THE ADVANTAGES OF ROAD-SIDE AIR POLLUTION THE ADVANTAGES OF ROAD-SIDE AIR POLLUTION DATA FOR IDENTIFYING PRIORITY IN TRAFFIC DATA FOR IDENTIFYING PRIORITY IN TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT AND URBAN HOTSPOT MONITORINGMANAGEMENT AND URBAN HOTSPOT MONITORING

DriejanaDriejana11*, Harmein Rahman*, Harmein Rahman22, Andria Sukowati, Andria Sukowati33, , Mahawira S.DillonMahawira S.Dillon11 and Mega Octaviani and Mega Octaviani11

11Air and Solid Waste Management Division; Air and Solid Waste Management Division; 22Transportation Engineering DivisionTransportation Engineering DivisionFaculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB, Bandung, INDONESIAFaculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB, Bandung, INDONESIA

33West Java Environmental Protection Agency, Bandung, INDONESIAWest Java Environmental Protection Agency, Bandung, INDONESIA

Institut Teknologi Bandung

OutlineOutline

BackgroundBackground MethodologyMethodology Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion Conclusion and recommendationsConclusion and recommendations

Background (1)Background (1)

Indonesia has 34 automatic monitoring stations Indonesia has 34 automatic monitoring stations installed in 10 cities installed in 10 cities not enough (data on not enough (data on number of big cities)number of big cities)

Monitoring can not cover spatial variations, e.g., Monitoring can not cover spatial variations, e.g., hotspots in urban area hotspots in urban area health risk of short health risk of short term exposure can not be evaluatedterm exposure can not be evaluated

Vehicle emission is one of the most significant Vehicle emission is one of the most significant source of pollution that could be controlled with source of pollution that could be controlled with traffic managementtraffic management

Continuous automatic monitoring is ideal but…….- Not enough equipment to cover the spatial variation- problem in operation and maintenance costs

87 sites

Pekanbaru 3 Fixed Stations 2 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station

DKI. Jakarta 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station

Semarang 3 Fixed Stations 3 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station

Surabaya 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays

Denpasar 3 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station

Jambi 1 Fixed Stations 1 Fixed Station PM-10

Palangka Raya 3 Fixed Station 1 Data Display 1 Mobile Station

Medan 4 Fixed Stations 3 Data Display 1 Mobile Station

Bandung 5 Fixed Stations 5 Data Displays 1 Mobile Station

Pontianak 1 Fixed Stations 1 Mobile Station

Background (2)Background (2)

3434 sites

ObjectivesObjectives

To identify and examine parameters to be To identify and examine parameters to be monitored at hotspots such as road-side in monitored at hotspots such as road-side in order to optimize urban air quality order to optimize urban air quality monitoring systemmonitoring system

To analyze the characteristic of road-side To analyze the characteristic of road-side air quality as major information for service air quality as major information for service improvement with strategic traffic improvement with strategic traffic managementmanagement

MethodologyMethodology Continuously measure of 30-minute average concentration of CO, Continuously measure of 30-minute average concentration of CO,

PMPM1010, NO, NO, NO, NO22, SO, SO22, and O, and O33 at 5 road-side locations in Jakarta and at 5 road-side locations in Jakarta and

3 sites in Bandung using mobile monitoring for 1 week3 sites in Bandung using mobile monitoring for 1 week Analysing hourly and daily exceedances of pollutantsAnalysing hourly and daily exceedances of pollutants Examining diurnal pattern of pollutant parameters in conjunction Examining diurnal pattern of pollutant parameters in conjunction

with traffic patternwith traffic pattern Evaluating some options of traffic managementEvaluating some options of traffic management

LOCATIONS OF MONITORING

Results and Discussion: Results and Discussion: ExceedancesExceedances

Hourly and daily exceedances during one-week monitoring

Hourly exceedances:

NO2 at 3 out of 5 location in Jakarta and 1 location in Bandung

Daily exceedances:- NO2 at all location in Jakarta and 1 location in Bandung- PM10 at 2 locations in Jakarta

Number in red showing number of exceedances occured

Results and Discussion: Results and Discussion: Pollutant ParametersPollutant Parameters

NONO22 is the parameter that shows more is the parameter that shows more

exceedances, both hourly and dailyexceedances, both hourly and daily PMPM1010 has daily exceedances has daily exceedances

