period there was no regrowth of any kind on any trees that were monitored. Keywords: refoliage, abiotic, Provo, deciduous, spring
Zonation of the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) and the Greene Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina)Corbin M. Dean, 380 N 1020 E Apt. 301, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]. Experiments were conducted on Y Mountain of Provo, Utah. New bark growth was measured under natural conditions on the mountain, with a standard U.S. measuring tape. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that as altitude increases the amount of new bark growth of the Greene Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina) would decrease, due to the drop in temperature associated with higher elevation. In order to test this, measurements were taken of the new bark growth of individual Greene-mountain ash branches. The measurements were taken at chest level branches for the North, South, East and West sides of the tree. The measurements were taken subsequently with an approximately 50-foot rise in elevation in between measurements. It was determined that there was no correlation between the amount of new bark growth and the rise in elevation. However I discovered a case of competition and altitudal zonation between the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) and the Greene Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina). It was noted that at the elevation of approximately 5,500 feet, the Greene mountain ash capitulated with the exception of one super subject and the Gambel Oak became the dominant species above this altitude boundary. This spontaneously discovered phenomenon of zonation may be a foundation for future studies for further understanding of this ecosystem.Key words: Zonation, Y Mountain, Quercus gambelii, Sorbus scopulina, phenology
Response of Brassica oleracea to artificial light in comparison to sunlightDouglas H. F. Destro, 1565 N University Avenue, apt. 126, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Among the most common subjects taught in schools is an important process that plants go through during their entire lives called photosynthesis. It is through this process that plants can produce their own food and continue to live and perpetuate their species. However, plants are completely dependent upon a source of energy in order to photosynthesize, light. The nature of light has been the subject of controversial debates among great minds, resulting in the proposal of different theories since mankind began to observe and measure nature. Nowadays, with the aid of key instruments, scientists are able to understand more about light and how it relates to photosynthesis. In this study, four plants of the same species (Brassica oleracea) were placed under different sources of light. I tried to maintain all other possible variables as constant as possible for all four plants, such as room temperature, water and time of exposure to light. It was determined that plants can grow well under artificial light as long as proper attention is given to each plant’s specific needs for intensity and type of light. Keywords: Brassica oleracea, light spectrum, wave theory, photosynthesis, lux, lumen
Adverse Temperature Effects on Selaginellaceae Selaginell Seauv in
Provo River CanyonHarrison L. Douglass.
846 N. 380 W. Provo, UT [email protected]
AbstractSelaginellaceae is an ancient group of ferns. The family is comprised of some 750
species and is found mostly in tropical rain forests. It is also found in mountainous, high elevation regions, where the present observations will take place. The report seeks to prove a hypothesis that a decrease in temperature will adversely affect growth of selaginellaceae selaginell beauv. With decreasing temperatures, the author predicts a decrease in dimensional size. Nine samples of selaginellaceae selaginell beauv are monitored during a predicted time of temperature decrease. The sample’s dimensional size is correlated with temperature to determine if the hypothesis is correct. The report, you will find, is inconclusive in proving the hypotheses correct. Reasons are given for the possible source of the experiment’s inability to prove the hypothesis, and a new hypothesis is given. Keywords: selaginellaceae selaginell beauv, fern, dimensional size, temperature
The effects of differing heat sources in opening conifer pine cones.
Dana Dever, 222 East 3060 North, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Experiments were conducted in Provo, Utah, Edgemont area, at the location of 40
deg., 16 hrs. 26.44 sec N. /111 deg., 39 hrs. 21.14 sec W., elevation 4725 ft. observing and analyzing the potential cone opening stage of the Picea sitchensis, commonly known as the Sitka spruce. This study involves a narrowing of three differing cone opening mechanisms which all use heat as the common denominator. Taking into consideration, I used heat as the trigger in opening a cone prematurely. The study was conducted with three different heat sources.1- ultraviolet range of 10 nm through 100 nm wavelength range; 2- convective heat range of 100nm through 10 to the third power wave length range nm; 3- microwave range of 1mm through 10 m. My study illustrates the need for heat or energy from the Sun to help promote the germination process of conifer trees and forests which is critical for energy flow and nutrients cycle.
Key words: Provo, Utah, Picea sitchenisis, pine cone opening, heat, monoecious reproduction.
The effect of the growth of herbs when grown together
Anna Dollins, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. 42, Provo, UT 84604; Email: annae. dollins @gmail.com
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted in pots, filled with soil, outside of my apartment in a garden area. It is common to find several different herbs being grown together. However, the growth of an herb is affected by what other herbs it is being grown with. To determine what herbs grown best together I conducted some research by reading in herb gardening books. I purchased the herbs locally as already flowered plans, as opposed to seeds due to the amount of time it takes for a seed to completely germinate. I planted the test herb, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), twice, each one in a separate pot planted with different herbs, oregano (Origanum vulgare) and sage (Salvia officinalis), in order to track the affects of the herbs on the rosemary's growth. The premise of the experiment was that rosemary would grow better with sage than oregano due to their similar needs in light and watering, as opposed to oregano. The both rosemary plants grew one inch higher from the time they were bought and planted. I deducted that both herbs helped the rosemary to grow better, however I failed to plant a third rosemary plant as a control, which would have helped me to determine the true effects of the herb growth.
Key Words: Rosmarinus officianlis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, growth.
Diets of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in different weather conditions in an apple orchard: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Michelle Draney, 2114 N. 170 W., Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
The diets of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) change according to local climate variation. To find out what mule deer in Provo, Utah eat in different weather conditions, I conducted experiments in an apple orchard off of Center Street in Provo, Utah. I took food samples after field observations in varying weather conditions including snow, overcast, and sunny. Their diet in the snow consisted mostly of grass and tree bark, but when it was sunny, they favored grass over tree bark. Overcast weather yielded no further analysis because deer were not present to observe. The food supply of mule deer is limited by the availability of the plants they eat, which availability is influenced by the change in weather and temperature.
Key Words: Food habits, Odocoileus hemionus, availability, environmental circumstances, plants.
Affect of Altitude and Temperature on the bud growth of Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.)
Hailey Edgington, 2216 Hinckley Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract
Gambel oak is a plentiful shrub and in the past few months has started to produce buds in Utah. An experiment to test whether altitude and temperature have an affect on the size and quantity of bud growth was conducted. The hypothesis is that indeed temperature and altitude do affect the size and quantity of gambel oak buds. Bud size and quantity were measured on three different days at three different altitudes in the Provo Canyon. The results proved that the hypothesis stated was correct; altitude and temperature did have an affect on the size of gambel oak buds and the quantity of buds on the shrub.
Keywords: Gambel Oak; Altitude; Temperature; Bud Size and Quantity
Barn Swallow BedlumBehavior of Spanish Barn Swallows during the Morning, Noon, and Afternoon in the Andalucian town of Moron, in southern Spain. Darren P Eldredge, 166W 2170N #422, Provo, Utah 84604. E-Mail: [email protected]
Abstract: During my time in Andalucia, Spain, I noticed that great numbers of Spanish Barn
Swallows (Hirundo rustica) would gather to “perform” as it were, over an open swimming pool. I observed the birds for five days (Mon-Fri), at 7:00-8:00 AM, 12:00-1:00 PM, and finally 5:00-6:00 PM. I hypothesized that the birds would be most active when the weather was warmer, and that they were gathered to rehydrate themselves. I went to the pool everyday where the largest population of barn swallows was present and observed their behavior as it was affected by temperature (weather conditions), time of day, and number of barn swallows present. Most barn swallows were present in mid-day (when the weather had warmed up), than in the early and evening hours (when the air was colder). The number of barn swallows present had a surprisingly large effect on the social behaviour of the birds, which like showing off, according to my data. Human presence surprisingly had no effect on the activity of the birds above the pool. The weather was stormy on Thursday and Friday, and there was no activity from the barn swallows. The great number of barn swallows present was due to the fact that Andalucia is the jumping of point for European birds migrating south to North Africa. Keywords: Andalucia, Hirundo rustica, migration, weather, social behavior.
Comparing the characteristics of flora that grow in St George, UT with those that grow in Provo, UT: two different biomes.
Cathryn Ellis, 2102 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604Email: [email protected] Abstract: I compared characteristics of plants and trees from St. George, UT to those found in Provo, UT. I made observations of the different flora that I took pictures of and compared characteristics like, flowering color, height, and branching patterns. I found that, with the flora that I used, those found in Provo were taller than those found in St. George and they also produced seeds that where usually brown. I also found that despite the great difference in climate in Provo and St. George, there are still plants that can grow in both. That plant that I found was Forsythia suspensa. My experience doesn’t really explain anything new, but it was interesting to confirm the things that I have been taught in the class, and to question things that I wouldn’t have otherwise. Key Words: ecology, patterns, comparisons, biomes
Bug quantity with regard to weather.
Marcus A. Ellison, Kimball 5 300 E 659 N, Provo Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The appearance of bugs and Insecta are affected by climate, but research is required to find what species are affected by climate change. Experiments were conducted at an empty plot of land in Provo, Utah, near the Wasatch Mountains (figure 1), with hopes of discovering species’ variations and population density found beneath rocks as the weather’s temperature increases. This was done in order to determine which insects can withstand the cold weather and to test the hypothesis that insects and bugs in general, move closer to the surface as weather heats up. At different sites rocks were lifted, present species were indentified and counted, and finally temperature was recorded. This process was repeated 4 times, each occurring at approximately three o’clock pm, over the course of 4 weeks as the weather and season changed. It was determined that weather does indeed affect bugs’ desire to reside under rocks.
Key words: Insecta, Provo, Climate, Population density, Wasatch Mountains, Ariolimax Columbianus, Armadillidium Vulgare, Lumbricus Terrestris, Anthocomus Bipunctatus, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, Componotus Herculeanus, MIsumenoides formosipes.
AbstractLife cannot exist without water. It is an essential building block for all life forms.
I performed an experiment where I measured the quantity and variety of insect life in the Utah Valley. The hypothesis was that the relation between proximity to water and insect life would be indirectly related, that is, as distance increases then insect life decreases. I chose three locations based on proximity to the Provo River to place bug traps in order to test my hypothesis. The traps were left in place for a week and then retrieved. I found that the opposite of my hypothesis proved to be the case. More bugs and variety of insects were found in the traps farther away from the Provo River than in the ones nearest to it. Variables such as heavy rain and elevation during the experiment affected the results of the experiment
Light Attraction of Aquatic Insects
Michelle K. Flammer, 48 W 700 N Apt. 135, Provo, Utah 84602, Email: [email protected]
AbstractI observed the attraction of aquatic insects to light in a small pond located at the Bicentennial Wetlands Park in Provo, UT. The purpose of this observational experiment was to test the hypothesis that similar to their dry land counterparts, aquatic insects are also attracted to light. While previous research has shown and it is easily observable that many insects are attracted to light the purpose of this research was to expand this knowledge and observe if aquatic insects exhibited the same behavior and attraction as their dry land counterparts. Six light traps were constructed during March 2011. These were placed in the pond overnight and then removed from the test site and the total number of insects captured was recorded. It was found that the results of the experiment did not support the hypothesis that aquatic insects were attracted to light as only one aquatic insect was captured throughout the duration of the experiment.
Keywords: Aquatic Insects, Light Traps, Water, Phototaxis, Light Attraction
The influence proximity to large bodies of water have on populations of Oligochaeta in Provo, UtahRaymond T. Forrester, 160 W 800 N Apt. 45, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:[email protected]
This experiment has been performed at three predetermined locations here in Utah County. One plot up on the mountainside behind the temple, one plot on Brigham Young University campus, and another plot down beside Utah Lake. My hypothesis is that there will be more worms in the soil the closer we get to Utah Lake. To measure this I poured a solution into the soil at the predetermined locations, I then counted how many worms came up out of the ground. My data showed that there was the same population of worms at the lakeside location and the BYU location compared to the mountainside location. The location in the middle, which was on Brigham Young University campus, was an unexpected result because I expected it to be a median between the lakeside and the mountainside location..Key Words: Annelida, Brigham Young University, population, Utah Lake.
Affect of Tree Location on The Little Black Ant (Monomorium) (Hymenoptera: formicidae).Tim P. Forsgren, 476 North Seven Peaks Blvd #211, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Experiments were performed in Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah. Ant population was observed and researched, influenced by natural factors and conditions. The mystery of what determines the location of ant colonies is discussed and sought after. The hypothesis was that ants are attracted to and settle down near tree patches, which would better provide for their necessities. Research was done and performed on 40 test locations, categorized into 4 separate distances from tree patches. The number and results were than recorded and organized into results that lead to the verification of the hypothesis. It is indeed noted that ant (and insect population as a whole), is more dense and heavily populated near and closer to trees, than it is farther away.
Keywords: Entomology, myrmecology, habitat, monomorium, formicidae, and population.
The Duration of the Healing Process of Severed Branches in the Red Oak (Quercus rubra) and Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus)
Robert C. Francis, 2219 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected], submitted April 2011
Abstract:When most plants are wounded, they eventually form a callus around the wound
site. This process generally takes a year or more. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the short term effects, over a period of three weeks, of severing branches from two varieties of woody plants, bushes of the variety Euonymus alatus or Burning Bush and trees of the variety Quercus rubra, or Red Oak. Over the course of this study the tips of ten branches were cut from several trees and bushes in the greater Provo, Utah area. The branches with severed tips were demarcated by taping the branch below the wound. These branches were monitored over a period of three weeks. No changes to the overall plant health were observed, but tissue death occurred near the wound site. The short term effects were similar for both species, but trees responded more slowly. Following these observations the wound site was cut into at .5 millimeter increments in order to observe interior effects. Again, the results were consistent in both species, with amount of tissue death correlating positively with breadth of the branch.
Key words: callus, plant wound, Euonymus alatus, Quercus rubra, woody plants, CODIT
The Role of Salt in Decomposition Between Two Leaves Species in BYU Campus, Provo, Utah
Andres M. Galan, 1278 S 1040 E, Orem, UT 84097 Email: [email protected]
AbstractExperiments were conduced in BYU campus with two leave species. Sample of leaves from each tree species was taken to the MARB building to be measured and analyzed. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether salty water speeds the rate of decomposition of leaves or not. To demonstrate this, a sample from each leave species was put in containers with water and different amount of salt. Two main variables were taken into consideration: the weight of the leaves and PH of the salty substance. They were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and the change was analyzed. It was noticed that the PH does not have a big change in the substance, but the appearance and weigh of the leaves in the container with the biggest amount of salt had lower decomposition rate. Key words: Ficus Benjamina, Pine Barrens, Sodium Chloride (NaCl), PH, and decomposition rate.
The effect of Altitude on Utah tree species
Bruce M. Gale, 629 S 700 W, Provo, Ut 84601 Email:[email protected]
Abstract:
Observations were made in the Rocky Mountains and in the valley close to Provo, Utah. Different tree species were observed to find what species can grow, or grow best, in which altitude. Species in each altitude level were identified and different characteristics of each tree were compared. The intention of these observations and examinations were to discover what influence the altitude had on the trees in that area and which trees could not grow at certain altitudes. The characteristics that will be observed are the size of the population of the tree species, and the altitude the habitat that the tree is in. I hope to discover what characteristics are either caused by or result in the Altitude.
Key Words: Provo, Rocky Mountains, Tree, Population, Altitude.
The difference of Moth (Heterocera) reaction to ultra violet and visible light in Provo, Utah.
Shane Gallagher, 21 North 600 East Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
I studied how moths (Heterocera Lepidoptera) react to different wavelength of light by observing the moths in Provo, Utah. The attraction to light of moths can be observed around any streetlight. “[Moths] have evolved eye types that are extremely sensitive to light in order to cope with low light intensities during the night” (Nordtug 1990). However, the reason for this attraction is unknown. Through my research I learned that moths are more attracted to ultraviolet light than other wavelengths. Over the span of one week two light traps identical in construction were placed outside. One trap will use ultraviolet light and the other will use white light, or light from the visible spectrum. Moths were exposed to different wavelengths and the number of moths caught in each light trap were counted and compared. Due to weather conditions, no moths were caught during the experiment however, I learned that in general ultraviolet light catches more insects.Keywords: moths, ultraviolet, wavelength, light, attraction
The influence of temperature and oxygen on the decomposition of avocados (Persea americana)Shadrack M. Garity, 275 east 700 north, Spanish Fork, Utah, 84660 Email:[email protected]: Experiments were conducted in Spanish Fork, Utah. The decomposition of four sets of 4 half sliced avocados (Persea americana) were observed. Two sets were placed in vacuum sealed bags,one outdoor , the other indoor. Two additional sets were placed out in the open without any sealants, one indoor the other outdoor. Temperature measurements and photos were taken every day to record the process. It was determined that being cut off from oxygen did release methane gases therefore slowing down the decomposition process.It was also determined that those samples placed in warmer environments decomposed faster.
Key Words: Spanish Fork, (Persea americana),decomposition, biodegradable.
The Difference in the Population of Aquatic Insects Between Stagnant and Active Water at the Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Sutten L. Garnett, 2002 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThis experiment was conducted at the Provo River of Provo, Utah. Specimens
were gathered from two separate bodies of water: active and stagnant water. Insects were gathered from each aquatic area in order to conduct an experiment to test whether there is a greater population of insects in or around actively running water or still standing water. Notes were taken and specimen gathered for the purpose of the experiment to conclude which aquatic area held the largest population. The actively running water contained a larger variety of insects, but a lower population. The still standing water held a lower variety of insects, and held a larger population. This is due to the risk of living around a constantly moving body of water or a still standing aquatic area where water is easier to obtain. It was found that the stagnant water held the largest population of insects.
Keywords: Provo River, aquatic bugs, active water, fixed water, population
The Sunflower seed flavor and temperature Influence on Bird Diet (Aves) Spike Lee Gatten, 476 N. Seven Peaks Blvd. Condo #312, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Submitted March 2011. Abstract:My experiments took place in three different locations: Provo Canyon (40° 19′ 45″ N, 111° 37′ 33″ W), Provo metropolitan area (476 N. Seven Peaks Blvd. Provo, Utah 84606), and at the base of Y Mountain (40° 15′ 11″ N, 111° 36′ 38″ W), all of which are of Provo, Utah. Bird diet was closely observed in the locations specified, under utterly natural occurring temperate conditions. The birds were presented sunflower seeds to eat of three different flavors: barbeque, dill pickle, and seasoned. The three flavors of seeds were of the same brand “Spitz.” The purpose of the experiment which I ran was to test my hypothesis that temperature does not affect the flavor of sunflower seed eaten by the birds (Aves), but temperature merely affects the amount of sunflower seeds which the birds eat. To exhibit this I placed the flavored seeds on the ground in the three locations previously specified, and took into account the amount of each group of flavored sunflower seeds eaten and the temperature of the time which I was there. After the specified time lapse period, the flavored sunflower seeds were collected and weighed on an electric scale. Also, the temperature of the day was taken with a thermometer. It was clear that the temperature of the day affected not the flavor of the sunflower chosen to be eaten by the birds, but the amount which was eaten was measurable less. This was determined by the comparison of starting verse finishing weight of the sunflower seeds presented. I could determine that the temperature of the day had a notable affect on the amount of sunflower seeds eaten. The location, whether rural or urban, notably did not play a prominent role in seed consumption. Key words: Aves, Y Mountain, Provo Canyon, temperature, metric scale, House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), North American Robins (Turdus migratorius), California quail (Callipepla californica), and Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus).
Various plant life at different elevations on the Y trail.Seth Geist, Professor Nelson’s Biology 100 class, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604. [email protected]. Submitted April 2011.Abstract: I hiked the Y, noting and taking pictures of the different plant life as I traversed the steep incline up the Y Trail. The 1000 ft. increase in elevation provided somewhat of a visible difference in plant life, with smaller plants and shrubs near the bottom, to clusters of somewhat larger plants in the middle, to the pine up near the top of the mountain. Many of the trees lacked leaves, making it somewhat difficult to identify them, but I’m pretty confident that I’ve identified them correctly. This experience should provide a basic understanding and knowledge of which plants exist at certain elevations.Keywords: Plant, Utah, wildlife, tree, shrub, bush, grass, trail, elevation.
AbstractI studied earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and their response to rain. During
and following rainstorms, worms can be spotted in abundance on the sidewalk when it is overcast or dark rather than in the soil where they are normally found. I formulated the hypothesis that the worms left the soil because they would drown from the excess of water in their habitat, and did so in darker conditions because of the possibility of drying out completely. To test this theory, I simulated a rainstorm. Using worms I had collected, I tested whether they do in fact come out due to the water from rain or other sources, and whether or not it is actually possible for worms to drown. I found that I was unable to fully determine why the worms moved from the soil as they do, but I did determine that it was not due to drowning. I also determined that the worms only come out in the dark to avoid drying up in the sun, and they are unable to be in the sun for long without dying.
Temperature and pH soil as factors in determining changes in leaf chlorosis in Mahonia aquifolium
Nuria Giménez-Guijosa, 631 South 850 West, Springville, Utah 84663Email: [email protected]
AbstractIn the physical world in which we live, there are many factors that affect plant
and, consequently, leaf growth. Some of these factors include the temperature and pH of the soil in which the plant or tree is found. Such factors affect particularly the bush Mahonia aquifolium, commonly known as the Concord grape bush. In this experiment, I measured these factors for particular group of bushes and came to the conclusion that intermediate temperature and acidic pH are favorable to leaf growth as they do not promote chlorosis, or leaf deterioration.
The Effect of Sunlight and Climate on Coniferous Tree Growth vs. Deciduous Tree GrowthTanner Green, 1117 Budge Hall, Provo, UT 84604 [email protected]:
Trees rely greatly on the sun as well as other factors for proper growth. The purpose of this experiment was to see whether or not deciduous trees rely more on the sun in Provo’s climate than conifers do. To achieve this I measured tree circumferences of four sets of five trees, two sets located in sun rich environments, and the other two sets in poor sunlight environments. I calculated the averages of the sets of five trees to find the differences between the total average circumferences of each species. The experiments were performed at various locations throughout the campus of Brigham Young University. I found that the difference of the averages of the deciduous trees was significantly higher than that of the conifers, and concluded from my results that deciduous trees do in fact rely more heavily on the sun in this climate than do coniferous trees.
Key Words: deciduous, coniferous, circumference, species, climate
The influence of continuous sun on the growth of grass (Poaceae: Poa)
Matt S. Griffin, 215 E. Richards Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Measurements of grass were taken on BYU campus four receiving sunlight all day, two receiving sunlight in the morning, and two more receiving sunlight in the afternoon. Grass (Poacaea: Poa) is quite capable of becoming dormant and tolerating the cold for its season, and just goes off growing where it left off. Grass growth was observed during early spring to test the hypothesis that grass grows at different rates depending on how much sunlight is present throughout the day specific to that spot. To test this hypothesis two trees that I walk by many times a day so that I could observe the amount of sunlight each grassy area the measurements are taken from all measurements are taken near two trees to control the amount of sun light each area gets. Each measurement is taken at the same time of day 24 hours apart and first measurement was taken after the sun was over the mountains illuminating the valley.
Influence of elevation, sunlight and temperature on Pinus ponderosa and Quercus gambelii
Daxson Hale, 865 N 160 W Apt 106, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Observations and measurements were taken of several species of plant life on the west face of Maple Mountain in the Wasatch Range (just southeast of Provo, UT). The study concentrated on two types of trees, namely the Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, subspecies scopulorum) and the Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), more commonly known as scrub oak. It was observed that, though these two trees grew very close to each other, were rarely found mixed due to differences in elevation and placement on the mountain. The hypothesis was that sunlight and temperature was the major factor in the notable difference in the areas of growth of the plants. Tests confirmed this hypothesis and offered other explanations as well.
Key words: Wasatch, Ponderosa pine, scopulorum, Gambel oak, scrub oak, sunlight.
Effects of Elevation on Trees both Deciduous and Evergreen Living in the Utah Valley
Camille Hansen, 1222 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
The types of deciduous and evergreen trees common in the Utah Valley are vastly different from the types of trees in my hometown (Sandy, Oregon) located in Northwest Oregon. As a huge factor between the two regions is elevation, an interest was sparked in my head as to how elevation effects tree growth in certain regions and why. An observational study was conducted in Rock Canyon (in Provo, Utah) to determine the variability in tree species at different elevations. My intent in studying the effects of trees in the Rock Canyon is to understand which trees grow where, and why certain trees do well at a higher elevation. My hypothesis was that evergreen trees tend to grow better at higher elevations than deciduous trees and that, vice versa; deciduous trees tend to grow better at lower elevations than evergreens. To test this hypothesis, I conducted an observational study on the tree population around Rock Canyon by consulting a GPS for coordinates and elevation at various points on the trail at Rock Canyon and, in doing so, I observed the variability among trees within the general region of those coordinances. From here it was discovered that evergreen trees were more common the higher I hiked on Rock Canyon (the higher the elevation). Key Words: Observation, Study, Altitude, Grow, Tree, Population, Utah, Rock Canyon
Hibernating winter spiders of the order Araneae in Utah ValleyKristi K. Harmon, 920 East 1400 South, Orem, Utah 849097 Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACTWhen the north winds blow and spread the winter’s bitter cold over the face of the
earth, some spiders die off while others find a warm place to hibernate and survive the winter. In this study, I went to various locations in the Provo and Orem area and found spiders hibernating in garden areas, woodpiles, window sills, garages, sheds, cellars, in the woods, under the dead leaf remains in the woods, underneath tree bark, under rocks and in the soil. I identified specimens and recorded their characteristics - like body size, color, eye arrangements, legs, abdomen, carapace and chelicerae. I also kept a record about each spiders’ habitat; what their webbing looked like and what their behavior was.
Keywords: Salticidae, Lycosidae, Agelenidae, Dysderidae
The effect of elevation on the size/growth of a variety of common plants in Rock Canyon, Utah
Sarah Harrison, 1910 Gates Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:I took measurements of the plant sizes of three different species in three different locations with different elevations in Rock Canyon, Utah. My hypothesis was that, because of stress caused by abiotic factors, every species at higher elevations would be smaller than those of the same species at lower elevations. This hypothesis was false. One of the species did decrease in size and did not even appear at the highest elevation point, but the others did not follow any visible trend although their size did change. (see tables 1-3)
Key words: Sagebrush (Seriphidium tridentate), scrub oak, gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), woods rose, wild rose (Rosa woodsii)
The influence of climate temperature on the physical characteristics of earthworms (Phylum Annelida)A study conducted by Talmadge Haslam, 1119 Merrill Hall BYU, Provo, UT. Email: [email protected]:
Observational experiments were conducted in Provo, Utah in times of varying Climate temperature. Earthworms were dug up and sampled in their natural habitat in order to formulate unique hypotheses relating to the behavior of these creatures. The purpose of this experiment was to help understand the behavior of earthworms as it relates to the cultivation of crops by modern humans. The understanding of these creatures is vital to our success in providing and utilizing a well rounded food web in which earthworms play an important role. By observing these creatures in their natural habitat, we can come to important conclusions on how to understand their role further. To quickly summarize the results of the experiment, the worms observed in multiple environments shared general characteristics. Cold climates during the Utah Valley’s winter cause worms to burrow deep within the soil during times of cold, seeking protection from the elements. However, the cold weather causes the worms to grow rapidly because they burrow deeper in the soil, leading to the surfacing of very healthy worms in warmer climates.Key words: Phylum Annelida, raintree apartments, Y parking lot
The effects of temperature on the behaviors of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Dallin Hayne, 1117 May Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The mule deer is commonly seen roaming the streets of Provo, especially in winter. This experiment was conducted among three points of interest in Provo, Utah in order to determine how the cold temperatures of winter can affect behaviors of the common mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The research was performed to the hypothesis that lower, colder temperatures would increase populations of deer in urban areas. Temperatures and numbers of deer were recorded at each of the three observation points, Rock Canyon Park, the Provo Temple, and the Marriott Center on the Brigham Young University campus. The deer were observed under natural conditions. After documenting the data, trends were observed between the temperatures and the amount of deer counted. Evaluating the results confirmed the hypothesis that the deer would generally travel into the city when temperatures were colder. The lower the temperature in the morning was, the more deer could be found searching the areas for food.
Keywords: Odocoileus hemionus, Cervidae, temperature, deer migration patterns, Rock Canyon
Needle size according to elevation and circumference of White Fir (Abies Concolor) in Provo City, UT, Vivian Park, Provo Canyon, UT, and Wasatch Park, Heber Valley, UT, U.S.A.Garrett Hazen 44860 Corte Antigua, Temecula, California 92592, United StatesEmail: [email protected].
AbstractConiferous trees, specifically the White Fir of the Rocky Mountains (Abies
Concolor), maintain their needlelike foliage throughout the year. These needles, albeit a small difference, vary in size on each individual tree. I gathered samples from White Fir from a total of nine trees from three locations, three trees in each location. Samplings included sprigs of needles from each tree, tree trunk circumference, altitude in which the trees were found, needle size according to tree, and needle size averages from each individual sprig. I compared the averages of needle size against the elevation of their location, and then I compared the needle averages according to each individual sprig of needles from each tree. Results suggested that needle size is not directly associated with circumference, is possibly associated with elevation and has definite correlation to the sprig from which they were sampled. This unexpected variable was found in the middle of gathering length data in the needles; the needle size was relatively consistent in relation to the sprig that it was pulled from, but not due to the tree’s circumference or elevation.
Keywords: coniferous, elevation, needles, abies concolor, white fir, circumference
Movement trends of Odocoileus hemionus on Y Mountain, Provo, Utah
Cameron K. Hill, 1080 E. 450 N. #19, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) can often be seen by hikers or animal viewers on the face of Y Mountain. In this study, observations were made and recorded of the movement trends of the Mule Deer on Y Mountain. These observations were made while hiking the Y during various times of day, weather conditions, and days of the week over the course of a 2 month period. During over 8 Y hikes and 6 additional observations from the trailhead and surrounded paths, concrete data was collected. Although deer were not sighted every time of day or weather condition, I hypothesize that the deer on Y mountain are to be found lower on the mountain, closer to homes, during dark hours, are not highly concerned with hikers on Y trail, and appear to bed down during more harsh weather conditions.
Keywords: migration, survival, weather, urbanization, habitat, foraging
Color Change and Abscission in Coniferous and Deciduous TreesKristi Hill, 351 E Center St. #305, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Submitted April 2011. Abstract. I performed an observational study of over 15 trees around the region of Provo, Utah. The study focused on why leaves change color, looking at other reasons including the evolution of trees to adapt to insect infestations. The observational study also looked at abscission of leaves and when it occurs for certain types of trees and why the time of year varied for the coniferous and deciduous trees. Drawing on personal past experience, I compared my tree experiences in Provo, to other experiences in Upstate New York and Southeastern Brazil.Keywords: abscission, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, deciduous, coniferous
Water’s influence on the amount of time it takes for deciduous trees to come out of dormancy
Katy E. Hindman, 1874N 80W Provo UT, 84604, [email protected] Abstract:
In my research I studied the dormancy of deciduous trees. In the spring, trees do not all come out of hibernation at the exact same time and I looked for a specific reason as to why trees come out of dormancy at different times. I conducted my experiment in Provo, Utah. In my experiment, I determined whether a tree’s proximity to a large body of water would make it come out of dormancy faster. I chose two trees, one that was close to the water and one that was far away to do my experiments on. The trees outer appearance was observed by looking for coloring in the bark, leaves, and leaf buds. The inside of the tree was also looked at for signs of sap flowing through the tree. It was found that the tree farther from the water was actually starting to come out of dormancy faster than the tree closer to the water. I determined that this could mean that either being far away from the water will make a tree come out of dormancy faster or that water has nothing to do with the speed that it takes a tree to awaken. Keywords: Dormancy, Deciduous, Provo River, Sap, Leaf Buds
Effects of Early Warm Trends on Budding in Liriodendron tulipifera, Celtis occidentalis, and Magnolia ‘Jane’
Sara Hinkson, 2108N 120W APT 291, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected]: Winter 2011
AbstractIn Febrary 2011, there was a week of unusually warm weather in which
Liriodendron tulipifera, Celtis occidentalis, and Magnolia ‘Jane’ began to show signs of blooming. This study examines whether or not the beginnings of buds during this week would eventually cause the tree to bloom earlier than normal. Starting the day after the warm weather had passed I began to observe the changes in the buds over the course of a month and a half using a camera and notebook. I found that the trees did not bloom any earlier than they normally do and that a short period of warm weather in late winter does not have much of an effect on the blooming of trees.
Keywords: blooming, jane magnolia, tulip poplar, hackberry, spring
The Effects of Air and Water Temperature upon the Foraging Behaviors of Cinclus mexicanus (American Dippers) in Bridal Veil Falls and Nunn Park, Orem UT.Daniel Howard 367 N 800 E, Provo, UT, 84606, email: [email protected]. April 2011Abstract:
The American Dipper is known to prefer cold, fast mountain streams, however there is a lack of data on the Dipper’s tolerances for environmental temperature, and how it affects their stream side behaviors. This paper relates the findings of observations conducted at Bridal Veil Falls in March 2011 to determine what correlations, if any, there are between water and air temperatures and the Dipper’s foraging activities. It is determined that water temperature has greater influence on Dipper activity than air temperature. It is also determined that current data may be insufficient, that greater natural variations in temperature would be needed to determine tolerances, and that a year round study should produce better results.Keywords:Environmental tolerances, aquatic birds, seasonal migration, altitude migratory patterns.
Cameron Hymas, 878 E 700 N Apt D3, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThe population of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and
caddisflies (Tricoptera) is greatly influenced by water quality, whereas the population of midges (Chironomidae) is not. Because of this the relative populations between EPT and Chironomidae gives us a quick and accurate representation of the health of a given water’s ecosystem. Experiments were conducted in three separate locations on the Middle section and three locations on the Lower section of the Provo River (the Middle Provo is tailwaters of the Jordanelle Dam to Deer Creek Reservoir; the Lower Provo is the tailwaters from Deer Creek Reservoir to Utah Lake). The subjects were collected primarily by using the kick-sampling method and immediately identified and recorded. The EPT index was then calculated by dividing the total number of insects from the orders EPT, and divide that by the total number of EPT insects plus insects of the order Chironomidae (EPT / EPT + Chironomidae). This was done twice a week for three consecutive weeks. What I found was that the Lower Provo River has a smaller EPT index, which falls at a steeper rate while travelling downstream that does the Middle Provo River.
The Taxa Chironomidae, Zygoptera, Asellus and Their Varying Requirements of Dissolved Oxygen
Jared Jacobson, 1285 N Freedom Blvd. #8, Provo, Utah, 84604 email: [email protected]
AbstractBenthic macroinvertebrates are often taken as important indicators of overall
stream health. One of the most essential aspects of steam health being dissolved oxygen; this report looks at several species of macroinvertebrates and the levels of dissolved oxygen they require. I took samples of specimens from a number of sites of varying levels of dissolved oxygen along the Provo River. These samples were small, ranging from 20-35, and not meant to be proportionally representative of the macroinvertebrates present but rather to establish the presence of certain types in each site and to measure what species would be present at which site. Altogether 128 specimens were taken from 5 different sites. These sites ranged in dissolved oxygen from 3 ppm to 7 ppm. In the lowest level of dissolved oxygen only Chironomidae larvae were found but in higher levels of oxygen various nymphs of the suborder Zygoptera could be found as well as the species Asellus aquaticus. Of the specimens collected the Chironomidae larvae seemed to have the greatest range of tolerance in dissolved oxygen levels.
Keywords: Aeration, biochemical oxygen demand, rapid bioassessment.
Influence of water depth and clarity and type of bait used on the number of Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo tratt, and Prosopium williamsoni fish caught in the Provo
RiverKatie Jagoda, 2099 N 120 W #254, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract
I chose to figure out the best methods of fishing in the Provo River in regards to the most effective bait out of lures, power bait, and night crawlers, and what depth and clarity of water is the best for fishing success. For my experiment, I went up to the Provo River on three separate days, devoting each day to a different kind of bait and trying to fish in shallow, deep, and murky water to see where and with what bait I would find the most success, hypothesizing that I would me most successful using the power bait in deeper water. After doing my hours of fishing and recording my results, I found that I was able to catch the most fish using the night crawlers and fishing in shallower waters. These results are most likely because of a fish’s desire to have live bait, food that they recognize, and also, this is the season for fish to be spawning, so they are in shallower areas of the river to lay their eggs and receive the oxygen they need. My founded methods of success in fishing agreed with those of other experts and fisherman.Key Words: fishing, night crawlers, shallowness, spawning, trout
Influence of avalanche disturbances on plant diversity Kirsi Jarvis, 760 E. 820 N. Apt. #110, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Avalanches are one of the most common natural occurrences. They commonly occur in mountainous terrain and take place when large amounts of snow or ice slide down the mountainside. They can be one of the most serious hazards to human and natural property with their ability to carry large amounts of snow over long distances. An experiment will be conducted in the Provo Canyon to determine whether avalanche disturbances have a positive or negative effect upon the diversity of plants within the area. The number of different types of plants will be observed in an avalanche disturbance zone and in a non-disturbed forest. This experiment should demonstrate avalanche disturbance creates greater plant diversity in a mountainous area.Key words: Avalanche, plant diversity, Provo Canyon.
The picky eating of the Mountain Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in Billings, MontanaJohn H. Jensen, 1849 N 200 W Apt # 213, Provo, Utah 84604 E-mail: [email protected]: Mountain Cottontails are abundant near my home in Billings, Montana. Using many different foods I heard rabbits ate, and the staple of food for Bugs Bunny (carrots), I predicted that rabbits would eat not only carrots, but also some of these other foods my friends had mentioned to me. I had two different sites where food was placed. I performed the experiment for five days. To my surprise, I found that rabbits did eat the carrots as expected, but a few of the foods my friends said they would enjoy were not even touched. The second most consumed food was apples, followed by bananas and celery. Also, the rabbits avoided potatoes and oranges completely.Keywords: Mountain Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), eating habits of rabbits
Do Birds Sing Louder in Urban Areas in comparison to Rural Areas
Emily Johnson
Abstract:
Birds chirp for a variety of reasons and in many different ways. They will sing pleasant songs in the morning, or might chirp to communicate with other birds. Experiments were conducted on the average decibel at which most birds chirp in different environments. These experiments took place is a variety of places ranging from urban, to rural, and some in between. It is my hypothesis that birds living in major cities will chirp louder than those living in natural habitats, perhaps for the reason that they just want to be heard. To conduct this experiment, I had 2 different sound meters that I would take to the quietest and loudest parts of that city/area to get an average for the area. Then I would wait for birds to chirp and observe how much the decibels spiked. I wrote down a range at which the meters read when the birds were chirping, getting an average for the birds’ chirps. This didn’t tell me at which decibels birds chirped, but told me the volume of the city and the bird noises together, giving me an idea of how much the chirp varied from the average city noise, if at all.
Keywords: birdsong, Provo, Alpine, Salt Lake City, decibel, volume
Affect of Precipitation on Leaf Decay for Quercus gambelii leaf litters in Rock Canyon Park, Provo, Utah
Riley J. Johnson, 2111 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractUtah has had less precipitation than it normally does during the winter. Due to
this fact, the decomposition of leaves will be affected. Living matter is aided in the decay process by elements such as humidity and precipitation (Poté et. al 2005). The exact effects that specifically winter precipitation has on leaf decomposition in Rock Canyon, Utah are unknown. Samples will be observed and collected from different sites within Rock Canyon and compared with each other in order to measure the effects precipitation and water presence has on the rate of decay. The samples will be drawn from the Quercus gambelii species of tree, more commonly called the Gambel Oak. This will help determine whether or not leaf decomposition is aided or hindered by reduced precipitation in the winter. Leaves will be collected from different environments, such as from a ravine, side of a mountain, and by the road.
Keywords: Precipitation, decomposition, winter, Quercus gambelii, leaf litters
Meredith Johnston, 775 E. 700 N. Provo, UT 84604Email: [email protected]: Impact of Water Velocity on the Banks of the Provo River near Provo, UtahAbstract:
I compared three sections of the Provo River with differing river velocities: rapid, average (relative to the river as a whole,) and near-stagnant. The disparity in current speeds correlated with variation in topography and both distribution density and variety of new plant growth on the immediately adjacent river banks. Where the river velocity was higher, new plant growth was limited and the banks were more rocky and hilly, indicating the likely impact of erosion. In the area where the water was virtually stagnant, erosion had very little impact, and the distribution and variety of plant life was greatly increased. Keywords: river velocity, erosion, plant distribution, river banks
Moss population abundance at lakes and rivers.
Rebecca Jones, 267 E. 500 N. Provo UT 84606. [email protected]. Submitted April 2011.
Abstract: I wanted to go to a moving body of water and a still body of water in order to
evaluate whether moss grows more abundantly with moving water or still water, and what differences the moss have at both different types. I went to Provo River to get samples and pictures from the moss at a moving body of water and I went to the duck pond and Utah Lake to get the samples from still bodies of water. This experiment was done to learn more about moss and to learn under what circumstances moss grows the best. Also to learn what characteristic the moss needs to survive in different environments. I found a very large variety and abundance of moss at the Provo River. The moss was mainly located near the waters edge and on rocks dirt and trees. There was also moss on the rocks and branches in the water.Utah Lake and the Duck Pond both had almost no moss growing around them and what little moss was there was not very diverse. I found moss on the rocks right next to the waters edge and a lot of pond scum completely covering all of the rocks that were under ground. Based on my observations moss grows the best by running water and very little by standing water. Moss also grows the best where the sunlight is not as direct.
Key Words: Provo River, Utah Lake, Duck Pond, pond scum, growth, Bryophyta
The difference of mallard duck’s sensitivity between male and female
Insu Kim, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: insu91 @gmail.com
Abstract: Most of wild animals are really sensitive to changes in their habitats by other animals, which could threat their lives or habitats. Mallard ducks are representative winter migratory bird, and because it’s a species of migratory birds, mallard duck have a keen sense to recognize direction and territory of their habitat. This information gave me the idea of researching the sensitivity of mallard ducks. To research the sensitivity of mallard duck, I went again to Paul Ream Wilderness Park to find the mallard ducks on March 23th, 2011. As I’m working on the experiment, I could get the average distance between mallard duck and the subject of research. Based on these data, and if I assume that the distance shows the sensitivity and sense of closeness, I could conclude that female ducks are more sensitive than males, and the mallard ducks are more familiar with small children than big adults.
Key words: difference, sensibility, mallard duck, male and female, distance
Mallard Duck’s taste preference of human food (Anas platyrhynchos) Kim, Yearim, 3588 N. 440 W. Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Experiments were conducted at the Paul Ream Wilderness Park and BYU campus
duck pond in Provo, Utah. Mallard ducks’ reaction to different kinds of common snacks that human eats was observed. The purpose was to test the taste preference of foods that human give to the mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and that they prefer some snacks over others snacks. To demonstrate this, three different snacks found common in households were given to a group of mallard ducks in different location, which included potato chips, Cheerios, and Toy Story 3 cereal. The quick reaction and the competition of eating different kinds of snacks were observed. There wasn’t much difference in the average time ducks took to eat 10 pieces of different choice of snacks. Sweet wasn’t much different and concluded that ducks can’t taste sweet like humans do. However, as further the experiment went, ducks seemed to reject saltiness. Through social learning many other ducks chose to reject potato chips and preferred to eat either cheerios or Toy Story 3 cereal.
Key words: Taste preference, Platyrhynchos, Provo, mallard duck, snacks
The Effect of Salinity on the Sprouting of Kidney Beans Frederik S. Kleiner, 1950 N Temple View Dr #320, Provo, UT, 84604 Email: [email protected]. Submitted: April 4, 2011Abstract
Salinity can have a profound impact on the development of plants. During germination, plants are especially sensitive to substrate salinity (Houle 2001). Many areas of the world are now affected by high levels of salinity, either due to location, such as by the ocean, or poor irrigation and water management. It is therefore important to know what levels of salinity different plants can withstand and still produce fruit. This topic has been of interest for some time. Charles Darwin tested the survivability of seeds in salt water and their potential for growth after then being planted in soil with fresh water. This experiment looked at the germination rate of the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) after irrigation with water of different salinities. I planted ten different beans into soil and divided them into five groups of salinities. For one week the beans received ten milliliters of water daily and after the time, the length of the root germinating was measured. I predicted that only the freshwater beans would have any substantial growth. Keywords: Salinity, sprouting, growth, bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, salt
The influence the temperature has on the migration pattern of diurnal birds (Aves)
Emily Kleinkopf, 19 Bowen Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in and around the Provo area. Birds were observed on various days, in different habitats, in different temperatures, and in different weather conditions. The purpose of the experiment was to test the hypothesis that once the temperature reached above 30 degrees Fahrenheit, the birds would start migrating back to Utah, therefore concluding temperature as their migratory impulse. To discover the effect the temperature had on the migration of the birds, I went to different locations that included the Provo River and Spanish Fork, and observed how many birds there were over a period of an hour. After every observation period I wrote down exactly how many birds I saw, the exact temperature, and any other weather factors like snow or rain. Over the period of the two months the data shows that as the season progressed the amount of birds observed during the hour allotment also increased. Nevertheless, the concurring trend according to the concluding data suggests that the migratory impulse is not mainly based on the temperature but the actual time of year and type of weather has a more direct effect. According to studies temperature is only a part of the reason why birds migrate. Some other factors that catalyze migration are wind currents, species of bird, time of year, and breeding patterns.
Keywords: passerine, diurnal, phrenological miscuing, migratory impulse, phrenological disjunction.
Growing Conditions affecting the Abbotswood Potentilla (Potentilla fruticos), in relationship with altitude and precipitation. Provo, UT. USA.
Jordan Koford, 1122 May Hall. Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected]
AbstractWhy are there so many types of things? When I walk around BYU campus, I am surrounded by hundreds of trees. They are all different shapes and sizes. What causes one tree to grow larger, greener, and faster than another? After hiking up the Y one time, I began to realize why certain trees grow larger than others. From such a high elevation, I quickly realized my surroundings and what it would take for a plant, animal, or tree to maintain an effective habitat up there. In this experiment I am going to find out scientifically exactly how much of an effect elevation and precipitation has on plants, specifically the Abbotswood Potentilla (Potentilla fruticos). Does elevation and/or precipitation really play as huge of a role as we think in the growing process? And if so, how much of an effect?Keywords: Plants, precipitation, altitude, growing conditions
Abstract:I studied the effects of moisture on both the particle size distribution of
fractionated biomass (corn stover, switchgrass, and wheat straw) and the process in which the biomass is converted into biofuel. Using assistance and materials from Idaho National Laboratory, I used a fractionation mechanism to break apart both moisture-rich and dried biomass samples, after which I seperated the samples into various screen sizes. Moisture was determined to play little to no recognizable effect to the particle size distribution, and was unable to be determined if it played any effect in relation to the biofuel process. Corn stover was determined to have the largest particle size overall, suggesting that corn stover would be the most moisture rich, and therefore hardest to fully convert into useable biofuel.
Keywords: biofuel, particle size distribution, preprocessing biomass, moisture, fractionation
Aggression and Boldness in Song Sparrows in Residential and Nonresidential Areas
Whitney Ann Landon, 236 E 2230 N Apt 1, Provo, Utah 84603 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Due to differences in surrounding populations, ambient noise, available resources and inhabitable territories between rural and urban areas, song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) adapt to their surroundings in order to become most successful in their chosen habitat. Song sparrows were observed in two locations, one residential and one nonresidential on the same day. They were especially observed for differences in song (related to the presence or absence of ambient noise) and differences in boldness when confronted with an approaching human. Another area of observation was related to their diet and comparative size. I theorized that urban sparrows have more physical resources but must adapt to the presence of other challenges such as ambient noise and presence of humans.
Keywords: song sparrow; Melospiza melodia; residential birds; aggression; boldness.
Title: The influence of weather on Western Scrub Jay’s (Aphelocoma californica), Chickadee’s (Poecile atricapillus), and Red-breasted Nuthatch’s (Sitta canadensis) foraging habits
Cassidy Jean Lang, 3109 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractI studied how changing weather affects Aves’, birds, eating habits looking at
temperature and precipitation in Rock Canyon near Provo, Utah. With the help of hand made bird feeders I attempted to attract Western Scrub Jay’s (Aphelocoma californica), Chickadee’s (Poecile atricapillus), and Red-breasted Nuthatch’s (Sitta canadensis). Then the amount of bird seed eaten was measured at the end of each day. Unfortunately, all of my results were negative with none of the birds eating any of my bird seed. Possible reasons for this could include the birds having a reliable food source, or the weather never being warm enough for the birds to forage. My results therefore showed that if birds have set foraging behaviors they are independent of the weather. Other’s research showed a correlation between weather and foraging habits, though they further tested humidity, solar radiation, and wind’s effect on the birds.
Keywords: foraging, weather, behavior, temperature, Aves
Y Mountain’s Elevation and Its Effects on VegetationBrad Langfoss, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In this study, I found the factor that affects the living conditions of vegetation on the side of a mountain. I observed that as the elevation on the side of the mountain increased, there were fewer plants in those areas. From my 3 soil samples (Table 1) taken on the mountain, I found that elevation does not directly affect the soil nutrients as the vegetation is higher up. However, elevation may affect the temperature, concentration of oxygen available, and an overall harder climate to grow in compared to climates at lower elevations.
Keywords: elevation, silt, clay, sand, organic matter, pH level
The effect of water temperature on the feeding habits of fishChristopher B. Langlois, 880 North 51 West #107, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]: I conducted experiments to determine whether the temperature of the water affects the feeding habita of fish. 18 common goldfish, Carassius auratus auratus, were bought and placed in a 20-gallon tank filled with fresh water. They were fed on 6 different days. On each feeding day the water temperature was maintained at a different temperature. They were fed the same amount of food every time and after thirty minutes the food was measured to find how much they had eaten. It was found that water temperature had little effect on how much the fish ate. They ate just as much food in cold water as in warm water. It appears they eat as much as they can in any condition.
Keywords: goldfish, feeding habit, water temperature, carassius auratus
Influence of color in the choice of feeder by resident birds in Provo, Utah, USATyler R. Langlois, 1223 May Hall, Provo, Utah. 84604 Email: [email protected]
It seems it is hard to find conclusive research that has been done regarding what color of birdfeeder birds prefer. By determining what colors of feeder are most appealing to birds, feeders can be colored accordingly to effectively attract birds better and promote the health and survival of avian species. I hypothesized that of white, red or green, birds will prefer red feeders. Multiple feeders of the differing colors were placed alongside each other in different locations around Provo. Data was gathered on the amount of bird seed eaten in each birdfeeder and was be compared to the amount of bird seed eaten from other birdfeeders. Results were calculated by averaging together the amount of birdseed eaten from each birdfeeder of the same color into one grand average total of birdseed eaten for that color. By comparing the amount of birdseed eaten from each of the three colors of birdfeeders, I drew my conclusion that the color red on birdfeeders is preferred among birds in Provo.Keywords: birdfeeders, bird feeding, color preference.
ABSTRACT:There are many species of trees in Utah. The canyons and Mountains surround
Utah valley, varying in different altitudes. This study is to show how latitudinal elevation affects the growth of leaves on (Acer platanoides, Acer grandidentatum and Populus tremuloides). Samples from each tree were photographed and recorded from different altitudes around Provo to compare and study. Data from trees in Provo canyon and other places with higher elevation were collected as well as data from trees in the valley with lower latitudinal elevation. The data collected was recorded on a table to see and compare. It was found that trees in higher elevation seemed to bud faster than the trees in the valley. It was also found that most of the trees I sampled for this study were specifically planted in certain elevations to handle the environment they grew in.
Keywords: latitudinal elevation, Provo Canyon, Acer platanoides, Acer grandidentatum, Populus tremuloides
Causes of deciduous trees losing their leaves in the winter Morgan L. Leany, 3222 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Observations and identifications were performed outdoors in Wyview apartments and around Helaman Halls in Provo, Utah. The purpose of of this experience was to discover which trees lose their leaves in the winter as opposed to which ones do, and the hypothesis that it is some form of protection or survival method for the trees. To find the answer I identified a few different types of trees around the area and researched them using specific books. The two main types of trees that I used for this experiment are the Maples and the Pines. After identifying these two different types of tree families I found the differences between them and also found that the reason why Maples lose their leaves is because they are a form of Deciduous trees and it is a hibernating tactic to help survive during the winter. Key Words: deciduous trees, hibernating tactic, Maples, Pines
Galls grown on rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) in February and March in Utah Valley due to insectsLaRisa Joy Lundberg, address: Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602, email: [email protected]. Submitted April 2011.Abstract. I studied galls because I have always wondered what they are and why they can be found on the sides and stems of many plants and leaves. I questioned whether galls could be found during mid-late winter in Utah County. I hypothesized that galls could be found on rabbitbrush in February and March in Utah County, and these galls are caused by insect irritation. We collected rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) with galls from the side of Utah Lake in February and Springville in March. I examined these galls under a microscope and light, and charted my observations. Through this study I found that galls do grow on rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) in Utah County during February and March. I studied these galls using a microscope and light and I identified insect larva in the center of some of them. I also found some small winged insects inside of another gall. My observations confirmed past research showing that galls are found on rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) during winter months in Utah (McArthiir, Tiernan et.al. 1979). Galls on rabbitbrush are created by irritation to the plant from small insects, some of which are tephil flies (Dodson, 1991; Wangberg, 1978). Key words: galls, rabbitbrush, winter, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Utah
A COMPARISON OF DAWN CHORUS ACTIVITY OF BIRDS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS BEFORE
AND AFTER SUNRISE______________________________________________________________________________________
_____Alyssa Mabey 1565 N. University Ave. #163 Provo, Ut 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: A common phenomenon found among birds is their tendency to sing at dawn. Common hypotheses as to why this behavior occurs at dawn is that atmospheric turbulence is least at dawn, thus providing a better environment for transmitting auditory signals such as birdsong (IBIS..). In this study, the amount of bird song activity shortly before and after the official time of sunrise was observed in two different environments in Provo, Utah. Data was recorded from these observations and then used to make comparisons on the effects of time and environment on the dawn chorus. I hypothesized that there would be more song activity after sunrise and in a less urban environment.
Keywords: Dawn Chorus, Sunrise, Habitat, Birds, Acoustic Transmission Hypothesis
The affects of carpenter ants on their surroundings at the Strawberry Reservoir in Utah.Johnathan S. McCormick, 1976 N 110 W Apt. 130, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThe carpenter ant can be found around the Strawberry Reservoir in Utah. This
ant’s scientific name is Camponotus. They are found in different variety throughout Utah. During this study, research was done to learn more about the specific species of carpenter ants found in Utah. I wanted to find out if anyone before me had studied these carpenter ants native to Utah and if so, what studies were done that I may benefit from while performing my own study. The knowledge that ants work together as a colony and that each ant has its own duty to perform is well known. My thoughts while doing this study was to find out how the carpenter ants around Strawberry Reservoir had adapted to their surroundings and how they utilized the resources available to them. These ants were observed for a few hours each visit to Strawberry Reservoir so as to see how the colony reacted to its surroundings, including plant life and other insects as well.Keywords: Carpenter ant; Camponotus; Strawberry Reservoir
Elevation Influence in the length of needles on a Pine Tree (Pinus Ponderosa) in Provo and Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
Jimmy McDonald, 2203 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract The length of pine needles on a Pine tree (Pinus ponderosa) have been known to vary slightly between species, and even individual plants of the same species. The exact causes of these variations have not been exactly pinpointed down to one overall specific cause, the purpose of the experimentation was to test what was a determining factor in pine needle length. Specimens of pine needles have been extracted from various locations in both Provo and Salt Lake City, Utah. Key factors that were studied included elevation of the pine tree, proximity to water, and proximity to civilized areas. The needles were extracted both off of the tree, near the trunk where they were the longest, and from dead needles found at the base of the tree. Each needle that was recorded was inspected to make sure that there were no breaks, and that it was a full needle, not cut short in any way. The trees from which the needles were extracted were also checked to all be of the species Pinus ponderosa, so as not to gather incorrect data due to specimen differentiation.
Keywords: Provo, Salt Lake City, Pinus ponderosa, needles, water, elevation, civilization
Migration Habits of Utah Birds Marci McIntosh, 8243 N 9550 W, Lehi, UT 84043 Email: [email protected]
Observations were made watching birds in three distinct locations: Canyon Glen (canyon location), Utah Lake (large body of water location) and Jordan River Parkway (stream and woodland location) to see what type of birds make Utah their home for the winter, and the type of birds that migrate into the Utah area for spring and summer. Multiple bird species were identified and observed in the three areas. Longer research is recommended (6 month timetable: January to June or July to December) to further understand the migration pattern and be certain on the differing bird habitations that are at home in Utah throughout the year. Since the three month time period was an insufficient time for a solid conclusion, I will be referring to the expertise of local Utah birders for history and patterns that should have taken place. Key words: bird habitation, Canyon Glen, Utah Lake, Jordan River Parkway, migration patterns
The effects of temperature and soil on the decomposition of food as well as what types of food decompose the quickest
Kari L. Merrell, 2107 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThis experiment on decomposition was conducted in Provo, UT. Factors of
decomposition, including temperature and the presence of soil were observed as well as comparing different types of food and how they compare in decomposition. This experiment was conducted to further understand different properties of food spoilage and to increase awareness of being wasteful of food as it takes time to decompose. Three of the same groups of food (including an apple, banana, piece of bread, and French fries) were placed at three different locations and results were recorded. It was observed that higher temperatures speed up the decomposition process, soil speeds up the decomposition process as well, and that fruit decomposes the quickest out of the observed foods.
Keywords: decomposition, temperature, food, food spoilage, composting
Temperature and its affect on crocus opening and closingRyan C. Merrill Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
This study was conducted by watching and recording the opening of the Crocus flower and measuring what temperature they began to open at. I found that the flower favored the range from 10 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius. As the day would come to a close and the temperature would drop the flower will close its petals to protect itself. This is an important evolutionary achievement because it blooms at the end of winter and beginning of spring before the last couple cold flashes are done for the year.
Key Words: Crocus, Temperature, Light, Pre-spring flowers
The relationship between forsythia blooming and daily temperature.Stephanie Merrill, 152 Wells Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604Email: [email protected]. For my nature experience I decided to study the forsythia bush outside my parents home in Provo and watch it bloom and then compare it to the temperature. I then studied and learned how temperature and rain impact the date of when plants bloom. I took pictures of the bush throughout the blooming process and also recorded the daily temperature. Keywords: Forsythia, bloom, temperature, rainfall.
AbstractThe golden ratio is very prevalent in architecture and has been supposed to be a
natural law. I set out to verify this by measuring the branches of North American Aspen Trees (Populus tremuloides) directly above where they branch out. I used a generic tape measurer to measure the circumference of each of the branches. The golden ratio was not found to be prevalent in the circumference of North American Aspen Trees.Key Words: Golden ratio, Aspen tree, Circumference, Stem, Branch
The Influence and effects of Color and size in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) During WinterShelby Miller, 1201 N 850 W, Provo UT, 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Experiments were conducted in Deer Creek Reservoir in Provo Canyon, Heber, UT. Baits of varying color and size were used while ice fishing. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that Rainbow Trout most frequently search for food that is of a color within the wavelengths of 380-420nm and 700-740nm or purple and red. To test this hypothesis, lures and baits of colors from many different parts of the light spectrum were used as well as lures broken into three categories of small, medium and large sizes. The numbers of bites will be recorded along with the color and size of the lure used, the bait tipped on the lure, the date, the location, and the time of the hit. It is noted that there was a distinct pattern and tendency for the Rainbow Trout to most frequently strike the pink bait and lures and the size of the lure that was most effective grew increasingly smaller as the winter continued.
Key words: Deer Creek Reservoir, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, color, diet, vision.
How proximity to a constant source of water affects tree growth Abstract:This nature experience happened in provo Canyon in Big Springs Park. Tree growth was observed via a core sampling taken at the trees' natural habitat. The purpose of this experience was to see if the proximity of a tree to a constant source of water would affect its rate of growth. The specific tree species observed was Populus fremontii (Freemont Cottonwood). To measure this, a tree core sampling was taken from two different Cottonwood trees and the width of the rings in the core sampling was noted. The outcome showed that the tree closest to the constant source of water did in fact grow at a faster rate than the tree further away. Keywords: Freemont Cottonwood, tree growth, water, proximity, Big Springs Park
The birds (Aves) located in Stewart Falls and Sundance, Utah Adam Morrow, 2119 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Experiments were conducted in Sundance, Utah and Stewart Falls, Utah. Birds (Aves) were observed under natural conditions at both locations. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that human presence in Sundance would affect the number and rarity of certain birds as opposed to that of the more secluded area, Stewart Falls. To demonstrate this, birds where identified and recorded according to which area they were found. It was determined that varieties of birds found at both locations were very similar, and that most birds found were classified as common. The explanation to this I believe is during the winter months, only permanent residents can be found, which are mostly commonly found birds. Key words: Sundance Utah, Aves, rarity, location.
Effect of Time, Temperature, and Weather in Bird Song in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Katie E. Nay, 657 North 400 East Apt. G2, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]. Submitted April 4, 2011.Abstract. This nature experience is a series of observations made in Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah to see if time, temperature, and weather have an effect on birdsong. I brought pen, paper, and a camera each time and took observations, pictures, and video of the birds I saw and heard. I also took note of the weather surrounding me. I found that many more birds were singing when I observed earlier in the morning, but weather might have had an effect and this conclusion cannot be made. I was able to identify four birds after the experience with the data that I had collected. Key words: birds, birdsong, temperature, weather, time of day, Utah, mountains
ABSTRACTMosses grow abundantly in many different areas and habitats including Utah.
These plants commonly grow on rocks and trees. I measured the growth of two samples of moss and tested for samples on eight different trees. I also measured the average temperature and precipitation as well as elevation of the samples. These measurements were taken over a period of four weeks. My hypotheses differed from a number of expert studies. The differences in my results may have been due to the shorter time scale, differing location, and differing species of moss. Also, my measurements may have not been as precise as needed.
Keywords: Bryophytes, Seasonal Growth, Environment, Temperature, Precipitation
The effect of tree growth with respect to elevation and water source- (Dendrochronology)Alexander R. Nelson, 679 Wymount Terrace, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract- All trees grow at different rates. A tree grows by increasing height (apical growth) and by increasing in breadth (radial growth) (Stokes 1986). The growth of a tree depends on the amount of water that it receives in a given year. In wet and humid years, trees grow more while in dry and cold years their growth is almost non-existent (Lendering 2007). Each year a new ring is formed and is a key indicator of the amount of growth the tree experiences. This ring varies in width due to the amount of water the tree received during that year. Thus the wider apart the rings are from one another, the more water the tree received and the more the tree grew in the given year. For this study I took core samples from 3 different trees, the Rocky Mountain Maple (Acer glabrum), the Gamble Oak (Quercus gambelii), and the Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), in 3 different locations, Provo Canyon, Provo River, and Wymount Terrace (BYU family housing complex). Using three different locations gave three different perspectives of growth according to the water sources present. The rings of these samples were measured to compare the growth of each tree with respect to its location. My hypothesis was that because trees grow more with more water, the trees along the Provo River would have a greater distance between tree rings. Keywords- Dendrochronology, Moisture, Elevation, and Increment borer.
The effects of temperature on bananas of the genus Musa acuminataare, Provo, Utah, U.S.A.Jenna L. Nicholls, 2002 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Experiments were conducted in Provo, Utah. Bananas(Musa acuminataare) were observed at different temperatures to see what temperature would make them ripen faster. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that Bananas that are left outside would ripen faster. To demonstrate this bananas were left in the fridge, freezer, and outside and the skin color of each banana was checked every twelve hours for seven days. Then after seven days the bananas were taken out and a skin color, texture, and scent test was performed on each. It was determined that bananas that are left outside ripen slower than the bananas that were left in the fridge and freezer. It was also found that the ripening of the bananas was not consistent. Key Words: Provo, Musa acuminataare, ripen, temperature
Thermal influences on five tree species in Rock Canyon: Provo, UT, U.S.A.
Michelle Nicolas, 109 A. Richards Provo, UT 84604 email: [email protected]
AbstractExperiments were conducted in Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah. Five different types
of trees were included into the study: Big tooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Gambel Oak or Scrub Oak (Quercus gambelii), Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina), and Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmanni). Observations revealed the influences that seasonal temperature changes have on the local trees’ appearance and behavior. The purpose of this experiment was to determined if the organisms reacted to the changes in their climate. In order to observe this, I went to the location, identified the trees, and then recorded the trees’ reactions to the thermal changes. It was determined that each of the different tree specimens did in fact react to the changes in the temperature. The changes in the trees’ behavior and appearances were depended on the type of tree observed.
Key Words: Rock Canyon, behavior, thermal influence, trees, climate
Preferred Water Flow Speed of Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in Right-hand Fork of Hobble Creek River in Hobble Creek CanyonShaelee Nielson, 127 Robison Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Some stream animals prefer to live in fast flowing water, and others prefer to live in slow flowing water. I wanted to see what speed of water flow caddisflies preferred. My hypothesis was that they would prefer slower flow of water. We did our experiment on March 19th with supplies from the BYU supply room. We then measured the flow of the water speed and then counted the number of caddisflies beneath rocks and that got caught in our bug-catching net. We found that caddisflies prefer to live on the rocks in the faster flowing water.
Keywords: Insecta: Trichoptera, Hobble Creek, water flow, rocks
Using bark growth patterns to identify trees of the Prunus genus in the winter seasonSpencer J. Nielson, 988 South 400 East, Orem, UT 84907 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract
Extensive observations were undergone to locate and identify trees of the Prunus genus. The purpose of these observations was to find what characterized trees of the Prunus genus from tree species from other families. For me, the intention of this project was to find similarities among the species so that the genus may more fully be distinguished. The hypothesis going into this experiment was that tree species of the Prunus genus have such bark patterns that they could be divided among other genus. After tracking down numerous trees, photographs were taken periodically to study changes within the structure of the Prunus trees’ barks. I found that the identification of these trees in winter can be determined from the distinctions of their bark, buds, and pits.
Effect of slope aspect on spatial patterns of trees of the genus Juniperus
Rachael Noonan, 669 East 800 North, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
AbstractI studied the spatial patterns of trees belonging to the genus Juniperus in a section
of Rock Canyon, which is located in Provo, Utah. I hiked a portion of Rock Canyon during April 2011 and counted the number of juniper trees that grew on the north-facing side of the Canyon and the south-facing side of the Canyon at or near the elevation of the trail. Along the first half of my hike, I identified three juniper trees on the north-facing side of the Canyon and one on the south-facing side. Along the second half of the hike, I identified one juniper tree on the north-facing side of the Canyon and three on the south-facing side. This indicates that other factors may contribute to the spatial patterns of these trees.
Key words: Juniperus, spatial pattern, biogeography, slope aspect
Vegetation observation of the Provo River, Utah
Reagan H. Orme, 2108 Stover Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Experiments were conducted in the Provo river of Provo, Utah. I was testing to see the difference between the river plants. I was observing their features to see if there was any common identifier besides the fact that they all can survive in water. The common or uncommon traits that I looked for was color, shape of the leaves, shape of the plant as a whole, roots, and the plant’s location along the river. I went along the river and identified the most common plants on the river. As observed, I found three specimen that were the most common out of all of the plants that were on the river. For location I was also observing the current flow and what plants were in which current; whether it was a still current or a fast moving current. The first plant collected was algae, the second was a tall grass, and the other looked like a clover.
Key Words: Provo River, Current Speed, Algae, Tall Grass, Clover Plant
The effect of spices in the amount of food intake in garden snails (Helix aspersa)
Teresa Oyanedel, 349 Wymount Terrace, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of spices in the amount of food
intake of the garden snail (Helix aspersa) under strictly controlled conditions. The study was performed on snails removed from aestivation. Records of their food intake with different spices in lettuce were carefully weighed and recorded during four weeks. Results show that exposure to sugar, salt, garlic, and pepper in their food results in different amounts in their food intake. A control group without any spice supplementation was run parallel. The control group and the experimental group #1 (lettuce/sugar) had a superior food consumption, whereas the other groups registered a lesser amount in their food intake. During the experiment the snails were kept in plastic containers and they did not have access to soil.
Keywords: Food intake, consumption, spices, flavor, Helix aspersa.
Effect of water on decomposition of bananas (Musa acuminata)
Ryan Pagel, 255 E 400 N #12, Provo, UT 84606, Email: [email protected]
AbstractI observed the decomposition of bananas at six different distances from
the Provo River to see if the distance from a water source affected the rate of decomposition. I recorded these observations and compared each of the bananas to the others. I found that the bananas did not decompose any faster whether they were closer or further from the water.
Key words:Banana, Decomposition, Water, Musa acuminata
The effects of rivers and flooding on cottonwoods (Populus fremontii)Megan E. Paravato, 876 E 900 N #11, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Date: April 2011
Abstract: After walking along the Provo River I noticed the large amount of cottonwood
trees growing right into the river. I was able to observe and research to figure out how they have adapted to thrive on so much water, deal with floods, and provide for other organisms in their community. Cottonwoods are an incredibly successful tree when growing along a water source. They need large amounts of water since they are so large and grow so fast. They use their roots to obtain groundwater that is replenished by the river, rainfall, and nutrients. They break as a result of storms or decay because cottonwood is weak from the beginning. Their broken branches and the algae that grow on them as a result of moisture are able to play a role in providing needed resources such as food and protection for their community.
Key words: Provo River, riparian forest, flooding, Populus fremontii, cottonwood
The atmospheric conditions effect on arthropods in Provo, Utah USA
Natasha M. Peatross, 3152 N. Piute Dr. Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractEvery third day, experiments were conducted at the base of Mount Squaw Peak
beginning on February 20th until March 31st from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. During that time period, the soil an air temperature was recorded along with the weather type that day. Arthropods were searched for as bushes were shaken, rocks were overturned, and dead grasses and leaves were parted. The purpose was to discover when arthropods return to life after the winter, and how the atmospheric conditions effect them during that transition from winter when bugs are scarce to spring when they are seen everywhere.
Key words: temperature, weather, arthropods, transition, life.
The effects of elevation upon caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae case lengthJoshua A. Peterson, 1077 E 1150 N, Orem, Utah 84097 Email: [email protected]
Caddisflies (Trichoptera), when in larval stage, live in tube-like structures called larvae cases. Collections of these larvae cases were made at different elevations along Utah’s Provo River. This was to verify if there is a negative correlation between caddisfly larvae case length and elevation. Data taken from the three research locations used show that as one ascends the Provo River, the mean length of larvae cases decreases. While this does support the proposed hypothesis, several possible confounding variables in the form of habitat and species differences made it difficult to fully establish this relationship. Because of these, results of this study were inconclusive.
Keywords: Trichoptera, elevation, Provo River, larvae, case length
Diversity of plant communities on the edges of the east and west shores of Utah Lake.Janae Pettit, 914 S. 635 W., Orem, UT 84058. [email protected]. Submitted March 2011Abstract: The shores of Utah Lake differ abiotically on the edge of the littoral zone on the east and west sides of the lake. The littoral zone on the east edge of the lake is wide and the plants grow in the water where the slope is gentle, the water shallow, and the temperature warm. The littoral zone on the west edge is very narrow so there is little room for plants to grow in the water. The slope is steep, the water deep, and the temperature cool. These differences would indicate that different plants grow in the differing conditions. Observations were made at three locations at the edge of each of the east and west shores of the lake. Six major plant species were chosen and then looked for at each of the sites. Three are native plants and three invasive species. When data was compared, the three native plants were found only sparsely on the east edge of the lake. And two of the invasive plants were abundant on the west edge. The abiotic features have not changed over the past 100 years, but the invasive species have choked out the natural plants and have become the predominant species at the edges of Utah Lake. Key words: edge, littoral zone, Tamarix, Phragmites australis, Elaeagnus angustifolia , Typha latifolia, Populus freemontii, Scirpus acutus
Affect of altitude change on plant diversity on Y Mountain in Provo, Utah
Krista Philips, 2122 Hinckley Hall Provo, UT 84604, [email protected]
AbstractThe affect on plant diversity by elevation is proposed by researchers to be
affected by other elements other than elevation. I predict that the diversity of plants decreases as I go farther up a mountain and that most of the plants are scrubs, and not many trees. I did an experiment by hiking Y Mountain to accumulate photos of different plants on three different elevations of the mountain comparing what I found on each level. I determined the different elevation levels and identified the plants I found at each level and compared the results as to what level had a bigger diversity of plants. There were about 13 different plants at the top elevation level compared to the 15-20 I found on the bottom and middle elevation levels. I concluded that there was less diversity of plants as I went up Y Mountain. I found that part of the change was due to the climate conditions in the areas of elevation of the Mountain and possible global warming effects.
Keywords: altitude, Y Mountain, plant diversity, climate, gradients
Behavioral adaptation and domestication of bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Blackfoot, ID USAHunter B. Phillips, 2060 N 131 W Apt. 214, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:I conducted my experiments in Blackfoot, Idaho. A bobcat (Lynx rufus) was
observed in a human residence, alongside a domestic Siamese housecat (Felix domesticus). The purpose of the observations was to test the typothesis that a bobcat, taken from the wild, will adapt to its new environment and begin to more resemble a housecat in behavior. Observations took place over the course of eight weeks, with data being collected every seven days, on each Sunday at 3 p.m. To demonstrate the differences between the bobcat and housecat, during each observation period, the two cats were fed their afternoon meal, and introduced to a human stranger. During this time, the bobcat transitioned from being fed raw chicken meat to a generic hard-kibble cat food. By the end of the eight weeks, the bobcat had lost or greatly diminished certain behavioral “tics” that were signatory of its natural environment. I can offer no explanation as to why this change occurred, but the bobcat’s behavior indeed began to resemble that of the housecat by the end of the observations.
The influence of water temperature on the abundance of Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) in the nymph stage, in the Provo River, Provo, Utah, USA.
Rusty Pollard, 606W 1720N Apt. 127, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Initial research was conducted, studying mayflies in their nymph stage in the
Provo River, Provo, Utah, USA, in relation to water temperature. This preliminary study will aid in later, more refined study and analysis of the ecosystems of the Provo River and surrounding area. Temperature readings and mayfly samples were collected from three locations, and taken to Dr. Nelson’s biology lab for positive identification and examination. The data collected indicated a progressive reduction of mayflies as the readings continued up the Provo River, but further research and analysis will be needed to remove possible variables from affecting the data.
Keywords: Provo River, Ephemeroptera, Mayfly, nymph, water temperature.
The Effect of Altitude on the Acidity of Rose Hips from Rosa Woodsii (Rosaceae) at Rock Canyon, Provo, UtahAbstract
Rosa Woodsii (Rosaceae), commonly called Wild Rose, or Woods Rose, is widely found at the mouth of Rock Canyon, in Provo, Utah. Wild Rose is a shrub of 2 to 5 feet in height, and produces Rose Hips, one of nature's greatest sources of Vitamin C. Three samples from three different elevations are observed and the pH of their Rose Hips analyzed. The chosen elevations are 5,000 ft, 5,200, and 5,400 ft, as determined with the use of an Altimeter. The affects of elevation on this bush and its fruit, Rose Hips, are determined; each rose hip at each of the three elevations have a pH of 4, and thus it is concluded altitude plays little or no role in its pH. Studying both the plant and its fruit has great significance pertaining to health. As we better understand the properties of rose hips, we will be able to more fully utilize its vitamins and health benefits. And, equally important, the study of Wild Rose's optimal growing conditions will help us preserve this important species. (200 words) Keywords : Rosa Woodsii, rose hips, pH, elevation, soil acidity, Vitamin C content
Differences between close and distant observation of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)…does nearness of the observer affect whales’ behaviors?
M. Harindranto Rasolo, 167 N 1120 W, Apt U203, Pleasant Grove, UT, 84062Email: [email protected]
I traveled to Hawaii from February 20-27, 2011 to observe the above-water behaviors of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). My goal was to see whether or not the nearness of the observer changed the types of behaviors acted out by the whales above the surface of the water. I went on two separate expeditions on a small boat that allowed a nearness of up to 300 yards, which is the maximum closeness for boats as dictated by Hawaiian law. These expeditions afforded a total of 240 minutes over the 2 expeditions of whale viewing time and always took place in the afternoon from 2:30-5pm. The whales’ behaviors were documented and recorded. A total of 19 whales were seen from the boating expeditions. I then compared this data, to data observed, recorded and collected by observing whales with binoculars from the beach on 3 different days for 2 hours at a time at the same time of day. I was able to observe a total of 52 whales over the 6 hours of observation and record their above-water behaviors. The whales observed at a distance (up to 3 miles from shore with binoculars) displayed much more above-water activity and behaviors, than those whales observed from a small boat at a closeness of 300 yards. This observation leads me to believe that the whales can definitely sense the presence of the observer and that this presence leads to inhibition of the whales’ natural above water behaviors.
Keywords: humpback, whales, behaviors, observers, and inhibition.
The influence of anthocyanins on red osier shrubs (Cornus Stolonifera)Jayson Richards, 3209 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah email: [email protected]:
I conducted my experiment in the Provo River of Provo, Utah. I measured the levels of anthocyanins in twenty different red osier shrubs (Cornus Stolonifera). The purpose was to test the hypothesis that higher anthocyanin levels promote growth in Cornus Stolonifera. To demonstrate this, I measured shades of red in Cornus Stolonifera according to a printed scale. Additionally, I measured height with a measuring stick and the widest visible stem of the shrub with measuring tape. Shades of red were analyzed alongside height and largest circumference. I determined that higher anthocyanin levels did indeed promote growth. However, there is a negative correlation between measured anthocyanin levels and base circumference of red osiers.
Key words: Provo River, Cornus Stolonifera, anthocyanin, height
Winter behavior of Mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae fungi in dormant deciduous trees in Ashley National Forest: Midvale, UT, U.S.A.
Spencer M. Richards, 1200 North Terrace Dr. Apt. 329, Provo, UT, 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Experiments were conducted in the Ashley National Forest of Midvale, Utah.
Mycorrhizae fungi were observed in their natural environment during the winter months. Due to the fact that many species of Mycorrhizae may be present on a single plant, no one particular species was identified. The purpose was to better understand the if these fungi remain active during the winter when their plant counterparts enter dormancy. In order to examine this relationship, five deciduous trees with active Mycorrhizae colonies were identified. After soil type was initially decided, samples were taken from the roots of each tree every four days, and moisture and temperature measurements were recorded. Mycorrhizae colonies showed a positive response to warmer temperatures and moderate precipitation, and less of a response to colder weather and dryer conditions. Despite the general cold and dry conditions of the winter season in Utah, it was concluded the Mycorrhizae maintain activity during this time. However, it has yet to be determined whether or not the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant continues during the winter season.
Key Words: Mycorrhizae, Ashley National Park, Midvale, fungi, deciduous trees
Elevation and Its Effects on Plants in Utah-more specifically: Y MountainAllison Rietz, 2108 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email:[email protected]:When a seed is planted, many factors contribute to whether or not it will survive. These include the type of seed, amount of sunlight and water available, and the elevation at which it is planted. In this study, I took samples of plants at three different elevations, starting at the base (5147 ft.), continuing on to Turn 3 (5582 ft.) and finally to the bottom of Y (6084 ft.). These points roughly marked the beginning, midway, and ending points of the hike to the Y, on Y Mountain in Provo, UT. I collected samples at each location, noting the differences in type, coloring, and height of the different plants. Since plant type depends on where it is planted, I predicted that the higher I went, I would find less variety and shorter plants. Keywords: Y Mountain, elevation, shrubs.
Behavior of Largemouth Bass in Deer Creek Reservoir during January
Abstract
Largemouth bass (Micropterussa lmoideas) can be found in most states but it is during winter that most fish aren’t active. When winter comes around they like to slow their activity down and their metabolism slows down and they do not have an extensive desire to consume. As winter sets in they move to deeper waters. Measurements will be taken in Deer Creek Reservoir to find out why they stay for the winter seasons and do not hibernate or move to more a more fitting location.
Circumference size of pine trees (Pinaceae) throughout Provo Canyon, Utah
Steve M. Samson, 320 N. 1080 E. Apt. 201, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Scientific observations were conducted in Provo Canyon, Utah. Circumference size of pine trees (Pinaceae) were measured and recorded at breast height (130 cm). The purpose was to see the overall trend of pine tree size throughout Provo Canyon at several parks (Canyons, Vivian, South Fork, and Nunns). The observation was conducted by attending the parks, measuring accessible pine trees with a tape measure, and analyzing the data. It was determined that in a general sense, the size of pine trees (Pinaceae) at breast height increased as I measured further into the canyon from Provo. Overall, the data from the scientific observation showed that the circumference size of pine trees (Pinaceae) increased and suggested that a certain factor like temperature, elevation, or interference by man has caused that trend to be apparent.
Key words: Provo Canyon, circumference, Pinaceae, breast height.
Affect of sunshine on avian singing in Provo, UT
Caitlin D. Schille, 3104 Taylor Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Through casual observance in my day-to-day life, I began to sense a pattern concerning a relationship between avian (bird) singing and weather. It seemed that there was a pattern occurring where I would hear birds singing on sunny mornings, but not on cloudy mornings. From that I concluded that weather, specifically the appearance of sunshine, must affect bird singing. I tested this hypothesis. Every morning for twelve days, I recorded the weather and whether or not I could hear birds singing. After conducting my test and learning from other scholarly research, I came to the conclusion that yes, weather does affect avian singing, but there are also other factors that affect it as well.
Keywords: avian, singing, weather
Effect of altitude on plant diversity on Y Mountain in Provo, Utah, USABrittany Schlosser, 2106 Hinckley Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract
I conducted this experiment on Y Mountain in Provo, Utah. I observed plant diversity as I hiked up the mountain to a greater altitude. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that the higher the altitude, the more the species will decrease in variety and each remaining species will be more abundant. To demonstrate this, I counted and compared the number of species at the bottom of the mountain, and at various places along the mountain’s climb. Special attention was also given to the changing number of each species as altitude increased. It was determined that plant diversity did indeed have a negative relationship in regard to altitude.
Key Words: altitude, diversity, Y Mountain, plant, abundance
Effect of light on moisture preferences of Canadian nightcrawlers (Lumbricus sp.) in Provo, Utah, USAPaul J. Schmidt, 108 W 2170 N #399, Provo, UT 84604, E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractI studied the effect that various degrees of light had on the moisture preferences of
Canadian nightcrawlers. I placed ten worms in a box with soil divided into three sections of varying wetness. I tested three light scenarios: bright light, dim light, and total darkness. I found that the worms were more likely to bury themselves in the soil when the light was the brightest, whereas in complete darkness most of the worms had remained in the middle on top of the semi-wet soil. This experiment resulted in the finding that, in darkness, earthworms preferred to stay on the surface of semi-moist soil instead of burying themselves in the soil. In bright light, however, the majority of the worms retreated inside the soil to escape the light. It can be concluded that light does affect the moisture preferences of earthworms. However, it is still unclear whether light is the only factor that contributes to these preferences or if another factor (such as soil temperature) also has an effect.
Keywords: earthworm, Annelids, wet soil, light, Lumbricidae
How dormancy effects the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii)Stefani Schramm, 2116 Chipman Hall, Provo Utah, 84604, Email:[email protected], Abstract:
I wanted to know what processes trees go through during the winter to keep them alive even though they look as if they have died. While hiking in Provo Rock Canyon Trailhead I noticed the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) and decided to break off a piece of one of its branches. In the next few weeks, I came back and observed this branch and compared it to the surrounding branches. I discovered that plants go into a state of dormancy during the winter months which makes them appear dead. I saw how the branch I broke off dried out while the branches around it began to bud; this budding is the end stages of dormancy. Keywords: Plant Dormancy, winter and spring effects on trees, Gambel Oak, dormancy seeds, budding
The Influence of distance trees are from water with respect to, tree size, bark, leaves, and insects.
Reece Scurr, 3118 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractPlants grow very differently in different environments due to the large amount of
diversity in abiotic factors that affect growth. The purpose of this experiment was to observe trees and surrounding plants in areas that differ in terms of how much water was there constantly. I observed an area directly on the Provo River and another area in Rock Canyon to compare the differences between the trees where some have a river to take their water from and an area that does not have such an eternally accessible body of water to use. Many different features of the trees were observed and compared including their identity, their leaves, what kind of bark they have, what kinds of insects inhabit the different trees and their respective sizes. I found that at the time I performed the experiment it was too cold for the insects to be living there and they had moved away or died. I observed that the Fremont Cottonwood (Populous fremonti) and the American Linden, or Basswood (Tilia maricana), trees along the river were much taller and thicker than the mainly maple and oak trees in Rock Canyon and conclude that the much smaller distance to the river is the primary reason for this larger size (Brough 1993). Key words: Cottonwood (Populous fremonti), American Linden, Basswood (Tilia maricana), Gambel Oak (Quercus gambeli), Provo River, Rock Canyon
Preference Shown by Birds of Provo for Peppers Varying in Heat Levels
Andrew Serfas, 852 W 2000 N Provo Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]
AbstractThe behavior of birds is tested when they are given the choice between seed
mixed with various peppers possessing different levels of capsaicin. This will test the idea that birds are immune to the effects of capsaicin allowing them to eat hot peppers and spread the seeds. This is done by mixing peppers of different capsaicin levels with the same amount of birdseed. The birdseed is then placed into feeders in the same location. After a few days each container is measure to record how much of that mixture was consumed. Several previous studies were reviewed that deal with pepper consumption and the distribution of their seeds. When the experiment is completed the recorded data is analyzed and any trends in pepper preference shown by the birds in Provo , UT will be discovered.
Keywords: Bird behavior, Pepper, Capsaicin, Kniphofia laxiflora, Frugivore, Bird Food
Affect of precipitation on Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) leaf decay in Rock Canyon Park, Provo, Utah
D. Hunter Shepardson, 2107 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In the past 3 or 4 months, Utah has had a dryer winter than is typical for the area. Because of this, leaf decomposition will be affected in one way or another. Living matter decomposes at a quicker rate in situations that include higher precipitation or humidity than usual (Poté, Rossé, Rosselli, Tran Van, and Wildi 2005). The effect that these conditions will have on Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) leaf decomposition in Rock Canyon is unknown. Leaf litter samples will be collected and observed from Rock Canyon, and compared with similar previous experimental studies done by scientific experts; doing this will help to determine the validity of the current experiment and how Gambel Oak leaf decomposition is affected by precipitation in the winter. Leaves will be collected from different sites (e.g. a ravine, the side of a mountain, by the road, etc.)
Keywords: Precipitation, decomposition, leaf litter, winter, Quercus gambelii
Measuring the eating habits of sparrows in Provo, Utah:Spizella passerina, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Melospiza georgiana
Joel Sherlock, 1080 E 450 N #13, Provo, Utah, 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Experiments were performed in Provo, Utah outside the author’s home. A
birdfeeder was furnished from a simple cardboard box and a wire to bind it to the tree. Observations were made periodically to see which birds were eating out of the feeder and how much of the seed was eaten. Originally, the goal was to switch out the bird seed to see if there would be a change in consumption of bird seed; however, the birds did not seem to eat any seed at all. In short, the experiment did not work. As the author did more research on backyard birds, he revealed factors having to do with habitat and climate being the main obstacles impeding the success of this experiment.
Keywords: Sparrow, Utah, Habitat, Climate, Season
The Functional Similarities and Differences Between the Six Different Species of Pine Trees Living in Utah
John Sherman, 1123 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Among the six species of pine trees native to Utah, there are several different varieties of traits and characteristics. These include differences in leaves, twigs/buds, fruit, and bark. The purpose was to discover a possible explanation for these trait variations. I went to Mt. Timpanogos to observe each of these species of pine so as to better understand the trait variations and to hypothesize about their functions. My expectation was that the differences would affect growth at different altitudes. I came to find however, that the similarities found in the pines, were far more than the differences. I believe that these similarities lend themselves to the abilities of these pines to grow in regions that are cold and dry.
Key Words: Pine trees, growth, Mt. Timpanogos
Carbon trapping capabilities of urban trees in one residential block in Provo, Utah
Rachel Sherman, 2093 N 40 W #323, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Global warming is caused by the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and increase the surface temperature. Carbon dioxide emissions are the most significant human contribution to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the sum total of carbon dioxide produced by a product is known as a carbon footprint. CO₂ sequestration and storage by trees is an effective way to combat CO₂ emissions. Sequestration is the process by which trees absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis and store it as biomass. This project was designed to determine if there was enough carbon stored by urban trees to counteract one human carbon footprint. Trees growing on a residential block in Provo were identified and measured for their CO₂ storage capabilities. There was enough CO₂ storage in these 24 trees to balance one carbon footprint, but there was not enough storage to counteract the carbon footprints of all the human residents on that block. Although humans are still producing more CO₂ than the earth can effectively absorb, trees are still one of the most important and effective ways of counteracting human carbon dioxide emissions.
Keywords: Global warming, storage, sequestration, carbon footprint, greenhouse gases
The influence of location: Provo River, Utah Lake and a Pleasant Grove pond on the number of different plants observedTiffany Shotgunn, 495 South 900 West #9-307, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, April 2011Email: [email protected]. This study was done to discover whether Provo River, Utah Lake or a pond in Pleasant Grove had more plant diversity. A specific amount of land was searched along the water’s edge in each specified location to gather data. Pictures were taken at each site of all unique plants identified along with a photo of the entire area searched. The size and color of all of the plants were noted and compared in each area. After multiple visits to each site the data revealed that the river had the most diversity, followed by the lake and then finally the pond.Keywords: plant diversity, river or lake or pond vegetation, plants, effects on plants, humans and plants.
Diversity of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Existing at Descending Elevations and Communities along the Provo River to Classify Health and Successfulness of Ecosystem: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Wade Smallwood, 166 F Smith Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract- From microscopic to viewable life along with abiotic components within a body
of water holds clues in classifying the health of the system as a whole. Variances in life found in different locations will be studied and conclusions may be drawn from the data. Samples will be taken along the Provo River, noting elevation and specific environment at each site. Variance in water temperature and especially benthic substance at each location will also be recorded, as it may play a role in the biodiversity living at each site. Outside sources will be matched to new data to help decipher signs of variance and what the finding could mean.
Keywords: River, Aquatic Life, Abiotic Factors, Elevation, Benthic Layer
Growth size and distribution of Quercus gambelli, Acer grandidentatum and Pseudotsuga mneziesii and abiotic factors in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, USA.Atkin K. Smedley, 214 E. Richards Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]: 4 April 2011Abstract: I studied the growth size of three tree species; Gambel’s Oak (Quercus gambelii), Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Rock Canyon near Provo, UT. Several specimens of each species were measured for diameter at breast height (dbh), elevation, and estimated height in three general locations; on the south-facing slope of the canyon, on the canyon bottom near the stream, and on the north-facing slope. The intent of the study was to determine which abiotic factors most influence habitat preference for each of the species in question. Both Q. gambelii and A. grandidentatum showed much larger dbh near the stream than on either the north or south facing slopes, while P. menziesii showed a greater height-to-diameter ratio near the stream, but no noticeable difference in average diameter at the same location. A much larger distribution of P. menziesii was found on the north-facing slope than on the south-facing slope, but surprisingly, my data showed that P. menziesii specimens were smaller on the north-facing slope. Both deciduous trees (A. grandidentatum and Q. gambelii) were more densely distributed on the south-facing slope of the canyon, and their distribution seemed consistent with other studies showing these species to be drought resistant (Ganey & Vojta 2010; Bsoul, St.Hilarie & VanLeeuwen 2007). The data confirms some hypotheses and disproves others, showing that abiotic factors are not the only variables influencing growth size and distribution of primary producers in an ecosystem.Keywords: light, sunlight exposure, water availability, distribution, abiotic factor, biotic factor, elevation, Bigtooth Maple, Gambel’s Oak, Douglas-fir.
The Inner Composition of Fremont Cottonwood Trees (Populus fremontii) and how surrounding weather patterns affect the stability of the organism in Provo, Utah, USA
Andrea N. Smith, 747 N 700 E, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Cottonwood trees (Populus fremontii) are able to withstand some of the harshest conditions of the Utah climate; experiencing extremities in availability of water. This affects their structural composition, as stated from the experiments of Rico Gazal (Gazal 2006). Experiments will be conducted using leaf samples from cottonwood trees (Populus fremontii) found in Provo Canyon. The structure of such will be identified and mapped under a microscope to discover the inner workings of the plant and to learn how the plant manages to sustain life in a harsh, fickle environment. The results from the experiment signaled no important connection between weather and leaf composition.
Keywords: Cottonwood trees, climate adaptation, water retention of leaves, deciduous, structure
Wild birds in Rock Canyon - preferences in accordance to store bought seed or seeds from tropical fruit.Emily E. Smith, 126 Robison Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Birds in Provo, Utah are often fed from bird feeders put outside by people in local communities. Their ways to retrieve food and nutrition differs greatly from avian frugivores. I was curious as to how birds native to Utah would respond to seeds from different types of fruit. I conducted an experiment to discover whether birds in Rock Canyon would prefer enriched store bought feed or unfamiliar seeds of various fruits. I collected twenty seeds from each fruit - tangelos, lemons, kiwi, cantaloupe, and apples. I selected twenty seeds of 5 different types from “Universal blend” store bought feed. I placed the seeds in a birdfeeder for 48 hours in Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. After retrieving the bird feeder I discovered that more fruit seeds were devoured by birds than the store bought feed. Although this did not support my hypothesis, I discovered several reasons as to why this occurred. These reasons include the fact that birds are somewhat inadequate in nutritionally balancing their diets, the multiple factors that influence what birds choose to eat, and the background color of the birdfeeder in contrast to the color of the seeds.Keywords: bird seeds, avian frugivores, birds diet selection, nutrition, neophobia
Physical Characteristics and Purpose for the Various Barks of Trees in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Logan Smith, Brigham Young University, 1123 May Hall Provo, UT 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract: As I walk around the campus at Brigham Young University, I am blessed to be
surrounded by some beautiful parts of nature and creations of this world. Some of the most abundant and beautiful living beings are the wide variety of trees here in Provo. This makes me wonder, why are there so many kinds of trees? Also, why can’t every tree be the same? Why are they so different? Since I lack the resources for an in depth experiment of the physical characteristics of trees, I made (mostly visible) observations of the outermost part of the tree: the bark. I studied this topic by taking various photos, samples and observations of the bark of trees (and by doing lots of research). While this may seem insignificant, there really is a lot to learn about a tree and its functions by the characteristics of its bark. Observations were made in Rock Canyon because of the variety of trees that live there.
Keywords: Tree bark, Acer grandidentatum, Ponderosa Pine, Balsam Poplar, weather
Robin Smith, 1800 N. State St. #229, Provo Utah 84604, [email protected].
Date: April 2011.
Abstract
I went camping last week up Provo Canyon. During my two night visit, I noticed there were ants everywhere. These weren't the typical ants you find in the city in your front yard. These ants had much larger bodies and heads and were a dark red. I observed these little creatures marching in a line to certain destinations unclear to me. I kept thinking that these ants looked so busy, moving around to and fro. But to where and after what? There were several other campers around our area. Each camp site had bags of trash out and cooking supplies left unattended covered in food residue. I began to understand what these little tricky ants were up to. But with so many choices of what to eat—there were bags of chips out, raw hot dogs, left over chocolate s'mores sitting around, marshmallows that had fallen on the dirt. What types of food were these ants really interested in eating? This question fascinated me and I chose to do my own little research on which certain types of food the fire ant prefers for feeding. I decided to conduct my own experience with food choices that I'd concoct using two food compounds that I believed to be readily available to this specie of ant environment. The two food tests options I created had either a sucrose-enriched food source or a fat-enriched food source. I mixed bread crumbs with either sugar or butter to accomplish this. As I hypothesized, my observations showed that the red ants prefer a food source that is enriched in sucrose over that of fat.
Key Words: Insecta, Ants, Formicidae, Sucrose, Fat, Diet.
The effects of season and temperature changes on the larval population of small minnow mayflies (Genus: Camelobaetidius) in Hobble Creek: Springville, Utah, U.S.ASkyler A. Smith, 1125 South 550 East, Springville, Utah 84663 Email: [email protected] Submitted April 4 2011Abstract. Small minnow mayflies are respondent to the temperature fluctuations corresponding with seasons, and change their behavior throughout the year, but the short-term effect of abiotic factors has not been extensively researched. I conducted a 4-week study to measure the correlations between temperature fluctuation and Camelobaetidius population size. Locations along Hobble Creek in Springville, Utah are selected and described. Macroinvertebrate specimens are collected, some are identified, and all are counted. Temperature data is recorded for the investigation period. I observed a temperature rise towards the middle of March and a fall towards the end, and a sharp increase then decrease in small minnow mayfly population size over the month. It is determined that there is a strong correlation between air temperature and the population size of small minnow mayflies. Egg behavior and temperature-dependent survivability are isolated as the root of the correlation. When it is warm, their populations increase, and when it is cold, they decrease.Keywords: abiotic influences; aquatic macroinvertebrate; Camelobaetidius; Hobble Creek; river; seasonal changes; small minnow mayflies; temperature effects
The Affect Elevation has on the Radial Growth of Cottonwood (Populus deltoids) and Boxelder Trees (Acer negundo) in Vivian Park, Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, USA
Kayla Soderberg, 2103 Taylor Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
There are various factors that affect the rate of which trees grow, both in height and in width. Climate and elevation are major components in the role of tree growth. For this experiment, I wanted to test my hypothesis that trees gradually got thinner with an increase of elevation. In order to test this hypothesis, I went to Vivian Park in Provo Canyon to measure the radial width of two different species of trees at different elevations. Although my results were unclear, and did not support my hypothesis because of the mixed results that I received, it is known from previous studies that trees decrease in size with an increase of elevation. The rate of tree growth and production is mainly due to the climate in which they grow. Climate consists of two main factors: temperature and precipitation. Although all trees are affected by both of these influences, temperature tends to have more of an impact on trees at higher elevations, while precipitation has a greater influence on trees that are located at lower elevations.
Key words: dendrochronology, tree-ring width, elevation, radial growth, and diameter
Gold Fish: Memory, Spatial Cognition, and Social LearningJaewon Song, 182W 960N Apt. H, Provo, Utah 84604, [email protected], April 2011Abstract
Although many people think that gold fish have a short term memory, my experiments show that they actually have at least a 48 hour memory. My experiments also indicate that gold fish have a capacity of spatial cognition so that they remember from which way their food comes in. Even though the experiments show that gold fish don’t remember a complex pattern, they suggest that they are smarter than people have assumed them to be. It has also been proven that they do social learning from an observation where one gold fish in an experiment consistently learned from other gold fish. I conclude that gold fish have at least a 48 hour memory, a capacity of spatial cognition, and a character of social learning.
Keywords: Carassius auratus, span, sign, animal behavior, controlled experiment
Perching birds (Passeriformes) preference for artificially colored red seed in: Utah, U.S.A.
Paris Sorbonne, Harris Hall 66, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] February 2011
Abstract:
I studied local birds found within suburban foothills of Salt Lake City near Emigration Canyon. For this experiment I created three different artificially colored seed choices: blue, red and yellow. Each individually colored seed choice was separated into two groups and then weighed at 45 g. The first group of seed [B1, R1, Y1] was placed outside in three separate bowls for perching birds (Passeriformes). The second group [B2, R2, Y2] was placed in a segregated bird feeder. The purpose of this experiment was to test my hypothesis that birds will prefer yellow-colored seed 25% more than red and 45% more than blue seed. After analyzing my experiment data I discovered unexpected results. In fact, perching birds found in Salt Lake City showed preference to red seed 22% over yellow seed and 54% over blue seed (see table 2). My discussion of the experimental data collected seeks to attribute this color preference to bird’s unique ultraviolet sight. My data also suggests that perching birds prefer seed to be placed in individual bowls rather than segregated on a bird feeder (see table 1 and 2). It was also noted that perching birds were more inclined to eat the natural prevalence of worms rather than colored seed during my experiment. For both the worm and bird bowl findings I offer no explanation.
Keywords: avian preference, artificial seed color, worm preference, red seed, bird vision
Temperature’s affect on non-migratory birds’ (Aves) eating habits at Rock Canyon Park in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Erynn M. Stapley, 1104 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected] Abstract
I studied non-migratory birds’ (Aves) eating habits how they varied based on temperature. The experiment was conducted at Rock Canyon Park in Provo, Utah. I placed a pan holding 1 cup of bird seed in the park every other day and recorded the temperature as well as how much bird seed was consumed during my absence. I found that a greater amount of bird seed had been eaten during times when temperatures dropped as opposed to days with a higher average temperature. I conclude that there is a correlation between temperature and the influence it has on birds’ eating habits. I suggest that the lower the temperature the more food birds will consume in order to survive during the freezing winters.
Keywords: temperature, birds, eating behaviors, food habits, seasonal change, metabolism
Trees preferred by different species of birds during the winter months in Utah Rebecca Stark, 1340 N Freedom Blvd. Apt 129 Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]
This experiment was conducted in a nearby park in Orem, Utah. It was done over a one month span during March. The purpose of this experiment was to study which trees different species of birds preferred to reside in. I acknowledged the activities that these different kinds of birds were participating in and how it corresponded to the tree of choice. In order to distinguish the between the birds I used a bird identifier and a tree identifier to decide the specie of tree. It was determined that the main reasons that birds settled in the trees they did is because of the protection, shelter, and food it offered. Since this research was conducted in the winter months in Utah the most popular tree that attracted many different species of birds were the conifers (evergreens, firs, shrubs, and arborvitaes). The specific birds that were attracted to the different trees seemed to not be as vital as the kind of tree that housed all the birds. Keywords: Birds, Habitats, Identify, Trees, Conifers
Effects that living in an environment without mammals or fowls has on Pheidole pilifera (ants) Aaron D. Staton 380 N. 1020 E. apt# 204 Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]: In an ecosystem animals and plants depend on each other for life and even one species leaving the ecosystem can have major effects on the rest of life in that ecosystem (Neil, 2,3). Because life depends on other life to survive, all species in an ecosystem suffers when other species are absent from that ecosystem. Data was collected in an area devoid of mammals and birds called Pelican Point Utah by measuring four three meter by three meter plots of ground and counting the amount of ant colonies in each area. Slate Canyon Park in Provo Utah was the control area to demonstrate what an area with plants and animals would be like. The point of the experiment is to see whether or not the removal of large animals from an ecosystem affects the ability of Pheidole pilifera to survive. My hypothesis is that since there is not much animal life in Pelican Point Utah the number of ant colonies found there will be less than the amount of ant colonies found in Slate Canyon Park.Keywords: Control, Ecosystem, Colony, Pheidole pilifera
Influence of sugar on food selection made by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Michelle M. Steele, 3105 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]:
I studied the preference that ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have towards different amounts of sugar in their diets. I set up three different food types near each other, all the same size but with differing sugar levels. After waiting for the ants to respond to the smell they started to arrive and be attracted to the sugar. The ants seemed to be more responsive to the food type containing the highest amount of sugar however they were still attracted to the others. Distance to food did not seem to make a difference in this test. Ants want and need for food alone could have caused them to have no preference at all to the different sugar amounts. Whether did seem to be somewhat of a factor in this experiment, however the temperatures and/or effects of the whether on the samples and ants was not recorded in relation to this experiment.
Key words: Sugar, Food, Ants, Influence, Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Difference of Snails and Slugs in Characteristics and ActivityCosette Stone, 267 E 500 N Apt. 56, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Submitted April 2011.Abstract:Data and specimens were gathered from Provo, Utah river. The Helix aspersa (common name: Snail) and Gastropoda pulmona (common name: Slug) were observed and compared. These common creatures are found and despised in home gardens everywhere. Both are extremely similar with a slimy body and the long eyes that extend outwards as they move across rocks and branches. They both act in very similar ways. For example, they both hide during the daytime or when it is sunny, and come out at night and when it is dark or cloudy. The purpose of this study was to extensively observe the two creatures to find other differences other than the obvious shell. I hypothesized that both creatures stem from the same ancestor and that they evolved into what they are now which is why they are so similar but have such a significant characteristic difference. Research was done to gather more information about any unobservable differences and if the two came from the same species. It was found that the only observable difference between the Helix aspersa and the Gastropoda pulmona is the shell that rests on the back of the snail. It was not found whether the two species came from the same ancestor, but it was found that they both are from the same phylum and are extremely similar.Keywords: Collect specimen, Helix aspersa, Gastropoda pulmona, observe, similarities, shell.
Ecological influence on the intrinsic rate of the cougar population (Felis concolor) in Rock Canyon and Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, USA.
Clara Stratford, 984 Dover Dr., Provo, Utah 84602, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Despite cougar’s (Felis concolor) habitat having a large range from northern
Canada to the southern Andes, its preferred habitats are in precipitous canyons and dense brush. Cougar tracking has become increasingly more difficult as more humans take over the cougar’s habitat. An experiment was conducted by cougar tracking and making note of cougar tracks and human influence in both Provo Canyon and Rock Canyon. This experiment determined that the human influence in the canyons surrounding Provo has caused a decline in area for cougars to live in, and fewer prey for cougars to hunt. These factors lead to an intrinsic rate of population decrease. Key words: mountain lion, panther, puma, precipitous canyons, dense brush, cougar tracking, human influence on wildlife
Influence of salt content in the water habitat of Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) in the Great Salt Lake, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. A.
Mary Stuart, 3221 Stover Hall Provo, Utah 84604, [email protected]
AbstractBrine Shrimp (Artemia salina) are an ancient species that live in salty lakes all
over the world, but don’t live in oceans. The salt content in the Great Salt Lake ranges from 5-27%, but averages about 12%. The salinity of the ocean only averages about 3.5%. This led me to want to know why Brine Shrimp only live in water habitats with high salt contents. My experiment was held in Provo, Utah using experimental environments modeled after the original habitat of the Brine Shrimp located at the Great Salt Lake in Salt Lake City, Utah. A controlled number of Brine Shrimp eggs were placed in water habitats with differing levels of salinity to see if survival was possible in saltier or less salty environments than the control, which was the average 12% salinity. The eggs were watched to validate whether or not they hatched during a seven-day period. It appears that Brine Shrimp survive better in saltier environments because the Brine Shrimp in the control and the sample that was twice as salty survived the longest and had the most hatchlings out of any of the environments.
Keywords: Brine Shrimp, Artemia salina, Great Salt Lake, salinity, hatching
The Effects of Varying Water Supply on Tree Growth. (Populus Balsamifera)
Michael Thurston, 1281 Locust Lane, Provo, UT 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Observations were taken in Provo Canyon, Utah from various locations. The data from the observations were recorded from trees of a like species (Populus Balsamifera) Balsam Poplar (Populus Balsamifera). In order to find causality, three separate locations were identified, for like requirements, to find conclusions for hypothesis testing. The Hypothesis of interest is, there are diminishing returns for water inputs for the growth of plants particularly trees (Balsam Poplar). There are three areas to test the hypothesis, first area, trees that are close to the river providing abundant supply of water year round. Second area is a park with a sprinkle a system to control or provide optimal amounts of water for plants in watering region. Third area is an area removed from the effects of automatic irrigation and removed from a constant water source such as a river. Results show trees in the second area that were planted during the same time period as those in other areas on average have larger diameter for their trunks. I suggest this is due to diminishing returns from excess water supply and limited water supply for drier areas.
Keywords: Balsam Poplar, tree growth, irrigation
The Effects of Cold Weather upon Mallard Migration
Jessica Lea Turner. 747 North 200 East; Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
AbstractAfter finding ducks that did not migrate from the Great Salt Lake, I recorded the
date, time, temperature, and number of Mallard Ducks present at a run-off stream near the Great Salt Lake for eight weeks in attempt to determine how these birds have adapted to northern environments during winter months and the factors that limit their winter distribution. Research shows that Mallards do indeed migrate among numerous corridors, and are one of the latest among the dabbling ducks to migrate each fall; with only a modest amount remaining in the Great Salt Lake area through winter.Key words: waterfowl, Great Salt Lake, migration, Mallard Ducks, climate
Abstract:The experiment was performed at the Rock Canyon Park in Provo, Utah and
surrounding areas, more specifically foothill area east of the park. Leaves examples were cut from trees in that area and classified, then each one of them were analyzed and compared. The importance of the leaf in the process used by each tree to get through winter was discussed and the number of features presented by them directly related to winter survival was computed. Three features were observed in a coniferous tree leaf while only one characteristic of winter adaptation was related to a leaf in the deciduous tree. Those features are wax around the leaf, resin inside the leaf, and small and needle shape for the coniferous trees and for the deciduous tree the feature found was a scar tissue formed where the leaf was attached, that has the function of keeping the water in the tree.
Key words: Rock Canyon Park, Deciduous trees, Coniferous trees, leafs.
The Affects of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Vegetation of Y-Mountain in Comparison to Different Regions, Latitudes, Faces of The Mountain, Elevation, Sunlight,
Ph, and Conductivity of The Soil.
Michael Valentim, 168 F. Smith Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThe main question I wanted to answer with my study was “Why certain regions of
Y-mountain seemed to be barren (or filled with seemingly dead vegetation), and others seemed to almost flourish with life?” To do so I had to focus on only a few identifiable plants on Y-mountain which included the desert hackberry (Celtis spinosa), the seep willow (Baccharis salicifolia), and the big sage brush (artemisia tridentate). Then according to where the plants were I recorded the different aspects of the soil including temperature, ph, sunlight concentration throughout the day, elevation, and the gps coordinates. I hypothesized that there had to be some sort of water source near these “greener” areas. I found that near ridges and crevices, where there was a partial shadow on vegetation throughout the day, moisture was conserved in the soil. Upon hiking to a higher elevation I found that the moisture came from the melting snow on the top of the mountain, which would then be guided down onto this ridge. The resulting ph of the soil resulted from the minerals that were carried off, and eroded from top of the mountain and descended down along the mountain ridge. Which gave this soil more nutrients and allowed its plants to readily flourish. Showing that certain regions of Y-Mountain are more productive than others based on their proximity to water.
A controlled experiment and explanation of how weather and climate affect the migration of birds (CHORDATA aves) native to Utah
Jasmine R. Veater; 1681 South 350 West, Orem, Utah 84058; April, 2011; [email protected]
Abstract:It is often said that CHORDATA aves, more commonly known as birds, fly south
to warmer biomes when the weather is cold in their indigenous home. With the current fluctuations in Utah County’s weather, I was intrigued to research what birds were still flying south if any at all. My hypothesis was that birds would still continue to fly south, and that these CHORDATA aves would be more likely to travel on days of colder climate. To analyze this theory, I went to a set location (Bicentennial Park, Provo, Utah) every seven days and observed the flights of the avian population for eight weeks. The temperatures and weather conditions fluctuated heavily, and after collecting my data in my field notebook, I reviewed my findings. I came to the conclusion that certain birds native to Utah are more likely to fly south on days that temperatures were above the freezing temperature of thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit (zero degrees Celsius). I believe that this is because birds, being warm-blooded creatures, are aware of their environmental temperatures.
Key words: migratory patterns, flight, temperature, climate, CHORDATA aves.
Affect of Runoff Water on Insect Diversity in Provo River, Provo, UTDanielle Viehweg, 60 Harris Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]. Submitted April 2011.Abstract:
I studied the effects of runoff water from streets on the invertebrate diversity in the Provo River in Provo, Utah. Two samples of approximately 50 bugs were taken from three different sites along the river going from an area directly under a storm drain in the center of town to the mouth of the canyon from which the river flows in a more rural area. The deeper I got into the city, the less diversity I found in the invertebrates which I collected. In more urban areas there is a greater amount of pollution being picked up by the river which decreases the chance of extreme biodiversity in the river. Pollution is killing important invertebrates in the ecosystems of the rivers which we need and enjoy.Key Words:
Runoff, biodiversity, rivers, pollution
Affect of Weather Conditions on the Appearance of Sunsets: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Heather Virgo, 3113 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
AbstractThe appearance of sunsets is continually changing, and one could go so far as to
say that there are never two that look exactly alike, but more research is required before I can decide if the weather conditions and temperature affect the overall color and appearance of the sunsets. Experiments will be conducted by observing the sunsets from Rock Canyon, once a week on the same day, at the time that the sun has been predicted to set. I will record the times that the sun was supposed to set, what time I observed the sunset, the temperature, visibility, humidity, and what the colors were and how bright, on a scale of 1-3.
Key Words: Sunset, Utah Valley, Temperature, Vibrancy, Smog, Color
Elevation effects on the circumference of trees (Populus tremuloides, Quercus gambelii, Acer negundo)
Kristine Wait, 2223 Taylor Hall, Provo Utah 84604. EMAIL: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:Tests and research was conducted in Provo City, Utah County, Utah. Different
trees (Populus tremuloides, Quercus gambelii, Acer negundo) were measured for their circumference. Taking into consideration average height, the measurements were noted along with the elevations at which the trees were located. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that tree trunk circumferences would be greater at higher elevations. It would be wise to note that factors such as natural soil, more sunlight, and a biologically friendly environment, were taken into consideration when constructing this hypothesis. Due to the assumption that these biotic factors varied based on elevation, they would therefore influence the measurement of tree trunk circumference as well. In March 2011 the three different types of trees selected, at three different elevations, were studied and their measurements were found to contradict this hypothesis. All three-tree types, regardless of heights specifically relative to each species, had decreasing circumference measurements as elevation level rose.
KEYWORDS: Provo city, trunk circumference, height, elevation influence
Characteristics and interactions of three endangered fish found on the California coast (giant black sea bass [Stereolepis gigas], garibaldi [Hypsypops rubicundus], and bocaccio
[Sebastes paucispinis]) and efforts to protect them and their environment.
Alyssa White, 732 North 800 East Appt. 33, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The giant black sea bass, garibaldi, and bocaccio fish are all found in various areas along the coast of California and especially the Southern areas. These fish are all highly endangered but each is very different. It is my goal to research them and discover aspects of their behavior and characteristics that aid in the reason for their endangerment. I will observe them in local aquariums and draw conclusions for myself. I will also be surveying people to discover how much they know about these fish, and draw conclusions on the effectiveness of protection and awareness of these fish, their endangerment, and their conservation.
Keywords: California coast, black sea bass, garibaldi, bocaccio, endangered, behavior
Insight into Protecting Common Endangered Fish along the Southern Californian CoastLisa D. Whitehead, 1025 N Main Street, Orem, Utah 84057, April 2011 Email: [email protected]
The Giant Sea Bass, garibaldi, and bocaccio are all endangered fish that can be found along the southern Californian coast. (cite) Causes for these endangered fish are over fishing, habitat loss, and pollution. (thinkquest.org) Because these causes come from humans, it is important to try to understand people’s knowledge about these fish and what they are willing to do to help the species. With permission for this study, surveys of 45 people were taken in the Santa Monica Pier Aquarium in Santa Monica, California. Surveys were conducted at the end of February 2011. Questions were asked concerning whether or not the person knew about each of the above mentioned fish, organizations that protect those fish, and if they were willing to help in protecting them. The surveys were evaluated to compare gender, age, and the residency of the people and if those factors made a difference. I predicted that less than 25% of the people would know that these fish were endangered but despite that they would still be willing to help protect the species.Keywords: endangered, protecting, stereolepis gigas, hypsypops rubicundus, and sebastodes paucispinus
Response of Birds to Simulated Bird Calls in Bountiful and Farmington, Utah, USA
Rebekah Wilbur, 56 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah 64604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:Birds communicate with each other through the unique and distinctive sounds that
they make, but will they respond to simulated sounds emitted from a recording? Experiments will be conducted in Bountiful, Utah and in the Farmington Bay Bird Refuge to determine whether or not birds will reply to a computer-generated sound. By using a speaker to emit the recorded bird calls, birds that reply and birds that do not reply will be identified and recorded. Each simulated bird call will be repeated ten times in order to give each bird an opportunity to hear the sound and reply to it.
Keywords: Bird, Bountiful, Farmington Bay Bird Refuge, Computer-generated sound, Bird Calls
Factors affecting growth rate for Algae in the Provo River, Provo, Utah 84604Dylan M. Wilkinson, 166 West 2170 North Apartment # 426 Provo Utah, 84604 [email protected]
AbstractThere are many influential factors that contribute to the growth rate of algae in
rivers. Such as dissolved Carbon Dioxide levels, acidity levels, and sunlight. However, I wanted to focus on the aspect of water depth and its influence on algae growth. I believed that water depth played a big toll on algae’s ability to grow. I thought that the Provo River would be a great place to conduct my experiments. To start off I purchased five tiles from Lows that were about one square foot each and dispersed them along the river at various depths. I would then check every three to four days to examine and record algae growth. I would then try to determine which species of algae were growing more prevalent at each depth. I would continue this experiment for a month to collect enough algae to report on.
Key Words: Algae, Water Depth, Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Thermal Effects on the germination of beans around Taylor Hall: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Wilson, Eliza Marie, 2212 Taylor Hall Provo Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
When reflecting back on elementary science fair projects, I remembered one specifically that caught my attention: the germinating of pinto beans. I started wondering what would have happened if I expanded my testing. What if the beans were soaking in water? What if they were suspended above water? Does temperature pay a special part in their growth? I got three jars; each containing a soaked pinto bean. I had week testing the constant variables which then was followed by two weeks of testing groups. Each of the three jars germinates at room temperature. Then the next week I left one jar at room temperature, one jar buried underground, and the other jar hidden in a bush. I repeated that process for two weeks. I measured the temperature every day and then saw which beans had grown and germinated the most after a process of three weeks to see how they reacted to their different temperature environments.
Key words: Germination, productivity
Stephen Wing, 1117 May Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, Email: [email protected]
Temperature and Mule Deer Migratory Habits
AbstractThe Odocoileus hemionus, more commonly known as the Mule deer, tend to live
in the mountains away from civilization during the spring, summer, and fall months. I predict that during the winter, when the temperatures drop below freezing, the Mule deer will come down from the mountains and sleep closer to society. I believe that the colder the night, the farther down the mule deer will rest. I believe they do this in order to escape the harsh winds and low temperatures at the top of the mountains and venture into the valley in order to get warmer temperatures. To test this hypothesis, I will go out on seven different nights with seven different temperatures in search of the Mule deer. When I find the deer, I will record the location and the temperature that night. After completing this exercise, I discovered that my hypothesis was correct. When it was 35 degrees or warmer, the deer stayed in the mountains. However, once it was around 25 degrees they began to venture farther out into society.
Key Words: Temperature, Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, Migration, Valley
An investigation of the correlation of brown trout (salmo trutta morpha lacustris) activity and water flow levels in the lower Provo River. Stephen I Wong, 2210 Budge Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]:
Experiments for this study were conducted in the Provo River, in Provo Utah. Samples of Brown trout (salmo trutta morpha lacustris) were taken from the lower Provo River using two types of artificial flies. Water flow rates were taken from provisional data and then compared to the days that fish were caught on to establish a correlation. The number of fish that were caught on a given day were compared to the water flow rates (measured in cubic feet per second) which indicated the “activity” of the fish on that day. From this study, a correlation was indeed established between the flow rate and the activity of the fish in the river.
Key words: river flow rate, fish activity, salmo trutta
Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) winter habitat and behaviors, and their relationship with coniferous trees.
Kimberly Young, 3223 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:I identified three different sets of Snowshoe Hare tracks up Little Cottonwood
Canyon through the months of January to March 2011. Here I identified the tracks, observed the habitat, took note of the weather conditions and documented the coniferous trees found within approximately 2 meters of the tracks. I discovered that Snowshoe Hares do not come out when it is snowing, bitter cold, or cloudy, but instead, tracks are most easily found on a sunny day after a storm. The tracks are found moving in direct paths through coniferous trees mainly including Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) and Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pauryana). They use trees as a source of protection from predators and food during the winter months. When it is stormy, cloudy, or too cold, the Hares do not come out in order to stay warmer through the winter months.
Key words: Snowshoe Rabbit, Wasatch Mountains, Conifers, Douglas Fir, Colorado Blue Spruce, Little Cottonwood Canyon
Thermal influence in deer (Odocoileus hemionus) activity in urban society
Brandon J. Zepeda, 700 North 460 East #7, Provo, UT 84602, Email: [email protected]
AbstractDeer are often seen in urban communities. And although it may be pleasant for
some to see, they can have a negative effect on urban residents. My study was centered on a way to predict their activity in urban society according to temperature so that residence might prepare for them. My hypothesis was that at lower temperatures there would be greater activity in urban areas. I observed an urban area of Provo, Utah for deer activity according to the temperature of the air. I walked a previously studied route for several days and I witnessed almost no deer activity. According to my data there is not a relationship between deer activity in urban area and temperature within a ten degree range. Keywords: mule deer, movement, urban, habitat, operative temperature
Affect of Soil pH on Tree Growth in Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah.Scott Zobrist, 1117 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Experiments were conducted in Rock Canyon of Provo, Utah. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent soil pH levels play a factor in promoting or hindering the growth of trees. For each site I collected soil samples from an area of prominent tree growth and an adjacent area of barren land. I collected samples from 3 different sites throughout Rock Canyon for a total of 6 samples. The findings were mostly as hypothesized: soil pH levels of tree growth areas in Rock Canyon are significantly more neutral than surrounding barren areas. Tree growth is aided by neutral pH levels but also produces decomposable elements that maintain this neutrality. Water availability plays a much larger factor in tree growth than pH levels, however. The tree species tested include the white oak (Quercus alba), the box elder (Acer negundo), and the white willow (Salix alba).
Key Terms: pH levels, Rock Canyon, barren land, macronutrients, micronutrients
