the american dilemma section 17.1 black man drinks from ‘colored’ fountain: even the quality of...
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The American Dilemma
Section 17.1
Black man drinks from ‘colored’ fountain: even the quality of the fountain is inferior.
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Today’s Agenda• Presentations (Day 36)
• Begin 17.1
• HW: Start putting your notebook in order!
Scream of anguish
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Some returning WWII said that they felt angry: they saw the U.S. as hypocritical,
after they returned home to America. Why?
Left: German sign says Jews are forbidden; right: ‘colored’ dining room (for restaurant?) is in back of the out-house!!
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Let’s Review• What is the significance of the Plessy v.
Ferguson case?• What are Jim Crow Laws?
– “separate but equal”• What is lynching?
– Strange Fruit• What is segregation? Integration?• Recall Truman’s executive order and the
revolt of the Dixiecrats
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What made the African American “invisible” in 1950s society, according to did novelist
Ralph Ellison?• Segregation (in the South)
– Separation of blacks and whites through state and local laws
• Public schools, buses, waiting rooms, restaurants
– Affirmed by Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
• “separate but equal” constitutional
• De Facto Segregation (in the North)
– Separation (in fact but not by law)
– Levittown, neighborhoods, school districts Above: different black man drinks from ‘colored only’; below: ad promises G.I. and
his girl a new house
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Capture from Peter Jennings clip on racial segregation
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Describe the NAACPs strategy for ending segregation:
• Planned on challenging “sep. but equal” ruling on graduate and specialized schools
• Expense of making schools ‘equal’ would force states to integrate
• 1950 they decided to directly challenge segregation
• Thurgood Marshall (leader of NAACP)
• Picked Kansas school district to challenge segregation
• Hoped to lose there• Why?
Photo of Thurgood Marshall in ’50s
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Describe the case of Brown v the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954).
• Topeka schools were of comparable quality• Linda Brown
– Age 7– Walked over RR switching yard to catch a
bus to school (miles away)– All white school just blocks from her house
• Decision (Warren Court):– Said that segregation is harmful to children
even if the facilities are equal– “may affect their hearts and minds in a way
very unlikely ever to be undone.”– Segregation in Education is unconstitutional– Said integration should take place “at the
earliest possible date.”
Above: kids cross tracks to take bus; below: S.C.C.J. Earl Warren
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Capture from clip on Brown vs. Board (colonial flag background)
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Southern Reaction
Left: three murdered freedom riders
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How did the South react to the decision?• Strong resistance to decision in South• Passed over 450 laws to prevent
integration• Virginia cut off state $ to integrated
schools• Southern Manifesto
– Praised states who resisted integration
– Signed by 100 southern congressmen (House and Senate)
• LBJ =one of three who refused– End of their careers widely forecast– Guess who the other two were?
Above: George C. Wallace, Alabama governor; Below: Lyndon B. Johnson, Texas Senator
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Who were the Little Rock Nine? • 1st African American students to attend
all white southern school• Superintendent planned to integrate 9
African Americans • Gov. Orval Faubus resisted integration
– National Guard was removed by Faubus
• Allowed mob intimidation to drive the Nine away
• Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne to protect schools
• School district closed following year• Finally reopened 1959 and obeyed
Brown decision
Above: white mob taunts black student; below: Little Rock Nine in class
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Capture from clip on school de-segregation