PMPM1010 and O and O33 are known as the critical parameter are known as the critical parameter

found in PSI (MoE, 2006)found in PSI (MoE, 2006)

PMPM1010 were found to be high at urban sites, and were found to be high at urban sites, and

OO33 at sub-urban sites (Driejana, 2003) at sub-urban sites (Driejana, 2003)

Health impact of NOHealth impact of NO22 short-term exposure in short-term exposure in

urban area has been overlookedurban area has been overlooked

Result and Discussion: Result and Discussion: Diurnal variation NODiurnal variation NOxx

• Influence of traffic on NOx variation, but concentration still comply with hourly standard

• Need ambient monitoring to monitor traffic emission but do not need a real-time or short term exposure one

• Can be monitored by more economical approach such as passive sampler

• Hourly exceedances occurred• May need short-term

exposure monitoring• Needs emission control from

traffic activity

Results and Discussion: Results and Discussion: Categorization of complianceCategorization of compliance

Does not exceed standardsDoes not exceed standards Exceed the hourly AAQ standard only Exceed the hourly AAQ standard only

during certain period of time during certain period of time Exceed the hourly AAQ standard ambient Exceed the hourly AAQ standard ambient

for most of the time of the dayfor most of the time of the day Exceed the daily AAQ standardExceed the daily AAQ standard

Discussion: Traffic Discussion: Traffic Management OptionsManagement Options

LinkLink Reduce/eliminate side friction (p)Reduce/eliminate side friction (p) One/two system (t)One/two system (t) Road widening (p)Road widening (p)

IntersectionIntersection Signaling (for un-signalized intersection) (p)Signaling (for un-signalized intersection) (p) Re-setting (for signalized intersection) (p)Re-setting (for signalized intersection) (p) Approach geometric improvement (p)Approach geometric improvement (p)

TrafficTraffic Sorting (t)Sorting (t) Re-routing (Public Transport) (t)Re-routing (Public Transport) (t) Limiting (t)Limiting (t)

Notes:Notes: p = permanent scheme ; t = temporaryp = permanent scheme ; t = temporary

Discussion: Example of TM Discussion: Example of TM scheme scheme

Temporary TM Scheme Implementation Period

Conclusion and Conclusion and Recommendations (1)Recommendations (1)

Available mobile monitoring can be utilised for Available mobile monitoring can be utilised for screening the location and parameter to be screening the location and parameter to be monitored monitored

Selected monitoring for certain parameter based Selected monitoring for certain parameter based on priority will reduce the cost, while allowing on priority will reduce the cost, while allowing better spatial coveragebetter spatial coverage

Roadside is a hotspot for NOx, the hourly Roadside is a hotspot for NOx, the hourly exceedances are overlooked by the current exceedances are overlooked by the current reporting methodreporting method

Roadside data can be used to determine and Roadside data can be used to determine and evaluate traffic management scheme applied in evaluate traffic management scheme applied in the polluted areathe polluted area

Conclusion and Conclusion and Recommendations (2)Recommendations (2)

Air pollution parameters and its related traffic parameters Air pollution parameters and its related traffic parameters define traffic management objective (volume and speed) define traffic management objective (volume and speed)

The objective determine the suited traffic management The objective determine the suited traffic management schemescheme

Temporary scheme solutions (one way system, 3 in 1, Temporary scheme solutions (one way system, 3 in 1, traffic signal re-setting, sorting and re-routing of public traffic signal re-setting, sorting and re-routing of public transport) are suitable for controlling hourly transport) are suitable for controlling hourly concentration exceedanceconcentration exceedance

Permanent scheme solutions (reducing/eliminating side Permanent scheme solutions (reducing/eliminating side friction, widening, signaling, geometric improvement) friction, widening, signaling, geometric improvement) should be used for controlling frequent hourly and daily should be used for controlling frequent hourly and daily concentration exceedance concentration exceedance

Swisscontact and BPLHD DKI for providing the road-side monitoring data in Jakarta

Joint Action Research of CIDA-AIT’s South East Asia - Urban Environmental Management Application Project (SEA UEMA) of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering ITB, Indonesia, West Java Environmental Protection Agency, Indonesia and the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Thank you!driejana@indo.net.id

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AcknowledgementAcknowledgement