the age of imperialism · 11/16/2012 5 • two non-european countries, the united states and japan,...
TRANSCRIPT
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WARM-UP
Chapter 9 (Standards 10.4.1 / 10.4.2)
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
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Red-coated British soldiers stand at attention around a royal pavilion in Delhi Durbar, India during a ceremony where Britain’s Queen Victoria took the title of Empress on India in 1876. Painted by Alexander Caddy in 1877.
Imperialism =
The policy of a powerful nation dominating the politics, economy, and society of another nation.
1815-1914
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• In the mid-1800s, Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.• Its factories produced more good than those of any
other country.• The British Navy guarded the oceans so that those goods
could be shipped safely to ports around the globe.• British banks loaned the money needed to build
factories, mines, and railroads worldwide.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
The transept from the Grand Entrance of the Crystal Palace, Souvenir of the Great Exhibition, William Simpson (lithographer), Ackermann & Co. (publisher), 1851.
In the late 19th century, the relationship between imperialism, commerce, and consumerism begin to be celebrated in “spectacles of Empire,” in which technological advancements and industrial growth were put on display in great exhibitions meant to communicate the “greatness” of Empire. The idea behind such exhibitions is that anyone—but really middle-class families— could buy tickets and “enjoy” the Empire on the weekend.
One of the most famous exhibitions of the 19th century was the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, held in London in 1851, otherwise known as the Crystal Palace exhibition. A monument of modern iron and glass architecture, the exhibition housed and displayed an abundance of goods from British colonies and other nations.
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• By the late 1800s, however, Germany and the United States were challenging Britain’s economic leadership.
• Faced with possible decline, Britain looked increasingly to its colonies for markets and resources.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
• Other countries followed Britain’s lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well-being.• The French and Dutch expanded their holdings and by 1900
France had an empire second in size only to Britain’s.• Spain and Portugal attempted to build new empires in
Africa.• Austria-Hungary moved into the Balkans.• Russia expanded into the Caucasus, Central Asia, and
Siberia.
• Countries that had no colonies set out to acquire them.• Belgium, Italy, and Germany all took over lands in Africa
(with Germany also taking an interest in East Asia & the Pacific islands).
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
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• Two non-European countries, the United States and Japan, also became involved in overseas expansion during this period. • Both the U.S. and Japan were interested in East Asia.• The U.S. was also deeply tied to Latin America.
• Increasingly, Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national stature or relative power.
• Thus, the race for colonies grew out of a strong sense of national pride as well as from economic competition.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
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1. Industrialization• Raw materials were needed to produce goods• Colonies provided new markets for goods• New forms of transportation made colonization
possible• New technology made more effective weapons
that were necessary to seize foreign lands
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
(continued)
• Following the Industrial Revolution, Europeans regarded their new technology (weaponry, telegraphs, railroads etc.) as proof they were better than other peoples.
• Europeans believed that they had the rightand duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
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2. Nationalism and Militarism• To gain power, European nations competed for
colonies, particularly in areas that permitted control of trade routes.
• Militaries needed bases around the world to supply their new naval vessels.
• Colonies were used to limit expansion of competing countries.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
3. Economic Competition • Industrial demand for natural resources and new
markets spurs a search for colonies.• Europeans controlled trade in the colonies and set
up local economies that were dependent on the Europeans.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
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3. Missionary Impulse• Missionaries and many Christian leaders in Europe
believed they would do good by spreading their Christian teachings throughout the globe.
• One of the most famous of these missionaries was David Livingstone, a minister from Scotland who went to Africa to preach the Gospel and helped to end the slave trade there.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
5. Social Darwinism and Racism• European leaders justified their imperialism by
applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory.• Social Darwinists believe that wealthy,
technology, success, and strength make some groups superior to others.
• A prevailing belief in the late 1800s held that Europeans were a superior race, and had a right to claim lands inhabited by non-European people.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
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• In the late 1800s, Europeans and Americans were eager to read about adventures in distant places.
• Newspapers competed for readership by hiring reporters to search the globe for stories.• One of the most famous reporters of the day was
Henry Stanley.
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
• Stanley was hired in 1871 to find David Livingstone who had traveled deep into the heart of Africa and hadn’t been heard from in some years.
• Ten months later, Stanley caught up with Livingstone and his account of their meeting made headlines around the world. Stanley became an instant celebrity.
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
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• Novels and poetry also glorified Imperialism .• The most popular writer of the day was Joseph
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936).• Kipling appealed not only to his readers’ sense of
adventure but also the their feelings of superiority.• He saw imperialism as a mission to “civilize non-
Europeans” and urged his readers to:
“Take up the White Man’s burden –In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plain,
To seek another’s profit,And work another’s gain.”
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
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The industrial revolution created a need for the expansion of markets. Raw materials were also needed to run newly built factories. Imperialism provided a supplier for raw materials and a consumer of the new products. Missionaries were sent to �inferior�countries to spread Christianity. Social Darwinism made white Europeans the �fittest�in society. It was the duty of Europeans to spread their ways to the �unfit�. This political cartoon shows how England and the United States are carrying inferior countries on their backs with the ultimate goal being liberty and civilization after they step over cannibalism, slavery, cruelty, oppression, etc. demonstrating Rudyard Kipling's "White Man's Burden".
• Europeans of the late 1800s and early 1900s used their wealth and advantage to conquer foreign lands and influence the economies, politics, and social lives of the colonized.
• In answering the call of imperialism, Europeans altered the way of life on every continent.
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
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• Great Britain colonized more land than any other nation, controlling parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, and all of Australia.
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
• Africa• Great Britain, France,
Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Portugal
• Positive Effects:• Education, new crops,
new religions• Negative Effects:
• Enslavement, loss of raw materials to Europe
Video Clip - The Scramble for Africa
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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• Asia• Great Britain, France,
Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, The United States
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
• After successfully forming an Indian colony, Britain wanted to colonize China next. During that era, Europeans loved Chinese teas, silk, and ceramics, and Britain was no exception to these wants. Britain wanted to trade manufactured goods for luxury items from China, but the British industrial products were of no interest to the Chinese. Rather, China wanted to be paid in money.
• Britain soon found a solution to the commerce dispute: India, a British colony, had a large amount of arable land. The land allowed for vast cultivation of indigo, cotton, and more importantly, opium. The British traded the Indian opium for Chinese luxury items. As the Chinese population grew dependent on the drug, Britain was able to gain more of the high-demand Chinese goods.When opium was banned, demand grew. In order to get Chinese goods, the British East India Trading Company flooded the Chinese market with cheap Indian-produced opium. By the nineteenth century, opium weakened the Chinese society through constant reliance on the drug.
THE OPIUM WARS
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• Video Clip - The Opium Wars
THE OPIUM WARS
• South America• Great Britain, France, The Netherlands, Spain,
Portugal• In 1800, South America was controlled mainly by the
Spanish and the Portuguese. Most of that continent achieved independence by 1830.
• In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine which stated that any attempt by a European power to reestablish control over a rebellious colony in South America would be viewed as a threat to the United States. While the Monroe Doctrine may have seemed to protect the young nations being created in South America in the 1800s, it also set a precedent for U.S. interference in the region.
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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• The most powerful nations sought to expand for several reasons, such as financial gain, power, and Christian responsibility.
• Once conquered, the dominant nation had to decide how to govern.
• COLONY (Direct Rule)• The people would be directly managed by the mother
country's government. The government could send in its own officials and maintain its laws as the governing laws of the colony.
• Example: France wanted to impose French culture on its colonies.
• COLONY (Inirect Rule)• Local rulers would govern the colonies but native
children would be educated in “Western” ways to create a new generation of rulers loyal to the mother country.
• Example: Britain wanted to spread British civilization but with less force.
FORMS OF IMPERIAL RULE
• PROTECTORATE• If a protectorate was chosen, the governing country
would retain partial control over the land. Mainly, its job would be to protect the acquired nation and influence the nation's government.
• Example: Puerto Rico is a protectorate of the United States.
• SPHERE OF INFLUENCE• In the case of a sphere of influence, the ruling nation
would just require exclusive trading rights or other advantages over its competitors; political control of the conquered nation was usually not sought.
• Example: China
FORMS OF IMPERIAL RULE
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1. What countries challenged Britain’s economic leadership? 2. How was the search for colonies a response to Britain’s
declining share in world trade?3. What part did each of the following play in imperialism?
(a) markets (b) raw materials (c) national pride4. What attitude did people in industrialized countries have
toward other peoples?5. What part did missionaries play in imperialism? 6. How did newspapers and writers encourage imperialism?7. Reread the lines from Kipling’s poem on pg. 286 in your
book. (a) What did he mean by “the White Man’s Burden”? (b) What was the exile of which he spoke? (c) What does the word captives indicate?
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER