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Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition

Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger

THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

Brief Sixth Edition

Chapter

A New Republic and

the Rise of Parties

1789-1800

8





A New Republic and the Rise of Parties

1789-1800

• Washington’s America

• Forging a New Government

• The Emergence of Parties

• The Last Federalist Administration

• Conclusion





This engraving shows respectful

crowds greeting Washington as he

passes through Trenton on the way to

New York City for his inauguration as

president.





Learning Objectives

• What explains the differing role of slavery

in the country’s regional economies?

• What forces shaped the development of

party politics in America?

• Why was Adams defeated in the election

of 1800?





Washington’s America





The Uniformity of New England

• Political values and a harsh environment

combined to make New England the most

religiously and ethnically uniform region in

the United States.

• Most New Englanders were descended

from 17th century English immigrants and

followed the Congregationalist faith.





The Uniformity of New England

(cont'd)

• Slavery had always been marginal and

while women outnumbered men, they

remained in a dependent state.

• The Puritan past influenced political and

social life.





FIGURE 8–1 Ethnic Breakdown of the United

States in 1790, by Region





The Pluralism of the

Mid-Atlantic Region

• New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

were the most ethnically and religiously

diverse states in the nation.

• Diversity arose in part because the middle

colonies had offered religious freedom and

greater economic opportunities than New

England.





The Pluralism of the

Mid-Atlantic Region (cont'd)

• The region was the nation’s first

breadbasket and slavery was never a

major labor system.

• The region’s diversity created a complex

political environment.

Pietists

- Protestants who stress a religion of the heart and

the spirit of Christian living.





Idealized classical images of

women—white, chaste, and pure





The Slave South and Its Backcountry

• Climate and soil conditions favored the

production staple crops in the South and

slavery was a major labor system. Forty

percent of the southerners were slaves.

• Economic conditions spanned a spectrum

from wealthy low country plantations to the

raw poverty of the Piedmont backcountry.





The Slave South and Its Backcountry

(cont'd)

• Tidewater planters were largely of English

descent and Anglican. Piedmont farmers

were generally Scots-Irish Presbyterian

and Baptists.





Hung above the gallery in this interior view of a

Lutheran church in York are paintings of the twelve

apostles and of figures drawn from the Old

Testament.





The Growing West

• The most rapidly growing region was

between the Appalachian Mountains and

the Mississippi River.

• Native Americans strongly resisted white

claims on their lands and often blocked

white settlement.





The Growing West (cont'd)

• In Kentucky and Tennessee, most white

migrants were the young, rural poor from

the southern slave states. But many

planters speculated in western lands.

• Life in the West was harsh and isolated.

Westerners desired the freedom to control

their own affairs and their allegiance to the

United States was uncertain.





Forging a New Government





“Mr. President” and the Bill of Rights

• Not wanting a monarchical title,

Washington chose to be addressed as “Mr.

President.” He also laid down strict rules of

etiquette to increase respect for the office

of president.

• Congress passed the Bill of Rights and

they were quickly ratified by the states,

broadening the popular support for the

new government.





“Mr. President” and the Bill of Rights

(cont’d)

Bill of Rights

- A written summary of inalienable rights and

liberties.





Departments and Courts

• The Constitution authorized the first

executive departments and they were

closely bound to the president, eventually

evolving into the cabinet.

• The Judiciary Act of 1789 set up the

national court system.





Departments and Courts (cont'd)

Judiciary Act of 1789

- Act of Congress that implemented the judiciary

clause of the Constitution by establishing the

Supreme Court and a system of lower federal

courts.





Revenue and Trade

• Revenue was the government’s most

pressing need.

• The Tariff Act of 1789 raised revenue and

protected some industries considered vital

to the nation’s economic health.





Revenue and Trade

• The Tonnage Act of 1789 treated all

foreign ships equally.

Tariff Act of 1789

- Apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff

passed by Congress was intended primarily to

raise revenue and not protect American

manufacturers from foreign competition.





Waterborne commerce was the key in the early

emergence of New York City as a trading center.

Shown here is the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn

Ferry in 1790.





Hamilton and the Public Credit

• The Treasury was the largest and most

important new department.

• Alexander Hamilton proposed addressing

the debt issue by having the federal

government fund the national debt at full

face value by exchanging it for new

government bonds. He also proposed the

federal assume the remaining war debts of

the states.





Forging a New Government (cont'd)

• Hamilton proposed an excise tax on

whiskey distilled in the nation to raise

revenue. He also called for the chartering

of a national Bank of the United States

and the diversification of the national

economy to promote manufacturing.





Shown here in 1799, the neoclassical design of the

First Bank of the United States in Philadelphia





Reaction and Opposition

• Opposition to Hamilton’s debt proposal

reflected sectional differences. The

southern states except South Carolina had

paid most of their debts and opposed the

plan but it eventually passed.





Reaction and Opposition (cont'd)

• Opinion on the Bank bill also followed

sectional lines and opened the issue of

strict versus broad construction of the

Constitution. Washington supported

Hamilton and the Bank bill passed.

• While Congress passed a large excise tax

and tariff duties were raised, no funds

were made available to accelerate

industrial development.





The Emergence of Parties





The Emergence of Parties

• By the end of Washington’s first term,

Americans were dividing into two camps:

Federalists and Republicans.

• A series of crises in Washington’s second

term deepened and broadened the party

divisions.

Federalist

- A supporter of the Constitution who favored its

ratification.





The Emergence of Parties (cont'd)

Republican Party (Jeffersonian)

- Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath

of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-

Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some

northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings.





This contemporary cartoon shows Republican

Matthew Lyon, in the center with the fire tongs,

fighting against Roger Griswold, a Connecticut

Federalist.





The French Revolution

• Most Americans supported the early phase

of the French Revolution but when it

turned radical and violent, Federalists

backed off but Republicans remained

supporters.





The French Revolution (cont’d)

• French ambassador, Citizen Genet

unsuccessfully tried to involve the United

States in France’s war with Britain. Pro-

French sentiment was shown by the

growth of Democratic-Republican

societies.





Securing the Frontier

• Indian resistance initially blocked white

entry into the Northwest territory north of

the Ohio River. American troops suffered

two defeats leading western settlers to feel

abandoned by the government. They

supported the French cause and free and

open navigation of the Mississippi River.





Securing the Frontier (cont'd)

• Following a reorganization of the War

Department in 1794, an American army

defeated the Indians leading to the Treaty

of Greenville and the cession of most of

the present state of Ohio to the United

States.





Securing the Frontier (cont'd)

• The Ohio country was open for white

settlement.

Treaty of Greenville

- Treaty of 1795 in which Native Americans in the

Old Northwest were forced to cede most of the

present state of Ohio to the United States.





MAP 8–1 Indian Land Cessions, 1784–1800





Federalist Party versus

Republican Party





The Whiskey Rebellion

• Western Pennsylvania farmers and other

western settlers openly resisted Hamilton’s

excise tax on whiskey. Washington called

on the governors of the mid-Atlantic states

to dispatch a militia to put down the

Whiskey Rebellion but it met no

resistance.





The Whiskey Rebellion (cont’d)

Whiskey Rebellion

- Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western

Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the

collection of the excise tax on whiskey.





Treaties with Britain and Spain

• Western unrest stemmed largely from the

menacing presence of Britain and Spain

on the nation’s borders.

• Jay’s Treaty settled some of the issues

with Britain but caused an uproar in the

United States because of its economic

implications.





Treaties with Britain and Spain (cont'd)

• The Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain

established the northern boundary of

Spanish Florida and opened the port of

New Orleans to Americans.

Jay’s Treaty

- Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the

United States made major concessions to avert a

war over the British seizure of American ships.





The First Partisan Election

• Political partisanship increased in the

1790s and led to the establishment of the

Federalist and Republican parties.

• The election of 1796 pitted Federalist

candidate John Adams against Republican

standard-bearer Thomas Jefferson.





The First Partisan Election (cont'd)

• Adams won but the election showed the

sectional support of each party. Except for

Pennsylvania, Adams received all the

northern electoral votes and Jefferson won

the South.





This suburban estate outside Philadelphia was

converted to a hospital for the victims of the city’s

yellow fever epidemic in 1793.





The Last Federalist Administration





The French Crisis and the XYZ Affair

• After Jefferson lost the election, the

French government enacted hostile

measures against the United States,

including the seizure of American ships

carrying goods to the British.





The French Crisis and the XYZ

Affair(cont'd)

• Adams sent three commissioners to

France in an attempt to avoid war and

through intermediaries, the French foreign

minister demanded a large bribe to begin

talks.

• Publication of the XYZ Affair aroused

public outrage and led to a Quasi-War

against France in the Caribbean





The French Crisis and the XYZ

Affair(cont'd)

• Congress voted to vastly expand the army.

XYZ Affair

- Diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans

were outraged by the demand of the French for a

bribe as a condition for negotiating with American

diplomats.

Quasi-War

- Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between

the United States and France.





Crisis at Home

• In 1798, the Federalists passed the Alien

and Sedition Acts.

• Three of the acts were directed at

immigrants, especially those who

supported the republicans. The Sedition

Act harshly curbed criticism of the

government.





Crisis at Home (cont'd)

• Jefferson and Madison opposed the Alien

and Sedition Acts drafting resolutions for

Kentucky and Virginia state legislatures

that challenged government actions by

appealing to states’ rights. The Kentucky

resolution also introduced the idea of

nullification.






• The Direct tax of 1798 aroused

widespread opposition to the Federalists.

Alien Friends Act

- Law passed by Congress in 1798 authorizing the

president during peacetime to expel aliens

suspected of subversive activities; one of the

Alien and Sedition Acts.

States’ rights

- Favoring the rights of individual states over rights

claimed by the national government.






Nullification

- A constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a

legal right to declare a national law null and void

within its borders.





U.S. soldiers were needed for the pacification of

Iraqi cities.





General Anthony Wayne wins a decisive victory over

the Miami Confederation at the battle of Fallen

Timbers in 1794.





The End of the Federalists

• The Federalist faction led by Hamilton

pushed for war against France but Adams

resisted declaring war and opened

negotiations that eventually led to the

Franco-American Accord of 1800 that

defused the tense situation.





The End of the Federalists (cont'd)

• The Republicans developed strong party

organizations that mobilized voters. Voter

turnout in 1800 doubled that of the early

1790s and most new voters were

Republicans.





The End of the Federalists (cont'd)

• Thomas Jefferson won the election of

1800.

Franco-American Accord of 1800

- Settlement reached with France that brought an

end to the Quasi-War and released the United

States from its 1778 alliance with France.

Deism

- Religious orientation that rejects divine revelation

and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal

God’s design for the universe.





MAP 8–2 The Election of 1800





By associating their Federalist opponents with the

hated Tories of the American Revolution, the

Republicans appealed to the voters as the true

defenders of American liberation.





Conclusion





Conclusion

• In 1789, the United States was basically

an experiment in self-government.

• The election of 1800 marked the first time

in modern political history that a party in

power peacefully turned over the

government to its opposition.

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