the afghanistan electoral system

7/31/2019 The Afghanistan Electoral System

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Xjm Fcojf`lqxf` Mimaxkrfi Q|qxmg) ^rkamqqmq f`h K}xakgmq

xjrk}oj xjm ^rlqg kc xjm ^mrckrgfàm kc xjm Oksmr`gm`x f`h

K~~kqlxlk` ^frxlmq4 ^kilxlafi ~frxlmq) mimaxkrfi q|qxmgq f`h

hmgkarfa|4F arkqq'`fxlk`fi f`fi|qlq

6.6.6 Bfaeork}`h

Xjm q}aamqqc}i akài}qlk` kc xjm 2>>8 ^rmqlhm`xlfi mimaxlk` f`h xjm 2>>= @fxlk`fi Fqqmgbi|

f`h ^rkslàlfi Ak}àli mimaxlk`q rm~rmqm`x gfdkr fajlmsmgm`xq ckr Fcojf`lqxf` f`h ckr xjm

Fcojf` mimaxkrfi fhgl`lqxrfxlk`. Qkgm armhlx ckr xjlq q}aamqq fiqk ilmq wlxj xjm imolqifxlsm

crfgmwkre) wjlaj jfq ~rksmh wkrefbim }`hmr smr| hlccla}ix alra}gqxfàmq.

Jkwmsmr) wjlim xjm a}rrm`x mimaxkrfi imofi crfgmwkre jfq qmrsmh rmfqk`fbi| wmii) xjm

mz~mrlmàm kc xjkqm xwk mimaxlk`q jfq jlojilojxmh f `}gbmr kc qjkrxakglòq) fq wfq gfhmaimfr l` xjm cl`fi rm~krx kc xjm Dkl`x Mimaxkrfi Gf`fomgm`x Bkh| *DMGB,. Xjm `mmh ckr f

rmslmw kc xjm imofi crfgmwkre wfq fiqk jlojilojxmh b| xjm ^kqx'Mimaxlk` Qxrfxmo| Ork}~)

wjlaj wfq akg~kqmh kc rm~rmqm`xfxlsmq kc xjm DMGB) xjm Oksmr`gm`x kc Fcojf`lqxf`) xjm

]`lxmh @fxlk`q Fqqlqxfàm Glqqlk` l` Fcojf`lqxf` *]@FGF, f`h kxjmr qxfemjkihmrq.

_lxj xjm q}aamqqc}i imolqifxlsm mimaxlk`q bmjl`h }q f`h `k mimaxlk` ~if``mh) 2>>3 ~rkslhmq f

sfi}fbim k~~krx}`lx| xk rmslmw xjm crfgmwkre wlxj f` m|m xk akrrmaxlò xjm wmfe`mqqmq l` xjm

a}rrm`x q|qxmg f`h fiqk xk l`lxlfxm) ckr xjm clrqx xlgm l` Fcojf`lqxf`q ~kqx 'Xfilbf` jlqxkr|) f

`fxlk`fi hlqa}qqlk` rmofrhlò xjm c}x}rm kc xjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmg) f hlqa}qqlk` xjfx wlii jmi~

qxrmòxjm` xjm v}filx| f`h imolxlgfa| kc xjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmg

6.6.2 Akg~k`m`xq kc Imofi crfgmwkre4

6. Xjm Ak`qxlx}xlk`

Xjm Ak`qxlx}xlk` lài}hmq f `}gbmr kc bfqla ~rkslqlk`q rmifxlò xk mimaxlk`q) lài}hlò xjm

rmv}lrmgm`x xjfx mimaxlk`q bm jmih fx hmcl`mh xlgmq xk clii xjm ckiikwlò kcclamq f`h

fqqmgbilmq4

Xjm ^rmqlhmà|

Xjm Gmqjrf`k Dlrof *kr Jk}qm kc Mihmrq) xjm }~~mr jk}qm kc xjm

@fxlk`fi Fqqmgbi|,

Xjm _kimql Dlrof *kr Jk}qm kc ^mk~im) xjm ikwmr jk}qm kc xjm @fxlk`fi

Fqqmgbi|,

^rkslàlfi Ak}àliq


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Hlqxrlax Ak}àliq

G}`lal~fi Ak}àliq

Gf|krq

Sliifom Ak}àliq

_lxj xjm mzam~xlk` kc xjm Gmqjrf`k Dlrof) 6+1 kc wjlaj lq f~~kl`xmh b| xjm ^rmqlhm`x) wlxj

xjm rmgfl`hmr bmlò qmimaxmh b| xjm ^rkslàlfi f`h Hlqxrlax Ak}àliq) xjm ak`qxlx}xlk` hkmq `kx

q~malc| xjm q|qxmg xk bm }qmh l` f`| kc xjm mimaxlk`q.

2. Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw

Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw oksmr`q ^rmqlhm`xlfi) @fxlk`fi Fqqmgbi|) ^rkslàlfi Ak}àli f`h Hlqxrlax

Ak}àli mimaxlk`q. Lx wfq hrfcxmh l` mfri| 2>>8 b| l`xmr`fxlk`fi fhslqkrq xk xjm Dkl`x Mimaxkrfi

Gf`fomgm x Bkh| l` ak`q}ixfxlk` wlxj xjm Kcclam kc xjm ^rmqlhm`x. ^rlkr xk xjm 2>>=@fxlk`fi Fqqmgbi| f`h ^rkslàlfi Ak}àli mimaxlk`q) f `}gbmr kc fgm`hgm`xq wmrm gfhm xk

xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) ajlmc fgkò wjlaj wfq xjm armfxlk` kc f` l`hm~m`hm`x Mimaxkrfi

Akg~ifl`xq Akgglqqlk` *MAA, xk rmq~k`h xk fiimofxlk`q kc crf}h f`h kxjmr glqak`h}ax.

Kwlò ifromi| xk f qjkrxfom kc xlgm) `mlxjmr xjm krlol`fi smrqlk` kc xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw `kr xjm

fgm`hgm`xq wmrm q}bdmax xk f`| ~}bila hmbfxm kr l`~}x crkg qxfemjkihmrq bmckrm xjm| wmrm

m`faxmh b| rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm.

1. Xjm G}`lal~fi Mimaxlk` Ifw

L` 2>>1 xjm L`xmrlg Oksmr`gm`x kc Fcojf`lqxf`) ~}rq}f`x xk lxq f}xjkrlx| }`hmr xjm Bk``Formmgm`x) lqq}mh f G}`lal~fi Mimaxlk` Ifw wjlaj ~rkslhmq ckr xjm mimaxlk` kc g}`lal~fi

ak}àliq f`h gf|krq }`hmr xjm q}~mrslqlk` kc f` mimaxkrfi gf`fomgm`x bkh| hrfw` crkg

fgkò oksmr`gm`x gl`lqxrlmq. Jkwmsmr) qjkrxi| xjmrmfcxmr) Fcojf`lqxf` fhk~xmh xjm

Ak`qxlx}xlk`) wjlaj fgkò kxjmr xjlòq) rmv}lrmq xjfx mimaxlk`q bm fhgl`lqxmrmh b| f`

L`hm~m`hm`x Mimaxkrfi Akgglqqlk`. Ckr xjlq rmfqk`) fixjk}oj lx rmgfl`q l` ckram) xjm

G}`lal~fi Mimaxlk` Ifw af``kx bm lg~imgm`xmh l` lxq a}rrm`x ckrg.

Xjm ^MQO jfq ak`qlhmrmh xjm lqq}m f`h ~rkh}amh f akàm~x ~f~mr k` g}`lal~fi mimaxlk`q xjfx

làkr~krfxmq f `}gbmr kc mimgm`xq crkg xjm G}`lal~fi Mimaxlk` Ifw.

8. ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmmq f`h Krhmrq

Xjm ^rmqlhm`x jfq lqq}mh f `}gbmr kc qxf`h'fik`m Hmarmmq f`h Krhmrq xk fhhrmqq q~malcla

mimaxlk`'rmifxmh lqq}mq. Xjmqm frm4

f, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 1< k` xjm Mqxfbilqjgm`x kc xjm L`xmrlg Fcojf` Mimaxkrfi

Akgglqqlk` kc 23 D}i| 2>>1) wjlaj mqxfbilqjmq xjm LMA f`h f~~kl`xmh lxq clrqx gmgbmrq.

Fiqk hmcl`mq l` smr| om`mrfi xmrgq xjm rkim kc xjm LMA h}rlò xjm 2>>8 mimaxlk`5


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b, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 8> k` xjm Mqxfbilqjgm`x kc xjm Dkl`x Mimaxkrfi Gf`fomgm`x Bkh|

kc 23 D}i| 2>>1) wjlaj mqxfbilqjmq xjm DMGB f`h hmqarlbmq lxq gmgbmrqjl~ f`h ~kwmrq

h}rlò xjm 2>>8 om`mrfi mimaxlk`5

a, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 66> k` xjm Bfqlaq kc Jkihlò Mimaxlk q H}rlò xjm Xrf`qlxlk`fi

^mrlkh kc 6: Cmbr}fr| 2>>8) wjlaj hmqarlbmq l` hmxfli xjm rkim kc xjm Dkl`x Mimaxkrfi

Gf`fomgm x Bkh| f`h lxq Qmarmxfrlfx l` mimaxlk`q jmih h}rlò xjm Xrf`qlxlk`fi ~mrlkh5

h, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k 26 k` xjm Ckrgfxlk` kc xjm L`hm~m`hm`x Mimaxkrfi Akgglqqlk` kc

Df`}fr| 6>=) wjlaj f~~kl`xq xjm a}rrm`x gmgbmrq kc xjm LMA5

m, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 21 k` xjm Qxr}ax}rm f`h _krelò ^rkamh}rm kc xjm L`hm~m`hm`x

Mimaxkrfi Akgglqqlk` kc Df`}fr| 28 2>>=) wjlaj lài}hmq gkrm hmxfli k` xjm k~mrfxlk` kc

xjm LMA f`h f~~kl`xgm`x kc gmgbmrq5

c, ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 28 k` Jkihlò @fxlk`fi Fqqmgbi|) ^rkslàlfi Ak}àli f`hHlqxrlax Ak}àli Mimaxlk`q kc = Gf| 2>>=) wjlaj ~rkslhmq f hmxflimh hmcl`lxlk` kc xjm ~kwmrq

f`h rmq~k`qlblilxlmq kc xjm DMGB l` xjm 2>>= mimaxlk`. Fiqk rm~mfiq Hmarmm @k. 66>5 f`h

o, Krhmr kc xjm ^rmqlhm`x k` @k`'l`xmrcmrmàm b| Oksmr`gm xfi Kcclalfiq l` Mimaxkrfi Fccflrq

kc 3 D}`m 2>>=. Xjlq qjkrx fhgl`lqxrfxlsm Krhmr lài}hmq om`mrfi ~rkjlblxlk`q k` l`xmrcmrmàm

f`h blfq k` xjm ~frx kc ~}bila kcclalfiq l` mimaxkrfi gfxxmrq.

=. Mimaxkrfi Rmo}ifxlk`q

Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw mg~kwmrq xjm LMA xk lqq}m Rmo}ifxlk`q fq `mamqqfr| xk lg~imgm`x xjm

~rkslqlk`q kc xjm Ifw. H}rlò mfaj kc xjm xwk Xrf`qlxlk`fi ^mrlkh mimaxlk`q) xjm DMGB

lqq}mh f `}gbmr kc Rmo}ifxlk`q hmfilò wlxj xjm xmaj`lafi f`h ~rkamh}rfi r}imq oksmr`lò

mimaxlk`q. _jlim gkqx kc xjmqm Rmo}ifxlk`q f~~ilmh kì| xk f q~malcla mimaxlk`) f cmw) q}aj fq

xjm Rmo}ifxlk`q oksmr`lò xjm ~rkamh}rmq ckr xjm f~~kl`xgm`x kc `mw gmgbmrq kc mimaxmh

bkhlmq f`h DMGB+LMA hka}gm`x gf`fomgm`x f`h frajlslò ~rkamh}rmq) wmrm l`xm`hmh xk

jfsm l`hmcl`lxm mccmax.

3. Xjm ^kilxlafi ^frxlmq Ifw

Xjm ^kilxlafi ^frxlmq Ifw qmxq k}x f bfqla imofi crfgmwkre ckr ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq) bfqmh k` xjm

rmolqxrfxlk` kc ~frxlmq wlxj xjm Gl`lqxr| kc D}qxlam. Xjm ifw fiikwq rmolqxmrmh ~frxlmq xk k~m`

bfè faak}`xq) rmamlsm ak`xrlb}xlk`q f`h gmgbmrqjl~ h}mq) l`hm~m`hm`xi| lqq}m ~frx|

~}bilafxlk`q) f`h ~}x ckrwfrh af`hlhfxmq ckr mimaxlk`. _jlim lx lq sfo}m k` f `}gbmr kc em|

~kl`xq) mq~malfii| fq rmofrhq xjm ~rkamh}rmq ckr rmolqxrfxlk` f`h xjm cl`fàlfi xrf`q~frmà| f`h

l`xmr`fi oksmr`fàm kc ~frxlmq) f`h imfsmq lg~krxf`x hmxfliq k` jkw ~frxlmq gf| bm rmolqxmrmh

xk lg~imgm`xlò Rmo}ifxlk`q) xjm ^kilxlafi ^frxlmq Ifw lq bfqlafii| ak`qlqxm`x wlxj

l`xmr`fxlk`fi qxf`hfrhq.

Olsm` xjfx xjm ajlmc bm`mclx kc rmolqxrfxlk` fq f ~kilxlafi ~frx| lq xjm rlojx xk l`xrkh}am

af`hlhfxmq l` mimaxlk`q) f`h ak`qlhmrlò xjfx xjm a}rrm`x mimaxkrfi q|qxmg ~rkslhmq `k rkim ckr

~kilxlafi ~frxlmq wjfxqkmsmr l` xjm `kgl`fxlk` kc af`hlhfxmq) xjm ^kilxlafi ^frxlmq Ifw jfq


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bmm` kc ilglxmh lg~krxfàm xk hfxm. Jkwmsmr) lc Fcojf lqxf` gksmq xk olsm ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq f

rkim l` lxq mimaxkrfi q|qxmg) xjm ^kilxlafi ^frxlmq Ifw wlii xfem k` ormfxmr qlo`lclafàm f`h gf|

`mmh xk bm rmslmwmh xk m`q}rm xjfx ~rkslhmq f` fhmv}fxm imofi crfgmwkre.

6.6.1. Mimaxkrfi Q|qxmg

f, rmqlhm`xlfi Mimaxlk`q

Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw ~rkslhmq ckr xjm hlrmax mimaxlk` kc xjm ^rmqlhm`x. Lc `k af`hlhfxm wl`q

gkrm xjf` =>- kc xjm skxmr l` xjm clrqx rk}`h) f r}`kcc lq jmih bmxwmm` xjm clrqx f`h qmak`h

~ifam af`hlhfxmq.

b, Fqqmgbi| Mimaxlk`q

Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw ~rkslhmq ckr xjm Mimaxlk` kc xjm _kimql Dlrof f`h ^rkslàlfi f`h Hlqxrlax

Ak}àliq faakrhlò xk xjm Qlòim @k` Xrf`qcmrfbim Skxm *Q@XS, q|qxmg) }`hmr wjlaj

af`hlhfxmq r}` fq l`hm~m`hm`xq l` g}ixl'gmgbmr ak`qxlx}màlmq. Skxmrq l` mfaj ak`qxlx}mà|

afqx f qlòim skxm ckr f af`hlhfxm) f`h xjm af`hlhfxmq wjk rmamlsm xjm gkqx skxmq frm mimaxmh

xk xjm qmfxq fiikafxmh xk xjfx ak`qxlx}mà|. Xjm q|qxmg rmqmrsmq rk}oji| 2=- kc xjm qmfxq l`

_kimql Dlrof f`h xjm ^rkslàlfi Ak}àliq ckr wkgm` af`hlhfxmq.

K`m kc xjm hmcl`lò ajfrfaxmrlqxlaq kc Q@XS lq xjm ilglxmh rkim lx ~rkslhmq ckr ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq)

f ajfrfaxmrlqxla xjfx wfq rml`ckramh l` xjlq afqm b| xjm DMGBq hmalqlk` `kx xk qjkw xjm ~frx|

fcclilfxlk` kc af`hlhfxmq k` xjm bfiikx.

Xjm Q@XS q|qxmg jfq bmm` jloji| ak`xrksmrqlfi) wlxj k~~kqlxlk` ~kilxlalf`q fq wmii fq

`fxlk`fi f`h l`xmr`fxlk`fi alsli qkalmx| ork}~q fro}lò xjfx b| gfrol`filtlò ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq)

Q@XS lg~mhmq xjm hmsmik~gm`x kc qxrkò rm~rmqm`xfxlsm fqqmgbilmq. Arlxlaq om`mrfii| jfsm

~rk~kqmh qkgm el`h kc ~frx| ilqx q|qxmg. Q}~~krxmrq kc xjm Q@XS q|qxmg) mq~malfii| xjm

^rmqlhm`xq Kcclam) fro}m xjfx f ~frx| bfqmh q|qxmg lq làk`qlqxm`x wlxj Fcojf` xrfhlxlk`q f`h)

olsm` xjm mxj`la) rmolk`fi kr qmaxfrlf` ajfrfaxmr kc slrx}fii| fii kc xjm a}rrm`x ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq)

xjfx f ~frx| q|qxmg wk}ih hlslhm Fcojf q f`h imfh xk cfaxlk`fi qxrlcm. Xjlq ~kqlxlk` lq

q}~~krxmh b| gf`| Fcojf`q wjk jkih `mofxlsm slmwq xkwfrhq ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq f`h

gksmgm`xq bfqmh k` Fcojf`lqxf`q rmam`x jlqxkr| kc cfaxlk`fi slkimàm f`h mzxrmglqx

~kilxlafi gksmgm`xq. V}lxm f~frx crkg lxq ~kilxlafi gmrlxq) Q@XS l` Fcojf`lqxf` jfq ~rksmh

xk bm hlccla}ix f`h mz~m`qlsm xk fhgl`lqxmr) f`h bkxj xjm DMGB f`h xjm ^MQO jfsm afiimh ckrxjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmg xk bm rmak`qlhmrmh k` xjfx bfqlq.

6.6.8. Mimaxkrfi Gf`fomgm`x Bkh|

]`hmr Frxlaim 6=3 kc xjm Ak`qxlx}xlk`) mimaxlk`q kc fii x|~mq frm xjm rmq~k`qlblilx| kc f`

L`hm~m`hm`x Mimaxkrfi Akgglqqlk`. Jkwmsmr) fq f xrf`qlxlk`fi gmfq}rm) xjm 2>>8 f`h

2>>= mimaxlk`q wmrm fhgl`lqxmrmh b| xjm DMGB. Fq f rmq}ix) xjm ~kwmrq f`h rmq~k`qlblilxlmq

kc xjm LMA jfsm rmgfl`mh rmifxlsmi| }`hmcl`mh.

^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 21 kc 28 Df`}fr| 2>>= ~rkslhmq ckr f` LMA xjfx hlqajfromq lxq rkimq

wlxjk}x l`ci}màm crkg oksmr`gm`xfi kr `k`'oksmr`gm`xfi qk}ramq. Xjm LMA lq imh b| f


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Ajflr~mrqk` f`h f Slam'ajflr~mrqk`. Gmgbmrq frm f~~kl`xmh ckr xjrmm |mfrq f`h frm

ckrblhhm` crkg fqq}glò f`| jloj ~}bila kcclam ckr f ~mrlkh kc k`m |mfr fcxmr amfqlò xk bm

LMA gmgbmrq. LMA hmalqlk`q frm gfhm b| f 2+1 gfdkrlx| kc gmgbmrq.

Gmgbmrq frm f~~kl`xmh b| xjm ^rmqlhm`x) f`h xjm ^rmqlhm`x gf| rm~ifam f`| gmgbmr wjk4

f, lq ak`slaxmh kc f arlgm b| f ak}rx kc ifw5 kr

b, slkifxmq mimaxlk` ifwq f`h rmo}ifxlk`q) q}bdmax xk f ~rk~kqfi b| 2+1 kc xjm gmgbmrq kc xjm

LMA.

^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 21 hkmq `kx mz~ilalxi| ~rmsm`x xjm ^rmqlhm`x crkg rmgkslò f gmgbmr

ckr kxjmr rmfqk`q. Lx fiqk hkmq `kx lài}hm f hmxflimh hmqarl~xlk` kc xjm LMAq h}xlmq f`h

rmq~k`qlblilxlmq) q}aj fq xjfx ~rkslhmh ckr xjm DMGB b| ^rmqlhm xlfi Hmarmm @k. 28. Fq f

rmq}ix) xjm rkim kc xjm LMA lq hmcl`mh ~rlgfrli| b| xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) wjlaj mg~kwmrq xjm LMA

xk gfem sfrlk}q mzma}xlsm hmalqlk`q rmofrhlò xjm ak`h}ax kc mimaxlk`q) q}aj fq amrxlc|lòaf`hlhfxm ilqxq f`h xjm rmq}ixq kc mimaxlk`q. Xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw fiqk mg~kwmrq xjm LMA xk

lqq}m Hmalqlk`q f`h Rmo}ifxlk`q fq `mamqqfr| xk lg~imgm`x lxq gf`hfxm.

_jlim xjm l`hm~m`hm`x mimaxkrfi gf`fomgm`x bkh| gkhmi lq k`m xjfx jfq bmm` q}aamqqc}ii|

f~~ilmh l` kxjmr xrf`qlxlk`fi hmgkarfalmq) xjm qxr}ax}rm hmqarlbmh fbksm q}ccmrq crkg f

`}gbmr kc hmcmaxq. Clrqx) lx ifaeq l` q~malclalx|) mq~malfii| fq rmofrhq xjm `k`'mzma}xlsm

rmq~k`qlblilxlmq kc xjm LMA. Ckr mzfg~im) xjmrm lq `k gm`xlk` kc xjm LMAq rkim l` ~rkslhlò

fhslam xk xjm oksmr`gm`x k` mimaxkrfi gfxxmrq f`h ~rm~frlò mimaxkrfi ifw rmckrg ~rk~kqfiq.

Xjm imofi crfgmwkre fiqk hkmq `kx fhhrmqq xjm rkim kc xjm LMA Qmarmxfrlfx fq xjm mzma}xlsm

bkh| rmq~k`qlbim ckr xjm ak`h}ax kc mimaxlk`q) f` ksmrqlojx xjfx ak}ih imfh xk ak`c}qlk` wlxjl`xjm LMA rmofrhlò xjm rkim kc l`hlslh}fi Akgglqqlk`mrq l` k~mrfxlk`fi gfxxmrq.

F qmak`h hmcmax l` xjm a}rrm`x imofi qxfx}q kc xjm LMA lq f ifae kc ~rkxmaxlk` ckr xjm LMAq

l`hm~m`hmàm. Xjm imofi crfgmwkre hkmq `kx mz~ilalxi| ~rmsm`x xjm rmqlhm`x crkg rm~ifalò

LMA gmgbmrq bmckrm xjm m`h kc xjmlr xmrgq) kr l`q}ifxm xjm LMAq cl`fàlfi rmqk}ramq crkg

~kilxlafi l`xmrcmrmàm.

Cl`fii|) ^rmqlhm`xlfi Hmarmm @k. 21 afiiq ckr xjm f~~kl`xgm`x kc LMA gmgbmrq }`lifxmrfii| b|

xjm ^rmqlhm`x) wjlaj lq k}x kc emm~lò wlxj xjm ajmaeq f`h bfifàmq f~~rkfaj xjfx

ajfrfaxmrltmq xjm f~~kl`xgm`x kc kxjmr em| ~}bila kcclamq) q}aj fq Afbl`mx Gl`lqxmrq f`hQ}~rmgm Ak}rx D}qxlamq) bkxj kc wjlaj f~~kl`xgm`xq rmv}lrm rfxlclafxlk` b| xjm _kimql Dlrof.

L` f` m`slrk`gm`x ajfrfaxmrltmh b| ~kilxlafi ~kifrltfxlk` f`h g}x}fi glqxr}qx) xjm }`lifxmrfi

f~~kl`xgm`x kc LMA akgglqqlk`mrq b| xjm ^rmqlhm`x ak}ih }`hmrgl`m xjm armhlblilx| kc xjm

LMA fq f` }`blfqmh fhgl`lqxrfxkr kc mimaxlk`q.

F``mz LL xk xjm ^MQO rm~krx kc Qm~xmgbmr 2?) 2>>= lài}hmq f hmxflimh ~rk~kqfi ckr f

qxrmòxjm`mh LMA xjfx fhhrmqqmq xjm akàmr`q lhm`xlclmh fbksm f`h gf| qmrsm fq f }qmc}i

qxfrxlò ~kl`x ckr f`| hlqa}qqlk` kc xjm c}x}rm kc xjm LMA.


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6.6.=. Mimaxkrfi Afim`hfr

]`hmr xjm Ak`qxlx}xlk`) ^rmqlhm`xlfi f`h _kimql Dlrof mimaxlk`q frm xk bm jmih msmr| = |mfrq)

^rkslàlfi Ak}àli mimaxlk`q msmr| 8 |mfrq) f`h Hlqxrlax Ak}àli f`h ikafi mimaxlk`q msmr| 1

|mfrq.

Lc lg~imgm`xmh) xjlq qajmh}im wk}ih rmq}ix l` mimaxlk`q l` sfrlk}q akgbl`fxlk`q bmlò jmih l`

1< kc xjm `mzx 3> |mfrq) f ~rkq~max xjfx lq f~~mfrq }`q}qxfl`fbim bkxj ~kilxlafii| f`h crkg xjm

~kl`x kc slmw kc xjm rmqk}ramq fsflifbim xk xjm Fcojf` qxfxm. _lxj xjlq l` gl`h) lx qmmgq aimfr

xjfx f ak`qxlx}xlk`fi fgm`hgm`x xk fhhrmqq xjm lqq}m wlii bm `mamqqfr| fx qkgm ~kl`x l` xjm

c}x}rm.

Jkwmsmr) wjlim xjm `mmh ckr rmckrg lq aimfr) f ak`qxlx}xlk`fi fgm`hgm`x k` xjm lqq}m lq

}ìlemi| l` xjm `mfr c}x}rm) bkxj bmaf}qm kc xjm hlccla}ix| kc fajlmslò xjm `mamqqfr| hmormm kc

ak`qm`q}q xk qfxlqc| xjm fgm`hgm`x arlxmrlf f`h xjm wlhmq~rmfh ~mram~xlk` xjfx f`|

gksmgm`x xk fgm`h xjm ak`qxlx}xlk` wlxj rmofrh xk xjm mimaxlk` afim`hfr wk}ih k~m` xjm hkkr

xk afiiq ckr kxjmr) gkrm qlo`lclaf`x fgm`hgm`xq.

@msmrxjmimqq) xjm LMA f`h lxq l`xmr`fxlk`fi ~frx`mrq g}qx rmofrh rmslqlk` kc xjm mimaxkrfi

afim`hfr fq f em| ikò'xmrg okfi. Xjm ^MQO jfq mqxfbilqjmh 2>6> fq xjm xfromx ckr

fgm`hgm`x kc xjm mimaxkrfi afim`hfr. Lc msm` xjfx gkhmqx okfi lq xk bm gmx) xjm wkre kc

b}lihlò ak`qm`q}q frk}`h xjm `mmh ckr rmckrg g}qx bmol` fq qkk` fq ~kqqlbim.

6.6.3. Mimaxkrfi Afg~flo` Rmo}ifxlk`

]`hmr xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) xjm LMA jfq brkfh f}xjkrlx| xk rmo}ifxm xjm ak`h}ax kc xjm mimaxkrfiafg~flo`. ^}rq}f`x xk xjlq f}xjkrlx|) xjm DMGB lqq}mh f Rmo}ifxlk` k` xjm Mimaxkrfi

Afg~flo` h}rlò bkxj xjm 2>>8 f`h 2>>= mimaxlk`q) wjlaj mqxfbilqjmh f afg~flo` qlimàm

~mrlkh h}rlò xjm 8: jk}rq ~rmamhlò xjm akggmàmgm`x kc ~kiilò) fq wmii fq om`mrfi r}imq

oksmr`lò rfiilmq f`h kxjmr afg~flo` msm`xq f`h xjm hlq~if| kc afg~flo` ~kqxmrq f`h

gfxmrlfiq.

K`m ~kl`x kc akàmr` rmifxlò xk xjm mimaxkrfi afg~flo` akàmr`q xjm }qm kc ~}bila cfalilxlmq

f`h rmqk}ramq b| kr k` bmjfic kc xjm afg~flo`q kc ~kilxlafi af`hlhfxmq. L` xjm Fcojf`

ak`xmzx) xjm ~kxm`xlfi ckr glq}qm kc rmqk}ramq q}aj fq ~}bila b}lihlòq f`h smjlaimq lq

ak`qlhmrfbim) mq~malfii| l` r}rfi frmfq wjmrm }qfbim b}lihlòq f`h smjlaimq gf| bm qafram.Xjlq akàmr` lq fhhrmqqmh l` ~frx b| xjm ^rmqlhm`xlfi Krhmr kc 3 D}`m 2>>= k` @k`'

l`xmrcmrmàm b| Oksmr`gm`xfi Kcclalfiq l` Mimaxkrfi Fccflrq. Jkwmsmr) xjfx Krhmr hmfiq wlxj

xjm ~rkbimg kì| l` xjm gkqx om`mrfi kc xmrgq. Lx fiqk hkmq `kx lài}hm f`| ~rkslqlk` ckr

m`ckramgm`x. Cl`fii|) xjm Krhmr gfemq `k ~rkslqlk` ckr xjm imolxlgfxm }qm kc qkgm ~}bila

cfalilxlmq) q}aj fq ~}bila qv}frmq f`h qajkkiq) l` mimaxkrfi afg~flo`q. Xjm }qm kc ~}bila

rmqk}ramq h}rlò mimaxkrfi afg~flo`q lq f` lg~krxf`x lqq}m xjfx rmv}lrmq gkrm xjkrk}oj

rmo}ifxlk`.

6.6.?. Mimaxkrfi Akg~ifl`xq f`h Hlq~}xmq


7/21

Fgm`hgm`xq xk xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw m`faxmh l` 2>>= mqxfbilqjmh f` l`hm~m`hm`x MAA wlxj

brkfh d}rlqhlaxlk` xk jmfr akg~ifl`xq rmifxmh xk slkifxlk`q kc xjm mimaxkrfi ifw f`h xjm ~kwmr

xk krhmr rmgmhlfi faxlk`) lg~kqm cl`mq f`h hlqv}filc| mimaxkrfi af`hlhfxmq.

_jlim xjm l`xrkh}axlk` kc xjm MAA wfq `mamqqfr| f`h wlhmi| q}~~krxmh fcxmr xjm l`fhmv}fxm

rmq~k`qm xk fiimofxlk`q kc crf}h h}rlò xjm 2>>8 mimaxlk`q) xjm ~mrckrgfàm kc xjm MAA l` lxq

clrqx mimaxlk` wfq qkgmwjfx hlqf~~kl`xlò. Xjm MAA hlh `kx jfsm f hmhlafxmh clmih qxr}ax}rm

xk gmmx wlxj akg~ifl`f`xq) l`smqxlofxm akg~ifl`xq kr ckiikw }~ k` hmalqlk q. L`qxmfh lx rmilmh

k` xjm ^rkslàlfi Mimaxlk` Akgglqqlk`q) wjlaj wmrm gfhm rmq~k`qlbim ckr hmfilò wlxj

akg~ifl`xq l` xjm clrqx l`qxfàm) f`h k` xjm DMGB clmih qxr}ax}rm. Fq f rmq}ix) kbqmrsmr ork}~q

f`h kxjmrq akg~ifl`mh xjfx xjm MAA wfq }`rmq~k`qlsm f`h xjfx hmalqlk`q wmrm kcxm` `kx

lqq}mh }`xli gk`xjq fcxmr xjm l`lxlfi akg~ifl`x wfq climh. L` kxjmr afqmq) xjm fblilx| kc xjm MAA

xk rmq~k`h xk akg~ifl`xq fx fii wfq ilglxmh b| f ifae kc l`ckrgfxlk`. L` ilojx kc xjlq k}xakgm)

qkgm xjk}ojx g}qx bm olsm` xk wjmxjmr xjm rkb}qx l`hm~m`hm`x MAA ak`xmg~ifxmh l` xjm

Mimaxkrfi Ifw lq slfbim. Xjm rmqk}ram imsmi `mamqqfr| ckr xjm MAA xk ~}x f armhlbim akg~ifl`xrmq~k`qm gmajf`lqg k` xjm ork}`h xjrk}ojk}x xjm ak}`xr| gf| bm gkrm xjf` lq q}qxfl`fbim)

mq~malfii| kàm hk`kr q}~~krx ckr mimaxlk`q bmol`q xk hrfw hkw`.

Fq f` fixmr`fxlsm xk xjm mz~f`qlsm MAA mqxfbilqjmh l` xjm a}rrm`x Mimaxkrfi Ifw) lx glojx

gfem qm`qm xk rmhrfw xjm gf`hfxm kc xjm MAA xk fiikw lx xk cka}q k` f gkrm gf`fomfbim qmx

kc akrm rmq~k`qlblilxlmq) lài}hlò jmfrlò f~~mfiq crkg hmalqlk`q kc xjm LMA f`h l`smqxlofxlò

fiimofxlk`q kc qmrlk}q mimaxkrfi glqak`h}ax. Xjlq akrm MAA ak}ih bm akg~ilgm`xmh b| f

gkrm rkb}qx l`xmr`fi akg~ifl`xq f`h f`xl'crf}h gmajf`lqg wlxjl` xjm LMA.

6.6.:. Mimaxkrfi Hlqxrlaxq

]`hmr xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) mfaj ~rkslàm ak`qxlx}xmq f` mimaxkrfi hlqxrlax ckr _kimql Dlroff`h

^rkslàlfi Ak}àli mimaxlk`q. L` fhhlxlk`) xjm Mimaxkrfi ifw mqxfbilqjmq f qlòim fx ifrom

ak`qxlx}mà| ckr xjm mimaxlk` kc 6> rm~rmqm`xfxlsmq kc xjm E}ajl *`kgfh, ~k~}ifxlk`. _jlim

xjm armfxlk` kc `mw ~rkslàmq l` rmam`x |mfrq jfq armfxmh qkgm ak`xrksmrq|) xjm bk}`hfrlmq kc

xjm ~rkslàmq frm cflri| wmii hmcl`mh f`h xjmlr }qm fq mimaxkrfi hlqxrlaxq qmmgq qm`qlbim.

Xjm qlx}fxlk` lq gkrm akg~ilafxmh wlxj rmq~max xk ikafi Hlqxrlaxq) mfaj kc wjlaj lq rmv}lrmh

}`hmr xjm Ak`qxlx}xlk` xk mimax f Hlqxrlax Ak}àli. L` gf`| afqmq) Hlqxrlax bk}`hfrlmq frm

hlq~}xmh) f`h q}aj hlq~}xmq kcxm` l`skism mxj la kr rmolk`fi ik|fixlmq.

Ajf~xmr LLL kc xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw olsmq xjm Gl`lqxr| kc xjm L`xmrlkr xjm rmq~k`qlblilx| xk rmqkism

q}aj hlq~}xmq. Jkwmsmr) xjm ifw hkmq `kx q~malc| f hfxm b| wjlaj xjm Gl`lqxr| g}qx ~rkslhm

xjm LMA wlxj xjm bk}`hfr| hfxf xk bm }qmh l` f` mimaxlk`.

6.6.>8 f`h 2>>= mimaxlk`q. Xjm 2>>= Rmo}ifxlk` rmv}lrmh af`hlhfxmq xk emm~

rmakrhq kc hk`fxlk`q f`h mz~m`hlx}rmq f`h xk gfem q}aj rmakrhq fsflifbim xk xjm LMA }~k`


8/21

rmv}mqx. Jkwmsmr) `k gmajf`lqg ckr ~kilalò xjm q~m`hlò f`h ak`xrlb}xlk` ilglxq wfq ~}x l`

~ifam f`h xjm LMA `msmr rmv}mqxmh xk qmm xjm cl`fàlfi rmakrhq kc f`| af`hlhfxmq.

Olsm` xjm lg~krxfàm kc afg~flo` cl`fàm rmo}ifxlk`) lx wk}ih bm ~rmcmrfbim ckr xjm lqq}m xk

bm hmfix wlxj l` xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw rfxjmr xjf` f` lg~imgm`xlò Rmo}ifxlk`. Fx xjm qfgm xlgm)

afrm qjk}ih bm xfem` xk xflikr f`| q|qxmg kc cl`fàlfi rmo}ifxlk` xk xjm Fcojf` rmfilx|. L` f

ak}`xr| l` wjlaj :>- kc xjm ~k~}ifxlk` lq liilxmrfxm f`h cl`fàlfi rmakrh emm~lò kc f`| el`h

lq }àkggk`) lx gf| `kx bm rmfilqxla xk gksm v}laei| xk l`xrkh}am f qxrlax q|qxmg kc cl`fàlfi

ak`xrkiq f`h hlqaikq}rm rmv}lrmgm`xq.

Frxlaimq 68 f`h 6= kc xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw mqxfbilqj xjm milolblilx| arlxmrlf ckr mimaxkrfi

af`hlhfxmq) lài}hlò qlo`fx}rm rmv}lrmgm`xq f`h xjm ~f|gm`x kc `kgl`fxlk` hm~kqlxq.

Fixjk}oj xjm arlxmrlf qmx k}x l` xjkqm frxlaimq frm }`jmi~c}ii| hlslhmh l`xk milolblilx| f`h

rmv}lrmgm`xq) xjm| frm om`mrfii| l` emm~lò wlxj l xmr`fxlk`fi qxf`hfrhq. Jkwmsmr) k`m

gfdkr akàmr` rmifxlò xk bfiikx faamqq frlqmq k}x kc Frxlaim 6=*1,) wjlaj ~rkjlblxq

l`hlslh}fiq wjk akggf`h kr frm gmgbmrq kc }`kcclalfi glilxfr| ork}~q qxf`hlò fq

af`hlhfxmq.

L` f qkalmx| xjfx jfq q}ccmrmh xjrk}oj |mfrq kc slkim`x hlqkrhmr f`h qmrlk}q j}gf` rlojxq

fb}qmq fx xjm jf`hq kc wfrikrhq) xjm lg~}iqm xk ~rkjlblx xjm akggf`hmrq) fq xjm| frm

e`kw`) crkg ~frxlal~fxlò l` ~}bila ilcm lq }`hmrqxf`hfbim. ]`ckrx}`fxmi|) l` xjm fbqmàm kc

qkgm el`h kc ckrgfi xrf`qlxlk`fi d}qxlam ~rkamqq) lx lq }àimfr jkw f ~mrqk` gf| bm ~rksm` xk

bm *kr `kx xk bm, f akggf`hmr. @mlxjmr xjm LMA `kr xjm MAA lq l` f ~kqlxlk` xk l`smqxlofxm

f`h hmalhm k` xjm qxfx}q kc fiimomh akggf`hmrq) mq~malfii| olsm` xjm ~kxm`xlfi jftfrhq

l`skismh l` q}aj f` mzmralqm. F`h Fcojf`lqxf`q crfolim arlgl`fi d}qxlam q|qxmg amrxflì| jfq`k af~falx| xk xfem k` q}aj f xfqe.

Hmq~lxm xjlq ifae kc l`qxlx}xlk`fi af~falx|) xjm LMA) xjm oksmr`gm`x kc Fcojf`lqxf` f`h xjm

l`xmr`fxlk`fi akgg}`lx| cfamh ak`qlhmrfbim ~rmqq}rm crkg hkgmqxla f`h l`xmr`fxlk`fi qk}ramq

xk ~rmsm`x xjm wkrqx kc xjm akggf`hmrq crkg ~frxlal~fxlò l` xjm mimaxlk`q.

H}rlò xjm 2>>= mimaxlk`) xjm lqq}m wfq fhhrmqqmh b| xjm fh jka Dkl`x Qmarmxfrlfx kc xjm

Hlqfrgfgm`x f`h Rml`xmorfxlk` Akgglqqlk` *DQHRA,) wjlaj lài}hmh rm~rmqm`xfxlsmq kc

]@FGF) xjm Oksmr`gm`x kc Fcojf`lqxf` f`h Akfilxlk` glilxfr| ckramq. Xjm DQHRA

~rkh}amh f ilqx kc wk}ih'bm af`hlhfxmq xjfx lx d}homh xk bm gmgbmrq kr akggf`hmrq kc liimofifrgmh ork}~q) wjlaj lx ~rkslhmh xk xjm MAA. Xjm MAA xjm` qm x imxxmrq xk xjmqm af`hlhfxmq)

l`ckrglò xjmg kc xjm DQHRAq hmxmrgl`fxlk` f`h l`slxlò xjmg xk mq xfbilqj xjmlr milolblilx|)

mlxjmr b| ~rkslò xjfx xjm| wmrm `kx akggf`hmrq kr gmgbmrq kc frgmh ork}~q kr b|

akk~mrfxlò wlxj xjm Hlqbf`hgm`x kc Liimofi Frgmh Ork}~q *HLFO, ~rkamqq. L` xjm m`h) xjm

gfdkrlx| kc af`hlhfxmq lhm`xlclmh b| xjm DQHRA ajkqm xk akk~mrfxm wlxj xjm HLFO) f`h kì| f

jf`hc}i kc xjmg wmrm mzai}hmh crkg xjm bfiikx.

_jlim xjlq f~~rkfaj fro}fbi| rm~rmqm`xq xjm bmqx ~kqqlbim rmq~k`qm xk f hlccla}ix ~rkbimg) f`h

k`m xjfx jfq gfhm f qlo`lclaf`x ak`xrlb}xlk` xk xjm hlqbfrgm`x ~rkamqq) lx hlh ~}x xjm MAA l`

xjm }`ckrx}`fxm ~kqlxlk` kc lg~imgm`xlò f ~kilxlafi) fq k~~kqmh xk d}hlalfi) mzai}qlk` ~kila|l` xjm fbqmàm kc f aimfr imofi gf`hfxm xk hk qk.


9/21

Lc f qlglifr af`hlhfxm smxxlò ~rkamqq lq xk bm f~~ilmh l` c}x}rm mimaxlk`q) xjm xrf`q~frmà| f`h

imolxlgfa| kc xjm ~rkamqq qjk}ih bm qxrmòxjm`mh b| fhhrmqqlò xjm gfxxmr k~mì| xjrk}oj

imolqifxlk`. L` ~frxla}ifr) xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) kr f`kxjmr imolqifxlsm l`qxr}gm`x) qjk}ih

f}xjkrltm xjm LMA xk lg~imgm`x xjm hmalqlk`q kc xjm DQHRA kr f`kxjmr akg~mxm`x f}xjkrlx|

wlxj rmofrh xk xjm milolblilx| kc fiimomh gmgbmrq kr akggf`hmrq kc liimofi frgmh ork}~q xkqxf`h fq af`hlhfxmq.

Rm~ifamgm`x kc Mimaxmh Gmgbmrq f`h xjm Fqqfqql`fxlk` Aif}qm Xjm rm~ifamgm`x kc

gmgbmrq kc xjm _kimql Dlrof f`h ^rkslàlfi Ak}àliq lq oksmr`mh b| Frxlaimq 26*8, f`h 2>= mimaxlk`. L` f` fxxmg~x xk fhhrmqq xjm lqq}m) l`

Hmamgbmr 2>>= xjm ^rmqlhm`x lqq}mh f hmarmm fgm`hlò xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw xk ~rkslhm ckr b|'

mimaxlk`q wjm` mimaxmh gmgbmrq hlm kc }``fx}rfi af}qmq. ]`ckrx}`fxmi|) xjm fgm`hgm`x hkmq

`kx q~malc| wjk lq xk hmxmrgl`m wjmxjmr f af`hlhfxmq hmfxj wfq `fx}rfi.

L` f`| afqm) lx lq v}mqxlk`fbim wjmxjmr b|'mimaxlk`q frm f` f~~rk~rlfxm gmf`q kc cliilò

sfafàlmq }`hmr xjm Q@XS q|qxmg) wjlaj }qmq ifrom g}ixl'gmgbmr mimaxkrfi hlqxrlaxq. L` xjm

afqm gm`xlk`mh fbksm) lx lq }ìlemi| xjfx xjm q}~~krxmrq kc xjm hmamfqmh gmgbmr) wjk

rmamlsmh kì| ?.1- kc xjm skxm l` xjm om`mrfi mimaxlk`) wk}ih bm hmalqlsm l` f b|'mimaxlk`.

L`qxmfh xjm rm~ifamgm`x lq ilemi| xk bm hmxmrgl`mh b| xjm ~rmcmrmàm kc xjm skxmrq wjk mimaxmh

xjm clrqx kr qmak`h gkqx q}aamqqc}i af`hlhfxmq l` xjm om`mrfi mimaxlk`. F b|mimaxlk` wk}ih bm

msm` imqq ilemi| xk mimax f rm~ifamgm`x wjkqm slmwq kr fiimolfàmq wmrm qlglifr xk xjkqm kc f

g}rhmrmh af`hlhfxm crkg f` mxj`la kr rmilolk}q gl`krlx|.

Lx qjk}ih fiqk bm `kxmh xjfx xjm akqx kc jkihlò f b|'mimaxlk` l` ifrom mimaxkrfi hlqxrlaxq wk}ih

bm g}aj jlojmr xjf` f b|'mimaxlk` l` f qlòim gmgbmr hlqxrlax. Efb}i ~rkslàm) ckr mzfg~im)

jfq wmii ksmr 8 gliilk` rmqlhm`xq) gfelò f`| b|'mimaxlk` l` xjm ~rkslàm f gfdkr mimaxkrfi

k~mrfxlk`.

Jkwmsmr) wjlim b|'mimaxlk`q gf| `kx bm f hmqlrfbim gmf`q kc cliilò sfafàlmq) xjmrm hkmq

`kx qmmg xk bm f`| fixmr`fxlsm }`hmr xjm Q@XS q|qxmg xjfx rmq~maxq xjm wlii kc xjm skxmrq

wjlim fsklhlò xjm ~mrsmrqm làm`xlsm gm`xlk`mh fbksm.

Lx gf| bm xjfx xjm kì| qfxlqcfaxkr| qki}xlk` xk xjlq ~rkbimg lq f q}aamqqlk` r}im bfqmh k`

arlxmrlf kxjmr xjf` skxm xkxfiq. K`m ~kqqlblilx| glojx bm xk olsm f`kxjmr mimaxmh bkh| xjm

rmq~k`qlblilx| kc qmimaxlò rm~ifamgm`x gmgbmrq crkg fgkò xjm }`q}aamqqc}i af`hlhfxmq l`

xjm rmimsf`x mimaxlk`) xfelò l`xk faak}`x xjm om`hmr) rmilolk}q f`h akgg}`lx| q}~~krx ckr xjm

hmamfqmh af`hlhfxm. F`kxjmr k~xlk` glojx bm xk qlg~i| imx sfaf`x qmfxq ilm mg~x| }`xli xjm

`mzx mimaxlk`.


10/21

Gfqq gmhlf aksmrfom kc mimaxlk`q lq rmo}ifxmh b| Frxlaim => kc xjm Mimaxkrfi Ifw) wjlaj

rmv}lrmq gmhlf xk aksmr xjm mimaxlk` l` f cflr f`h }`blfqmh gf``mr) f`h l` faakrhf`am wlxj

f Akhm kc Ak`h}ax lqq}mh b| xjm LMA.

Frxlaim => fiqk lg~kqmq f ~frxla}ifr kbilofxlk` k` qxfxm'r}` gmhlf xk ~}bilqj f`h hlqqmgl`fxm

xjm ~ifxckrgq) slmw f`h okfiq kc af`hlhfxmq l` f gf``mr formmh wlxj xjm LMA.

2.> Ilxmrfx}rm Rmslmw

Ild~jfrx *6


11/21

~kilxlafi f`h ~rmqq crmmhkg5 faak}`xfblilx| kc fii ~frxlal~f`xq5 l`xmorlx| qfcmo}frh gmajf`lqg

f`h xjm m`ckramgm`x kc xjm mimaxkrfi ifwq f`h kxjmr rmimsf`x ifwq.

*ll, Ksmrslmw kc xjm Mimaxkrfi q|qxmg l` Fcojf`lqxf`

K`m af``kx qx}h| mimaxlk`q l` f olsm` ak}`xr| wlxjk}x }`hmrqxf`hlò xjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmgbmaf}qm lx xrf`qifxmq xjm skxmq l` f` mimaxlk` l`xk rmq}ixq'kcclamq+qmfxq+lqq}mq'wk` b|

af`hlhfxmq+~frxlmq. Xjmrm frm xwk em| sfrlfbimq.

Xjm clrqx lq xjm mimaxkrfi gkhmi }qmh4 wjmxjmr f ~i}rfilx|+gfdkrlx|) ~rk~krxlk`fi) glzmh kr

kxjmr q|qxmgq }qmh. Xjm gfxjmgfxlafi ckrg}if }qmh xk afia}ifxm xjm qmfxq fiikafxmh) xjm bfiikx

qxr}ax}rm *l.m. wjmxjmr xjm skxmr skxmq ckr f af`hlhfxm kr f ~frx| f`h wjmxjmr xjm skxmr gfemq

f qlòim ajklam kr mz~rmqqmq f qmrlmq kc ~rmcmrmàmq, f`h xjm hlqxrlax gfo`lx}hm kr qltm *l.m.

jkw gf`| rm~rmqm`xfxlsmq xk xjm imolqifx}rm kr g}`lal~filx| xjfx hlqxrlax mimaxq,.

Xjm wf| f` mimaxkrfi q|qxmg lq hmqlo`mh fiqk fccmaxq kxjmr frmfq kc mimaxkrfi ifwq. Xjm ajklamkc f` mimaxkrfi q|qxmg lg~faxq k` xjm wf| mimaxkrfi ak`qxlx}màlmq kr hlqxrlaxq frm hmgfrafxmh)

xjm rmolqxrfxlk` kc skxmrq) xjm hmqlo`lò kc bfiikx ~f~mrq) f`h xjm ak}`xlò kc skxmq fgkò

kxjmr xjlòq.

L` Fcojf`lqxf` xjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmg lq hmxmrgl`mh b| xjm x|~m kc mimaxlk` xjfx lq bmlò

krof`ltmh. Ckr xjm `fxlk`fi imolqifx}rm f`h g}`lal~fi mimaxlk`q) xjm ^frx| Bikae

Skxm *Q@XS, q|qxmg lq }qmh. Xjm Q@XS lq f ~i}rfi+gfdkrlx| q|qxmg }qlò g}ixl'gmgbmr

hlqxrlaxq l` wjlaj skxmrq afqx f qlòim ~frx|'am`xrmh skxm ckr f ~frx| kc ajklam) f`h hk `kx

ajklam bmxwmm` af`hlhfxmq. Xjm ~frx| wlxj f` fbqki}xm gfdkrlx| skxm wlii wl` msmr| qmfx l`xjm mimaxkrfi hlqxrlax. L` afqm kc `k aimfr wl``mr) xjm qmfxq wk}ih bm ~rk~krxlk`fxmi| hlslhmh.

*lll,Mimaxkrfi ^rkamqqmq màkg~fqqmq xjm m`xlrm mimaxlk` ~rkamqq akg~rlqlò ~rm'mimaxlk`)

mimaxlk` f`h ~kqx mimaxlk` gf`fomgm x.

*ls,Mimaxkrfi k}xakgmq rmcmr xk xjm qxfxlqxlafi ~mrckrgfàm kc xjm sfrlk}q af`hlhfxmq f`h

~frxlmq l` mimaxlk`q.

Xjm q}~~krx ckr g}ixl~im ~frxlmq lq `kx }`f`lgk}q. B| ~rkslhlò gkrm ajklamq) f q|qxmg kc

g}ixl~im ~frxlmq hkmq `kx `mamqqfrli| ~rkslhm ckr gkrm mcclalm`x kr mccmaxlsm oksmr`fàm. Afl`

*2>>64 ?


12/21

Xjlq q}oomqxq xjfx jfsl`o xkk gf`| ~frxlmq l` xjm q|qxmg wlii jl`hmr hmgkarfa|. Gfl`wfrl`o

f`h Qa}ii| *6


13/21

rfxjmr l`hlrmax gkhm f`h wjlaj ak}ih rmq}ix l` gkrm qmrlk}q jfrg xk hmgkarfa|; Xjmqm

v}mqxlk`q ~kl`x xk xjm lg~krxfàm kc xjm q}rsm| gmxjkh l` xjlq qx}h|.

F wmii ~if``mh f`h f wmii krof`ltmh mimaxlk` xjfx lq ~rkcmqqlk`fii| fhgl`lqxmrmh af` làrmfqm

xjm ~frxlal~fxlk` kc af`hlhfxmq f`h skxmrq f`h b}lih ak`clhmàm l` xjm mimaxkrfi ~rkamqq f`h

xjm mimaxlk` rmq}ixq. Okkh ~if``lò af` fsklh gf`| kc xjm ~rkbimgq kcxm` màk}`xmrmh h}rlò

xjm k~mrfxlk`fi ~jfqmq f`h jmi~ xjm Mimaxlk` Gf`fomgm`x Bkh| sfrlk}qi| e`kw` fq

L`hm~m`hm`x Mimaxkrfi Akgglxxmm) F}xk`kgk}q Mimaxkrfi Akgglxxmm mxa gmmx xjm hfxmq l` lxq

mimaxkrfi afim`hfr. Okkh ~if``lò af` jmi~ f` mimaxkrfi gf`fomgm`x bkfrh xk m`q}rm xjfx lx

jfq armfxmh f okkh krof`ltfxlk`fi qxr}ax}rm) wlxj ~rkh}axlsm gf`fomgm`x f`h k~mrfxlk`fi

q|qxmgq. Lx af` fiqk m`q}rm xjfx lx jfq f ~rkcmqqlk`fi f`h wmii xrfl`mh qxfcc f`h gfl`xfl` okkh

rmifxlk`q wlxj xjm ~kilxlafi ~frxlmq) af`hlhfxmq) gmhlf f`h skxmrq. Xjm mimaxkrfi q|qxmgq f`h

xjm sfrlk}q bkhlmq mqxfbilqjmh b| xjm Fcojf`lqxf` oksmr`gm`x xk gf`fom mimaxlk`q jfsm xk bm

qar}xl`ltmh xk f~~rmalfxm mimaxkrfi k}xakgmq.

Xjm krof`ltfxlk` kc mimaxlk`q l` Fcojf`lqxf` af` bm akg~rmjm`qlsmi| }`hmrqxkkh b|

mzfgl`lò mimaxkrfi gf`fomgm`x bkhlmq f`h xjm mzlqxlò ifwq }qmh l` oksmr`lò xjm

krof`ltfxlk` kc mimaxlk`q. Xjlq gfemq lx `mamqqfr| xk mzfgl`m xjm ~mrlkhla mimaxlk`q fofl`qx f

bfaeork}`h kc xjm Mimaxkrfi Gf`fomgm`x Bkhlmq f`h xjm k~mrfxlk`fi imofi crfgmwkreq. Xjm

6


14/21

*ls, Xjfx mimaxlk`q k}xakgm ql`am 6


15/21

l`lxlfxlsm ilmq l` xjm jf`hq kc xjm mzma}xlsm brfàj. Qjk}ih ^rmqlhm`x Efrtfl fax xk q}~~krx

q}aj f` l`lxlfxlsm) jm wlii bm gfelò ormfx qxrlhmq xk q}~~krx xjm qxrmòxjm`lò kc

Fcojf`lqxf`q hmgkarfa|. Qjk}ih jm hmalhm `kx xk q}~~krx xjm LMA imh l`lxlfxlsm) jm wlii glqq

f` lg~krxf`x k~~krx}`lx| xk c}rxjmr hmsmik~ jlq ak}`xr|q hmgkarfa| f`h xk ~kqlxlsmi|

ak`xrlb}xm xk jlq imofa| fq xjm clrqx ~rmqlhm`x kc ~kqx'Xfilbf` Fcojf`lqxf`.

3.> Gmxjkhkiko|

Xjm qmimaxmh gmxjkhkiko| ckr xjlq qx}h| lq f akgbl`fxlk` kc hmqe rmqmfraj) ~rlgfr| rmqmfraj

*xjrk}oj v}f`xlxfxlsm f`h v}filxfxlsm xmaj`lv}mq f`h gmxjkhq kc hfxf akiimaxlk`, xk m`fbim

xrlfò}ifxlk` kc cl`hlòq f`h xj}q ~rkslhm gkrm rmilfbim hfxf ckr f bmxxmr }`hmrqxf`hlò kc xjm

mimaxlk` ~rkamqqmq. L jfsm bmm` f` faxlsm ~frxlal~f`x l` gk`lxkrlò mimaxlk` ~rkamqq f`h jfsm

aikqm l`xmrfaxlk` wlxj xjm dk}r`filqxq f`h cmw oksmr`gm`x kcclalfiq wkrelò faxlsmi| l`

Fcojf`lqxf`.

F64 Hmqe Rmqmfraj

Xjlq l`skismq xjm akiimaxlk` f`h rmslmw kc rmimsf`x hka}gm`xfxlk` k` xjm qx}h| Xjmrm frm rlaj

hka}gm`xfxlk` am`xrmq l` Efb}i f`h Ef`hfjfr wjlaj rm }`lsmrqlx| xkw`q

Hfxf xk bm mz~iklxmh wk}ih lài}hm4

]`~}bilqjmh rm~krxq+ rmakrhq5 xjm frajlsmq kc k~~kqlxlk` ~frxlmq

^}bilqjmh rm~krxq *rmqmfraj qx}hlmq+ Afqm qx}hlmq f`h qk k`,5

Ak`cmrmàm fbqxrfaxq) ~kqxmr ~rmqm`xfxlk`q f`h gfxmrlfiq k` AH5

@mwq~f~mr frxlaimq) kxjmr gmhlf aksmrfom5

L`ckrgfxlk` faamqqmh xjrk}oj xjm L`xmr`mx5

^mrqk`fi gmgklrq lc f`|5

F`| kxjmr f}xjm`xla fsflifbim qk}ramq kc l`ckrgfxlk` xjfx frm hka}gm`xmh

Kcclalfi Rmakrhq kc xjm Gl`lqxr| kc Xmrrlxkrlfi Fhgl`lqxrfxlk`

F24 ^rlgfr| rmqmfraj

L` krhmr xk jfsm clrqx jf`h l`ckrgfxlk` k` xjm h|`fglaq f`h akg~imzlxlmq kc mimaxlk`

~rkamqqmq) L qjfii jfsm xk }`hmrxfem ~rlgfr| l`smqxlofxlk` xjrk}oj l`xmrslmwq. F qmimaxlsm

v}f`xlxfxlsm fqqmqqgm`x) }qlò v}mqxlk``flrm qjfii bm fhgl`lqxmrmh l` f q~f` kc fbk}x qlz

gk`xjq. V}mqxlk`q rmifxmh xk ~mk~imq k~l`lk` fbk}x xjm mimaxkrfi l`qxlx}xlk`q qjfii bm

fhhrmqqmh b| xjm akiimaxlk` kc q}rsm| hfxf crkg Fcojf`lqxf`lf`q l` xjm ifò}fom kc xjm

rmq~k`hm`xq ajklam. Xjlq qjfii bm hk`m wlxj xjm fqqlqxfàm kc xrfl`mh rmqmfraj fqqlqxf`xq.

Fbk}x =>> rmq~k`hm`xq qjfii bm qmimaxmh rf`hkgi| xk rm~rmqm`x xjm fh}ix ~k~}ifxlk`.

V}f`xlxfxlsm hfxf akiimaxlk` qjfii bm hk`m xjrk}oj fhgl`lqxmrlò qxr}ax}rmh v}mqxlk``flrmq xk

rmq~k`hm`xq f`h }qlò rmimsf`x akg~}xmr ~rkorfggmq ckr f`fi|qlq. F v}filxfxlsm akg~k`m`x


16/21

kc f`fi|tlò hmxflimh lqq}mq qjfii bm ak`qlhmrmh. L` xjmqm ilojx ckrgfi f`h l`ckrgfi l`xmrslmwq

wlxj em| ~kilxlafi faxkrq wlii bm ak`h}axmh.

V}mqxlk`q k` q~malcla lqq}mq wk}ih bm ~kqmh xk f` l`hlslh}fi f`h xjm hmxfli rmq~k`qmq wk}ih

bm rmakrhmh. Cka}q Ork}~ hlqa}qqlk`q wk}ih bm ak`h}axmh }qlò qmgl'qxr}ax}rmh l`xmrslmw

o}lhmq. Xjm v}f`xlxfxlsm) v}filxfxlsm f`h hmqe rmqmfraj wk}ih xjmrmckrm ~rkslhm f

xrlfò}ifxlk` wjlaj wk}ih om`mrfxm rmimsf`x rmqmfraj cl`hlòq k` xjm qx}h|.

?.> Mxjlafi Lqq}mq f`h Hfxf F`fi|qlq

Xjrk}ojk}x xjm l`xmrslmw ~rkamqq) ak`clhm`xlfilx| kc xjm rmq~k`hm`x wk}ih bm olsm`

~frfgk}`x lg~krxfàm. F ak`qxf`x akg~frfxlsm gmxjkh wk}ih bm }qmh l` f`fi|tlò qkgm kc

xjm v}filxfxlsm hfxf. Cka}q ork}~ hlqa}qqlk`q wk}ih bm f`fi|tmh }qlò xwk gmxjkhq4 f`fi|qlq

kc l`hlslh}fi xrf`qarl~xq f`h f`fi|qlq kc fii cka}q ork}~ hlqa}qqlk`q.

Xjm xrf`qarl~xq wk}ih bm rmfh qmsmrfi xlgmq f`h xjm om`mrfi lg~rmqqlk`q `kxmh hkw`) wlxj xjm

qx}h|q kbdmaxlsmq f`h frmfq kc l`xmrmqx em~x l` gl`h. Xjm`) q~malcla akggm`xq f`h lhmfq crkg

xjm xrf`qarl~xq wk}ih bm `kxmh f`h f ikobkke gfl`xfl`mh xk rmakrh q~malcla frmfq kc l`xmrmqx

f`h xjmgmq. Cl`fii|) xjm rmq}ixq wk}ih bm f`fi|tmh.

Ckr l`'hm~xj l`xmrslmwq kc em| faxkrq f`h faxrmqqmq l` xjm ~kilxlafi ~rkamqqmq) hfxf f`fi|qlq

wk}ih bm hk`m }qlò xjm Q^QQ. Xjm v}filxfxlsm l`ckrgfxlk` wk}ih bm akhmh l` qm~frfxm

f`qwmr ckrgq f`h f`fi|tmh }qlò f ak`qxf`x akg~frfxlsm gmxjkh. V}f`xlxfxlsm hfxf f`fi|qlq

qjfii bm hk`m }qlò Q^QQ.6>.

:.> Mz~maxmh Rmq}ixq kc Xjmqlq4

Xjlq xjmqlq k` Fcojf`lqxf`q mimaxkrfi ~rkamqqmq wk}ih ak`qxlx}xm ork}`hwkre ckr f ^jH

hlqqmrxfxlk` xjfx wlii a}igl`fxm l` f bkke. Fax}fii| xjm HMF l` xjm Fcojf`lqxf` q|qxmg lq

}q}fii| xjm hlrmaxlk` kc f q|`k~qlq kc f af`hlhfxmq ^jH hlqqmrxfxlk`.

Xjmrm frm hmcl`lxmi| }qmc}i rmqmfraj cl`hlòq xjfx xjm wkre wlii brlò k}x l` xjm ilojx kc bmxxmr

mimaxlk` gf`fomgm`x xjfx wk}ih om`mrfxm f` fxgkq~jmrm kc okkh oksmr`fàm f`h qkalfi

~mfam. Qlàm xjm rml`xrkh}axlk` kc g}ixl~frx|lqg l` Fcojf`lqxf` l` 6


17/21

Mimaxkrfi Ifw xjm rkim kc xjm LMA wfq afrrlmh k}x h}rl`o f Xrf`qlxlk`fi ^mrlkh b| f Dkl`x

Mimaxkrfi Gf`fomgm`x Bkh|) wjlaj ak`qlqxmh kc xjm LMA ~i}q l`xmr`fxlk`fi gmgbmrq

f~~kl`xmh b| xjm Q~malfi Rm~rmqm`xfxlsm kc xjm Qmarmxfr|'Om`mrfi. Xjm cl`fi rm~krx kc xjm

DMGB ckr xjm 2>>= mimaxlk`q af` bm ck}`h fx

jxx~4++www.dmgb.kro+~hc+DMGBQ-2>GOX-2>Cl`fi-2>Rm~krx-2>2>>='62'62.~hc

Lxq rm~krx hfxmh Qm~xmgbmr 2?) 2>>= af` bm ck}`h fxjxx~4++www.dmgb.kro+^MQOrm~krx.~hc

F``mz LLL xk xjm Rm~krx kc xjm ^MQO) Lblh.

Bf`h}aal) Q.F. *6


18/21

Hmreqm`) _. *mh., *2>>8,. Mimaxlk`q frk}`h xjm wkrih. Fsflifbim k`il`m fx4 www.

mimaxlk`wkrih.kro.

Hlz) R.J. *6


19/21

Gfrqjfii) G.O. mx fi. *2>>2,. ^KILX\ LS) 6:>>6>,. Df~f`q `mw mimaxkrfi q|qxmg4 if ~i}q af ajf`om. . . .

Mimaxkrfi Qx}hlmq 6


20/21

@okj) Slaxkr D}il}q) "Bl|f f`h xjm Xrf`qlxlk` xk Hmgkarfa|") Xjm Imfhmrqjl~ Ajfiimòm l`

Fqlf4 Fcojf`lqxf` ]`hmr ^f}i Bl|f L`4 Dkj` G}e}g Gbfe} f`h Dkqm~j Xfek}ofò) *mhq.,

Xjm Imfhmrqjl~ Ajfiimòm l` Fqlf4 Fcojf`lqxf` ]`hmr ^f}i Bl|f *Fqlf _krih ^rmqq) ]QF)

2>>8,.

@kjim`) Hlmxmr5 Erm``mrlaj) Glajfmi) Xjlbf}x) Bmr`jfrh) Mimaxlk`q f`h Mimaxkrfi Q|qxmgq l`

Fqlf) Kzckrh Qajkifrqjl~ Kìl`m Gk`korf~jq)6>6.

Ql`hdk}`) I}a) *mh.,) Akggm`x ~m}x'k` xrm k~~kqf`x f} Afgmrk}`; ^kilxlv}m ~frimgm`xflrm

mx ~kilxlv}m f}xkrlxflrm *Hfefr4 AKHMQRLF) 2>>8,.

QHC wmbqlxm) Qlo`lclaf`x msm`xq l` xjm Ilcm kc xjm Qkalfi Hmgkarfxla Crk`x

Xfek}ofò) D.) Xjm 2>>2 imolqifxlsm mimaxlk` l` Afgmrk`4 f rmxrkq~maxlsm k` Fcojf`lqxf`q

qxfiimh hmgkarfa| gksmgm`x ) Xjm Dk}r`fi kc Gkhmr` Fqlf` Qx}hlmq) 2>>1.

Xmeim) Fgfrf) Mimaxlk`q f`h Mimaxkrfi Q|qxmgq l` Fqlf4 ^}r~kqmq) ^rkbimgq f`h ^rkq~maxq)

Xjm Rmslmw. L`xmr`fxlk`fi Akgglqqlk` kc D}rlqxq) @k. 3>) 6

3 Mhlxlò xjm cl`fi ~f~mr _mme 86'81

? Bl`hlò f`h q}bglqqlk` kc xjmqlq _mme 88'8:

: Mqxlgfxmh xkxfi `}gbmr kc wmmeq 8: _mmeq

! Hlgm`qlk` Fgk}`x

*Ê RQ),

6 Akqx kc 6> ~rkslàlfi xrfsmiq ckr hfxf akiimaxlk`) slqlx xk frajlsmq f`h

sm`}mq ckr akiimaxlk` kc oksmr`gm`x rmakrhq

2>>>

2 Cmm ckr Rmqmfraj fqqlqxf`xq 6>>>

1 Akqx kc hka}gm`xfxlk` *Bkkeq) rmimsf`x qajkifri| dk}r`fiq, 2>>>

8 Akqx kc akgg}`lafxlk` *xmim~jk`m) ~kqxfom mxa, 2>>>

= Akqx kc ~rmqm`xlò ~rmilgl`fr| cl`hlòq l` qmgl`fr *lài}hlò ~rl`xmh

jf`hk}xq kc hrfcxq, xk jfsm cfa}ix| rmfaxlk` bmckrm wrlxlò lxq cl`fi smrqlk`

6>>>

3 Akqx kc ~rl`xlò kc ~rl`xlò f`h bl`hlò xjmqlq 6>>>


21/21

? Ak`xl`om`a| 6>>>

: L`qxlx}xlk`fi cmm 2>-

Xkxfi B}homx 62=>>

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