the agricultural ontology service
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Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a Knowledge Organisation Framework in the area of Food and Agriculture
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 2
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
FAO’s interest in Knowledge Management
• We need to organize our own information production to enhance the productivity of FAO officers in the world
• We need to make FAO’s information accessible to Decision Makers and Technical Specialists all over the world
• We need to make all relevant Information sources accessible in the World for our member countries and FAO officers.
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 3
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
The main problems
• Information retrieval is inaccurate and incomplete.
• Little domain interoperability, cross domain searching needs high efforts
• The work of knowledge organization is done without coordination and by duplicating efforts
• Machine systems are inefficient or tend to be proprietary or closed in a specific application
• The new possibilities of the web and the electronic availability of Information Objects are not fully exploited
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 4
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
The Evolution of Knowledge Management
Card and computer catalogues
Human indexing and document annotating
Web catalogues on the templates of traditional catalogs
Machine readable metadata (RDF)
Machine indexing and document annotating
Semantic WebWebPre-Web
Full Text Search engines(Semantic text analysis)
Full Text Search engines(Statistical text analysis)
Implicit knowledge based web portals
Formal Knowledge based web portals
OntologiesThesauri, Classification Schemes, Glossaries, Keyword Lists,
Text Mining by Robots
Human reading, checking and ordering
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 5
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
What is an Ontology?
• It is a buzz word, but also something very simple• Everyone creates “Ontologies”• A directory structure on a hard disk is an
ontology• A personal agenda is an ontology• A bibliographical catalogue is an ontology
But:• Humans might survive without ontologies, but
humans have intuition• Machine have no intuition• Machine need formal information
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 6
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Do we need Ontologies?
• An ontology is a formal knowledge organization (representation system).
• It contains concepts • Information about these concepts• Relations between these concepts• and instances,• And it contains information about the relations
between instances and concepts
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 7
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Classification Relations--class-subclass relations.
Meronymic Relations--used to describe part-of relationships.
Temporal Relations--define the time interval and time point aspects of an ontology.
Spatial Relations--used to describe space relationships between objects.
Influence Relations--expresses an impact or effect one object has on another.
Dependency Relations--describes an objects dependency on another.
Case Relations--provides ability to express a knowledge structure without which the relation cannot exist.
Defining relations in an ontology- Important relationships that should be introduced in the AOS
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 8
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Sample ontology for crop pest management
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 9
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
In which areas Ontologies can help (1)
• Teaching machines to have some intelligence
Automatic indexing and text annotation tools Better machine translation Text Mining on the Web (meaning-oriented
access) Full text search engines that create meaningful
classification (FAO-Schwartz not related to FAO) (semantic clustering)
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 10
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
In which areas Ontologies can help (2)
• Better structure and organization of knowledge on the web
Knowledge maps Guided discovery of knowledge Easy retrievability of information without using
complicated Boolean logic
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 11
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
1. To build dynamic taxonomies (ordered classification) through automatic classification operation
eg. Crop
agronomic crop
peanuts
cotton
fruit crop
vegetable crop
2. Support for Natural Language Processing through concept matching and query processing
•locate a concept based on a description
•find other similar objects in the ontology
Applications of ontologies
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 12
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
3. To aid information retrieval through automatic document clustering
....closely associated documents tend to be relevant to the
same requests
Information Management tasks that can be performed using an ontology
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 13
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-20011.Expressing information needs using natural languages
Example: what insects damage soybean leaves?
2. Finding the concept in the ontology
Insect Damage Soybean leaves
3. Analysing the grammatical pattern with in the stated sentence (syntactic analysis)
4. Mapping the grammatical structure into objects in the ontology (semantic analysis)
5. Drawing inferences between the user’s query and objects in the database
6. Displaying the results to the user
Steps in using ontology for Natural Language Processing- a simplified view
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 14
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: Possible Use... (1)
Records found: 5
1. xxxxxxxxxxx
2. xxxxxxxxxxx
3. xxxxxxxxxxx
4. xxxxxxxxxxx
5. xxxxxxxxxxx
BiotopesCropping systems using forestsEconomics of forest productionForestry equipmentSoil science
You may also be interested in...
What would you like to view?
Forest rights issuesParasites of forestsPesticides used in forestsTypes of forest productsUses of forest products
Geographic area
You can further limit by:
x
Africa
Web pageType of resource
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 15
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: Possible Use... (2)
Conservation agriculture
Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving, improving and making more efficient use of their natural resources
About camels and llamas
Descendants of the same rabbit-sized mammal, they have become two of humanity's most versatile domestic animals
Agribusiness and small farmers
Well managed contract farming contributes to both increased income for producers and higher profits for investors
Toward biosecurity
Biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture have intensified with economic globalization
Urban food marketing
In the “century of cities”, a major challenge will be providing adequate quantities of nutritional and affordable food for urban inhabitants
Crop science and ethics
In order to continue their contribution to human development, crop scientists must regain credibility
Use your right mouse button to learn more about an italicized word on the page.
Biosecurity:management of all biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture, including forestry and fisheries
See also:BiosafetyFood SafetyRisk Management
Or are you interested in...:Food SecurityBiological Diversity
Agricultural Web Page
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 16
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
What is the starting point?
• FAO maintains the multilingual thesaurus AGROVOC since the early 80s
• Other consistent thesauri are maintained by CABI in England and the National Agricultural Library in the States
• Various other knowledge organization systems are scattered around the world
• The existing systems are language biased with English as the leading language
• None of the systems is satisfactory for resource description and discovery purposes
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 17
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Thesauri Contain Knowledge
• Thesauri were mostly used only for indexing and to help users in searching
• But thesauri are already knowledge organization systems
• Not only the vocabulary of concepts, but also the defined relations (BT, NT, RT, UF …) contain domain knowledge
• To leverage this knowledge in the context of Web technologies we need to develop them further
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 18
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
The Origin of the AOS - Project
• Born as the AGROVOC Taxonomy Server• Agronomists were upset with the word taxonomy• IT people were upset about the word server• After XML2000 the word ontology started to
become sexy... And fundable• Now we are in the phase to define the project
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 19
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (1)
AGROVOC
NAL Thesaurus
CABI Thesaurus
Dedicated KOSs
Non-dedicated KOSs
e.g., ASFA thesaurus
e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus
e.g., the Sustainable Development
website classification
e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS
GEMET
Other thematic thesauri
Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 20
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (2)
• FAO can be a neutral point of co-ordination• Central access-point to domain knowledge• Re-usability of domain knowledge• Involvement of a high number of subject
specialists • Clear and distributed responsibilities for
maintenance• Federation of Institutions to manage this service• Possibility of business plan to assure
sustainability
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 21
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: A reference point on the web
Definitions
Labels
Relations
??????
ConceptAttributes
Responsible Party
URI, e.g., www.agri-ontology.org/2050.xml
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 22
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
An architecture for federated AOS
Ontology+
metadata repository
System 1
Normalised Ontology
Ontology+
metadata repository
System 2
Normalised Ontology
Merged Ontology- THE AOS
Local Ontology Local Ontology
Forestry Portal
(application on
merged ontology)
OneFish Portal
(application on
merged ontology)
Crop Portal
(application on
merged ontology)
Common data
model for
local ontologies
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 23
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: Possible Use... (3)
Create your own ontologies using the AOS
The AOS provides the necessary building blocks to create your own ontologies. Follow the following simple steps to create your ontology instantly.
Domain
AuthorityFAO CABI NAL
Ontology
Content &
Structure
Language
Representation
DAML+OIL RDF XTM ASCII
Get me the ontology Cancel the Selection
ForestryFishery
BioSecurity
Livestock
Crops
Food & Nutrition
Others
Other
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 24
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: Iterative Knowledge Registration
KOS application
KOS uses components to build
an application
Discussions and choices for amendments to
components
KOS partner
Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS)Federated storage and
description facility
Components: terms,
definitions, relationships
KOS partner
Components: terms, definitions,
relationships
Users search and browse application using
components
User feedback
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 25
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
AOS: where we are
• The concept note has found interest in the domain area -- comments are mostly encouraging from all subject specialists, ontology developers and users
• A Launch Group has been established at the first workshop. The Launch Group is in charge to write a definite project proposal and to define the possible collaborations and the necessary management structures of the project
• A proposal for a fundable project (6th framework) should be written
• Partnership of the most important stakeholders must be established
• Pilot projects are ongoing
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 26
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
http://www.fao.org/agris/aos
Information and Contacts
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 27
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001 • Possibility of mapping to register quicker and to accept different terminology
• How can local content made available• We need examples about searches, at it is now and as it
would be with the AOS.• The usage slides have to be integrated• Introduction of terminology precision…..• Microsoft for funding• Worldbank funding?? • We need to do something (once, well, together)• Importance of bibliographical databases: there is a kind of
illiteracy between undergraduates who do not consider material that is not online available.
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 28
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001
•AOS•Information• Services
•Information Managers
•Search engines
•Portals
•Topic maps
•Catalogues
•enduser
•Services
•Provide Ontology
•Input Ontology
Johannes Keizer
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN
Library and Documentation
Systems Division
Slide 29
The Agricultural Ontology Service:
A Proposal to Create a
Knowledge Organisation
Framework in the Area of Food and
Agriculture
Workshop
Oxford
24-01-2001 • Prototype Searchengine, that searches the web in arabic or chineses, using agrovoc